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Effect of Fertilizers, Time of Pinching and Harvesting Method on Growth and Yield of Spider Plant (Cleome Gynandra)

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Effect of Fertilizers, Time of Pinching and Harvesting Method on Growth and Yield of Spider Plant (Cleome Gynandra) Int. J. Agron. Agri. R. International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR) ISSN: 2223-7054 (Print) 2225-3610 (Online) http://www.innspub.net Vol. 13, No. 5, p. 9-21, 2018 RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS Effect of fertilizers, time of pinching and harvesting method on growth and yield of spider plant (Cleome gynandra) George Chemining’wa, Jane Lukachi Ambuko, Sam Koile* Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya Article published on November 16, 2018 Key words: Fertilizer, Harvesting, Pinching, Spider plant, Yields. Abstract A study was conducted at Kabete Field Station, University of Nairobi to assess the effect of fertilizers, time of pinching and harvesting method on growth and yield of spider plant. Fertilization options (no-fertilizer control, 200 kg/ha di-ammonium phosphate, 10 t/ha chicken manure and 100 kg/ha di-amonium phosphate + 5 t/ha chicken manure), pinching (early pinching and late pinching) and harvesting method (piecemeal and wholesome harvesting) treatments were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using Genstat software and means separated using the least significant difference test at P≤0.05. Fertilizer application, late pinching and wholesome harvesting significantly (p<0.05) increased fresh and dry leaf yield, number of leaves and branches per plant, plant height and canopy span. Application of 100 kg DAP/ha + 5 t/ha manure out-yielded the other treatment combinations in all the measured parameters. For instance, it produced the highest leaf yields of 1803.3 and 1740.9 kg/ha in the first and second season, respectively. Late pinching increased leaf yields by 1419.8 and 1385.2 kg/ha in first and second season, respectively, as compared to early pinched plants. Wholesome harvested plants had significantly higher leaf yields of 1411.1 and 1311 kg/ha than piecemeal harvested ones, in the first and second season, respectively. The results of this study show that growth and leaf yield of spider plant can be substantially increased by practicing fertilizer application, late pinching and wholesome harvesting. * Corresponding Author: Sam Koile [email protected] Chemining’wa et al. Page 9 Int. J. Agron. Agri. R. Introduction addressed. Continuous cultivation on arable land with Demand for African indigenous leafy vegetables low or no adoption of fertilizer use has often resulted (AILVs) has been on the increase in the recent times to reduction in soil fertility thereby reducing crop due to sustained sensitization of the public on their yields (Ayoola and Makinde, 2007). Organic manure health benefits (HCDA, 2012). The AILVs can obtained from animals, can supply large quantities of withstand harsh climatic conditions and are highly major plant nutrients hence promote growth and leaf tolerant to pest and diseases as compared to the yields of spider plant (Materechera et al., 2013), exotic vegetables. Besides, AILVs have high however, they are not available in adequate quantities nutritional components that are associated with (Tittonell and Giller, 2012). Chemical fertilizers on health benefits (Prasad et al., 2008), for instance, the other hand, have the potential to increase leaf spider plant (Cleome gynandra L.) is rich in nutrients yields in spider plant (Ogweno et al., 2015) but they like vitamin C, β-carotene, protein and minerals like are costly and easily leached. Adoption of nutrient iron, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium (Mbugua supplementation to spider plant production whereby et al., 2011). For many years, spider plant grew as a chemical and organic fertilizers are combined can volunteer crop in gardens. The leaves were lead to increased spider plant yields and improved domesticated and utilized as food. The great increase soil fertility. in demand of spider plant has led to increased leaf yield production in Kenya from 19,428 MT in 2012 to Frequent cutting of leaves has resulted to increased 21,507 MT in 2013 (HCDA, 2014). This trend was leaf yield in crops like cowpea. Yield response associated with increases in acreage under spider depends on the age of the plant at which the plant from 5,634 acres to 8,249 acres in 2013 (HCDA, defoliation occurs and the cutting frequencies made 2014). The major producing counties in Kenya are (Saidi et al., 2007). There is little documentation on Kisii, Nyamira and Kisumu (HCDA, 2012). how piecemeal harvesting and wholesome harvesting would influence leaf yields in spider plant. In the Spider plant is an annual herb belonging to recent studies, pinching has been reported to increase Capparaceae family (Chweya and Mnzava, 1997). The vegetative yields in spider plant and amaranth plant grows in a wide range of environmental (Ogweno et al., 2015; Love, 2014), though the best conditions and has a high level of diversity with timing for pinching has not been fully documented. various phenotypic expressions (Wasonga et al., Despite all the potential benefits brought about by 2015). They contain antioxidants that are anti-cancer these management practices, they have not been fully and anti-diabetes (Mibei et al., 2012). It is reported to applied to spider plant and, where practiced, they reduce dizzy spells in pregnant women, time taken in have not been adequately documented. The objective labour, and time taken to regain normal health after of this study was to evaluate the influence of childbirth (Kamatenesi et al., 2007). fertilizers, time of pinching and harvesting method on growth and yield of spider plant. In spite of the very many health benefits associated with spider plant, the leaf yield in Kenya is still in the Materials and methods range of 1-3 t/ha compared to the optimal range of Site description 20-40 t/ha (Abukutsa-Onyango, 2003). This can be The field experiment was conducted at the University attributed to lack of adequate information regarding of Nairobi’s Kabete Field station, Kenya for two spider plant best production and management seasons namely: March-July 2015 and October 2015- practices. For example, problems such as a short February 2016. The study site is situated on latitude vegetative phase, early flowering behavior and lack of 1° 15’S, longitude 36°44’E, and at an altitude of 1940 information on the recommended amounts and types m above sea level (Somroek et al., 1982). The area of fertilizers to be used have not been adequately receives mean annual rainfall of 1006 mm with the Chemining’wa et al. Page 10 Int. J. Agron. Agri. R. long rains from early March to late May and short approximately 54 seeds per m2, on 2 m by 1.5 m rains from October to December. The site has a mean experimental plots. The emerged spider plant annual temperature of 18o C (Onyango et al., 2013). seedlings were thinned 3 weeks after emergence to The soils are well-drained, dark red to darkish brown remain with 18 vigorously growing plants per plot at humic nitisols (Michieka, 1978). Soils were sampled an intra-row spacing of 30 cm. Hand weeding was before planting at 30 cm depth and chicken manure carried out at 3, 5 and 8 weeks after emergence to used in the study were analyzed for pH, carbon, ensure weed free plots. Integrated pest management nitrogen, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium method was used to ensure no incidences of pest and phosphorous in both seasons (Table 1). The infestation occurred. rainfall and temperature data during the experimental period are shown in Table 2. Data collection Six plants from the inner rows were tagged for data Field experiment collection. Data collected included: plant height, The study was a 4 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment laid number of branches per plant, days to 50% flowering, out in a randomized complete block design with three number of edible leaves, canopy span, fresh leaf yield replications. Three factors were studied: (i) fertilizers, and dry leaf yield. From these plants, plant height, (ii) time of pinching and (iii) harvesting method. number of edible leaves per plant, number of Fertilizer treatments were four: 200 kg/ha of di- branches per plant and canopy span were measured ammonuim phosphate (DAP), 100 kg/ha DAP + 5 from five weeks after emergence and weekly t/ha chicken manure, 10 t/ha chicken manure and thereafter till the ninth week. Plant height was control (no fertilizer). Time of pinching treatments determined using a meter rule by measuring the comprised early pinching and late pinching, while distance between soil surface and the tip of the harvesting treatments comprised piecemeal central shoot in centimeters. Canopy span was harvesting and wholesome harvesting. The fertilizers determined using a meter rule by measuring the were applied in prepared drills and mixed with soil widest span of plant canopy. before planting. Early and late pinching involved removal of spider plant apical bud at 3 and 5 weeks The number of branches was obtained through after emergence, respectively. Apical and flower buds physical counting. Number of edible leaves was were removed using pruning shears. Piecemeal determined by counting the fresh leaves harvested harvesting involved manual plucking of all leaves that were consumable as a vegetable. Days to 50% commencing at 5 weeks after emergence and flowering were the number of days taken for half of continued weekly till the fifth harvest. Wholesome the six-tagged plants to flower in each plot. harvesting entailed uprooting the entire plant and plucking the edible leaves. The early pinched- Fresh leaf yield was determined by harvesting edible wholesome harvested spider plants were uprooted leaves through observing green leaves ready for and leaves harvested at 5 weeks after emergence. harvesting and consumption, from a set of six plants Another planting was done immediately and per plot and measured immediately using a weighing harvested at 5 weeks after emergence.
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