IN SUPPORT OF A RECONSIDERATION OF THE SEAL, MOTTO, & FLAG OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS

A timeline detailing the story of the flag, from Confederate imagery to voter-approved redesign, is one part of a multi-faceted research and design initiative produced by the Community Design Studio at Lesley University College of Art and Design in partnership with Senator Jason Lewis, the North American Indian Center of Boston, and Mass Humanities. HOIST Introduction

In the midst of a challenging time when BIPOC communities are among the most deeply impacted by increasing socio-economic, cultural, and health disparities, the Community Design Studio at Lesley University College of Art and Design (Lesley Art + Design) has responded by pairing a team of design students with legislative staff, historians, and Native leaders to support the reconsideration of the seal, motto, and flag of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. How does design harm or heal communities? How can design help forge a path forward?* Jean-Luc Pierite These are some of the questions that the Community Design Studio has addressed in its approach to the current Massachusetts seal, whose composite design includes the head of Thomas Little Shell, a Chippewa Chief from Montana; the body proportions derived from the excavated bones from an archaeological dig in Winthrop; and the sash of Native leader Metacomet (King Philip) whose severed head was displayed by British colonizers as a war trophy in Plymouth for twenty years. The design, as indi- cated by Jean-Luc Pierite, Board President of the North American Indian Center of Mississippi Boston (naicob), “is evocative of the intergenerational trauma and colonial violence which our communities have endured for the past 400 years.” The symbolism itself Raquel Halsey continuing to harm the residents of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. With PRECEDENT Pierite, Raquel Halsey, Executive Director of NAICOB, further emphasizes that since 1984, former Representative Byron Rushing, with the support of the Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs, has repeatedly introduced legislation to recommend changes to the seal, motto, and flag. For more than thirty-four years bi-annually, this legislation, that aims to change the flag’s offensive and scarring symbolism of the his- torical oppression of Native people, has been stalled in committees and not passed. The story of the Mississippi State flag, from harmful Confederate imagery to voter- approved redesign, provides a precedent for Massachusetts and symbolizes the potential for a positive and more unified future. The annotated timeline presented in this document offers a chronological overview of the State of Mississippi’s process to update their flag while highlighting some of the key voices and opinions that both challenged and contributed to their success. By acknowledging, listening to, and repeatedly consulting the expertise of Native partners, advisors, and members of our own studio, the Community Design Studio offers a path forward for a process that allows for undoing and healing** and outcomes that reconcile the symbols of a hurtful colonial past with the cultural, political, envi- ronmental, and social priorities of Native communities in the present and future.

* Joseph Kunkel, Executive Director, Sustainable Native CLICK HERE / Listen to a statement Community Collaborative, MASS Design Group, from Jean-Luc Pierite, President of Obama Foundation Fellow the Board, North American Indian ** Governor Brian Vallo, Pueblo of Acoma Center of Boston (NAICOB) OVERVIEW / Timeline ORIGINS INFLECTION POINT / Protest INFLECTION POINT / Referendum INFLECTION POINT / Violence 1861–2020

1861 1982 1988, 1990, 1992, 1993 2000 2014 2015 2017 — “Magnolia Flag” created — Early protest against carrying the flag — Bills to change flag proposed and rejected — A commission was founded to — “Hospitality Flag” created — Charleston Church Massacre occurred — Bicentennial flag created by the reconsider the flag design — House Speaker Gunn pushed for removal Mississippi Economic Council 1894 1983 of Confederate symbols — Flag with Confederate symbols adopted — University of Mississippi bans use of flag 2001 2019 — Governor Musgrove urged placing options — Vanity license plate with “Hospitality 1906 (no change vs. alternative) on the ballot Flag” introduced — Flag adoption inadvertently repealed — The referendum to change the flag failed

“I will agree that this is a government “Black students on campus view the Governor William Winter “We must always remember our past, PRECEDENT / by the people and for the people, but flag as a racist symbol, and I personally but that does not mean we must let it what people? When this declaration was cannot separate it from the Klan and define us. . . I believe our state’s flag has STEPS & made by our forefathers, it was for the what they stand for.” become a point of offense that needs to Anglo-Saxon people. That is what we are be removed.” —Lydia Spragin, President of the University here for today—to secure the supremacy of Mississippi’s Black Student Union —Philip Gunn, Mississippi House Speaker MISSTEPS of the white race.” “For too long, we were blind to the pain —J. H. McGehee, Mississippi senator; that the Confederate flag stirred in many from his speech at the state Constitutional of our citizens. . . For many, black and Convention, 1890 white, that flag was a reminder of sys- temic oppression and racial subjugation. We see that now.” —Barack Obama, U.S. President

IN DEPTH / Timeline 1861–2020 1988/ 2000/ 2015/ 2017/ The state Supreme Court ruled the June 17 A flag was created by the Mississippi inclusion of Confederate symbols in the The Charleston Church Massacre took Economic Council to celebrate the state’s 1990/ flag did not violate any constitutionally- place at the Emanuel African Methodist bicentennial and thereafter it joined the protected rights, but the court also found Episcopal (AME) Church in Charleston, list of flags suggested to replace the 1992/ that the state flag requirements were not South Carolina. Dylann Storm Roof, who controversial state flag. codified in law and thus Mississippi did posed for photographs with the Confeder- not have an official state flag. ate flag, murdered nine people. 1993/ Prompted by the decision, a nine-member June 22 2019/ Bills were introduced to replace the commission, led by the former Governor Mississippi House Speaker Philip Gunn April 17 1861/ 1982/ state flag and were rejected. William Winter and businessman Jack 2014/ stated the Confederate emblem in the Seen by some as a subtle move toward March 30 John Hawkins, The University of Missis- Reed, was founded. An alternate flag was created by Laurin state’s flag should go. It was the first time more significant change, Governor Phil an elected Mississippi Republican official Bryant signed a bill that introduced a The original “Magnolia Flag” was adopted sippi’s first Black cheerleader, refused The commission held five public hearings Stennis and flown unofficially by busi- called for its removal publicly. novelty license plate that featured the and the “Ordinances and Resolutions” in to carry the state flag at Ole Miss 1993/ across the state that exposed deeply nesses and citizens. Known by several the Journal of the Convention described: sporting events, as was traditional. names, it was commonly referred to as Hospitality Flag. More than 300 were July 6 divided opinions. June 26 ”A Flag of white ground, a Magnolia tree the “Hospitality Flag.” Though her flag pre-ordered. October 23 The Mississippi chapter of the NAACP President Barack Obama offered a eulogy in the centre, a blue field in the upper The commission recommended to the design was popular, Stennis stepped back A group of Ku Klux Klan members rallied filed a lawsuit to prohibit display of the for the Reverend Clementa Pinckney of left hand corner with a white star in the legislature that a choice between the from the effort to change the 1894 flag before a crowd of 450 to support the state flag. The lawsuit alleged that the Mother Emanuel in which he called for centre, the Flag to be finished with a red 1894 flag and an alternative (shown due, in part, to the painful segregationist continued use of the Confederate flag at use of Confederate symbols in the state the removal of the Confederate battle flag. border and a red fringe at the extremity above) be placed on the ballot, a position record of her grandfather, the late U.S. Ole Miss. One speaker said the Rebel flag flag violated the plaintiff’s constitutional of the Flag.” Governor Ronnie Musgrove supported. Senator John C. Stennis. June 27 must be defended because “It is more rights to free speech, due process, and In a high-profile gesture, activist Bree sacred than anything else in the South. equal protection. Newsome climbed atop the South Caroli- 1894/ Destroy it and the American flag will 2001/ na State House flagpole and removed the soon go.” Confederate flag. She was arrested and February 7 April 17 the flag was replaced. The adopted a More Mississippians went to the polls replacement to the Civil War era flag that 1983/ than in a previous gubernatorial election. July 9 included the Confederate battle flag in its 64% of referendum voters supported South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley April 21 canton (shown in the next column). The continued use of the 1894 flag. signed legislation to remove Confederate Chancellor Porter L. Fortune Jr. banned design, with minor adjustments, was offi- flags from official sites. Alabama Gov- the official use of the Confederate flag Notes: cially recognized by the state until 2020. ernor Robert Bentley had ordered them as a University of Mississippi symbol. • Co-chair Jack Reed’s department store was boycotted. lowered in the state two week earlier. • Musgrove later said that putting 1906/ the flag on the ballot was a mistake. Legislation inadvertently repealed the Georgia reduced the size of Confeder- adoption of the 1894 flag. This was the Laurin Stennis / photo by Joe Ellis ate symbols on its flag, which had been subject of a Mississippi Supreme Court adopted in 1956 after the Supreme Court decision in 2000 that opened the door ruled in Brown v. Board of Education to to the formation of a commission. desegregate schools, and then revised the flag again in 2004.

MULTIMEDIA RESOURCES CLICK HERE / Listen to excerpts CLICK HERE / Listen to Laurin CLICK HERE / Listen to excerpts from the public hearings. Stennis’s statement regarding from Obama’s eulogy. her flag.

4 | HOIST­ A HISTORICAL COMPENDIUM MISSISSIPPI PRECEDENT | 5 INFLECTION POINT / GATHERING SUPPORT INFLECTION POINT / Bill Passes Violence and Protest

2020 — George Floyd murdered — NASCAR banned use of Confederate flag — Lieutenant Governor Hosemann — Growing list of corporations, institutions, — Religious leaders attended a meeting with — “In God We Trust” compromise proposed — Lawmakers passed procedural measure — Legislature passed House Bill 1796 — Black Lives Matter protests swell — Association of Educators and Teachers’ disadvantages legislation and governmental entities called for change elected officials at Mississippi College — Governor Reeves agreed to sign the bill with required two-thirds majority — Governor Reeves signs the bill Union called for flag change — College athletes took a stand — Legislation was still unlikely to pass — Baptist Convention declared a “Moral Issue” — Influential coaches lobbied lawmakers — Mississippi Today released poll on House — Mississippi retires state flag to a museum — Senate Democrats file resolution — Commissioner Sankey released a statement — Two “Separate but Equal” flags proposed — Walmart confirmed the removal of the and Senate Members suggesting shift — NCAA banned Mississippi from hosting and rejected flag from store displays in positions important events

Capital Building / photos by Ashton Pittman “A flag’s sole purpose is to unite a people “It’s an artifact, and where it should be PRECEDENT / around a common cause. Reality has is in a history museum.” proven that the Mississippi flag no lon- — The Honorable Reuben Anderson, ger unites, but divides us unnecessarily.” BUILDING first African American member of the —Representative Trey Lamar (R), Mississippi Supreme Court in the modern era MOMENTUM Mississippi lawmaker and former Ole Miss football player “It is past time for change to be made to the flag of the State of Mississippi. Our students deserve an opportunity to learn and compete in environments that are inclusive and welcoming to all.” —Greg Sankey, SEC Commissioner

June 8 June 17 June 21 June 23 June 24 June 27 June 28 2020/ A bipartisan group of lawmakers, with Lieutenant Governor , Mississippi Today released a list of 188 Leaders representing Baptists, Roman Lieutenant Governor Delbert Hosemann The Republican-led House of Represen- Legislature passed House Bill 1796 that April 1 the support of House Speaker Philip Gunn, who later was open to changing the flag, businesses, 32 colleges/universities, 32 Catholics, United Methodists and Pente- and Attorney General , top tatives and Senate voted by a two-thirds relinquished the Mississippi state flag, Without mentioning slavery as a central began whipping votes and drafting a reso- assigned the legislation to a little-used cities, 6 counties, and 36 associations costals attended a meeting at Mississippi elected Republicans, proposed that any majority (36–14) on a procedural measure removing it from public buildings within issue of the Civil War, Governor Tate lution to change the state flag. committee where it had only a remote that had, at the time of publication, re- College with Gunn and Hosemann to replacement to the flag must include the to clear the path for a vote that would fifteen days of the bill’s effective date, and chance of passing. moved or called for a change of the flag. discuss changing the state flag. words, “In God We Trust;” a move that remove the flag and replace it with a new constituted a nine-member commission Reeves declared April as Confederate June 10 garnered support. design free of Confederate iconography. to design a new flag. The commission was Heritage Month. NASCAR banned the use of the Confed- June 18 Businesses included: The Mississippi Baptist Convention de- required to submit a design for the ballot erate flag at its events shortly after Bubba College athletes asked the NCAA to ban • AT&T nounced the state flag and characterized June 25 Mississippi Today released a poll of all April 25 by September 14, 2020 which had to con- Wallace, the only Black full-time Cup the state from hosting college baseball • Blue Cross Blue Shield its position as “a moral issue,” calling Governor Reeves maintained that the House and Senate members’ positions Derek Chauvin, an officer of the Minneap- tain the words “In God We Trust” without Series driver, called for such a move. regionals until the state flag changed. of Mississippi for change. people should vote on whether to change regarding a change of the flag. olis Police Department, murdered George Confederate battle symbols. • Chevron Products Company the flag rather than the legislature but Floyd for allegedly using a counterfeit bill June 11 Commissioner Greg Sankey released a A Walmart spokesperson confirmed that House: • Corinth Coca-Cola Bottling later agreed to sign a bill if it reached his 92 of 115 Representatives and 37 of 51 which sparked nationwide protest. The Mississippi Association of Educators statement that the Southeastern Con- the state flag had been removed from • 53 members want the • Hancock Whitney desk. The legislature had the votes to Senators voted in favor. and the Teachers’ Union were the first ference would consider barring league stores two weeks earlier. legislature to change the flag June 6 • State Street Group override a potential veto. powerful lobbies to call on lawmakers to championship events in Mississippi until • 3 members want to keep the June 30 A Black Lives Matter protest attracted • Toyota North America change the state flag. the state flag was changed. Described as a pivotal moment, influential current flag Joined by government leaders as well as thousands of people to Jackson Mississip- • Viking Range coaches from all eight of the state’s public • 25 members want voters to decide Reena Evers, daughter of slain civil rights pi. Protesters chanted: “Change the flag!” Senate Democrats filed a resolution to June 19 • Walmart universities visited the Mississippi Capitol • 41 members provided no comment leader Medgar Evers, Governor Tate change the flag after earlier action by The NCAA banned Mississippi from • Weyerhaeuser to lobby lawmakers. Reeves hosted a ceremony at the Gover- House members. A rule suspension reso- hosting championship events unless Senate: nor’s Mansion and signed the bill. lution was required because a legislative it abandoned the Confederate flag, June 22 Schools represented: • 24 members want the deadline had passed, thus requiring a including college baseball. Legislative leaders announced that they • The University of Mississippi legislature to change the flag July 1 two-thirds vote in both chambers to pass. were still short of necessary votes to (Ole Miss) • 4 members want to keep the The former Mississippi flag was raised a change the state flag. • Mississippi State University current flag final time over the state Capitol and then • The University of Southern • 19 members want voters to decide was lowered as a crowd of 100 people Representative (R), long- Mississippi • 6 members provided no comment applauded. It was retired to a museum time opponent of flag change, proposed • Jackson State University • 2 members are undecided where it was given historical context. the adoption of two official state flags • Alcorn State University deemed the “Separate but Equal” propos- • Mississippi Valley State University al. The action was not supported by the • Delta State University governor and was subsequently dropped. • Mississippi University for Women

Commissioner Greg Sankey

CLICK HERE / Listen to the vote tally.

6 | HOIST­ A HISTORICAL COMPENDIUM MISSISSIPPI PRECEDENT | 7 COMMISSION PROCESS INFLECTION POINT / Vote

— Officials launched public campaign for Meeting 1 Meeting 2 Meeting 3 Meeting 4 Meeting 5 — Voters approve new flag design design proposals — Work plan adopted — Work plan adjusted — Intellectual Property Rights Agreement — Consultation by flag expert and designer — Commission debated fairness of poll — Commission members appointed — Submission deadline moved to August 1 — Presentation made by flag expert presentation made by attorney — Public participates in a non-binding poll — Commissioners advanced the “New — 600 design entries received — 1,000 design entries received — Voter Education Initiative discussed — 3,700 eligible design entries received Magnolia Flag,” then voted to name it the — Commissioners advanced 147 entries — 3,700 eligible design entries received — Commissioners advanced five entries, “In God We Trust” flag as the finalist for — Design submission process closes — Commissioners advanced nine entries fabricated, and flew them from Old Capital a November 3rd vote

“I look forward to working with the “MDAH was proud to support the “Our flag should reflect the beauty and PRECEDENT / commission to honor our history Flag Commission in its historic work. good in all of us. The New Magnolia Flag and represent our state proudly on We were especially gratified to see the represents the warmth and strength of A COMMISSION behalf of the Mississippi Band of public engage so significantly in the the good people of Mississippi.” Choctaw Indians.” process. The commissioners worked hard, —Rocky Vaughan, flag designer listening to the experts and to the people, —Tribal Chief Cyrus Ben, Chief, SUCCEEDS and they came up with a great design Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians to present to voters on November 3.” —Katie Blount, MDAH Director

July 13 July 22, MEETING 1 July 28, MEETING 2 August 14, MEETING 3 August 18, MEETING 4 September 2, MEETING 5 November 3 Officials solicited flag design proposals as Mississippi Department of Archives and Adjusted work plan approved. Mississippi Public comment period moved earlier Advice was offered by the consulting flag Some commission members questioned Mississippi Ballot Measure 3: Voters part of a public process. The deadline for History (MDAH) appointed by legislature vexillologist Clay Moss, outlined “Best than previously proposed. Presentations expert and design revisions were made the qualifications of commenters and approve the “In God We Trust” flag. submissions originally was set for August to serve a managerial and clerical role to Practices” for flag design advocated by made of Intellectual Property Rights during meetings by a graphic designer as considered delaying the vote before pro- The legislature will enact it into law 13 but later moved to August 1 to allow assist the commission. the North American Vexillological Associ- Agreement by Whit Rayner, and Voter requested by the commission members. ceeding to preserve the overall schedule. during its regular session in 2021. time to prepare ballots. ation and used throughout the process. Education Initiative. On contract at MDAH: Holly Lang, Five finalist flag designs selected and What was initially referred to as the As of 11/9/2020: Notes: planner; Dominique Pugh, designer who 1,000 submissions had been received. A total of 3,700 eligible entries had been fabricated. “New Magnolia Flag” was designed by • YES: 580,039 (71.80%) • Consider holding public meetings to adjusted entries for clarity, digitized paper received at close of submission process. Rocky Vaughan and approved by the • NO: 227,856 (28.20%) 147 entries selected to advance to the August 25 identify appropriate symbols ahead submissions, and worked with commis- commission to go before Mississippi next round. Nine flag designs selected to advance to Commission met at the Old Capital to of launching a public design process. sion to combine elements from various voters in November 2020. The commis- the next round pending clearance of intel- raise and fly the five finalist flags. • In setting up entry guidelines for a submitted designs. Notes: sion voted to officially call the design lectual property rights. public design process, Mississippi • Entries were first presented to Note: the “In God We Trust” flag. First of five meetings of the flag commis- advisors suggest: (1) require each the commission and public on a Notes: • The public (both within Mississippi sion in Jackson developed a work plan Notes: participant to sign a release of Chief Cyrus Ben platform without the possibility of • Entries were moved to a depart- and beyond) participated in a non- with only six of nine members appointed. • The commission’s schedule was rights and guarantee they have the comment, just votes of support. mental website ahead of a public binding poll through September 1. Presentation made by House Speaker and extraordinarily compressed. right to use any visuals included in • From the outset, the working of comment period. Total filtered U.S. respondents on By Governor : Katie Blount, Director of MDAH. Though she noted its challenges, their entry (no clip-art), (2) limit the commission was transparent • The budget for a public informa- public poll: 74,411. Blount advised that this may have the number of designs an individual Tribal Chief Cyrus Ben, Chief, Missis- 600 design submissions had been and communicated to the public tion campaign, launched after • also fostered energy and ultimately can enter, (3) once established, do sippi Band of Choctaw Indians; Repre- received. Submission deadline moved to via the MDAH website, frequent the flag design was approved by ensured success. not change deadlines or rules, (4) sentative, Mississippi Economic Council August 1. press releases, and news coverage. the commission, was set at 150K create a portal to receive entries. Frank Bordeaux, Vice President, with a 30K cap for the work of the • Essential support: Mississippi BXS Insurance; Representa- advertising agency. • Coordination of the commission’s Commission appointments tive, Mississippi Arts Commission • An Economic Council raised funds effort and the public design sub- made by Lieutenant Governor Betsey Hamilton, Real estate broker for its own separate ad campaign • mission process was a full-time Delbert Hosemann: and appraiser; Representative, Missis- to support the initiative. two-month endeavor for Katie sippi Department of Archives & History • The Honorable Reuben Anderson, Blount, her assistant, the Deputy Former Supreme Court Justice; Note: Director, and IT staff. President, MDAH Board of Trustees • Commission members included • In addition to a logistical con- • Sherri Carr Bevis, Community those connected to the governor sultant and a graphic designer, Relations Liaison to the Singing River who were able to ensure buy-in as MDAH also hired an IP/Property Health System; former teacher well as others with marketing and Rights attorney. A flag expert • J. Mack Varner, Attorney legal expertise. consulted throughout the process on an honorarium. By House Speaker Philip Gunn: • It is strongly advised that IT • Dr. Mary Graham, President, Missis- consultants and attorneys are in sippi Gulf Coast Community College place from the outset. • Robyn Tannehill, Mayor, Oxford • The budget for administration and • TJ Taylor, Policy advisor for House operations was set at 50K (this Speaker Philip Gunn was exceeded by 14K).

CLICK HERE / Watch the CLICK HERE / Watch the CLICK HERE / Watch the CLICK HERE / Watch the CLICK HERE / Watch the CLICK HERE / Listen to Judge first meeting. second meeting. third meeting. fourth meeting. fifth meeting. Anderson’s closing remarks

8 | HOIST­ A HISTORICAL COMPENDIUM THANK YOU / MEEGWETCH

Onward! PARTNERS The Office of Senator Jason Lewis Zach Crowley, Chief of Staff North American Indian Center of Boston Jean-Luc Pierite, Board President Raquel Halsey, Executive Director Together with Native and non-Native partners and advisors, the Community Mass Humanities Design Studio at Lesley University College of Art and Design (Lesley Art + Design) Brian Boyles, Executive Director continues to develop a suite of materials that supports a legislative initiative to ADVISORS reconsider the symbolism in the Massachusetts state seal, motto, and flag. Mississippi TImeline Katie Blount, Director, Our relational design and research process upholds past successes and best Mississippi Department of Archives & History practices, as well as difficult lessons learned. We enact a community- Stuart Rockoff, Executive Director, informed process that begins with empathy and encourages respectful, culturally- Mississippi Humanities Council responsive, and reciprocal inter-governmental relationships that reconcile a Flag Design and History Ted Kaye, North American Vexillological Association painful past with a more hopeful and just present and future. Historical Context State/Territory Historical Societies, Humanities In the coming months, watch for additional HOIST materials, including advice Councils, and Tribal Historic Preservation Officers from flag design experts, more process-based histories, a podcast series about Community Design Process tribal-state inter-governance, and a built “listening environment” in which a visitor Joseph Kunkel, Executive Director, Sustainable Native Communities Collaborative, MASS Design Group. Tribal will have the opportunity to listen, look, and learn while accessing portable podcasts Affiliation: Northern Cheyenne We want to thank each person who has, and will, contribute to this effort, starting Jennifer Himmelreich, Program Manager Native American Fellowship Program, PEM. Tribal Affiliation: Diné with our partners who entrusted us with this important work. We are grateful for Jaz Bonnin, Heidi Brandow, Elsa Hoover and the generous gift of perspective, insight, and precedent offered by many advisors Zoe Toledo, Harvard Indigenous Design Collective including Joseph Kunkel, Jennifer Himmelreich, Megan Hill, Governer Brian Vallo, Governance Stuart Rockoff, as well as Katie Blount, who guided the Commission to Redesign Megan Hill, Director, Honoring Nations, Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development. Tribal Affiliation: the Mississippi State Flag. Their knowledge was invaluable in the preparation of this Oneida Nation document as was local reporting in the Mississippi Free Press, Mississippi Today, the Shelly Lowe, Executive Director, Harvard University Native Clarion-Ledger and the scholarship of Clay Moss, vexillologist. American Program. Tribal Affiliation: Navajo. Jason Packineau, Community Coordinator, Harvard University Native American Program. Tribal Affiliation: Mandan, Hidatsa, Arikara, Jemez Pueblo, Laguna Pueblo Governor Brian Vallo, Pueblo of Acoma J. Cedric Woods, Director, Institute for New England Native American Studies; Director, UMass Boston. Tribal Affilia- tion: Lumbee Tribe Council Members and Leaders of Native Nations in the northeast region

RESEARCH & DESIGN TEAM (Podcasts, Listening Station, Process-based Documents) Rick Rawlins and Katherine Shozawa (Directors), Michael Coleman (Assistant); Armando Bahena, Alina Balseiro, Maya Caspi, Denisha Fisher, Donell Janvier, Chelsea Johnson, Jennifer Kalashian, Jessica Mahoney, Long Mai, Madeline Meyer, Bryan Moschella, Courtney Rodriquez-Pagano Casey Sheaves, Yuemin Sun