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The Chemotherapy of Lymphomas: Looking Back, Moving Forward—The Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation Award Lecture1

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The Chemotherapy of Lymphomas: Looking Back, Moving Forward—The Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation Award Lecture1 [CANCER RESEARCH 47, 5810-5824, November 15, 1987] Special Lecture The Chemotherapy of Lymphomas: Looking Back, Moving Forward—The Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation Award Lecture1 Vincent T. DeVita, Jr., Susan Molloy Hubbard, and Dan L. Longo National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 Lymphomas are a common cancer of humans. They occurred tween cell number and curability by chemotherapy in their about 42,000 times in 1986 and the rubric lymphoma encom studies that established that advanced leukemia 1210 could be passes about a dozen variants of diseases of lymphocytes or cured by chemotherapy, especially if drug combinations were related cells of the immune system (1). Two of the 12 most used in precisely drawn doses and schedules, based on cell common types of lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease and the lymph- kinetic data, to overcome the problem of excess tumor volume oid malignancy which has been called reticulum cell sarcoma, (4). This work in rodents provided continued impetus and diffuse histiocytic lymphoma, and most recently diffuse aggres insight for the design of new therapeutic programs in human sive or large cell lymphomas, were the first two tumors of a malignancies. The details of similar experiments that led to the major organ system of adults to succumb to chemotherapy (2, development of the so-called MOPP treatment program for 3). They occurred in 20,000 patients in 1986: 8,000 cases of advanced Hodgkin's disease have been described elsewhere (2). Hodgkin's disease and 12,000 cases of diffuse large cell lym Fig. 1 shows the scheme for administration of the four-drug phoma. Looking back, this has been a very satisfying experi MOPP combination developed in 1964 for the treatment of ence, the major impact of which is the provision of proof of the advanced Hodgkin's disease. Single agents had not been able hypothesis that advanced cancers could be cured by combina to cure advanced disease, even at the maximal tolerated doses. tions of cancer drugs developed because of their antitumor Each of the agents in the MOPP program was selected based effect in animals. As with most new approaches to treatment, on antitumor activity when used as a single agent and the drugs however, looking back identifies previously unanticipated prob were given in full dose and in their optimal schedule. Drugs lems as well. One of the problems with combination chemo were also selected to minimize overlapping toxicity to any single therapy is toxicity, real and sometimes exaggerated. With the organ. Therefore, vincristine was selected over its analogue benefit of hindsight, looking back reveals that concerns for vinblastine because it had less marrow toxicity, although it did toxicity, out of proportion to the fatal consequences of the produce more neurotoxicity. The four drugs were given over a diseases themselves, have frequently led to ad hoc modification 2-week period. Intervals between cycles were constructed of programs that, based on data from animal systems, predict around the known intervals for recovery of bone marrow from a decrease in their capacity to cure. myelosuppression (5). Thus, a complete cycle of MOPP con Looking forward, the lessons learned from past attempts to sisted of a 2-week treatment period and a 2-week recovery modify treatment provide insight for the design of current and period. A minimum of six cycles were given every 29 days until future treatment programs in all the lymphomas. The complex the patient attained a complete remission or tumor grew despite ity of these programs grows as biologies enter the therapeutic treatment. arena and are integrated into treatment programs at an early There were three features of MOPP that were unique at the stage in their development. The early enthusiasm for biologies time: (a) the goal of the program was to cure (as with leukemia followed by the feeling of disappointment over their incapacity 1210) rather than to palliate as was the practice at the time; (/>) to provide quick cures without side effects is reminiscent of the the cyclic use of combination chemotherapy for 6 months introduction of chemotherapy and should not deter the clinical exceeded the duration for any prior treatment program in adult investigators from defining their ultimate role in treatment in tumors; (c) it was the first regimen to make use of a sliding the most expeditious way. The lessons learned by looking back at the treatment of lymphomas are applicable to other common scale to adjust drug doses for marrow suppression and/or neurotoxicity. The sliding scale was designed to permit the malignancies of adults. administration of each cycle with maximal doses of each agent Hodgkin's Disease: The NCI2 MOPP Study Sequence and to preserve both the dose rate and the integrity of the drug combination (2, 6). Provisions for delaying subsequent cycles In 1964, Skipper and Schabel, at the Southern Research were made only if toxicity of any individual drug were severe Institute, demonstrated the invariable inverse relationship be enough to otherwise require its omission from that cycle. Received 8/14/87; accepted 8/18/87. The sliding scale, a concept now used in most clinical pro 1Presented on May 7, 1986. at the Seventy-seventh Annual Meeting of the tocols, had an interesting effect on dosing in the MOPP study. American Association for Cancer Research in Los Angeles, CA. 2The abbreviations used are: NCI, National Cancer Institute; MOPP, nitrogen After two cycles at full doses, most people had significant mustard-vincristine-procarbazine-prednisone; L-PAM, L-phenylalanine mustard; myelosuppression and doses in the third cycle were frequently 6-MP, 6-mercaptopurine; RDI, relative dose intensity; BCVPP, l,3-bis(2-chlo- reduced according to the sliding scale. The impact of reducing roethyl)-l-nitrosourea-cyclophosphamide-velban-procarbazine-prednisone; SWOG, Southwestern Oncology Group; ABVD, Adriamycin-bleomycin-vinblas- dose in the third cycle allowed the use of full or near full doses tine-decarbazine; CABS, l-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-l-nitrosourea (lomus- in the fourth and later cycles. The net effect was preservation tine)-Adriamycin-bleomycin-streptozotocin; C-MOPP, cyclophosphamide-vin- cristine-procarbazine-prednisone; ProMACE, prednisone-methotrexate-Adria- of dose rate. The average duration of administration for six mycin-cyclophosphamide-epipodophyllotoxin; CytaBOM, 1-/3-D-arabinofurano- cycles was 5.8 months, and the omission of any of the drugs syl-cytosine-bleomycme-vincristine-methotrexate with leucovorin rescue; CHOP, from the program was rare. These two important points will be cyclophosphamide-Adriamycin-vincristine-prednisone;BACOP, bleomycin-Adri- amycin-cyclophosphamide-vincristine-prednisone; MACOP-B, methotrexate- reemphasized later in the evaluation of results with other pro Adriamycin-cyclophosphamide-vincristine-prednisone-bleomycin. grams. MOPP was considered high dose, long duration che- «810 5810 Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 28, 2021. © 1987 American Association for Cancer Research. CHEMOTHERAPY OF LYMPHOMAS tients in the original study, diagnosed as having lymphocyte- 1DRUGSNitrogenDay 28NOTHERAPY depleted Hodgkin's disease, would now be called diffuse large cell lymphoma (12). This subset with these 10 patients excluded Mustard I.V.Vmcnstme6mg/M2 is evaluated separately in the current analysis shown in Table 1. 1.4mg/M2|.V.100mg/M2RO.Prednisone* The two most important points in Table 1 are the relapse- free survival rate (64%) and the fraction of all treated patients who remain free of disease (54%) after 20-year follow-up. The relapse-free survival curve is shown in Fig. 2 and illustrates that 40 mg/M2 P.O.(14 most negative events take place over the first 4 years of follow- Fig. I. Schema for the MOPP combination chemotherapy program. Nitrogen up after which the curve tends to flatten out and relapses are mustard and vincristine are given i.v. on days 1 and 8 of a 28-day cycle of therapy, uncommon. The latest relapse in the MOPP study has occurred procarbazine and prednisone are given once a day p.o. for 14 days, and no therapy is given on days IS through 28. In the original program, prednisone was included 11 years after treatment was discontinued. The toxicity of only on cycles 1 and 4. The doses of drugs are adjusted down or up based on a MOPP was not excessive; only five patients died of treatment- sliding scale keyed to the nadir blood counts or symptoms from the previous cycle related toxicity (2.5%). Despite the neurotoxicity associated of therapy. The next cycle begins on time unless the peripheral blood counts on with full doses of vincristine (1.4 mg/m2), no patients were day 1 of the next cycle are too low to safely administer nitrogen mustard and procarbazine. In such an instance, it is permissible to wait a maximum of 1 week permanently paralyzed using the sliding scale adjustment based for the blood counts to recover. Maximum drug is then delivered based on the blood counts on the day of therapy. Delays of up to 1 week between cycles are on symptoms. rarely necessary. Note that the maximum vincristine dose is not limited to a total The first series of studies that followed our reports in 1967 of 2 mg. Prednisone*, cycles 1 and 4 only. and 1970 confirmed the results in an uncontrolled trial (13) and showed MOPP to be superior to nitrogen mustard used Table 1 Results of the original NCI MOPP study after 20 years of follow-up continuously for 6 months in a controlled trial (14) and superior A significant fraction of patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease remain alive to a new five-drug combination and the same five drugs used in and well and apparently cured of their disease. a fixed sequence (15, 16). The uncontrolled Stanford trial, analyses198 however, reported severe toxicity from vincristine at the doses No.
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