Universidade De Brasília Instituto De Letras Departamento De Lingüística

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Universidade De Brasília Instituto De Letras Departamento De Lingüística U niversidade de B rasília I n stituto de letras D epartamento de L in g ü ístic a, P o rtug uês e L ínguas C lássicas Pr o g r a m a de Pó s-G r ad ua çã o e m L ingüística M a w é /A w e t í/T u p í-G u a r a n í : R e l a ç õ e s L ingüísticas E Im p l ic a ç õ e s H is t ó r ic a s B e atr iz C a rr etta C or r êa-d a -Silva B r a s íl ia , d e z e m b r o d e 2010 U niversidade de B rasília Instituto de letras D epartamento de Lingüística, Português e Línguas Clássicas Programa de Pó s-Graduação em Lingüística M a w é /A w etí/T u p í-G u a r a n í: R e l a ç õ e s L ingüísticas E Im p l ic a ç õ e s H ist ó r ic a s B eatriz Carretta Corrêa-d a -Silva Orientador: Prof. D r . A ryon D all’Igna R odrigues B r a sília , dezem bro de 2010 ii U niversidade de Brasília Instituto de letras D epartamento de L ingüística, Português e Línguas Clássicas Pó s-G raduação em Lingüística M awé/A wetí/T upí-Guaraní: R elações Lingüísticas E Implicações H istóricas B eatriz Carretta Corrêa-d a -S ilva Tese submetida ao Programa de Programa de Pós- Graduação em Lingüística - PPGL, Departamento de Lingüística, Português e Línguas Clássicas, Instituto de Letras, Universidade de Brasília, como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Lingüística. B rasília, d ezem bro de 2010 iii Universidade de B rasília Instituto de letras D epartamento de Lingüística, Português e Línguas C lássicas Pós-graduação em Lingüística T e s e d e D o u t o r a d o Mawé/A wetí/T upí-G uaraní : Relações Lingüísticas E Implicações Históricas Beatriz Carretta Corrêa-da-S ilva Orientador: Prof. D r. A ryon D allTgn a Rodrigues Banca Examinadora: Prof. Dr. Aryon DalHgna Rodrigues Presidente Profa. Dra. Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral Profa. Dra. Dulce Franceschini Prof. Dr. John Manuel Monteiro Arqueol. Dr. h.c. Eurico Theófilo Miller Prof. Dr. Hildo Honório do Couto Suplente Dedico este trabalho aos povos indígenas que, inadvertidamente, ensinaram-me, com suas histórias e suas línguas, que são múltiplas as vozes na História. E, em especial, aos Awetí e aos Sateré-Mawé, detentores de inspiradora história épica, que, pelo encantamento mágico de suas narrativas, trouxeram-me de volta à memória nosso passado comum. Toran “Os Brancos desenham suas palavras porque seu pensamento é cheio de esquecimento " Davi Kopenawa xamã, pensador e líder político Yanomami "Moronguetá eté resé, yakwáu, yakwé poté, yané tapy’ia poté. Poté, yané tiya ikó iké ikwé supé merert, marí má uané kwé keáu supe ” ‘Por meio do conhecimento é que compreendemos a razão por que estamos no mundo e por que somos o que somos, pois não estamos aqui somente para viver, mas sim para saber viver’ Provérbio Sateré-Mawé Agradecimentos Desta vez, não fui ao campo. A opção pelo trabalho mais tradicional no âmbito da Lingüística Histórica, de gabinete, permitiu-me completar a pesquisa sem qualquer auxílio financeiro institucional e eximiu-me, assim, dos agradecimentos de praxe. Colocou-me em débito, contudo, com os pesquisadores que foram ao campo, coletaram e publicaram seus materiais para que eu, finalmente, deles fizesse uso. Registro, assim, meu agradecimento aos linguistas de campo que trabalharam com o Sateré-Mawé, o Awetí e as diversas línguas Tupí- Guaraní. Devo destacar, particularmente, a inestimável contribuição da Profa. Dra. Ruth Maria Fonini Monserrat, cuja ajuda foi imprescindível para a realização deste traballio, especialmente pela gentileza e confiança com que me cedeu seus dados. Gostaria de agradecer aos colegas do Laboratório de Línguas Indígenas, em especial ao Sanderson Castro Soares de Oliveira, pela solidariedade e companheirismo mesmo à distância. A minha amiga Léia de Jesus Silva, agradeço os cafés fumegantes e as longas conversas orquestradas pela mão do acaso que, magicamente, encurtou a distância. Registro minha admiração pela Profa. Dra. Ana Suelly Arruda Câniara Cabral, que contagiou meu trabalho com entusiasmo e exuberância. Sem seu constante incentivo este projeto ter-se-ia perdido nos interstícios da distância. Ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. Aryon Dalllgna Rodrigues, dedico todo respeito e consideração possíveis, por sua capacidade insuperável de ensinar com a singt-leza dos grandes mestres. Minha profunda gratidão pela paciência e disposição; minha admiração pelo olhar múltiplo e historicizante, por acreditar que fronteiras são linhas imaginárias e c}ue, nas ciências, todas as sínteses são possíveis. Por fim, gostaria de mencionar meus pais, Brenno e Zuleika Corrêa da Silva, que acompanharam à distância e vibraram com a compreensão de quem já passou por isso. E, sobretudo, agradeço muito especialmente a meu marido, Christian Vargas, o maior incentivador de todas as minhas ideias, pelo apoio. Às minhas filhas, Melina e Nicole, peç<? desculpas pelas horas roubadas, pela palavra apressada, pelo gesto contido. Sumário Abreviaturas xiii Línguas Indígenas xviii Figuras xx Quadros xxi Tabelas xxii Resum o xxiii A bstract xxiv Apresentação 1 P a r t e I: Etnolinguística Introdução - M a w é, A wetí e Tupí-G uaraní 10 0 .1 - A Pesquisa 11 0 .2 -S a t er é -M a w é : 14 O POVO E A LÍNGUA 0 .2 .1 - P e s q u is a s a n t e r io r e s 20 0 .3 - A wetí: 25 O POVO E A LÍNGUA 0 .3 .1 - P e s q u is a s a n t e r io r e s 28 0.4 - Proto Tupí-G uaraní: 31 O POVO E A LÍNGUA 0.4.1 - O CENTRO DE ORIGEM TUPÍ-GUARAN1 37 C a p ítu lo I - Da Lingüística Histórica à Pré-Histórica: 57 Historiografia, M etodologia e Usos 1.1- Classificação Lingüística e Relações Genéticas 58 1.2 - Uma H istoriografia dos Estudos Tupí 85 C a pít u l o II - A n á l is e D ia c r ô n ic a : 120 F o n o l o g ia e M orfofonologia 2 .1 -F o n o l o g ia 121 2 .1 .1 - In v e n t á r io s d e f o n e m a s 122 2.1.1.1 - Proto-Tupí 122 2.1.1.2 - Proto-Tupí-Guaraní 123 2.1.1.3 - Sateré-Mawé 129 2.1.1.4 - Awetí 130 2 .1 .2 - M u d an ç a s o c o r r id a s 131 2.1.2.1 — Protofonemas e seus reflexos 133 2.1.2.2 - Regras de mudanças 145 2 .1 .3 - R econstrução d o protossistema f o n o l ó g ic o 151 2 .2 - M orfofonologia 162 C a p ítu lo III - Análise Diacrônica: 174 M orfologia e M orfossintaxe 3 .1 - M orfologia 175 3.1.1 - Categorias relacionais 176 3.1.1.1 - Prefixos relacionais 176 3.1.1.1.1 - indica a contiguidade do determinante em 176 relação ao núcleo, com o qual forma uma unidade sintática 3.1.1.1.2 - indica a não-contiguidade do determinante 182 em relação ao núcleo 3.1.1.1.3 - indica a correferencialidade entre o 186 determinante de um núcleo e o sujeito da oração principal IX 3.1.1.1.4 — indica que o determinante é humano e 187 genérico 3.1.1.1.5 — indica que o determinante do verbo é o 190 próprio sujeito 3.1.1.1.6 — indica que o determinante alterna-se 190 reciprocamente com o sujeito 3.1.1.2 - Prefixos pessoais verbais 195 3.1.1.2.1 — prefixos marcadores de sujeito (1 > 2 > 3) 196 3.1.1.2.2 — prefixos marcadores de objeto (1 > 2/23) 196 3.1.1.3 - Sufixos casuais 203 3.1.1.3.1 — caso argumentativo ou nominal 203 3.1.1.3.2 — caso translativo ou atributivo 203 3.1.1.3.3 — caso locativo puntual 204 3.1.1.3.4 - caso locativo difuso 205 3.1.1.3.5 — caso locativo situacional ou partitivo 207 3.1.1.4 - Sufixos modais 207 3.1.1.4.1 —gerúndio 207 3.1.1.4.2 — circunstancial ou indicativo 11 211 3.1.1.4.3 — subjuntivo 212 3.1.1.4.4 — imperativo 215 3.1.2 -C a t e g o r ia s In e r e n t e s 217 3.1.2.1 - Prefixos derivativos 217 3.1.2.1.1 — nominalizador de objeto 217 3.1.2.1.2 — causativo 218 3.1.2.1.3 — causativo-comitativo 218 3.1.2.2 - Sufixos derivativos 219 3.1.2.2.1 — aumentativo 219 3.1.2.2.2 - atenuativo 220 3.1.2.2.3 - negativo 220 3.1.2.2.4- nominalizador de agente 221 3.1.2.2.5 — nominalizador de circunstância e 222 instrumento 3 .2 - M orfossintaxe 222 3 .2 .1 - F l e x ã o R e la c io n a l 225 3.2.1.1 — Classes morfológicas de temas 225 3.2.2 -F le x ã o p e sso a l 238 x 3.2.2.1 — Prefixos marcadores de pessoa 240 3.2.3 - F l e x ã o M o d a l 253 3.2.3.1 - Orações subordinadas que indicam finalidade 253 3.2.3.2 - Orações subordinadas que indicam 255 contemporaneidade e condição 3.2.3.3 - Orações subordinadas que indicam 256 sucessividade 3.2.4 - C o d if ic a ç ã o d o s a r g u m e n t o s 256 A Guisa de Conclusão 260 P arte II: E tn o -H istória Capítulo IV - Paleontologia Lingüística 266 4 .
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