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Study on the Distribution of Climbing Plants (Climbers) on the Territory of the Danube Island Aydemir, Bulgaria

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Study on the Distribution of Climbing Plants (Climbers) on the Territory of the Danube Island Aydemir, Bulgaria ECOLOGIA BALKANICA 2020, Vol. 12, Issue 2 December 2020 pp. 187-196 Study on the Distribution of Climbing Plants (Climbers) on the Territory of the Danube Island Aydemir, Bulgaria Plamen S. Glogov1*, Georgi Hinkov Ivanov1, Mira L. Georgieva1, Vania G. Kachova1, Alexandru L. Ciuvat2, Cristian I. Anghelus2 1 - Forest Research Institute – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 132 Kliment Ohridski Blvd, Sofia, BULGARIA 2 - National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry ''Marin Dracea'', Bulevardul Eroilor nr. 128, Voluntari, Ilfov, Brashov, ROMANIA *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract. The purpose of the present study is to describe the diversity, distribution and participation of the climbing plants (woody and herbaceous climbers) in the different plant communities in natural habitats of the Danube island Aydemir which is part of NATURA 2000 and to investigate their participation in the succesional processes. The methodology includes setting up Permanent Sample Plots (PSP) in different parts of the island with natural and semi-natural vegetation. The composition, cover abundance and occurrence of all the plant species in the PSP and their affiliation to a specific habitat type of NATURA 2000 were determined, as well as some soil properties as a major part of natural conditions giving specificity of plant composition. During the study, 36 species of vascular plants were identified belonging to 33 genera and 26 families from Magnoliophyta division - 41,4% of all the species and 66,7% of the vines are diagnostic for habitat 91EO Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae). The study shows that the distribution and diversity of climbers on the territory of Aydemir island, are mainly determined by vertical structure and age of forest communities and the high species richness in them. Among the climbers found on the island, the invasive alien species Sicyos angulatus has the strongest influence on the condition of natural habitats, and represents a real threat to their diversity. Key words: Danube island, invasive alien species, lianas, climbers, NATURA 2000. Introduction tropics, lianas influence forest dynamics by Climbing plants (woody lianas and vines increasing the size of treefall gaps, and thereby like Periploca graeca and Vitis sylvestris) and increasing tree turnover rate (Phillips & Gentry, annual and perennial climbers (herbaceous 1994). According to Tang et al. (2012) lianas are climbers like Humulus lupulus and Sicyos considered structural parasites, having a angulatus) play an increasingly important role negative impact on the forests such as the in forest regeneration, species diversity and reduction of aboveground biomass of trees ecosystem level processes such as transpiration (Laurance et al., 2014). The low occurrence of and carbon sequestration (Schnitzer & Bongers, lianas in temperate regions has been ascribed to 2002). In world’s scale and especially in the frequent low winter temperatures that may © Ecologia Balkanica Union of Scientists in Bulgaria – Plovdiv http://eb.bio.uni-plovdiv.bg University of Plovdiv Publishing House Study on the Distribution of Climbing Plants (Climbers) on the Territory of the Danube Island Aydemir, Bulgaria cause freezing-induced embolisms in lianas’ not been the subject of an independent study to long vessel systems and lead to unrecoverable date. damage (Tang et al., 2012). The regular and The purpose of the present study is to active forest management (Addo-Fordjour et describe the diversity, distribution and al., 2012), and indirect role of fishing and participation of climbers in the different plant trampling also affects the climbers’ abundance. communities of the Aydemir island which is a Climbers are principal physiognomic part of NATURA 2000 and to investigate their components of some specific European habitats role in the succession processes. Some major such as riparian and longoze forests (91EO, characteristics of soils also have been done. 91FO). In Bulgaria, part of the places where these habitats and the natural processes in them Material and Methods can be observed are the Danube Islands, most The research activities took place on the of which are currently difficult to access and territory of the Danube island Aydemir, in relatively poorly visited due to natural natural habitats of riparian vegetation, conditions (periodic flooding) and prohibition where investigations were made on the regimes related to border control and presence of vines (including invasive alien biodiversity conservation measures. and local species) in the phytocoenoses. The flora and vegetation of the Danube Aydemir Island (also named Chayka) the islands has been subject of numerous studies largest island in the Chayka archipelago, has (Yordanov & Kochev, 1981; Hinkov et al., 2006; been designated as a Community Important Tzonev, 2005; 2007; 2008; Pedashenko et al., Area (SCI), code BG0000534 by Commission 2012) some of which date from the first half of Decision (CD, 2009) and a protected area the last century (Petkov, 1940; Stoyanov, 1947, under Directive 92/43/EEC for the 1948). Many of these publications are focused conservation of natural habitats and wild on climbers as part of the local floristic fauna and flora with the Council of composition of the study areas, but the inter- Ministers’ decision No122 of March 2, 2007 storey vegetation on the Danube Islands has (State Gazette, 2007). Fig. 1. PSP locations on Aydemir (Chayka) island. 188 Glogov et al. The island of Aydemir has an area of 77 their diagnostic role to a specific habitat type ha on department 5 “a” (SFE Silistra, 2011). of NATURA 2000 were presented. The The main habitat classes are Bogs, Marshes, species occurrence was calculated as a ratio Water fringed vegetation, Fens and Broad- between the number of PSP in which one leaved deciduous woodland. Other species was found and the total PSP number characteristic habitat type are floodplain (Pavlov, 1998). The constancy (in scores from broad-leaved forests of Salix alba L., S. I to V) of each species was derived from the triandra L., with Populus nigra L., P. alba L., P. occurrence (Table 2). canescens Sm., Populus x canadensis, Ulmus laevis Pall., Morus nigra L., Fraxinus Table 1. Braun-Blanquet scale of cover pennsylvanica Marschal, Fr. americana L., and abundance. Acer negundo L. The following habitats listed in Annex 1 to Directive 92/43/EEC are Braun-Blanquet scale Range of cover identified on the territory of the island: R < 5%; very few individuals Habitat 3130 – Oligotrophic to mesotrophic + < 5%; few individuals 1 < 5%; numerous individuals standing waters with vegetation of the 2 6-25% Littorelletea uniflorae and/or Isoëto- 3 26-50% Nanojuncetea with an area of 2,52 ha; 3150 - 4 51-75% Natural eutrophic lakes with Magnopotamion 5 76-100% or Hydrocharition-type vegetation (0,1 ha); 3270 - Rivers with muddy banks with Table 2. Calculation of species Chenopodion rubri p.p. and Bidention p.p. constancy by Zielonka (2004). vegetation (5,82 ha) and 91EO - Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus Constancy Occurrence (%) excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion I 0-20 albae) (86,35 ha) (NATURA 2000 - Standard II 21-40 data form, 2020). III 41-60 The study was conducted in October IV 61-80 2019. It is part of the project “Invasive alien V 81-100 plant species in protected areas of the Danube Islands on the territory of Bulgaria The cover abundance and constancy of and Romania” funded under the bilateral each species were presented individually in science cooperation program between five phytocenotic layers (Pavlov, 1998): A1, Romania and Bulgaria. A2, B, C and D. For the purposes of this The methodology includes setting up study the first two layers of trees A1 and A2 Permanent Sample Plots (PSP) with a size for are united in one common layer - A, and the one plot of 500 sq. m in different parts of the tall grass layer (C) and short grass and island with homogenous vegetation (Hinkov mosses layer (D) are united in the layer C. et. al., 2020). The geographical coordinates of The characteristic species for the the plot centre were registered using GPS habitats of Annex 1 to Directive 92/43/EEC devices (Garmin GPSMAP64s) and marked are according to Kavrakova et al. (2005). The with paint on the nearest tree. All trees, taxonomic nomenclature and the shrubs and herbaceous plants present within determination of plant taxa is by the PSP boundary were inventoried. The Kozhuharov (1992) and Delipavlov & cover abundance/abundance of species was Cheshmedzhiev (2003). Invasive alien established at PSP level in % using the species (IAS) have been identified according Braun-Blanquet (1964) scale (Table 1). to Petrova et al. (2013), Drescher & Bohdan The composition and the cover (2016), Invasive Species Compendium abundance of all plant species in the PSP and (CABI, 2020), Global invasive species 189 Study on the Distribution of Climbing Plants (Climbers) on the Territory of the Danube Island Aydemir, Bulgaria database (ISGG, 2020) and their canadensis, Salix × rubens, Ulmus laevis and nomenclature is given according to The Fraxinus pennsylvanica. The total cover of the Plant List (2013) database. The soil analyses tree layer in the PSP’s is between 35 and were made according Donov et al. (1974). 80%, on shrub layer - between 0 and 95% Some main soil characteristics were and on the herb layer - between 0 and 70%. determined such as pH – potentiometrically The highest number of species (26 by pH-meter "Placitronic, MV 88" according species or 52% of the total floristic ISO 10390, 2002; mechanical composition composition of the all PSPs) was found in (texture) by titration method, with HCl PSP 5, and the lowest - 14 species (28%) - in treatment, and total carbon (C%) and humus PSP 10. The richest diversity (over 50%) of (%) by the Thurin method and total nitrogen all vines was found in 2 sample plots (or 20% (N%) by the Keldal method – all of methods of all PSPs) - PSP 5 (4 species, 66,4%) and described by Donov et al.
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