Journal of the Music & Entertainment Industry Educators Association Volume 13, Number 1 (2013) Bruce Ronkin, Editor Northeastern University Published with Support from The MEIEA Journal is published annually by the Music & Entertain- ment Industry Educators Association (MEIEA) in order to increase public awareness of the music industry and to foster music business education. The MEIEA Journal provides a scholarly analysis of technological, legal, historical, educational, and business trends within the music indus- try and is designed as a resource for anyone currently involved or interest- ed in the music industry. Topics include issues that affect music industry education and the music industry such as curriculum design, pedagogy, technological innovation, intellectual property matters, industry-related legislation, arts administration, industry analysis, and historical perspec- tives. The MEIEA Journal is distributed to members of MEIEA, univer- sities, libraries, and individuals concerned with the music industry and music business education. Ideas and opinions expressed in the MEIEA Journal do not necessar- ily reflect those of MEIEA. MEIEA disclaims responsibility for statements of fact or opinions expressed in individual contributions. Permission for reprint or reproduction must be obtained in writing and the proper credit line given. Music & Entertainment Industry Educators Association 1900 Belmont Boulevard Nashville, TN 37212 U.S.A. [email protected] www.meiea.org The MEIEA Journal (ISSN: 1559-7334) © Copyright 2013 Music & Entertainment Industry Educators Association All rights reserved Editorial Advisory Board Bruce Ronkin, Northeastern University Wesley Bulla, Belmont University Timothy Channell, Radford University Mark J. Davis, Loyola University New Orleans; Northeastern University Robert Garfrerick, University of North Alabama Monika Herzig, Indiana University Andrea Johnson, Berklee College of Music Michael Johnson, Berklee College of Music Kristél Pfeil Kemmerer, Belmont University David Kopplin, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona Gene Perla, Lehigh University Lyn Schenbeck, Central Educational Center: A College and Career Academy David Schreiber, Belmont University Joseph Taylor, James Madison University Melissa Wald, Middle Tennessee State University Kim L. Wangler, Appalachian State University Shawn Young, Clayton State University Music & Entertainment Industry Educators Association Purposes and Goals The Music & Entertainment Industry Educators Association (MEIEA®) is an international organization formed in 1979 to bring to- gether educators with leaders of the music and entertainment industries. The primary goal of MEIEA is to facilitate an exchange of information be- tween educators and practitioners in order to prepare students for careers in the music and entertainment industries. In order to seek professional practical knowledge and functional strategies in education, MEIEA endeavors to: • Provide resources for the exchange of information and knowledge about all aspects of the music and entertainment industries; • Foster scholarly research on the music and entertainment industries as well as on music and entertainment industries education; • Assist institutions with the development of music and entertain- ment industries programs and curricula; • Facilitate interaction between the music and entertainment indus- tries and music and entertainment industries educators and affili- ated educational institutions; • Promote student interests in the music and entertainment industries. From The Editor Notice to Contributors The Journal of the Music & Entertain- ment Industry Educators Association is a peer- reviewed journal devoted to all aspects of the music and entertainment industry and music/ entertainment industry education. All feature articles submitted for publication are reviewed by an editorial board consisting of respected scholars, teachers, and industry professionals. Submissions of articles in all areas related to the music and entertainment industry and mu- sic and entertainment industry education are welcome. Articles may be submitted in hard copy or in electronic format. Elec- tronic submissions are preferred and should be sent as email attachments, preferably in Microsoft Word format. Hard copy submissions should be typed on 8½ x 11-inch paper, double-spaced throughout with one-inch margins. All submissions should use the normal style of citation, in confor- mance with the guidelines given in The Chicago Manual of Style. All notes should be consecutively numbered and should appear as endnotes at the conclusion of the manuscript text. In order to facilitate blind review, the author’s name must not ap- pear on the submitted manuscript. A cover letter that clearly identifies the manuscript must be included. The editor will normally give notice of the article’s status within three months of its receipt. The editor also regrets that manuscripts cannot be returned. Authors are responsible for obtaining permission for reproduction from the publishers of all copyrighted material used (musical examples, etc.). Submissions and correspondence should be addressed to: Bruce Ronkin Editor, MEIEA Journal 110 Churchill Hall Northeastern University Boston, MA 02115 U.S.A. [email protected] MEIEA Executive Board Executive Officers President Serona Elton University of Miami Vice President Storm Gloor University of Colorado Denver Secretary Catherine Radbill New York University Treasurer David Schreiber Belmont University Director of Membership Kristél Pfeil Kemmerer Belmont University Executive Directors MEIEA Journal Editor Bruce Ronkin Northeastern University Webmaster Wesley Bulla Belmont University Board Members Cutler Armstrong Butler University Ken Ashdown Vancouver Film School Carey Christensen California State University, Northridge Jennifer Wilgus Fowler Belmont University John Kellogg Berklee College of Music Paul Linden University of Southern Mississippi Alejandro Sánchez-Samper Florida Atlantic University Kim L. Wangler Appalachian State University Ben O’Hara, Australasian Liaison Box Hill Institute Ray Sylvester, European Liaison Buckinghamshire New University Past Presidents John Kellogg (2009-2011) Janet Nepkie (1989–1993) Rey Sanchez (2007-2009) Michael Fink (1988–1989) Rebecca Chappell (2003–2007) Richard Broderick (1986–1988) Tim Hays (1999–2003) James A. Progris (1984–1986) Scott Fredrickson (1995–1999) David P. Leonard (1982–1984) David Hibbard (1993–1995) Jay Collins (1979–1982) MEIEA Sponsors The mission of the Music Business Associa- tion, formerly NARM and digitalmusic.org, is to advance and promote music commerce. We provide common ground by offering thought leadership, resources, and unparalleled net- working opportunities, all geared to the spe- cific needs of our membership. musicbiz.org IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry) represents the recording industry worldwide with some 1,300 members in 66 countries and af- filiated industry associations in 55 coun- tries. www.ifpi.org The Recording Industry Association of Amer- ica (RIAA) is the trade organization that sup- ports and promotes the creative and financial vitality of the major music companies. Its members are the music labels that comprise the most vibrant record industry in the world. RIAA members create, manufacture, and/ or distribute approximately 85% of all legitimate re- corded music produced and sold in the United States. www.riaa.com Contents 13 The Three Tenors Antitrust Case: What Did We Learn? Paul Saintilan Australian College of the Arts (“Collarts”) 27 Budgeting for Crowdfunding Rewards Luiz Augusto Buff University of California Los Angeles School of Law Peter Alhadeff Berklee College of Music 45 The Urbanization of the Billboard Top Album and Singles Charts: How SoundScan Changed the Game John P. Kellogg Berklee College of Music 61 A Historical Investigation of Patterns in Sophomore Album Release Jennifer Fowler Belmont University Stuart J. Fowler Middle Tennessee State University Rush Hicks Belmont University 75 Malcolm Chisholm: An Evaluation of Traditional Audio Engineering Paul S. Linden University of Southern Mississippi Continued on next page 97 Teaching Modern Production and Songwriting Techniques: What Makes a Hit Song? David Tough Belmont University 125 So What Does “Set Fire To The Rain” Really Mean? A Typology for Analyzing Pop Song Lyrics Using Narrative Theory and Semiotics Quint Randle Brigham Young University Keith Evans Student, Brigham Young University 149 Network Perspectives on the Relevance of New Revenue Streams in the Digital Era Music Industry Stanislas Renard Colby College Gregory Faulk Belmont University Peter Spang Goodrich Providence College 181 “If you scale back now, you probably lose everything”: State Tax Incentives and the Motion Picture Industry Patrick Preston Bay State College Student Paper 207 A Case Study on Spotify: Exploring Perceptions of the Music Streaming Service Kate Swanson Indiana University Reviews 231 Kenneth LaBarre, Director. Lady Antebellum: Own the Night World Tour (DVD) RJ Smith. The One: The Life and Music of James Brown Keith Hatschek University of the Pacific 235 Greg “Freddy” Camalier, Director. Muscle Shoals (Video) Robert Garfrerick University of North Alabama 238 David Flitner, Editor. Less Noise, More Soul: The Search for Balance in the Art, Technology, and Commerce of Music Ariel Hyatt. Cyber PR For Musicians: Tools, Tricks & Tactics For Building Your Social Media House Bobby Owsinski. The Touring Musician’s Handbook