5 Principles of New Media

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

5 Principles of New Media Based on the writings of Lev Manovich (2001) Tuesday, September 6, 2011 New Media is a relatively new field of study that has developed around cultural practices with the computer playing a central role as the medium for production, storage and distribution. 'Media' refers to technologies used to communicate messages. 'New' in this context means: • the novelty of digital computing; • the speed of evolution and mutation of devices and technologies; • undeveloped, imperfect and experimental environments; • incorporates different disciplines. Tuesday, September 6, 2011 According to Lev Manovich, in The Language of New Media, new media operates under five basic principles: These principles make these “texts” quite different to produce, store, and distribute than was the case with print, drawing, or analogue texts. The following is a summary of these five principles: Tuesday, September 6, 2011 1. Numerical representation Because they are based on digital codes, new media texts are numerical. Converting continuous data into a numerical representation is called digitalization. Tuesday, September 6, 2011 2. Modularity Different media - text, photographs, video, audio, etc. - can function as separate objects or modules that can be combined together in different ways without losing their independence. Tuesday, September 6, 2011 3. Automation The production and combination of the modular parts is often completed through the use of highly automated systems. Digital photos can be automatically filtered to change their quality through software programs. Hollywood filmmakers can employ computer graphic or 3-D systems to create animation images, such as the use of thousands of soldiers in the Lord of the Rings film series. Websites automatically adjust to specific users, providing them with information based on their previous visits. Tuesday, September 6, 2011 4. Variability The same new media texts can also be automatically created in different versions to suit individual users' needs. Again, due to the modularity principle, the different components of the same texts can be varied to create new texts. For example, hypermedia texts, which are created through linking together disparate texts, can be varied according to the different combination of links or pathways, resulting in different texts. Texts are also continually updated, creating new, more recent versions of texts. The size or scale of a text can be varied using zoom/close-up features on Mapquest maps or images. And, different versions of the same media content can be varied as when films are made into computer games or games such as Tomb Raider are made into films. Tuesday, September 6, 2011 5. Transcoding Refers to translating something into another format. New media exists on two different layers: a “cultural layer” and a “computer layer.” Tuesday, September 6, 2011 Tuesday, September 6, 2011.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Federal Communications Commission Washington, D.C. 20554
Federal Communications Commission Washington, D.C. 20554 April 6, 2020 DA 20-385 Jessica J. González Gaurav Laroia Free Press 1025 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 1110 Washington, D.C. 20036 Re: Free Press Emergency Petition for Inquiry Into Broadcast of False Information on COVID-19 Dear Counsel: Free Press has filed, under section 1.41 of the Federal Communications Commission’s rules,1 an emergency petition requesting an investigation into broadcasters that have aired the President of the United States’ statements and press conferences regarding the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and related commentary by other on-air personalities. The Petition claims that the President and various commentators have made false statements regarding COVID-19, which Commission licensees have broadcast to the public, and which allegedly have caused or will cause substantial public harm.2 Free Press asks the Commission, under its section 309 public interest authority3 and its rules prohibiting broadcast hoaxes,4 to investigate these broadcasts and adopt emergency enforcement guidance “recommending that broadcasters prominently disclose when information they air is false or scientifically suspect.”5 We deny Free Press’s petition. For the reasons explained below, the Petition misconstrues the Commission’s rules and seeks remedies that would dangerously curtail the freedom of the press embodied in the First Amendment. Free Press, an organization purportedly dedicated to empowering diverse journalistic voices, demands the Commission impose significant burdens on broadcasters that are attempting to cover a rapidly evolving international pandemic in real time and punish those that, in its view, have been insufficiently critical of statements made by the President and others.
[Show full text]
Reporting Facts: Free from Fear Or Favour
Reporting Facts: Free from Fear or Favour PREVIEW OF IN FOCUS REPORT ON WORLD TRENDS IN FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND MEDIA DEVELOPMENT INDEPENDENT MEDIA PLAY AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN SOCIETIES. They make a vital contribution to achieving sustainable development – including, topically, Sustainable Development Goal 3 that calls for healthy lives and promoting well-being for all. In the context of COVID-19, this is more important than ever. Journalists need editorial independence in order to be professional, ethical and serve the public interest. But today, journalism is under increased threat as a result of public and private sector influence that endangers editorial independence. All over the world, journalists are struggling to stave off pressures and attacks from both external actors and decision-making systems or individuals in their own outlets. By far, the greatest menace to editorial independence in a growing number of countries across the world is media capture, a form of media control that is achieved through systematic steps by governments and powerful interest groups. This capture is through taking over and abusing: • regulatory mechanisms governing the media, • state-owned or state-controlled media operations, • public funds used to finance journalism, and • ownership of privately held news outlets. Such overpowering control of media leads to a shrinking of journalistic autonomy and contaminates the integrity of the news that is available to the public. However, there is push-back, and even more can be done to support editorial independence
[Show full text]
Broadcasting Education in the Age of New Media: Building Multimedia Products from the Academy
Research in Higher Education Journal Volume 33 Broadcasting education in the age of new media: Building multimedia products from the academy Michael L. Baltimore Columbus State University ABSTRACT As our society continues to develop new technologies, the use of streaming technologies in higher education has lagged behind. The traditional academic landscape is dependent upon instructors to use commercial media products to deliver adjunct learning materials to the classroom. Faculty are also beginning to explore in the use of social media in classrooms for the first time. Video production may be seen in some communication departments as course requirement, but are not thought of as a means of delivering content for teaching and learning. The purpose of this study is to outline the development and use of a multimedia production facility, and the use of multiple platforms and to demonstrate it as a dynamic environment for creativity and innovation at the university. Additionally, it argues for a shift in thinking for both faculty and administration toward an innovative, creative environment supporting academic media production that can be used in conjunction with the social media movement in education. Universities can use multimedia production facilities for purposes of instruction, recruitment, retention and graduation along with the creation of television style presentations beyond the traditional classroom to build an even larger audience. The development of new technologies, for assisting faculty in the creative process, for improved learning content is discussed. Keywords: university broadcasting, video production, multimedia Copyright statement: Authors retain the copyright to the manuscripts published in AABRI journals. Please see the AABRI Copyright Policy at http://www.aabri.com/copyright.html 172622 - Research in Higher Education Journal INTRODUCTION 21th century universities have witnessed strong economic and technological growth.
[Show full text]
Digital Rhetoric: Toward an Integrated Theory
TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION QUARTERLY, 14(3), 319–325 Copyright © 2005, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Digital Rhetoric: Toward an Integrated Theory James P. Zappen Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute This article surveys the literature on digital rhetoric, which encompasses a wide range of issues, including novel strategies of self-expression and collaboration, the characteristics, affordances, and constraints of the new digital media, and the forma- tion of identities and communities in digital spaces. It notes the current disparate na- ture of the field and calls for an integrated theory of digital rhetoric that charts new di- rections for rhetorical studies in general and the rhetoric of science and technology in particular. Theconceptofadigitalrhetoricisatonceexcitingandtroublesome.Itisexcitingbe- causeitholdspromiseofopeningnewvistasofopportunityforrhetoricalstudiesand troublesome because it reveals the difficulties and the challenges of adapting a rhe- torical tradition more than 2,000 years old to the conditions and constraints of the new digital media. Explorations of this concept show how traditional rhetorical strategies function in digital spaces and suggest how these strategies are being reconceived and reconfiguredDo within Not these Copy spaces (Fogg; Gurak, Persuasion; Warnick; Welch). Studies of the new digital media explore their basic characteris- tics, affordances, and constraints (Fagerjord; Gurak, Cyberliteracy; Manovich), their opportunities for creating individual identities (Johnson-Eilola; Miller; Turkle), and their potential for building social communities (Arnold, Gibbs, and Wright; Blanchard; Matei and Ball-Rokeach; Quan-Haase and Wellman). Collec- tively, these studies suggest how traditional rhetoric might be extended and trans- formed into a comprehensive theory of digital rhetoric and how such a theory might contribute to the larger body of rhetorical theory and criticism and the rhetoric of sci- ence and technology in particular.
[Show full text]
New Media and Communication”, Chapter 16 from the Book a Primer on Communication Studies (Index.Html) (V
This is “New Media and Communication”, chapter 16 from the book A Primer on Communication Studies (index.html) (v. 1.0). This book is licensed under a Creative Commons by-nc-sa 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/ 3.0/) license. See the license for more details, but that basically means you can share this book as long as you credit the author (but see below), don't make money from it, and do make it available to everyone else under the same terms. This content was accessible as of December 29, 2012, and it was downloaded then by Andy Schmitz (http://lardbucket.org) in an effort to preserve the availability of this book. Normally, the author and publisher would be credited here. However, the publisher has asked for the customary Creative Commons attribution to the original publisher, authors, title, and book URI to be removed. Additionally, per the publisher's request, their name has been removed in some passages. More information is available on this project's attribution page (http://2012books.lardbucket.org/attribution.html?utm_source=header). For more information on the source of this book, or why it is available for free, please see the project's home page (http://2012books.lardbucket.org/). You can browse or download additional books there. i Chapter 16 New Media and Communication As we learned in Chapter 15 "Media, Technology, and Communication", media and communication work together in powerful ways. New technologies develop and diffuse into regular usage by large numbers of people, which in turn shapes how we communicate and how we view our society and ourselves.
[Show full text]
New Media & Society
New Media & Society http://nms.sagepub.com Information and communication technology innovations: radical and disruptive? Michael Latzer New Media Society 2009; 11; 599 DOI: 10.1177/1461444809102964 The online version of this article can be found at: http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/11/4/599 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for New Media & Society can be found at: Email Alerts: http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://nms.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav Citations http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/11/4/599 Downloaded from http://nms.sagepub.com at University of Zurich on November 16, 2009 new media & society Copyright © 2009 SAGE Publications Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore and Washington DC Vol 11(4): 599–619 [DOI: 10.1177/1461444809102964] ARTICLE Information and communication technology innovations: radical and disruptive? MICHAEL LATZER University of Zurich, Switzerland Abstract Information and communication technology innovations (ICT) are considered to be of central importance to social and economic developments. Various innovation theories offer classifications to predict and assess their impact. This article reviews the usefulness of selected approaches and their application in the convergent communications sector. It focuses on the notion of disruption, the comparatively new distinction between disruptive and sustaining innovations, and examines how it is related to other innovation-theoretical typologies. According to the literature, there is a high frequency of disruptive changes in the field of internet protocol-based innovations in combination with wireless technology. A closer analysis reveals that these classifications and assessments not only differ in detail but are even contradictory.
[Show full text]
Mass Media in the USA»
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by BSU Digital Library Mass Media In The USA K. Khomtsova, V. Zavatskaya The topic of the research is «Mass media in the USA». It is topical because mass media of the United States are world-known and a lot of people use American mass media, especially internet resources. The subject matter is peculiarities of different types of mass media in the USA. The aim of the survey is to study the types of mass media that are popular in the USA nowadays. To achieve the aim the authors fulfill the following tasks: 1. to define the main types of mass media in the USA; 2. to analyze the popularity of different kinds of mass media in the USA; 3. to mark out the peculiarities of American mass media. The mass media are diversified media technologies that are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication. There are several types of mass media: the broadcast media such as radio, recorded music, film and tel- evision; the print media include newspapers, books and magazines; the out- door media comprise billboards, signs or placards; the digital media include both Internet and mobile mass communication. [4]. In the USA the main types of mass media today are: newspapers; magazines; radio; television; Internet. NEWSPAPERS The history of American newspapers goes back to the 17th century with the publication of the first colonial newspapers. It was James Franklin, Benjamin Franklin’s older brother, who first made a news sheet.
[Show full text]
Semiotic-Narratological Foundations Tem and Also Analyze the Possible Variations When the System in Question Is Concretized in Diverse Narrative Texts
Multimedia news storytelling: Semiotic- narratological foundations Pilar Sánchez-García; Ramón Salaverría Nota: Este artículo se puede leer en español en: http://www.elprofesionaldelainformacion.com/contenidos/2019/may/sanchez-salaverria_es.pdf How to quote this article: Sánchez-García, Pilar; Salaverría, Ramón (2019). “Multimedia news storytelling: Semiotic-narratological foun- dations”. El profesional de la información, v. 28, n. 3, e280303. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.may.03 Manuscript received on November, 07th 2018 Accepted on March, 07th 2019 Pilar Sánchez-García * Ramón Salaverría https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6223-182X https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4188-7811 Universidad de Valladolid Universidad de Navarra Facultad de Filosofía y Letras Facultad de Comunicación Plaza del Campus Universitario, s/n. Departamento de Proyectos Periodísticos 47011 Valladolid, Spain Edificio Ciencias Sociales, [email protected] 31080 Pamplona, Spain [email protected] Abstract Research about multimedia news storytelling contains several empirical studies, but these lack a theoretical foundation. This article proposes a transdisciplinary foundation of multimedia news storytelling, based on semiotics and narratolo- gy. First, the bases of multimedia news storytelling are explained using a hypothetical-deductive methodology and the semiotic categories of ideation-composition-reception. Second, based on narratology, the multimedia storytelling pro- cess is described, starting from the pre-compositive stage, in which journalists assemble the stories, to the final stage of navigation by the participatory users. The combination of both theoretical foundations allows us to explain the nature of multimedia news storytelling, based on three elements: 1) syntactic coherence between the multiple languages used, 2) open and collective authorship, and 3) participatory reception by the audience.
[Show full text]
The Basic Economics of Internet Infrastructure
Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 34, Number 2—Spring 2020—Pages 192–214 The Basic Economics of Internet Infrastructure Shane Greenstein his internet barely existed in a commercial sense 25 years ago. In the mid- 1990s, when the data packets travelled to users over dial-up, the main internet T traffic consisted of email, file transfer, and a few web applications. For such content, users typically could tolerate delays. Of course, the internet today is a vast and interconnected system of software applications and computing devices, which society uses to exchange information and services to support business, shopping, and leisure. Not only does data traffic for streaming, video, and gaming applications comprise the majority of traffic for internet service providers and reach users primarily through broadband lines, but typically those users would not tolerate delays in these applica- tions (for usage statistics, see Nevo, Turner, and Williams 2016; McManus et al. 2018; Huston 2017). In recent years, the rise of smartphones and Wi-Fi access has supported growth of an enormous range of new businesses in the “sharing economy” (like, Uber, Lyft, and Airbnb), in mobile information services (like, social media, ticketing, and messaging), and in many other applications. More than 80 percent of US households own at least one smartphone, rising from virtually zero in 2007 (available at the Pew Research Center 2019 Mobile Fact Sheet). More than 86 percent of homes with access to broadband internet employ some form of Wi-Fi for accessing applications (Internet and Television Association 2018). It seems likely that standard procedures for GDP accounting underestimate the output of the internet, including the output affiliated with “free” goods and the restructuring of economic activity wrought by changes in the composition of firms who use advertising (for discussion, see Nakamura, Samuels, and Soloveichik ■ Shane Greenstein is the Martin Marshall Professor of Business Administration, Harvard Business School, Boston, Massachusetts.
[Show full text]
Mass Media and the Transformation of American Politics Kristine A
Marquette Law Review Volume 77 | Issue 2 Article 7 Mass Media and the Transformation of American Politics Kristine A. Oswald Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr Part of the Law Commons Repository Citation Kristine A. Oswald, Mass Media and the Transformation of American Politics, 77 Marq. L. Rev. 385 (2009). Available at: http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol77/iss2/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Marquette Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Marquette Law Review by an authorized administrator of Marquette Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MASS MEDIA AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF AMERICAN POLITICS I. INTRODUCTION The importance of the mass media1 in today's society cannot be over- estimated. Especially in the arena of policy-making, the media's influ- ence has helped shape the development of American government. To more fully understand the political decision-making process in this coun- try it is necessary to understand the media's role in the performance of political officials and institutions. The significance of the media's influ- ence was expressed by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn: "The Press has become the greatest power within Western countries, more powerful than the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. One would then like to ask: '2 By what law has it been elected and to whom is it responsible?" The importance of the media's power and influence can only be fully appreciated through a complete understanding of who or what the media are.
[Show full text]
Living and Learning with New Media: Summary of Findings from the Digital Youth Project
The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Reports on Digital Media and Learning | November 2008 Living and Learning with New Media: Summary of Findings from the Digital Youth Project Mizuko Ito, Heather Horst Matteo Bittanti, danah boyd, Becky Herr-Stephenson, Patricia G. Lange, C.J. Pascoe, and Laura Robinson with Sonja Baumer, Rachel Cody, Dilan Mahendran, Katynka Martínez, Dan Perkel, Christo Sims, and Lisa Tripp www.macfound.org Living and Learning with New Media | The MacArthur Foundation 1 Building the emerging field of digital media and learning The MacArthur Foundation launched its five-year, $50 million digital media and learning initiative in 2006 to help determine how digital media are changing the way young people learn, play, socialize, and participate in civic life. Answers are critical to developing educational and other social institutions that can meet the needs of this and future generations. The initiative is both marshaling what it is already known about the field and seeding innovation for continued growth. For more information, visit www.digitallearning.macfound.org. To engage in conver- sations about these projects and the field of digital learning, visit the Spotlight blog at spotlight.macfound.org. About the MacArthur Foundation The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation supports creative people and effective institutions committed to building a more just, verdant, and peaceful world. In addition to selecting the MacArthur Fellows, the Foundation works to defend human rights, advance global conservation and security, make cities bet- ter places, and understand how technology is affecting children and society. For more information or to sign up for MacArthur’s monthly electronic newsletter, visit www.macfound.org.
[Show full text]
Media Communication (MC) 1
Media Communication (MC) 1 MC 235 (WS 235) Women and Media 3(3-0) MEDIA COMMUNICATION (MC) As Needed. Prerequisite: MC 101. A grade of C or better is required for prerequisite courses. The historical and cultural implications of the mass media's portrayal of women and the extent of their media participation from colonial to MC 101 Media and Society (GT-SS3) 3(3-0) contemporary times. Fall, Spring. Corequisite: None. Prerequisite: None. Survey course that examines the historical, sociological, economic, MC 245 Principles of Audio & Video Production 3(3-0) technological, and ethical foundations of mediated communication from Fall, Spring. a social scientiﬁc perspective. Prerequisite: MC 101. Corequisite: None. Concepts, skills, and technology needed for recording and production of digital audio and video communication. (Gen Ed: SS, GT-SS3) Corequisite: None. MC 140 Radio Station Operation 1(1-0) MC 251 Sports Writing and Statistics 3(2-3) Fall, Spring. As Needed. Prerequisite: MC 101. Prerequisite: MC 101. An introduction to radio station operation. Students gain practical Study and practical application of sports writing and statistics; emphasis experience operating KTSC 89.5, Colorado State University Pueblo's 8,000 on press box experience at intercollegiate athletic events. watt radio station. Corequisite: None. MC 211 Digital Publishing 3(1-4) MC 301 Editorial Writing 3(3-0) Spring. As Needed. Prerequisite: MC 101. Prerequisites: MC 101. Introduction to publishing and design principles on a desktop computing Study of editorial page management and policy, with emphasis on environment, preparing students for publication design and editing preparation of editorials, columns and critical reviews.
[Show full text]