The Living Landscape Living Landscape the Landscape SECOND EDITION
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ARCHITECTURE / URBAN DESIGN / LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE STEINER The Living Praise for the second edition of The Living Landscape The Landscape Living Landscape SECOND EDITION “The Living Landscape offers a thoughtful and excellent examination of how we can understand, analyze, and interpret the landscape as interacting physical, biological, and An Ecological Approach to Landscape Planning cultural systems. This book is unique because of the emphasis the author places on understanding the landscape in terms of relationships among these systems. The Living Landscape is a useful and timely contribution to the growing body of knowledge on eco- logical planning.” —Forster Ndubisi, professor and department head, Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A & M University “Frederick Steiner demonstrates how an organized and clear model of ecological plan- ning can be a useful tool for planners to deal with projects at different scales and with different natural and human components.” —Danilo Palazzo, associate professor of urban design, Politecnico di Milano The Living Landscape is a manifesto, resource, and textbook for architects, landscape architects, environmental planners, students, and others involved in creating human communities. Since its first edition, published in 1990, it has taught its readers how to develop new-built environments while conserving natural resources. No other book pre- sents such a comprehensive approach to planning that is rooted in ecology and design. And no other book offers a similar step-by-step method for planning with an emphasis on sustainable development. This second edition of The Living Landscape offers Frederick Steiner’s design-oriented ecological methods to a new generation of students and professionals. FREDERICK STEINER is dean and Henry M. Rockwell Chair, School of Architecture, University of Texas at Austin. He is the author of several books, including Human Ecology: Following Nature’s Lead (Island Press, 2002) and The Essential Ian McHarg (Island Press, 2006). SECOND EDITION Cover design by Ed Atkeson/Berg Design Cover photo by AVTG, iStockphoto.com Washington • Covelo • London FREDERICK STEINER www.islandpress.org All Island Press books are printed on recycled, acid-free paper. With a new preface by the author Mag Mag Cyan Yellow Black 4/c Cyan Yellow Black all 4/c enta enta ABOUT ISLAND PRESS Island Press is the only nonprofit organization in the United States whose principal purpose is the publication of books on environmental issues and natural resource management. We provide solutions-oriented informa- tion to professionals, public officials, business and community leaders, and concerned citizens who are shap- ing responses to environmental problems. Since 1984, Island Press has been the leading provider of timely and practical books that take a multidisci- plinary approach to critical environmental concerns. Our growing list of titles reflects our commitment to bringing the best of an expanding body of literature to the environmental community throughout North America and the world. Support for Island Press is provided by the Agua Fund, The Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, The Ford Foundation, The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, The Joyce Foun- dation, Kendeda Sustainability Fund of the Tides Foundation, The Forrest & Frances Lattner Foundation, The Henry Luce Foundation, The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, The Marisla Foundation, The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, The Curtis and Edith Munson Foun- dation, Oak Foundation, The Overbrook Foundation, The David and Lucile Packard Foundation, Wallace Global Fund, The Winslow Foundation, and other generous donors. The opinions expressed in this book are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of these foundations. THE LIVING LANDSCAPE THE LIVING LANDSCAPE An Ecological Approach to Landscape Planning Second Edition Frederick Steiner University of Texas at Austin Washington • Covelo • London The Living Landscape, Second Edition © 2008 Frederick Steiner All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher: Island Press, Suite 300, 1718 Connecticut Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20009 ISLAND PRESS is a trademark of the Center for Resource Economics. Steiner, Frederick R. The living landscape : an ecological approach to landscape planning / Frederick Steiner. — 2nd ed. p. cm. Originally published: New York : McGraw Hill, c2000. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-59726-396-2 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-59726-396-6 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Land use—Planning. 2. Land use—Environmental aspects. 3. Landscape architecture. 4. Landscape protection. I. Title. HD108.6.S74 2008 333.73′17—dc22 2007049541 Printed on recycled, acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Keywords: biodiversity conservation, charrettes, ecological planning, farmland protection, geographic information systems, growth management, human communities, land conservation, land use planning, landscape architecture, neighborhood plan- ning, participatory planning, regional planning, site design, suitability analysis, urbanization, watershed planning, wildlife planning To Anna Copyright notices: Planning Association, 122 S. Michigan Ave., Suite 1600, Chicago, IL 60603-6107. Page 9: Excerpt from “Think Little” in A Continuous Harmony, copyright Page 229: Excerpt from Paul Davidoff and Thomas Reiner, “A Choice © 1972, 1970 by Wendell Berry, reprinted by permission of Harcourt Theory of Planning.” Reprinted by permission of the Journal of the Amer- Brace Jovanovich. ican Institute of Planners 28(May): 102–115, 1962. Page 14: Excerpt from Thomas Dunne and Luna B. Leopold, Water in En- Page 243: Excerpt from Morris Hill, “A Goals-Achievement Matrix for vironmental Planning, copyright © 1978 by W. H. Freeman and Com- Evaluating Alternative Plans.” Reprinted by permission of the Journal of pany. Used with permission. the American Institute of Planners 34(1): 19–28, 1968. Pages 23–24: Excerpt from Charles F. Wilkinson and H. Michael Ander- Page 243: Excerpt from Donald Miller, “Project Location Analysis Using son, “Land and Resource Planning in National Forests,” Oregon Law Re- the Goals-Achievement Methods of Evaluation.” Reprinted by permis- view 64(1), 1985. Reprinted by permission. Copyright © 1985 by Univer- sion of the Journal of the American Planning Association 46(2): 195–208, sity of Oregon. 1980. Page 30: Excerpt from Richard S. Bolan, “Social Planning and Policy Devel- Pages 243–244: Excerpts from Larry Hirschhorn, “Scenerio to Writing: A opment,” in Frank S. So, Israel Stollman, Frank Beal, and David S. Arnold Developmental Approach.” Reprinted by permission of the Journal of the (eds.) The Practice of Local Government Planning, 1979. Reprinted with per- American Planning Association 46(2): 172–183, 1980. mission of the International City Management Association, 777 N. Capitol Pages 271–272: Excerpt from William R. Lassey, Planning in Rural St. N.E., #500, Washington, DC 20002-4201. Environments, copyright 1977 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. Reprinted with Page 34: Excerpt reprinted from Applied Geography, 15, Robert C. de permission. Loe, p. 58, copyright 1995, with permission from Elsevier Science. Pages 325–327: Figures 9.34, 9.35, 9.36, 9.37, 9.38, 9.39 granted with per- Pages 35 and 168: Excerpts from Don A. Dillman, Mail and Telephone mission from A Region at Risk, Robert D. Yaro and Tony Hiss, © Regional Surveys: The Total Design Method, copyright © 1978 by John Wiley & Plan Association, 1996. Published by Island Press, Washington, DC, and Sons, New York. Covelo, CA. Pages 39 and 353: Excerpts from John Reps, Town Planning in Frontier Pages 332 and 353: Excerpts from Philip P. Greene, Jr., “Land Subdivi- America. Copyright © 1969 by Princeton University Press. sion,” and Robert M. Leary, “Zoning,” in William I. Goodman and Eric C. Freund (eds.) Principles and Practices of Urban Planning, 1968. Reprinted Pages 39–40: Excerpt from Efraim Gil and Enid Lucchesi, “Citizen Partic- with permission of the International City Management Association, 777 ipation in Planning,” in Frank So, Israel Stollman, Frank Beal, and David N. Capitol St. N.E., #500, Washington, DC 20002-4201. S. Arnold (eds.) The Practice of Local Government Planning, 1979. Reprinted with permission of the International City Management Asso- Page 339: Excerpt from John A. Humphreys, “Breckenridge, Point Sys- ciation, 777 N. Capitol St. N.E., #500, Washington, DC 20002-4201. tems: Keeping Score” (vol. 55, no. 10, pp. 23–25). Reprinted with permis- sion from Planning magazine, copyright 1985 by the American Planning Page 52: Excerpt from Fundamentals of Ecology, 3d ed., by Eugene P. Association, 122 S. Michigan Ave., Suite 1600, Chicago, IL 60603-6107. Odum, copyright © 1971 by Saunders College Publishing, a division of Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., reprinted by permission of the publisher. Pages 342–343: Reproduced by permission of the Smithsonian Institu- tion Press from Planning Conservation for Statewide Inventories of Critical Page 64: Figure 3.7 from Physical Geology, Richard Foster Flint and Brian Areas: A Reference Guide (Report Three). Center for National Areas, J. Skinner, copyright © 1974, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reprinted by per- Smithsonian Institution. © Smithsonian Institution,