IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike ntttf¨ur Klima Atmosph¨areInstitut und lieLhanand Lohmann Ulrike T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, Importance acW¨uestMarc T Z¨urichETH hroyais lusadPrecipitation and Clouds Thermodynamics, topei Physics Atmospheric ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric niiulclouds Individual T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike Miscellaneous I I I I I I I oe:oedybfr etr at: lecture http before day scientific one with Notes: familiar get to you terminology for English order assignments in 5 English marked; points; Slides: credit 3 Scheme: Grading and cloud physics of precipitation importance the Understanding Science Atmospheric Objective: to introduction and Any Rogers 1989 Prerequisite: R. Press, R. Pergamon Physics, Yau, Cloud K. in M. Course Short [email protected]) A 3781, Textbook: 633 044 Tel: P18, (CHN [email protected]) 0514, W¨uestMarc 633 044 Tel: O11, (CHN Lohmann Ulrike Lecturers: Importance : // www . iac . ETH lu types Cloud ethz ) topei Physics Atmospheric . ch / education niiulclouds Individual / atmospheric physics T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike oreOtie rthl Urk Lohmann) (Ulrike half first Outline: Course 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. e :Frainadgot fiecrystals ice of growth and Formation 7: Dec o 0 omto n rwho lu droplets cloud of growth and nuclei Formation ice 30: and Nov condensation cloud Aerosols, 23: Nov o 6 iigadconvection and Mixing 16: Nov o :Pre uynyadamshrcstability atmospheric and buoyancy Parcel 9: Nov o :Rve hroyaisncsayfrclouds for necessary thermodynamics Review 2: Nov c 6 nrdcint eoosadclouds and aerosols to Introduction 26: Oct Importance ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric niiulclouds Individual T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike oreOtie eodhl Mr W¨uest) (Marc half second Outline: Course 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. e :Rdaieeet fcod n eoos(Ulrike aerosols and clouds of Lohmann) effects Radiative 8: Feb e :Wahrmodification Weather 1: hail Feb and storms Severe 25: Jan a 8 rcptto processes Precipitation 18: Jan a 1 ete radar Weather 11: Jan e 1 anadsnow and Rain 21: Dec e 4 ntaino ani o-reigclouds non-freezing in rain of Initiation 14: Dec Importance ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric niiulclouds Individual T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike motneo clouds of Importance I I I I I I eprtr n moisture. species, and trace temperature of redistribution vertical largely the clouds determine with associated downdrafts and Updrafts species. secondary reactions of chemical production aqueous-phase and for medium a provide deposition). Clouds (wet surface return the and to materials them particulate and gaseous scavenge Clouds snow Earth’s or the rain to as atmosphere surface the from water deliver surface. Clouds Earth’s the infrared by trapping emitted and budget, radiation space radiation to Earth’s back the sunlight in reflecting factor major a are Clouds crystals ice and/or sizes. droplets different cloud of of consist Clouds Definition: Importance ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric → yrlgclcycle hydrological niiulclouds Individual T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike lblma nrybudget energy mean Global Importance Figure: ih n rnet,BM,1997 BAMS, Trenberth, and Kiehl ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric niiulclouds Individual T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike Motivation Figure: Importance opnnso 2xCO of Components ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric 2 amn,fo udmn[2001] Ruddiman from warming, niiulclouds Individual T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike enttlcodaon 1983-2001 amount cloud total Mean Importance Figure: nentoa lu lmtlg Program Climatology Cloud International ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric niiulclouds Individual T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike egahcdsrbto fte“lu forcing” “cloud the of distribution Geographic I I fclouds F of = (LCF) forcing cloud longwave leoeeto clouds of effect F albedo = (SCF) forcing cloud shortwave Figure: Importance lu ocnsfo RE lu oe rmISCCP from cover cloud ERBE, from forcings Cloud ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric LW SW , cs niiulclouds Individual F - F - SW LW , cs ⇒ = rehueeffect greenhouse S 4 o ( α cs T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, − lu formation Cloud α cld ) ⇒ IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike egahcdsrbto fte“lu forcing” “cloud the of distribution Geographic Figure: Importance SCF values: mean Global -9Wm W =-49 lu ocnsfo RE lu oe rmISCCP from cover cloud ERBE, from forcings Cloud ETH − lu types Cloud 2 ) ; topei Physics Atmospheric LCF 3 m W =32 niiulclouds Individual − 2 ; CF -7Wm W =-17 T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud − 2 IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike yrlgclcycle Hydrological Importance Figure: ETH lu types Cloud ) une .Py V 2004 IV, Phys J. Quante, topei Physics Atmospheric niiulclouds Individual T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike enttlpeiiain1979-2001 precipitation total Mean Importance Figure: lblPeiiainCiaooyProject Climatology Precipitation Global ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric niiulclouds Individual T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike esnlvraini oa precipitation total in variation Seasonal Importance Figure: ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric de ta. 2003 al., et Adler niiulclouds Individual T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike iesre fttlprecipitation total of series Time Importance Figure: ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric de ta. 2003 al., et Adler niiulclouds Individual T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike 0codtpsi families: 4 in types cloud 10 types Cloud I I I I I I I 1 egt ee omdlatitudes mid to refer heights ihattd c lus(-6k) i s Cc Cs, Ci, km): (7-16 clouds ice Ac altitude As, High km): (2-7 clouds level Mid km (0-2 layered Ns and Cb, base Cu, Low extent: vertical with base Low clouds ice (Ci): Cirrus cloud layered (St): Stratus development vertical (Cu): Cumulus Importance ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric 1 :S,Sc St, ): niiulclouds Individual T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike rm une .Py V [2004] IV, Phys J. Quante, From: from observations [%] surface amounts cloud average Annual Cirrus Altocumulus Altostratus Nimbostratus Cumulonimbus Cumulus Stratocumulus Stratus type Cloud Importance ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric 22 17 4 5 4 5 12 5 Land niiulclouds Individual 13 22 6 4 12 22 11 Ocean T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike Figure: Importance oz’ lu atlas: cloud Houze’s Tropopause Cu cloud layer Unst. Cond. Shallow Troposphere Stratosphere C ONVECTIVE cloud Cu congestus Unst. layer Moderate Cond. ETH lu types Cloud strong wind C ) 4 C -40 LOUDS topei Physics Atmospheric www ice . atmos Cb cloud layer Deep Cond.Unst. niiulclouds Individual . washington . edu / gcg T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud / Atlas / IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike ceai flyrclouds layer of Schematic Importance NIMBOSTRATUS (N FOG STRATUS (St) Figure: St ETH lu types Cloud liquid usually ) Like St topei Physics Atmospheric <2 km Fog oz’ lu atlas cloud Houze’s s STRATOCUMULUS (S ) Steam Fog (DEEP) COLD St layerbrokenup niiulclouds Individual Water <2 km <2 km Cold c ) T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike ceai fmdlvlclouds mid-level of Schematic 2-7 km MIDDLE CLOUDS Importance ALTOSTRATUS SUN corona 15 Figure: ETH lu types Cloud ° (bases 2-7km A.G.) ) Ice (usually) Liquid and topei Physics Atmospheric (A oz’ lu atlas cloud Houze’s s ) niiulclouds Individual 2-7 km ALTOCUMULUS T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud (A c ) IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike ceai fcru clouds cirrus of Schematic > 6km Importance CIRROSTRATUS SUN Figure: ETH lu types Cloud 22 ) "halo" ° topei Physics Atmospheric oz’ lu atlas cloud Houze’s (ICE) (C s ) ICE niiulclouds Individual (Like A CIRROCUMULUS c ) T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike louuu atlau Hue:ga rwieboe hes elements, sheets, masses broken rounded white bands, or gray (Houze): castellanus Altocumulus Importance ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric niiulclouds Individual T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike eylw ry nfr ae snotievr itntwe visible) when distinct very outline (sun layer uniform gray, low, very Wolkenatlas: (Karlsruher Stratus Importance ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric http : // www niiulclouds Individual . wolkenatlas . de T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, / wolken lu formation Cloud ): IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike uuu uii Krsue:wie eahd es lmnswt shape growth with vertical elements and dense outlines detached, white, (Karlsruhe): humilis Cumulus Importance ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric niiulclouds Individual T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike he rpthwtotsaigcmoe fvr ml ipe,grains ripples, small very of composed shading without white patch thin, or (Karlsruhe): sheet humilis cumulus with stratiformis Cirrocumulus Importance ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric niiulclouds Individual T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike ibsrtspacptto(alrh) ry ak iue nfr cloud precipitation uniform steady diffuse, with dark, gray, (Karlsruhe): praecipitatio Nimbostratus Importance ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric niiulclouds Individual T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike boso mohi perne(halo) appearance in smooth or fibrous 22 with Cirrostratus Importance ◦ ao(alrh) hn ht,tasuetvi either veil translucent white, thin, (Karlsruhe): halo ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric niiulclouds Individual T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike rcpttn ihfltee top flattened and with dense precipitating deep, very (Karlsruhe): praecipitatio Cumulonimbus Importance ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric niiulclouds Individual T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike taouuu Krsue:lw rywie ac rlyrwt elements, masses with rounded layer or or rolls patch gray-white, low, (Karlsruhe): Stratocumulus Importance ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric niiulclouds Individual T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike bosapaac rslysheen with silky patches or or appearance filaments fibrous white, detached, (Karlsruhe): uncinus Cirrus Importance ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric niiulclouds Individual T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike uuu eici Krsue:cmlso oeaevertical (cauliflower) moderate development of cumulus (Karlsruhe): mediocris Cumulus Importance ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric niiulclouds Individual T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike lotau Hue:uiomo titdga/leset(ohl u sun but halo (no glass) sheet grounded gray/blue behind striated or uniform (Houze): Altostratus Importance ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric niiulclouds Individual T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike rmioae,sap fe yai-hpdmuti ek,ee on even days peaks, downwind cloud-free mountain extend otherwise pyramid-shaped to often observed sharp, often isolated, plume from cloud A (Houze): cloud Banner Importance ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric niiulclouds Individual T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike ceai fbne clouds banner of Schematic Importance BANNER CLOUD (b) (a) Figure: ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric oz’ lu atlas cloud Houze’s L L niiulclouds Individual T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike o Hue:Wtrdolt upne nteamshr ntevicinity visibility the affect in that atmosphere surface the earth’s in the suspended droplets Water (Houze): Fog Importance ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric niiulclouds Individual T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike eidarrf yn ncer od ui air humid cold, form clear, to in observed flying frequently aircraft streamer behind like cloud A (Karlsruhe): Contrail Importance ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric niiulclouds Individual T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike oltns itr fsoeadfg oa oegnrlyarpollution air generally more reduction today visibility fog; with and accompanied smoke industrial of by mixture contaminated a fog pollutants, natural a Originally (Karlsruhe): Smog Importance ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric niiulclouds Individual T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike lu formation Cloud I I I I I edt nraeR e/e = RH increase to need xaso n itn,coigaogtedyaibt(8 of (98% adiabat dry formation) the cloud along cooling lifting, (2% and mixing Expansion or radiation to formation) due cloud cooling of surface): at (cloud fog hnissronig nacniinlyusal atmosphere. unstable conditionally a in surroundings its warmer than become first of would parcel thereafter and a saturation-adiabatically saturated which until at dry-adiabatically level lifted The air (LFC): convection free of Level saturated. of base become parcel cloud would a dry-adiabatically which lifted at air level moist The (LCL): level condensation lifting Importance I I nraee vprto,mxn,diffusion mixing, evaporation, e: increase (e temperature decrease ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric s s :aibtclyo non-adiabatically or adiabatically ): ni 0%R sreached is RH 100% until niiulclouds Individual T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, lu formation Cloud → IACETH Outline Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science lieLhanadMr W¨uest (IAC Marc and Lohmann Ulrike lu formation Cloud I I I I aitv oln rmcodtpadn etn rmbelow from long. heating very no last and to can top due cloud easily from destroyed cooling be radiative cannot surface the day. above fast Fog during thus radiation extent, solar vertical to large due a dissipation saturated not quickly Usually is fog). air (radiation that clouds so without radiatively Night more spring. during cool and often autumn most of cooling mornings radiative early by caused by mainly it is above Fog lift and LFC warming reach condensational to it’s prerequisite have Cb and Cu lifting large-scale need cooling) clouds and all (expansion Cb, and Cu for Except Importance ETH lu types Cloud ) topei Physics Atmospheric → CAPE niiulclouds Individual T,Ot2,2005 26, Oct ETH, → lu formation Cloud fog →