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Small Oligocene Amphicyonids from North America (Paradaphoenus, Mammalia, Carnivora) Robert M

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Small Oligocene Amphicyonids from North America (Paradaphoenus, Mammalia, Carnivora) Robert M University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of 2001 Small Oligocene Amphicyonids from North America (Paradaphoenus, Mammalia, Carnivora) Robert M. Hunt Jr. University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geosciencefacpub Part of the Earth Sciences Commons Hunt, Robert M. Jr., "Small Oligocene Amphicyonids from North America (Paradaphoenus, Mammalia, Carnivora)" (2001). Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. 548. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geosciencefacpub/548 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. NoVltatesAME RICAN MUSEUM P U BLISH ED BY THE AMERICAN M USEU M OF NATURAL HI S TORY CENTRAL PA RK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10024 Number 333 1. 20 pp .• II fi gures. 2 tables April 26. 2001 Small Oligocene Amphicyonids from North America (Paradaphoenus, Mammalia, Carnivora) ROBERT M . HUNT. JR.' ABSTRACf North AlIl l!rican amphicyonid camivorans are important members of the mid-Cenozoic ter­ restrial carnivore community during the latc Eocene to latc Miocene (Duchcsncan to C laren­ donian). Species range in size from < 5 kg to > 200 kg. Among the smallest and rarest amphicyonids are Oligocene species of Paradaphoelllls Wortman and Matthew, found al a few localities in the Great Plains and the Pacific Northwest. Puradaphoen liS is known from only 10 individuals placed in 3 species (P. mininlll.f; P. tooheyi. n. sp.: P. clIspigerus). representing a single lincage ranging from the Orellan to Arikareean. The existence of three skulls, one with associated mandibles, allows the identification of d iagnostic basicranial and dental traits that place the genus in the Amphicyonidae. Basicranial anatomy, including a rudimenlary ectotympanic auditory bulla. distinguishes the genus from more abundant small contemporary canids. such as II ~Jperoc)'on . The species of ParadaphoenuJ most likely adopted ecological roles similar to the smaller li vi ng foxes. INTRODUCTION O ligocene were relatively small « 20 kg) carnivores, but by the early to mid-Miocene Amphicyonid carnivores are a geographi­ a number of lineages exceeded 100 kg and cally widespread family of mid-Cenozoic had become the dominant predators of the arctoid carnivorans ranging in size from < 5 Ho larctic continents (Hunt. 1996. 1998). kg 10 > 200 kg. Although known from Eur­ The earlie st North American amphicyon­ asia. North America, and Africa. most fossil s ids are Duchesnean (late Eocene) fossils re­ have co me from western Europe and the ferable to D aphoellllS lambei. a small (2- 4 Unjted States. The oldest North American kg) carnivore occurring from southern Can­ amphicyonids from the late Eocene and early ada to Texas (Hunt. 1996). DapllOenus rang- , Research Associa,e. Di vision of Paleonlo logy. American Museum of Natural History; Professor. Geological Sci ­ ences; and Curator. Vert ebrate Pal CQntology. Un ivcrsi.y of Nebr.tska, Lincoln. NE 68588·0549. Copyri ght C Amcrican Museum of Natu r.tl History 2001 ISSN 0003-0082 I Pri ce $2.70 2 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 3331 es from the Duchesnean to the early Arika- siomorphic molars that resemble those of Eu- reean and is the most common North Amer- ropean Cynodictis from Quercy in France. ican Paleogene amphicyonid. The Duches- The previously undescribed Whitneyan and nean D. lambei is the smallest species of this early Arikareean Paradaphoenus fossils, rep- lineage and is a likely ancestor to all later resented by only two mandibles and an un- Daphoenus. After the appearance of Da- associated maxilla from Nebraska and South phoenus in the early Duchesnean, Daphoen- Dakota, warrant the naming of a new species, ictis and Brachyrhynchocyon ®rst occur in P. tooheyi. the late Duchesnean and early Chadronian, A functional interpretation of the teeth, respectively, coexisting with Daphoenus skull, and postcranial skeleton suggests that throughout the Chadronian: all of these gen- Paradaphoenus was a small terrestrial om- era are small, fox-sized carnivores (;4±10 nivore lacking cursorial specializations, and kg). Daphoenictis and Brachyrhynchocyon probably able to climb when necessary. become extinct at the end of the Chadronian, These characteristics would be compatible but Daphoenus persists into the Orellan (ear- with a wooded habitat, whether savanna or ly Oligocene), and progressively increases in riverine gallery forest. Its basicranial anato- size during the Whitneyan. By the early Ari- my establishes it as a member of the Am- kareean (late Oligocene), Daphoenus ap- phicyonidae (Hunt, 1998). proaches the size (;20±30 kg) of a small wolf (Hunt, 1996). ABBREVIATIONS Much less familiar to paleontologists is another lineage of very small amphicyonids, Anatomical Paradaphoenus Wortman and Matthew, A alisphenoid 1899, entirely restricted to North America. ac alisphenoid canal The genus ®rst appears in Orellan sediments BO basioccipital of the Great Plains, continues through the BS basisphenoid Whitneyan, and terminates in the early or ca pit for anterior crus of ectotympanic mid-Arikareean. Members of this lineage in- E caudal entotympanic crease only slightly in size over ;6 million F facet on petrosal promontorium for ec- years, never exceeding 3±4 kg, and are the totympanic smallest New World amphicyonids. Their re- gf postglenoid foramen mains were often placed in disparate taxa or h hypoglossal (condyloid) foramen L middle lacerate foramen went unrecognized in collections. m mastoid The North American hypodigm of Para- me mastoid-exoccipital suture daphoenus includes the remains of just 10 P petrosal promontorium individuals (®g. 1), allocated to 3 species, P. plf posterior lacerate foramen minimus (Hough, 1948a) and P. tooheyi,n. pp paroccipital process sp., from White River and lower Arikaree ps basioccipital embayment for inferior sediments of Nebraska and South Dakota, petrosal venous sinus and a terminal species, P. cuspigerus (Cope, SQ squamosal 1878), from the John Day beds of Oregon. T ectotympanic Fortunately, the genus is represented by three x partial M3 alveolus skulls with well-preserved teeth and basi- Institutional crania. Paradaphoenus cuspigerus is based on two skulls from the John Day beds, one AMNH American Museum of Natural History, of which (the holotype, ®g. 2) includes both New York, NY mandibles of the same individual, demon- LACM Los Angeles County Museum of Nat- strating a critical association between lower ural History, Los Angeles, CA UNSM University of Nebraska State Museum, and upper teeth. The Orellan species, Para- Lincoln, NE daphoenus minimus, is oldest and is repre- NMB Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, sented by a skull, several isolated mandibles, Switzerland and the only known postcranial material at- SDSM South Dakota School of Mines and tributable to the lineage; it has dentally ple- Technology, Rapid City, SD 2001 HUNT: OLIGOCENE AMPHICYONIDS 3 Fig. 1. Geographic distribution of Paradaphoenus in North America: all fossils are from Oligocene sediments of the central Great Plains (White River and Arikaree Groups, P. minimus, P. tooheyi) and Oregon (John Day Formation, P. cuspigerus). SYSTEMATICS and early Arikareean of western Nebraska; ORDER CARNIVORA BOWDICH, 1821 Orellan and early Arikareean of southwestern South Dakota; early or mid-Arikareean of DIVISION ARCTOIDEA FLOWER, 1869 central Oregon. FAMILY AMPHICYONIDAE TROUESSART, 1885 DIAGNOSIS: Smallest (, 3±4 kg) North American amphicyonid carnivorans with m1 Paradaphoenus Wortman and Matthew, lengths of 8.3±9.4 mm; rudimentary auditory 1899 bulla formed by a slightly in¯ated ossi®ed TYPE SPECIES: Paradaphoenus cuspigerus ectotympanic that does not fully enclose the (Cope, 1878). middle ear; dental formula 3-1-4-3/3-1-4-3; INCLUDED SPECIES: Paradaphoenus cuspi- P4 length short relative to combined lengths gerus, Paradaphoenus minimus (Hough, of M1-2 (P4L/M1-2L: Orellan, 80.8%; early 1948a), Paradaphoenus tooheyi, new spe- Arikareean, Great Plains, 77.6%; early or cies. mid-Arikareean, Oregon, 67.7±73.2%); P4 KNOWN DISTRIBUTION: Orellan, Whitneyan, with abbreviated protocone relative to Da- 4 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 3331 Fig. 2. (A) Cranium and mandibles of the genoholotype of Paradaphoenus (P. cuspigerus, AMNH 6852) from the John Day Formation, Oregon (in lateral view); (B) stereophotographs of the same individual, initially ®gured by Cope (1884, P1. 68, ®gs. 1±4) as Amphicyon cuspigerus. Scale bar in this and all subsequent ®gures is 1 cm in length unless otherwise noted. phoenus, Hesperocyon, and Cynodictis;M1 DISCUSSION: The fossils of Paradaphoenus with well-developed meta- and paraconules fall into four samples of decreasing geologic as in Cynodictis; M2 prominent and the cen- age: (1) an Orellan sample, comprising the tral member of an upper molar row that grad- holotype cranium of ``Daphoenus'' minimus ually diminishes in size from M1-3; m1 with Hough 1948a (®g. 3, AMNH 39099) from basined talonid, m1 paraconid blade not an- near Scenic, South Dakota, and four isolated teriorly extended (it is extended in Hesper- mandibles from western Nebraska (®g. 4, ocyon); prominent rectangular m2 with ba- UNSM 25030, 25305, 26139; UNSM
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