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Prisoners of War in the Baltic in the XII-XIII Centuries
Prisoners of war in the Baltic in the XII-XIII centuries Kurt Villads Jensen* University of Stockholm Abstract Warfare was cruel along the religious borders in the Baltic in the twelfth and thirteenth century and oscillated between mass killing and mass enslavement. Prisoners of war were often problematic to control and guard, but they were also of huge economic importance. Some were used in production, some were ransomed, some held as hostages, all depending upon status of the prisoners and needs of the slave owners. Key words Warfare, prisoners of war. Baltic studies. Baltic crusades. Slavery. Religious warfare. Medieval genocide. Resumen La guerra fue una actividad cruel en las fronteras religiosas bálticas entre los siglos XII y XIII, que osciló entre la masacre y la esclavitud en masa. El control y guarda de los prisioneros de guerra era frecuentemente problemático, pero también tenían una gran importancia económica. Algunos eran empleados en actividades productivas, algunos eran rescatados y otros eran mantenidos como rehenes, todo ello dependiendo del estatus del prisionero y de las necesidades de sus propietarios. Palabras clave Guerra, prisioneros de guerra, estudios bálticos, cruzadas bálticas, esclavitud, guerra de religión, genocidio medieval. * Dr. Phil. Catedrático. Center for Medieval Studies, Stockholm University, Department of History, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail: [email protected] http://www.journal-estrategica.com/ E-STRATÉGICA, 1, 2017 • ISSN 2530-9951, pp. 285-295 285 KURT VILLADS JENSEN If you were living in Scandinavia and around the Baltic Sea in the high Middle Ages, you had a fair change of being involved in warfare or affected by war, and there was a considerable risk that you would be taken prisoner. -
The Clash Between Pagans and Christians: the Baltic Crusades from 1147-1309
The Clash between Pagans and Christians: The Baltic Crusades from 1147-1309 Honors Research Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with honors research distinction in History in the undergraduate colleges of The Ohio State University by Donald R. Shumaker The Ohio State University May 2014 Project Advisor: Professor Heather J. Tanner, Department of History 1 The Baltic Crusades started during the Second Crusade (1147-1149), but continued into the fifteenth century. Unlike the crusades in the Holy Lands, the Baltic Crusades were implemented in order to combat the pagan tribes in the Baltic. These crusades were generally conducted by German and Danish nobles (with occasional assistance from Sweden) instead of contingents from England and France. Although the Baltic Crusades occurred in many different countries and over several centuries, they occurred as a result of common root causes. For the purpose of this study, I will be focusing on the northern crusades between 1147 and 1309. In 1309 the Teutonic Order, the monastic order that led these crusades, moved their headquarters from Venice, where the Order focused on reclaiming the Holy Lands, to Marienberg, which was on the frontier of the Baltic Crusades. This signified a change in the importance of the Baltic Crusades and the motivations of the crusaders. The Baltic Crusades became the main theater of the Teutonic Order and local crusaders, and many of the causes for going on a crusade changed at this time due to this new focus. Prior to the year 1310 the Baltic Crusades occurred for several reasons. A changing knightly ethos combined with heightened religious zeal and the evolution of institutional and ideological changes in just warfare and forced conversions were crucial in the development of the Baltic Crusades. -
Your Ancestors in Volhynia and Poland from 1700 to 1900
Your Ancestors in Volhynia and Poland from 1700 to 1900: How They Got There and How They Lived William Remus Emeritus Professor of Information Technology Management University of Hawaii SJHS 1962 LMC 1964 UM 1967 MSU 1974 Cosponsors • St Joseph Public Library • American Historical Society of Germans from Russia – Berrien County Chapter • Society for German Genealogy in Eastern Europe • Federation of Eastern European Family History Societies (Annual meeting is at the Milwaukee Radisson Hotel on July 24th and 25th - German Fest Weekend)). Presentation Online at • www.remus.shidler.hawaii.edu Remus? • Rem (pronounced Rehm) = Saxon clan name for those who punch holes (in people using spears). Lots of Rem in Bavaria and Saxony from 1300. • -us A Latin suffix added by those with the church and universities around 1500 (very fashionable). The name links Remus directly to villages near Dresden, Saxony. Agenda • Follow the trails of the Germans migrating out of Germany into Poland and Volhynia • Talk about how they lived and why they migrated. Where is Volhynia? Where are the Germans? Where are the Germans? Where are the Germans? (Hinter) Pommern • Lightly populated initially with Wends and Kashubians • Gradual inflow of Germans inland for farming • Cooperative arrangements withWend and Kashubian nobility • Merged later with East Prussia, Brandenburg, and Silesia to form Prussia Where are the Germans? Where are the Germans? Conditions in 1720 • The Swedes fought the joined Russians, Poles, and Prussians across northern Poland. • The Swedes lost but more than one third of the Poles died. • The Polish nobility recruited Germans to fill the jobs of the deceased Poles – these were mostly on manorial farms. -
Collegium Medievale 16
• t Ii j COLLEGIUM MEDIEVALE Tverrfaglig tidsskrift for middelalderforskning Interdisciplinary Journal of Medieval Research Volume 16 2003 Published by COLLEGIUM MEDIEVALE Society for Medieval Studies Oslo 2003 Study into Socio-political History of the Obodrites Roman Zaroff Artikkelen be handler de polabiske slaviske starnrnene som bodde i omradet mellom elvene Elbe-Saale og Oder-Neisse, i perioden fra slutten av 700-tallet til 1100- tallet. Artikkelforfatteren gar imot det hevdvunne synet om at disse slaverne forble organisert i sma, lokale stammer. Tvert imot men er forfatteren a kunne belegge at disse polabiske slaveme pga. sterkt ytre press i perioden organiserte seg i en storre sammenslutning over stammeniva, sentrert rundt obotritt-stammen. Denne sammenslutningen var en politisk enhet pa linje med samtidige tyske hertugdommer og markomrader og de skandinaviske landene. Introduction The Western Slavs once occupied the territory more or less corresponding to the former state of East Germany that is the area roughly between the Oder-Neisse and Elbe-Saale rivers. They are usually called the Polabian Slavs or Wends. They were the westernmost group of the Western Slavs (which includes the Czechs, Poles and Slovaks) who settled the region between the sixth and seventh centu ries. 1 The Polabian Slavs are usually divided into three branches: the Sorbs, who occupied roughly the southern part ofthe former East Germany; the Veleti in the northeast of the region; and the Obodrites in the northwest.2 Most of the Polabian Slavs were germanised in the course of time, and only a small Sorbian minority in southeastern Germany retains its linguistic and cultural identity until the present day.' 1 Dvomik 1974:14; and Gimbutas 1971:124-128; and towmianski 1967:98, 221; and Strzelczyk 1976:139-154. -
The Kaschuben
The Kaschuben Source: Deutscher Volkskalender für Bessarabien – 1931 Tarutino Press and Printed by Deutschen Zeitung Bessarabiens Pages 111-114 Translated by: Allen E. Konrad April, 2014 Internet Location: urn:nbn:de:bvb:355-ubr13934-5 When translating a document that contains proper names, I am never sure which direction to go. Keep the original name, or make it more Anglicized. In the following translation, I have done both because sometimes it seemed to be significant to stay with the original, while at other times nothing seemed to be lost in Anglicizing it. I have no information as to who author F. St. was. I browsed the whole 1931 Calendar and did not come across any other mention of a person that would fit the F. St. signature. ================================================================ [Translation Begins] The Kassuben Historical Study by F. St. All Swabian people in Bessarabia call those who speak the Low German (plattdeutsch) language, Kashuben (Kassuben). Today, our Swabian and Plattdeutsch folks peacefully live in full harmony next to and with each other, the later primarily in purchased land of daughter communities, hundreds of Plattdeutsch folks have cheerfully taken Swabians to be their wives and many a Swabian has chosen a smart Kashuban woman to be his companion. And they do not regret it. If they were to be free and had to marry again, they would probably do it once again. —It was not always like that. Swabian and Kashuban folks were only too glad and eager to tease, mock, make a fool of, josh, and irritate one another whenever they came together, for example, at a place of business, or a tavern, at the market, at a wedding, or at the occasion of some special festival; during military recruitment, etc. -
A Comparison of the Medieval German Settlement of Prussia and Transylvania
Issue 4 2014 Sword, Cross, and Plow vs. Pickaxe and Coin: A Comparison of the Medieval German Settlement of Prussia and Transylvania GEORGE R. STEVENS CLEMSON UNIVERSITY The German medieval settlement of Eastern Europe known as the Ostsiedlung was carried out by Germans and the Teutonic Order in both Hungary and Transylvania, but with vastly different results. Of the regions settled during the Ostsiedlung, Transylvania offered colonists some of the strongest incentives to settle there; in addition to an agreeable climate and fertile soil, those who settled in Transylvania also stood to enjoy generous expansions of legal and economic freedoms far beyond the rights they held in their homelands. Yet the Ostsiedlung in Transylvania was arguably a failure compared to the success of the movement in Prussia. Much of this contrast can be explained by comparing the settlement process in each region, conducted largely by peaceful means in Transylvania but by the sword and cross in Prussia. Conquest and conversion supported by secular and ecclesiastical authorities allowed Germans to dominate Prussia and cement the primacy of German language and culture there. By contrast, peaceful settlement left Transylvania’s large indigenous populations intact and independent. This cultural plurality, along with the long journey required to reach Transylvania and inconsistent support for settlement there, ensured German settlers in Transylvania never became more than a minority population. The medieval settlement of Prussia and Transylvania, from here on referred to by its German name, Ostsiedlung, was carried out by Germans and the Teutonic Order in both regions, but to vastly different ends. The German settlement of Transylvania was mostly peaceful, with the majority of settlers being miners, merchants, and peasants. -
The German Migrations to Volhynia William Remus 10/4/2020 Introduction
The German Migrations to Volhynia William Remus 10/4/2020 Introduction It is often very difficult to find where your family originated in Germany prior to traveling to Volhynia. There are several reasons why this problem occurs: • The records currently available for Volhynia are limited. • The death records often lack details like birthplace and date of birth. • The marriage records of the bride and groom often lack details like birthplace, parent’s names, and date of birth. • There are no formal immigration records available in Volhynia. • Such information is also lacking for records from other areas of Russian Occupied Poland. • Our ancestors often migrated over a period of generations and a number of regions. However, the pattern of migrations from the German states into areas of Prussian controlled Poland are fairly well known and there are some records available. Also why these moves were made are often well known and will be detailed as we go. What I will try to do with this paper is to briefly detail the major small migrations into eastern Europe. In the case of each migration I can provide some links that provided the family names involved in the migration and where they had settled at crucial dates like 1772 and 1794. Additionally I will provide a brief history of each destination area and maps to give you a general idea where these areas of migration were. In multistep migration to Volhynia the maps will also aid you in where they stopped along the way. The story starts about 1600. The state of Germany prior to 1700 Germany was not a unified state in 1600. -
|||GET||| the North-Eastern Frontiers of Medieval Europe 1St Edition
THE NORTH-EASTERN FRONTIERS OF MEDIEVAL EUROPE 1ST EDITION DOWNLOAD FREE Alan V Murray | 9781351884846 | | | | | The North-Eastern Frontiers of Medieval Europe In German-speaking areas most inherited surnames were formed only after the Ostsiedlung period, and many German surnames are in fact Germanized Wendish placenames. Wikimedia Commons. He may have been the first writer to perceive the early medieval period as a Dark Age that was ending to be replaced by a better world. Central and Eastern. Namespaces Article Talk. Discussion of medieval European expansion tends to focus on expansion eastward and the crusades. Expulsion of Germans. Mary in Brandenburg, and the Lehnin Abbeywere built on pagan shrines. Lithuania was The North-Eastern Frontiers of Medieval Europe 1st edition as the last pagan polity in Europe, yet able to accept Christianity on its own terms in Religious history. Auf Kosten des Herausgebers, in The North-Eastern Frontiers of Medieval Europe 1st edition bey E. Research on book trade with Scandinavia in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries'; Jonna Louis-Jensen, 'Frontiers. The development of a Parish church system only took place after the settlement of German colonists, beginning in the 2nd half of the 12th century. In The North- Eastern Frontiers of Medieval Europe 1st edition, the Polabian Slavs in the Billung and Northern Marchesstretching from the Elbe river to the Baltic Sea succeeded in a rebellion against the political rule and Christian mission of the recently established Holy Roman Empire. More than obstacles, medieval frontiers - whether geographical, political, military, intellectual or artistic - seem to have been bridges and points of contact. -
Convivencia in a Borderland:The Danish-Slavic Border in the Middle Ages
Convivencia in a Borderland:The Danish-Slavic Border in the Middle Ages Naum, Magdalena Published in: Archaeological Review from Cambridge 2013 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Naum, M. (2013). Convivencia in a Borderland:The Danish-Slavic Border in the Middle Ages. Archaeological Review from Cambridge, 28(1), 75-93. Total number of authors: 1 General rights Unless other specific re-use rights are stated the following general rights apply: Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Read more about Creative commons licenses: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Archaeological Review from Cambridge Volume 28.1. April 2013 Archaeology and Cultural Mixture Edited by W. Paul van Pelt About ARC Contents The Archaeological Review from Cambridge is a bi-annual journal of archaeology. It is run on a non-profit, voluntary basis by postgraduate research students at the Introduction 1 University of Cambridge. -
Introduction the Second Crusade: Main Debates and New Horizons
Introduction The Second Crusade: Main Debates and New Horizons Jason T. Roche The modern era of Second Crusade studies began with a seminal article by Giles Constable entitled ‘The Second Crusade as seen by Contemporaries’ (1953). Constable focuses on the central role of Pope Eugenius III and his fellow Cistercian, Abbot Bernard of Clairvaux, in the genesis and expansion in scope of the Second Crusade. He pays particular attention to what has become known as the Syrian campaign. But his central thesis maintains that by the spring of 1147 and the issuing of the papal bull Divina dispensatione (II), Pope Eugenius III ‘viewed and planned’ the venture as a general Christian offensive against a number of the Church’s enemies. Thus, the siege of the Syrian Muslim city of Damascus in 1148 and the expeditions of the same year directed against the Baltic strongholds of Dobin, Demmin and Szczecin situated in the pagan Slav lands east of the River Elbe formed part of what we now call the Second Crusade. The supposed scope of the venture was even greater than this: the Christian attacks on the Muslim-held Iberian cities and strongholds of Santarém, Lisbon, Cinta, Almada and Palmela in 1147, Faro, Almería and Tortosa in 1148, and Lérida and Fraga in 1149 also formed part of the same single enterprise to secure and expand the peripheries of Latin Christendom.1 Constable’s work has proved very influential over the past two decades. The volume of articles entitled The Second Crusade and the Cistercians (1992), edited by Michael Gervers, addresses the impact of Cistercian monks on the crusade movement. -
'King of Sweden, the Götar and the Wends'... What About the Finns
‘King of Sweden, the Götar and the Wends’... What about the Finns?: Investigating Finland’s absence from Swedish royal titulature in medieval and Early Modern Sweden Caroline Wilhelmsson University of Aberdeen Abstract: This article is about Swedish royal titulature and Finland’s absence from it. It is concerned with understanding why Finland, which was officially integrated into the Swedish kingdom in the thirteenth century, was never acknowledged in the short form of the Swedish royal title although others were, despite not being officially Swedish subjects. The article looks at the development of early medieval royal titles, including their meaning, and the context of their introduction and use. It then proposes several theories to try and address Finland’s lack of representation. These hypotheses require an investigation of alternative historical definitions of some of the ethnonyms used in royal titulature, and revaluate our understanding of Finland’s relationship with Sweden in the medieval and Early Modern periods. The study concludes that while a definite answer cannot be given, Finland’s native population might have been eclipsed from public view by the cultural Swedish elite. In addition, a historically negative reputation may have encouraged its exclusion from royal honours. It is also possible that Finland was included under a different terminology born out of the Early Modern Period’s reinterpretation of the past. Finally, evidence points to Finland being treated as its own entity separate from the rest of the kingdom. 46 Wilhelmsson, ‘Investigating Finland’s Absence from Sweden’s Royal Titulature’ 1. INTRODUCTION Upon his accession to the throne in 1973, the current Swedish monarch, Carl XVI Gustaf, altered his official title to become known only as ‘King of Sweden’.1 Until then, the monarch’s official, shortened title had traditionally been ‘(By God’s grace) King of Sweden, the Götar and the Wends’.2 Unsurprisingly, royal titles in Sweden have not always been the same throughout the centuries. -
Unsettled Germans: the Reception and Resettlement of East German Refugees in West Germany, 1949-1961
UNSETTLED GERMANS: THE RECEPTION AND RESETTLEMENT OF EAST GERMAN REFUGEES IN WEST GERMANY, 1949-1961 By Eric H. Limbach A DISSERTATION submitted to Michigan State University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY History 2011 ABSTRACT UNSETTLED GERMANS: THE RECEPTION AND RESETTLEMENT OF EAST GERMAN REFUGEES IN WEST GERMANY, 1949-1961 By Eric H. Limbach This study focuses on the migration of East German refugees into West Berlin and West Germany between the establishment of the GDR and FRG in 1949 and the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961, an influx that, over the course of twelve years, totaled more than three million individuals. While the newcomers were physically indistinguishable and, apart from a few regional differences, shared a common language, culture and religious background with those already residing in West Germany, the presence of these refugees, like that of many other groups of migrants, was still considered a significant danger to the public order – a perception that was deeply rooted in the historical context of migration in Germany. In response to the influx, the Federal Republic and West Berlin established a comprehensive registration process for refugees, which attempted to determine whether refugees had a valid reason for their flight, and set up temporary camps to accommodate those awaiting resettlement in West Germany. Longer-term solutions included the creation of new employment opportunities and the construction of adequate (and permanent) housing in West German cities. However, these efforts required the cooperation of organizations and agencies at several levels of government, and disagreements among the West German Länder, West Berlin, and the Federal Government had a significant impact on the reception process.