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Cours D'administration Système Unix

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Cours D'administration Système Unix Administration système UNIX version 6.3 Partie 1 2003 – 2004 Thierry Besançon – Philippe Weill Formation Permanente Université Pierre et Marie Curie - PARIS 6 Tour centrale 13eétage 4, place Jussieu 75252 Paris Cedex 05 Tél. : 01-44-27-58-49 ou 01-44-27-58-50 01-44-27-38-19 ou 01-44-2738-25 Fax : 01-44-27-27-15 e-mail : [email protected] Les animateurs de ce cours peuvent être joints aux adresses suivantes : [email protected] [email protected] Ce cours est disponible au format PDF sur le web à l’URL : http://www.formation.jussieu.fr/ars/2003-2004/UNIX/cours/ Si vous améliorez ce cours, merci de m’envoyez vos modifications ! :-) Copyright (c) 1997-2004 by [email protected] This material may be distributed only subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Open Publication Li- cence, v1.0 or later (the latest version is available at http://www.opencontent.org/openpub/). "...the number of UNIX installations has grown to 10, with more expected..." - Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson, June 1972 Table des matières N Ó de transparent Chapitre 1 UNIX : Généralités – Historique . 1 § 1 UNIX, un système d’exploitation . 1 § 2 Panorama de quelques UNIX du marché . 5 § 3 Les différentes familles d’UNIX . 6 § 4 Distributions LINUX . 9 § 5 UNIX à la formation permanente . 10 Chapitre 2 Définition du rôle de l’administrateur . 12 § 1 Les principales missions de l’administrateur . 13 § 2 Quelques règles de bon sens . 15 § 3 Connaissances de base d’un administrateur . 17 Chapitre 3 Premiers contacts avec UNIX . 18 § 1 Votre compte UNIX : login, mot de passe . 19 § 2 Principales règles sur les mots de passe . 20 § 3 Changer son mot de passe UNIX . 21 § 4 Connexion sur un terminal texte UNIX . 22 § 5 Connexion sur un terminal graphique UNIX . 24 § 6 L’interface graphique UNIX . 27 § 7 Les langages de commandes UNIX : les shells . 31 § 8 Formes générales des commandes Unix . 36 Chapitre 4 Sources de documentation . 38 § 1 Documentation Unix en ligne : man ................................. 39 § 2 RFC, Internet drafts . 46 §3FAQ................................................. 47 §4HOWTOLinux............................................ 48 § 5 Newsgroups . 49 § 6 Moteur de recherche Google . 50 § 7 Documentations constructeur online . 51 § 8 Librairies parisiennes . 52 § 9 Magazines . 53 § 10 Formats des documentations . 54 Chapitre 5 Commandes de manipulations de base des objets Unix . 56 § 1 Propriétaires des objets sous Unix . 56 § 2 Arborescence des objets, chemins absolus et relatifs . 57 § 3 Analogies/Différences Unix/Windows/Mac . 65 § 4 Liste des fichiers : ls ........................................ 66 § 5 Affichage du contenu d’un fichier texte : cat ............................. 74 § 6 Affichage du contenu d’un fichier texte : more ............................ 75 § 7 Destruction d’un fichier : rm ..................................... 76 § 8 Duplication d’un fichier : cp ..................................... 78 § 9 Déplacement et renommage d’un fichier : mv ............................. 80 § 10 Création de répertoires : mkdir ................................... 83 § 11 Suppression de répertoires : rmdir ................................. 84 § 12 Positionnement et position dans les répertoires : cd, pwd ...................... 85 § 13 Comptage de lignes dans un fichier : wc ............................... 86 § 14 Comparaison de 2 fichiers : diff .................................. 87 § 15 Extraction des premières lignes de fichiers : head .......................... 88 § 16 Extraction des dernières lignes de fichiers : tail .......................... 89 § 17 Extraction de colonnes : cut .................................... 92 § 18 Collage de colonnes : paste .................................... 93 § 19 Tri d’un fichier : sort ........................................ 94 § 20 Elimination des lignes redondantes d’un fichier : uniq ........................ 97 § 21 Création d’un fichier vide : touch .................................. 99 § 22 Modification des dates d’un fichier : touch ............................. 100 § 23 Création de fichiers temporaires : /tmp ............................... 102 § 24 Manipulation des noms de fichiers : basename ........................... 103 § 25 Liens sur fichiers : ln, ln -s .................................... 104 § 26 Nature d’un fichier : file ...................................... 110 § 27 Commande de traduction de caractères : tr ............................. 113 § 28 Utilitaires pour disquettes PC : mtools, mcopy .......................... 115 Chapitre 6 Editeurs de texte Unix . 116 § 1 Panorama d’éditeurs de fichier texte . 116 § 2 Editeur de fichier texte : vi ..................................... 117 § 3 Editeur de fichier texte : view .................................... 129 Chapitre 7 Attributs des objets Unix . 130 § 1 Définition des droits d’accès d’un objet Unix . 130 § 2 Changements des droits d’accès d’un objet : chmod ......................... 134 § 3 Droits d’accès par défaut lors de création d’objets : umask ...................... 137 § 4 Régler son umask de façon permanente . 143 § 5 Définition des droits d’accès d’un objet sous WINDOWS . 144 § 6 Attribut spécial de fichier : bit setuid . 146 § 7 Attribut spécial de fichier : bit setgid . 149 § 8 Attribut spécial de répertoire : sticky bit . 152 § 9 Attributs de date d’un objet : mtime, atime, ctime . 156 § 10 Consultation de l’horloge : date ................................... 157 § 11 Modification des dates d’un objet : touch .............................. 158 Chapitre 8 Expressions régulières et commandes Unix associées . 159 § 1 Regular expressions (regexps) . 159 § 2 Recherche de regexp dans un fichier : grep ............................. 169 § 3 Modification à la volée de contenu de fichiers : sed ......................... 175 Chapitre 9 Commande de recherche de fichiers : find ............................. 184 § 1 Recherche de fichiers : find .................................... 184 § 2 Confusion courante . 188 § 3 Quelques Difficultés . 189 Chapitre 10 Commandes Unix de gestion de place disque . 191 § 1 Information sur la consommation d’espace disque : df ........................ 191 § 2 Calcul de la place disque occupée : du ................................ 192 § 3 Compression de fichiers : compress, uncompress, zcat ................... 193 § 4 Compression de fichiers : gzip, gunzip, gzcat ......................... 195 § 5 Compression de fichiers : bzip2, bunzip2, bzcat ....................... 197 § 6 Archivage de fichiers/répertoires : tar ................................ 199 § 7 Comparaison avec le monde Microsoft Windows . 201 § 8 Compression de fichiers : zip, unzip ............................... 202 Chapitre 11 Commandes Unix réseau de base . 204 § 1 Impression : lpr, lpq, lprm ................................... 204 § 2 Impression de fichiers texte : a2ps ................................. 205 § 3 Nom de machine : uname, hostname ............................... 207 § 4 Tests de connectivité : ping ..................................... 208 § 5 Tests de connectivité : traceroute ................................ 209 § 6 Connexion sur des machines distantes : transfert de fichiers ftp ................... 211 § 7 Connexion sur des machines distantes : connexion interactive telnet ............... 216 § 8 Connexion sur des machines distantes : connexion interactive rlogin ............... 218 § 9 Connexion sur des machines distantes : commande distante rsh .................. 219 § 10 Connexion sur des machines distantes : copie distante rcp ..................... 220 § 11 Connexion sur des machines distantes : connexion interactive ssh .................. 221 § 12 Connexion sur des machines distantes : copie distante scp ..................... 223 § 13 Point d’entrée réseau de la Formation Permanente . 226 § 14 Liste d’utilisateurs connectés : users, who, w ........................... 227 § 15 Courrier électronique : adresse email . 228 § 16 Courrier électronique : commandes de base mail, mailx ..................... 229 § 17 Courrier électronique : autres utilitaires netscape, kmail .................... 232 § 18 Consultations Web : URL, lynx, netscape ............................ 234 Chapitre 12 Pratique du Bourne shell . 238 § 1 Affichage d’une chaîne de caractères : echo ............................ 238 § 2 Principe d’exécution par le shell d’une commande Unix . 240 § 3 Caractères spéciaux du shell : métacaractères . 241 § 4 Métacaractères tabulation, espace . 242 § 5 Métacaractère retour charriot . 243 § 6 Métacaractère point-virgule . 244 § 7 Métacaractères ()......................................... 245 § 8 Métacaractères {}......................................... 246 § 9 Contrôle des commandes lancées : &, fg, bg, kill, ˆC, ˆZ .................... 247 § 10 Contrôle des processus : ps, kill, top .............................. 253 § 11 Métacaractères : ’, ", Ò ....................................... 261 § 12 Métacaractères de redirection : <, >, >>, <<, ‘, |, 2>, >& ..................... 263 § 13 Trou noir pour redirection : /dev/null .............................. 270 § 14 Métacaractères : *, ?, [], [ˆ] ................................... 271 § 15 Métacaractère $ et variables shell . 273 § 16 Variables d’environnement shell . 275 § 17 Comparaison des variables d’environnement sous Unix / WINDOWS . 279 § 18 Variable d’environnement PATH ................................... 280 § 19 Régler son PATH de façon permanente . 284 § 20 Variable d’environnement TERM ................................... 286 § 21 Ordre d’évaluation de la ligne de commande . 290 § 22 Quitter un shell : exit, Ctrl-D .................................. 293 Chapitre 13 Programmation en Bourne shell . 294 § 1 Caractéristiques d’un shell script . 295 § 2 Structure d’un shell script . 296 § 3 Passage de paramètres à un shell script : $1 à $9 .......................... 300 § 4 Liste des paramètres d’un shell script : $*, $@ ............................ 306 § 5 Variables prédéfinies : $?, $!, $$ ................................. 307 § 6 Commandes internes du shell :.
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