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A Re-Evaluation of Phylogenetic Relationships Within the Tribe

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A Re-Evaluation of Phylogenetic Relationships Within the Tribe Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2017; 5(5): 1025-1032 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 A re-evaluation of phylogenetic relationships JEZS 2017; 5(5): 1025-1032 © 2017 JEZS within the tribe Tragelaphini (Bovinae: Bovidae), Received: 12-07-2017 Accepted: 13-08-2017 based on complete mitochondrial genomes Taghi Ghassemi Khademi Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research Taghi Ghassemi Khademi (ACECR), Ardabil branch, Ardabil, Iran Abstract In this research, phylogenetic relationships of eight species from the tribe Tragelaphini were evaluated using complete mitochondrial genomes. Today, the most of the species belonging to the tribe Tragelaphini, face the risk of declining generation and extinction and they are on the red list of IUCN. Therefore, recognizing the evolutionary biology of them is a very positive step in preventing their extinction. In present research, the average base composition of mtDNA sequences was 26.9% T, 25.9% C, 33.6% A, and 13.6% G, showing a strong AT bias (60.5%). The phylogenetic trees were investigated using the ML, ME and NJ methods and found that they have very identical topologies. In general, the results of this study were similar to the other molecular phylogenetic studies and in obvious contradiction with the morphological results. For example, Derby eland (Taurotragus derbianus) shows a very close phylogenetic relationship with other members of the tribe Tragelaphini and should not be in a separate genus. Also, in all of the phylogenetic trees, T. imberbis completely was separated from other species and was not located into a single cluster with them. Undoubtedly, the phylogenetic position of this species should be re-examined. In total, the results of current study showed that the complete mitochondrial genomes are very useful, powerful, and accurate tools for evaluating the phylogenetic relationships of the members of the tribe Tragelaphini. Besides, using these genomes, we can meticulously reconstruct and modify their classification. Keywords: Tragelaphini, phylogeny, mtDNA, biosystematics, IUCN 1. Introduction Taxonomically, spiral-horned antelopes belonging to Kingdom: Animalia (metazoan), Phylum: Chordata, Subphylum: Vertebrata, Class: Mammalia, Sub-class: Theria, Super- order: Eutheria (Placenta), Order: Artiodactyla, Suborder: Ruminantia, Family: Bovidae, Sub-family: [1, 2, 6, 52] Bovinae, and tribe: Tragelaphini . The family Bovidae is a highly heterogeneous clade comprising approximately 49 recent genera and 140 species [3] whose evolutionary relationships are often obscure, in large part owing to morphological convergence among species [2]. Systematic work on Bovidae has been difficult, as it is one of the most troublesome [4] groups of mammals to classify . The family Bovidae includes three tribes: Bovini (cattle and buffalo), Tragelaphini (spiral- horned antelopes) and Boselaphini (Nilgai, Four-horned Antelope) [4]. Sexual dimorphism is highly prevalent in this subfamily, with the males of some species weighing nearly twice as much as their female counterparts. Bovines have played an important role in the cultural evolution of humans, as numerous species within this subfamily have been domesticated for [4] subsistence purposes . The tribe Tragelaphini is a group of medium-sized to large antelopes, with spiral or twisted horns, white vertical stripes, and significant sexual dimorphism. Horns are found in the males of all species, while most females are hornless, except in the larger forms: Elands and Bongo [4]. The tribe Tragelaphini is represented by a group of medium to large-bodied species that are widely distributed through forested and bush-savannah regions of Africa south of the Sahara [2]. This group tends to large size, a lighter build, longer necks and considerable sexual Correspondence dimorphism [1]. The nine extant species are assigned to two genera [5]: The Tragelaphus genus Taghi Ghassemi Khademi containing the Greater kudu: T. strepsiceros, Lesser kudu: T. imberbis, Nyala: T. angasii, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research Mountain nyala: T. buxtoni, Sitatunga: T. spekei, Bushbuck: T. scriptus and Bongo: T. (ACECR), Ardabil branch, eurycerus. Also, the Taurotragus genus containing two species with names of common eland: Ardabil, Iran Taurotragus oryx and Derby eland: Taurotragus derbianus [2]. ~ 1025 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies These two genera were identified based on morphology and Flora) [33, 34]. fossil evidence, conventionally [7]. However, there has been Moreover, the giant eland (T. derbianus) is in red list of considerable disagreement regarding their classification (see IUCN (Least Concern), and the major threats to the western reviews by Nowak, 1999; Skinner and Chimimba 2005). giant eland population are overhunting for its rich meat and Cranial similarities suggest a sister relationship between T. habitat destruction caused by the expansion of human and spekei and T. angasi and between T. imberbis and T. livestock populations [35]. Besides, The kéwel or harnessed strepsiceros respectively [9, 10], while the presence of horns in bushbuck (T. scriptus) have disappeared from some areas in both sexes of T. euryceros and the two species belonging to the drier parts of its former range because of habitat Taurotragus genus, Taurotragus oryx and Taurotragus destruction and increasing aridity, but it is expanding its derbianus, are thought to indicate a close evolutionary affinity distribution within the equatorial forest zone as this is opened among these species [11]. up by human activities. There do not seem to be any major In sharp contradiction, previous studies using different genes threats to its long-term conservation, although numbers may of mtDNA, or combined nuclear intron and them, regarding be gradually decreasing locally as hunting pressures increase comprehensive taxon representation failed to provide genetic in parts of its range. However, this species is also on the red support for the recognition of three tragelaphid genera [2], or list of IUCN (Least Concern) [36]. for any of the sister species relationships outlined above [12, 13, Loss of habitat is the main threat to the future persistence of 14, 15, 16]. the sitatunga or marshbuck (T. spekii). The ever-increasing loss of wetlands throughout their range has cut off former a) Most of members of the tribe Tragelaphini are on the routes of dispersal and many populations are becoming red list of IUCN isolated. Sitatunga are vulnerable to long-term changes in Bovids are ecologically, economically, and biologically water level because it alters vegetation structure, which in important animals in the world. Thus, determining the turn largely determines their distribution and abundance. phylogenetic relationships (especially based on the complete Habitat fragmentation, and both lower and higher water levels mitochondrial genomes that can provide more accurate make them more vulnerable to predation and meat hunting in outcomes) between them, can be an effective step in planning many parts of its range [37]. These animals are extremely for the conservation and enhancement of multiplication of vulnerable to fire; at the same time, vast areas of Bangweulu these animals in the world. Particularly, most animal species and Busanga are burnt each year [37]. Today, this species is on belonging to this family, today are in serious danger of the red list of IUCN (Least Concern) [38]. extinction and declining of the population all over the world Besides, the greater kudu (T. strepsiceros) status is less [6, 17]. Meanwhile, all of the species belonging to the tribe satisfactory in the northern parts of its range, due to over- Tragelaphini (Except: Taurotragus derbianus and T. oryx) hunting and habitat loss [39]. Today, this species is on the red face the risk of declining generation and extinction and they list of IUCN (Least Concern) [39]. However, these animals are on the red list of IUCN (See the website: seem to be quite resilient to hunting pressure and remain www.iucnredlist.org). abundant and well managed in other parts of its range [39]. For example, the bongo (T. eurycerus) is a near threatened The lesser kudu (T. imberbis) is one of the other specie from species on the red list of IUCN [40]. The IUCN Antelope the tribe Tragelaphini on red list of IUCN (Near Threatened) specialist group, considers the western or lowland bongo, to [43]. Its shyness and preference for thick cover enable it to be lower risk (Near Threatened), and the eastern or mountain withstand considerable hunting pressure. This species is bongo of Kenya, to be critically Endangered [40]. The Lowland relatively plentiful throughout the Ogaden region wherever Bongo faces an ongoing population decline as habitat there is a sufficient dense bush, despite widespread, destruction and hunting for meat (mainly through snares), and uncontrolled hunting by local people [42, 43]. On the other hand, Bongo trophies increase with the relentless expansion of its susceptibility to rinderpest, resulted in a substantial commercial forestry exploitation and human settlement. decrease in its numbers in eastern regions of Kenya during the Despite its large size Bongo is a shy and reclusive species, mid-1990s [42, 43]. attributes that may offer some degree of protection from Also, The common eland (T. oryx) is on the red list of IUCN hunting [41, 42]. (Least Concern) (44). Habitat loss (due to expanding human Threats to Mountain Bongo include hunting with dogs and settlements) and poaching
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