Growth Hormone Secretagogues in Anti-Doping
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The 2021 List of Pharmacological Classes of Doping Agents and Doping Methods
BGBl. III - Ausgegeben am 8. Jänner 2021 - Nr. 1 1 von 23 The 2021 list of pharmacological classes of doping agents and doping methods www.ris.bka.gv.at BGBl. III - Ausgegeben am 8. Jänner 2021 - Nr. 1 2 von 23 www.ris.bka.gv.at BGBl. III - Ausgegeben am 8. Jänner 2021 - Nr. 1 3 von 23 THE 2021 PROHIBITED LIST WORLD ANTI-DOPING CODE DATE OF ENTRY INTO FORCE 1 January 2021 Introduction The Prohibited List is a mandatory International Standard as part of the World Anti-Doping Program. The List is updated annually following an extensive consultation process facilitated by WADA. The effective date of the List is 1 January 2021. The official text of the Prohibited List shall be maintained by WADA and shall be published in English and French. In the event of any conflict between the English and French versions, the English version shall prevail. Below are some terms used in this List of Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods. Prohibited In-Competition Subject to a different period having been approved by WADA for a given sport, the In- Competition period shall in principle be the period commencing just before midnight (at 11:59 p.m.) on the day before a Competition in which the Athlete is scheduled to participate until the end of the Competition and the Sample collection process. Prohibited at all times This means that the substance or method is prohibited In- and Out-of-Competition as defined in the Code. Specified and non-Specified As per Article 4.2.2 of the World Anti-Doping Code, “for purposes of the application of Article 10, all Prohibited Substances shall be Specified Substances except as identified on the Prohibited List. -
The Role of Growth Hormone in the Regulation of the Anaerobic Energy System and Physical Function Viral Chikani MBBS, FRACP
The Role of Growth Hormone in the Regulation of the Anaerobic Energy System and Physical Function Viral Chikani MBBS, FRACP A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2016 School of Medicine Abstract Growth hormone (GH) regulates energy metabolism and body composition in adult life. Adults with GH deficiency (GHD) suffer from lack of energy and from impaired physical functioning. GH supplementation improves sprinting in recreational athletes, a performance measure dependent on the anaerobic energy system (AES). The AES underpins the initiation of all physical activities including those of daily living. The physiological and functional significance of GH in regulation of the AES is unknown. This thesis tests the hypothesis that GH positively regulates the AES and aspects of physical functioning in adult life. The key objectives are to 1) investigate whether anaerobic capacity is impaired in adults with GHD and improved by GH replacement, ii) characterise facets of physical function that are AES-dependent and GH responsive and iii) identify GH-regulated genes governing anaerobic metabolism in skeletal muscle. Exercise capacity, body composition, physical function and quality of life (QoL) were studied in 19 adults with GHD before and after GH replacement. Anaerobic capacity was assessed by the 30- second Wingate test, and aerobic capacity by the VO2max test. Physical function was assessed by the stair-climb test, chair-stand test, and 7-day pedometry. QoL was assessed by a GHD-specific questionnaire. Lean body mass (LBM) was quantified by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Muscle biopsies were obtained before and after 1 and 6 months of GH replacement. -
UFC PROHIBITED LIST Effective June 1, 2021 the UFC PROHIBITED LIST
UFC PROHIBITED LIST Effective June 1, 2021 THE UFC PROHIBITED LIST UFC PROHIBITED LIST Effective June 1, 2021 PART 1. Except as provided otherwise in PART 2 below, the UFC Prohibited List shall incorporate the most current Prohibited List published by WADA, as well as any WADA Technical Documents establishing decision limits or reporting levels, and, unless otherwise modified by the UFC Prohibited List or the UFC Anti-Doping Policy, Prohibited Substances, Prohibited Methods, Specified or Non-Specified Substances and Specified or Non-Specified Methods shall be as identified as such on the WADA Prohibited List or WADA Technical Documents. PART 2. Notwithstanding the WADA Prohibited List and any otherwise applicable WADA Technical Documents, the following modifications shall be in full force and effect: 1. Decision Concentration Levels. Adverse Analytical Findings reported at a concentration below the following Decision Concentration Levels shall be managed by USADA as Atypical Findings. • Cannabinoids: natural or synthetic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or Cannabimimetics (e.g., “Spice,” JWH-018, JWH-073, HU-210): any level • Clomiphene: 0.1 ng/mL1 • Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone (DHCMT) long-term metabolite (M3): 0.1 ng/mL • Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs): 0.1 ng/mL2 • GW-1516 (GW-501516) metabolites: 0.1 ng/mL • Epitrenbolone (Trenbolone metabolite): 0.2 ng/mL 2. SARMs/GW-1516: Adverse Analytical Findings reported at a concentration at or above the applicable Decision Concentration Level but under 1 ng/mL shall be managed by USADA as Specified Substances. 3. Higenamine: Higenamine shall be a Prohibited Substance under the UFC Anti-Doping Policy only In-Competition (and not Out-of- Competition). -
Pharmacological Modulation of Ghrelin to Induce Weight Loss: Successes and Challenges
Current Diabetes Reports (2019) 19:102 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-019-1211-9 OBESITY (KM GADDE, SECTION EDITOR) Pharmacological Modulation of Ghrelin to Induce Weight Loss: Successes and Challenges Martha A. Schalla1 & Andreas Stengel1,2 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract Purpose of Review Obesity is affecting over 600 million adults worldwide and has numerous negative effects on health. Since ghrelin positively regulates food intake and body weight, targeting its signaling to induce weight loss under conditions of obesity seems promising. Thus, the present work reviews and discusses different possibilities to alter ghrelin signaling. Recent Findings Ghrelin signaling can be altered by RNA Spiegelmers, GHSR/Fc, ghrelin-O-acyltransferase inhibitors as well as antagonists, and inverse agonists of the ghrelin receptor. PF-05190457 is the first inverse agonist of the ghrelin receptor tested in humans shown to inhibit growth hormone secretion, gastric emptying, and reduce postprandial glucose levels. Effects on body weight were not examined. Summary Although various highly promising agents targeting ghrelin signaling exist, so far, they were mostly only tested in vitro or in animal models. Further research in humans is thus needed to further assess the effects of ghrelin antagonism on body weight especially under conditions of obesity. Keywords Antagonist . Ghrelin-O-acyl transferase . GOAT . Growth hormone . Inverse agonist . Obesity Abbreviations GHRP-2 Growth hormone–releasing peptide-2 ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone GHRP-6 Growth hormone–releasing peptide 6 AZ-GHS-22 Non-CNS penetrant inverse agonist 22 GHSR Growth hormone secretagogue receptor AZ-GHS-38 CNS penetrant inverse agonist 38 GOAT Ghrelin-O-acyltransferase BMI Body mass index GRLN-R Ghrelin receptor CpdB Compound B icv Intracerebroventricular CpdD Compound D POMC Proopiomelanocortin DIO Diet-induced obesity sc Subcutaneous GH Growth hormone SPM RNA Spiegelmer WHO World Health Organization. -
Fully Automated Dried Blood Spot Sample Preparation Enables the Detection of Lower Molecular Mass Peptide and Non-Peptide Doping Agents by Means of LC-HRMS
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (2020) 412:3765–3777 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02634-4 RESEARCH PAPER Fully automated dried blood spot sample preparation enables the detection of lower molecular mass peptide and non-peptide doping agents by means of LC-HRMS Tobias Lange1 & Andreas Thomas1 & Katja Walpurgis1 & Mario Thevis1,2 Received: 10 December 2019 /Revised: 26 March 2020 /Accepted: 31 March 2020 # The Author(s) 2020 Abstract The added value of dried blood spot (DBS) samples complementing the information obtained from commonly routine doping control matrices is continuously increasing in sports drug testing. In this project, a robotic-assisted non-destructive hematocrit measurement from dried blood spots by near-infrared spectroscopy followed by a fully automated sample preparation including strong cation exchange solid-phase extraction and evaporation enabled the detection of 46 lower molecular mass (< 2 kDa) peptide and non-peptide drugs and drug candidates by means of LC-HRMS. The target analytes included, amongst others, agonists of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor, the ghrelin receptor, the human growth hormone receptor, and the antidiuretic hormone receptor. Furthermore, several glycine derivatives of growth hormone–releasing peptides (GHRPs), argu- ably designed to undermine current anti-doping testing approaches, were implemented to the presented detection method. The initial testing assay was validated according to the World Anti-Doping Agency guidelines with estimated LODs between 0.5 and 20 ng/mL. As a proof of concept, authentic post-administration specimens containing GHRP-2 and GHRP-6 were successfully analyzed. Furthermore, DBS obtained from a sampling device operating with microneedles for blood collection from the upper arm were analyzed and the matrix was cross-validated for selected parameters. -
Effect of Ghrelin Receptor Ligands on Proliferation of Prostate Stromal Cells and on Smooth Muscle Contraction in the Human Prostate
Aus der Urologischen Klinik und Poliklinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Direktor: Prof. Dr. Christian G. Stief Effect of ghrelin receptor ligands on proliferation of prostate stromal cells and on smooth muscle contraction in the human prostate Dissertation zum Erwerb des Doktorgrades der Medizin an der Medizinischen Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität zu München vorgelegt von Xiaolong Wang aus Wuhan, China 2020 Mit Genehmigung der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität München Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Martin Hennenberg Mitberichterstatter: PD Dr. Heike Pohla Prof. Dr. Wolf Mutschler Dekan: Prof. Dr. med. dent. Reinhard Hickel Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 20.02.2020 1. Introduction ........................................................................................ 1 1.1 Definition of LUTS .......................................................................... 1 1.2 Epidemiology, etiology and nature history of LUTS ................... 2 1.3 Pathogenesis of LUTS suggestive to BPH ..................................... 4 1.3.1 Age .............................................................................................. 6 1.3.2 Inflammation ............................................................................... 6 1.3.3 Sex hormones .............................................................................. 7 1.3.4. Metabolic factors ....................................................................... 7 1.3.5 Other urologic diseases associated with LUTS .......................... 9 -
( 12 ) United States Patent
US010317418B2 (12 ) United States Patent ( 10 ) Patent No. : US 10 ,317 ,418 B2 Goosens (45 ) Date of Patent: * Jun . 11 , 2019 (54 ) USE OF GHRELIN OR FUNCTIONAL 7 , 479 ,271 B2 1 / 2009 Marquis et al . GHRELIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS TO 7 ,632 , 809 B2 12 / 2009 Chen 7 ,666 , 833 B2 2 /2010 Ghigo et al. PREVENT AND TREAT STRESS -SENSITIVE 7 , 901 ,679 B2 3 / 2011 Marquis et al . PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS 8 ,013 , 015 B2 9 / 2011 Harran et al . 8 ,293 , 709 B2 10 /2012 Ross et al . (71 ) Applicant: Massachusetts Institute of 9 ,724 , 396 B2 * 8 / 2017 Goosens A61K 38 /27 9 , 821 ,042 B2 * 11 /2017 Goosens .. A61K 39/ 0005 Technology , Cambridge , MA (US ) 10 , 039 ,813 B2 8 / 2018 Goosens 2002/ 0187938 A1 12 / 2002 Deghenghi (72 ) Inventor : Ki Ann Goosens, Cambridge , MA (US ) 2003 / 0032636 Al 2 /2003 Cremers et al. 2004 / 0033948 Al 2 / 2004 Chen ( 73 ) Assignee : Massachusetts Institute of 2005 / 0070712 A1 3 /2005 Kosogof et al. Technology , Cambridge , MA (US ) 2005 / 0148515 Al 7/ 2005 Dong 2005 / 0187237 A1 8 / 2005 Distefano et al. 2005 /0191317 A1 9 / 2005 Bachmann et al. ( * ) Notice : Subject to any disclaimer , the term of this 2005 /0201938 A1 9 /2005 Bryant et al. patent is extended or adjusted under 35 2005 /0257279 AL 11 / 2005 Qian et al. U . S . C . 154 ( b ) by 0 days. 2006 / 0025344 Al 2 /2006 Lange et al. 2006 / 0025566 A 2 /2006 Hoveyda et al. This patent is subject to a terminal dis 2006 / 0293370 AL 12 / 2006 Saunders et al . -
Assessment Report
15 November 2018 EMA/CHMP/845216/2018 Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) Assessment report Macimorelin Aeterna Zentaris International non-proprietary name: macimorelin Procedure No. EMEA/H/C/004660/0000 Note Assessment report as adopted by the CHMP with all information of a commercially confidential nature deleted. 30 Churchill Place ● Canary Wharf ● London E14 5EU ● United Kingdom Telephone +44 (0)20 3660 6000 Facsimile +44 (0)20 3660 5555 Send a question via our website www.ema.europa.eu/contact An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2019. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Table of contents 1. Background information on the procedure .............................................. 6 1.1. Submission of the dossier ...................................................................................... 6 1.2. Steps taken for the assessment of the product ......................................................... 7 2. Scientific discussion ................................................................................ 8 2.1. Problem statement ............................................................................................... 8 2.1.1. Disease or condition ........................................................................................... 8 2.1.1. Epidemiology .................................................................................................... 8 2.1.2. Aetiology and pathogenesis ............................................................................... -
Gastric Motor Effects of Peptide and Non-Peptide Ghrelin Agonists in Mice in Vivo and in Vitro
Gut Online First, published on April 20, 2005 as 10.1136/gut.2005.065896 1 Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.2005.065896 on 20 April 2005. Downloaded from Gastric motor effects of peptide and non-peptide ghrelin agonists in mice in vivo and in vitro T. Kitazawa1, B. De Smet, K. Verbeke, I. Depoortere, T. L. Peeters Center for Gastroenterological Research, Catholic University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium 1Dr.T.Kitazawa is associate professor at the Rakuno Gakuen University in Ebetsu, Japan and performed this work during a sabbatical leave in Belgium. http://gut.bmj.com/ on September 30, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. Address for correspondence: Centre for Gastroenterological Research Gasthuisberg O&N, box 701 B-3000 Leuven Belgium E-mail: [email protected] Keywords ghrelin, gastric emptying, breath test, organ bath, electrical field stimulation Copyright Article author (or their employer) 2005. Produced by BMJ Publishing Group Ltd (& BSG) under licence. 2 Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.2005.065896 on 20 April 2005. Downloaded from Abstract The gastroprokinetic activities of ghrelin, the natural ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), prompted us to compare ghrelin’s effect with that of synthetic peptide (GHRP-6) and non-peptide (capromorelin) GHS-R agonists both in vivo and in vitro. Methods. In vivo, the dose-dependent effects (1-150 nmol/kg) of ghrelin, GHRP-6 and capromorelin on gastric emptying were measured by the 14C octanoic breath test which was adapted for use in mice. The effect of atropine, L-NAME or D-Lys3-GHRP-6 (GHS-R antagonist) on the gastroprokinetic effect of capromorelin was also investigated. -
Growth Hormone Secretagogues: History, Mechanism of Action and Clinical Development
Growth hormone secretagogues: history, mechanism of action and clinical development Junichi Ishida1, Masakazu Saitoh1, Nicole Ebner1, Jochen Springer1, Stefan D Anker1, Stephan von Haehling 1 , Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany Abstract Growth hormone secretagogues (GHSs) are a generic term to describe compounds which increase growth hormone (GH) release. GHSs include agonists of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS‐R), whose natural ligand is ghrelin, and agonists of the growth hormone‐releasing hormone receptor (GHRH‐R), to which the growth hormone‐ releasing hormone (GHRH) binds as a native ligand. Several GHSs have been developed with a view to treating or diagnosisg of GH deficiency, which causes growth retardation, gastrointestinal dysfunction and altered body composition, in parallel with extensive research to identify GHRH, GHS‐R and ghrelin. This review will focus on the research history and the pharmacology of each GHS, which reached randomized clinical trials. Furthermore, we will highlight the publicly disclosed clinical trials regarding GHSs. Address for correspondence: Corresponding author: Stephan von Haehling, MD, PhD Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany Robert‐Koch‐Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany, Tel: +49 (0) 551 39‐20911, Fax: +49 (0) 551 39‐20918 E‐mail: [email protected]‐goettingen.de Key words: GHRPs, GHSs, Ghrelin, Morelins, Body composition, Growth hormone deficiency, Received 10 September 2018 Accepted 07 November 2018 1. Introduction testing in clinical trials. A vast array of indications of ghrelin receptor agonists has been evaluated including The term growth hormone secretagogues growth retardation, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and (GHSs) embraces compounds that have been developed altered body composition, some of which have received to increase growth hormone (GH) release. -
Adipogenic and Orexigenic Effects Of
European Journal of Endocrinology (2004) 150 893–904 ISSN 0804-4643 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY Adipogenic and orexigenic effects of the ghrelin-receptor ligand tabimorelin are diminished in leptin-signalling- deficient ZDF rats A M Holm, P B Johansen, I Ahnfelt-Rønne and J Rømer Novo Nordisk A/S, Pharmacology Research, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Ma˚løv, Denmark (Correspondence should be addressed to P B Johansen, Pharmacology Research, Novo Nordisk Park, Building F6.2.30, DK-2760 Ma˚løv, Denmark; Email: [email protected]) Abstract Objective: The aim was to investigate the possible interactions of the two peripheral hormones, leptin and ghrelin, that regulate the energy balance in opposite directions. Methods: Leptin-receptor mutated Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) and lean control rats were treated with the ghrelin-receptor ligand, tabimorelin (50 mg/kg p.o.) for 18 days, and the effects on body weight, food intake and body composition were investigated. The level of expression of anabolic and catabolic neuropeptides and their receptors in the hypothalamic area were analysed by in situ hybridization. Results: Tabimorelin treatment induced hyperphagia and adiposity (increased total fat mass and gain in body weight) in lean control rats, while these parameters were not increased in ZDF rats. Treat- ment with tabimorelin of lean control rats increased hypothalamic mRNA expression of the anabolic neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA and decreased hypothalamic expression of the catabolic peptide pro- opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA. In ZDF rats, the expression of POMC mRNA was not affected by treatment with tabimorelin, whereas NPY mRNA expression was increased in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Conclusion: This shows that tabimorelin-induced adiposity and hyperphagia in lean control rats are correlated with increased hypothalamic NPY mRNA and decreased POMC mRNA expression. -
Analysis of Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptides for Doping Control
In: W Schänzer, H Geyer, A Gotzmann, U Mareck (eds.) Recent Advances In Doping Analysis (16). Sport und Buch Strauß - Köln 2008 M. Okano, A. Ikekita, M. Sato, S. Kageyama Analysis of growth hormone-releasing peptides for doping control Anti-Doping Center, Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corporation, Tokyo, Japan Introduction Growth hormone secretagogues (GHS) are being used as both diagnostic agent and treatment for growth hormone deficiency.1,2 Also recently they’re being used as health supplements for anti-aging. Growth hormone (GH) or GHS may be being used by some athletes to keep or elevate GH and IGF-1 blood levels. The use of GH or GHS by sports athletes is prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency.3 Several testing methods of GH concentrations, as well as the potential misuse of recombinant GH, have been published. Wu et al. and Momoura et al. demonstrated the immunoassays of detecting GH doping using the ratio of 22KDa-/total-GH in serum and the ratio of 20KDa-/22KDa-GH respectively.4-6 Recently, GH tests based upon the isoform differential immunoassay using commercial kits have advanced and are starting to be used for routine doping control. Pralmorelin hydrochloride (GHRP-2), a synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide, is being used diagnostically to detect a growth hormone deficiency in Japan. The new preparation for intranasal administration as both a diagnostic and a therapeutic agent have been developed to provide alternatives to diagnostic injection of pralmorelin by Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Nasu et al. reported a pharmacokinetic model for pralmorelin hydrochloride in rats.7 Pralmorelin methyl ester (HEMOGEX™, VPX Sports, USA) is available on the internet as a dietary supplement similar to designer steroids.8 Thus, anti-doping control laboratories should immediately develop analytical methods for detecting GHS abuse.