RUNNERS, POWER ATHLETES, BODYBUILDERS, and HEALTHY SEDENTARY SUBJECTS Thomas Leslie Babits

CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES IN RUNNERS, POWER ATHLETES, BODYBUILDERS, AND HEALTHY SEDENTARY SUBJECTS Thomas Leslie Babits National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and AcquisÎîions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. nie Wellington OttawaON KlAW OccawaON KlAW canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distnbute or sel1 reproduire, prêter, distniuer ou copies of this thesis in microfotm, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electroaic formats. la forme de microfiche/^, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES IN RUNNERS, POWER ATHLETES, BODYBUILDERS, AND HEALTHY SEDENTARY SUBJECTS Thomas Leslie Babits A Thesis Submitted in Conformity with the Rcquirements for the Degree of Master of Science Graduate Deparaent of Community Heatth University of Toronto Copyright by Babits 1996 Across a wide range of health and fitness, a linear relationship exisu between Gmax and VO2peaL Gmax values have not been obtained for thox eiite aîhietes whose performance is dependant on teaching their highest possible V-max, or in bodybullders. V02max, Gmax, and MAP,at rest and fouowing caifergometry at submaximai and maximal workloads, in age and sex matched eiite middle distance mers (ER), body builders (BB), power athletes (PA) and healthy sedentary subjects (HS) was compared. Grest was simiificandy higher in BB than in ali other groups, whïie Gmax was higher io BB and ER than PA and HS. A strong linear relationship was found in BB (r = 0.94, p < 0.002) between Gmax and Grest, but not in any of the other groups. A strong linear relationship was found, across the non-resistance trained groups (ER, HS) (r = 0.84, p < 0.0001). This study shows that within the vascuiature of trained muscle, adaptive processes involved in body building are quaiitatively similar to to those found in ER, and different fiom those resulting fiom a traditional strength training model. -v of my Gr- This thesis couid not have bcm pricpared without the help of many colleagues, family, and friends, 1 would iike to aii the membof my thesis eumiaoton cornmittee; Dr. L. Goodman, Dr. B. Goode, and Dr. S. Thomas, who worked on my behalfon such &or& notice. 1 greatly respect the care talren in suggesting improvements, which have clearly strengthened the work. 1 was fortunate to be accepted by Dr. Jack Goodman following my project proposal and a disappointing initiai Cxpctience at graduate school, As my supervisar, he patiently handled my Occasionai over zcalou~~~ess,and helped to shape the thesis. Speciai thadcs are extcnded to Dr. Müa Plyley, who not only helped with the development of the ideas and writing of the thesis, but yeam aga, rekindled my fascination with the potcntial of the human body, and brought rcason to the wodd of science. Instrumentai in the completion of this thesis wu the encouragement and fhkof my fellow graduate students. 1 would espaally Wrc to th& Rich Evans, and Dr. Russ -le. Their support was truly invaluable. Russ in particth bas grealy influenced the ideas in the thesis. This thesis would not have been possible without the support of my family, especiaiiy rny parents, George and Kathy Babits. For nearly thirty yaus they have devoted themselves to ensuring 1reœive a baiancd and meaningful education, and that 1 stxive for excellence in the areas 1 chose. This work repmsents your efforts as much as it does mine. Thank you. Finaliy, 1 wouid like to thank my most patient and understanding de, Trisha. The thesis has been a part of our entire marrieci life together, and with ail the changes in iife that have occurred over the past theyears, her love and support was instrumental in its completion. Another dream attained.. .thanks! to Maximal Ischemic CalfErgometry .......................... 62 4.4.4 Rcsting Vascuiar Conductance and msomal Vasadar Conductance ................................................ -62 4-5 Vascular Conductance vs . Aerobic Power .................................... -70 Chapter 5: Diussion Major Findings ....................................... -73 Subject Characteristics ................................................. 74 Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Responses to CaifErgometq ... 75 M;uamal Aerobic Power ................................................ -77 Vascular Conductance ................... ,., .......................... -78 5.5.1 Sources of Error ................................................ -78 5.5.2 Resting VdarConductance .................................... -80 5.5 -3 Response to Submu<imPI Calf Ergomctry ......................... -80 5.5-4 Rtsponse to Maximai Ischemic Calf Ergometry ............. -81 The Possibüity of a Stmctural Increase in the Cross-Sectional Area of the Arterioiar Bed ................... .. ........................... -83 5.6.1 The Conductance - Mean Arteriai Pressure Relationship ................................................ -83 5 .6.2 Bodybuilding Versus Running ................................................ -86 Maximai Aerobic Power and Maximai Vascular Conductance -39 Conclusions ...................................................... -92 Recommendations for Future Research ................~.......................................94 References ...................................................... -95 Appendu 1 Approval by the Review Cornmittee on the Use of Human Subjeets ,............... ...............O........o..o....... 106 Appendix 2 Informed Consent ...................................................... 107 Appendix 4 Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Data .... ............................ 109 Appendb 5 Resting Blood Flow Meuutes , ........................ .Il0 Appendis 6 Submasimd Blood Flow Measures ............UII........lll Appendis 7 Maximil Blood Flow Measures ,................œ..........,. 1 12 Appendb 8 Aathropometric Murores ......................................... 113 Appendis 9 The Sipificance of Bodybuilding .............................. -114 vii LIST OF TABLES page Table 2.1 Hypathetîcai VOpax Improverncnt ................... -6 Table 2.2 Manmal Oxygen Consumption Values in Elite Runners .................. 10 Table 4.1.1 Subject Characteristics ..................53 Table 4- 1.2 Training Pattern Summary ................. -54 Table 4.3.1 Maxhd Oxygcn Consumption test Rdts ................. -60 Table 4 Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Data ................109 Table 5 Resting Blood Fiow Mmes ................ Il0 Table 6 Sub- Blood Flow Measures Table 7 Maximai Blood Flow Measwes LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.3.1 Figure 2.3.2 Total Peripherai Resistance at Vûpax Figure 4.2.1 30 second Average Heart Rate Foiiowïng Calf Ergometry Figure 4.2.2 30 Second Average Mean Arterial Pressure Foiiowing Calf Ergometry Figure 4.4.1 Blood Flow at Rest Figure 4.4.2 M&hd Blood Flow Figure 4.4.3 VdarConductance at Rest Figure 4.4.4 Maximai Vascuiar Conductance Figure 4.4.5 Gmax vs. Grest in Elite Runners and Power Athletes Figure 4.4.6 Gmax vs. Grest in Body Builders and Healthy Sedentary Subjccts Figure 4.4.7 BFmax vs. BFrest in Body Bdders and Healthy Sedentay Subjects Figure 4.4.8 Years of Training vs. Grnax in Body Builders Figure 4-4.9 Years of Training vs. Gmax in Elite Runncrs Figure 4.5.2 Gmax and Maximal Oxygen Collsumption Figure 4.5.1 MaWnal blood Flow and Maxhai mgen Consumption Figure 5.3.1 Gmax and Mruamal Oxygen Consumption Figure 5.6.1 Maximal Aerobic Power vs. Gmax The purpose of this study was to chaacterize maximum oxygm uptake, skeletal muscle blood flow and blood pressure rcsponses at rest and foilowhg both submaxirnal and maximai caif ergometry in attiletes who have undergone one of two forms of mistance training @owa training or bodybuilding) and endurance training, mmpared to heaithy untrained individuais. It has been clearly demonstrated that across a wide range of health and fimes, a strong hear relationship exists berneen the maximal vascular cooductanœ (G max) of the cal& and maximal oxygen uptake (V02max) (Reading, 1993, Snd, 1987). However, for high aber atbietes, in which athletic performance is dependent on the development of the greatest possible maximum oxygen uptake, maximai Iowa leg vascular conductance may reflect the structurai maximum for the system. Therefore, the nlationship betwem maximum oxygm uptake and lower leg muscle vascular conductance might weii dtviate from the ob~avedlinear relationship 2 established among sedenw or mildly active and 'mduranœ trainedt individuais (Reading et ai., 1993; Snell, 1987). It is weii known that many practitioners of taditid strcngth Paiaing models, such as long, triple, and high jumpers, develop inmases in muscle bu& and strength (Hakkinen et al., 1981; MacDougall et al., 1980; Young et al., 1983). Rumers too, typically mode1 th& &stance eaining regimens on such programs. There is evidence tint the adaptive pnnz~~esinvolved in bodybuilding wt only lad to increases in muscle bulk and strength, but may also promote signifïcant increases in aerobic fwiction

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