Deciphering the BAR Code of Membrane Modulators
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Adaptive Responses by Transcriptional Regulators to Small Molecules in Prokaryotes
Adaptive Responses by Transcriptional Regulators to small molecules in Prokaryotes Structural studies of two bacterial one-component signal transduction systems DntR and HpNikR Cyril Dian Stockholm University Doctoral thesis © Cyril Dian, Stockholm 2007 ISBN 978-91-7155-500-7 Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences Stockholm University SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden All previously published papers are reprinted With permission from the publishers Intellecta Docusys, Stockholm 2007 Abstract Prokaryotes are continually exposed to environmental changes in their physiological conditions. In order to survive such unstable conditions, or to compete with others species for the same environmental niche, prokaryotes must monitor signals about both their extracellular environment and intracellular physiological status and provide rapid and appropriate responses to variations in their surroundings. This adaptive response to environmental signals is triggered mainly by transcriptional regulators via two components, the one- and two-component signal transduction systems. These scan intra- and extracellular small-molecule mixtures and modulate gene expression to provide the appropriate physiological response to the prevailing conditions. Most prokaryotic one component regulators are simple transcription factors comprising of a small-molecule binding domain (SMBD) and a DNA binding domain (DBD). Although the effects of transcription factors on the transcription machinery are well understood, the exact location -
Sorting Nexins in Protein Homeostasis Sara E. Hanley1,And Katrina F
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 6 November 2020 doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0241.v1 Sorting nexins in protein homeostasis Sara E. Hanley1,and Katrina F. Cooper2* 1Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, 08084, USA 1 [email protected] 2 [email protected] * [email protected] Tel: +1 (856)-566-2887 1Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, 08084, USA Abstract: Sorting nexins (SNXs) are a highly conserved membrane-associated protein family that plays a role in regulating protein homeostasis. This family of proteins is unified by their characteristic phox (PX) phosphoinositides binding domain. Along with binding to membranes, this family of SNXs also comprises a diverse array of protein-protein interaction motifs that are required for cellular sorting and protein trafficking. SNXs play a role in maintaining the integrity of the proteome which is essential for regulating multiple fundamental processes such as cell cycle progression, transcription, metabolism, and stress response. To tightly regulate these processes proteins must be expressed and degraded in the correct location and at the correct time. The cell employs several proteolysis mechanisms to ensure that proteins are selectively degraded at the appropriate spatiotemporal conditions. SNXs play a role in ubiquitin-mediated protein homeostasis at multiple levels including cargo localization, recycling, degradation, and function. In this review, we will discuss the role of SNXs in three different protein homeostasis systems: endocytosis lysosomal, the ubiquitin-proteasomal, and the autophagy-lysosomal system. The highly conserved nature of this protein family by beginning with the early research on SNXs and protein trafficking in yeast and lead into their important roles in mammalian systems. -
Regulation of Stringent Factor by Branched-Chain Amino Acids
Regulation of stringent factor by branched-chain amino acids Mingxu Fanga and Carl E. Bauera,1 aMolecular and Cellular Biochemistry Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 Edited by Caroline S. Harwood, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, and approved May 9, 2018 (received for review February 21, 2018) When faced with amino acid starvation, prokaryotic cells induce a Under normal growth conditions, the synthetase activity of Rel is stringent response that modulates their physiology. The stringent thought to be self-inhibited; however, during times of amino acid response is manifested by production of signaling molecules starvation, Rel interacts with stalled ribosomes, which activates guanosine 5′-diphosphate,3′-diphosphate (ppGpp) and guanosine synthetase activity to produce (p)ppGpp. The regulation of hy- 5′-triphosphate,3′-diphosphate (pppGpp) that are also called drolase activity is less understood but may involve one or more alarmones. In many species, alarmone levels are regulated by a downstream domains called the TGS and ACT domains. The TGS multidomain bifunctional alarmone synthetase/hydrolase called domain of SpoT has been shown to interact with an acyl carrier Rel. In this enzyme, there is an ACT domain at the carboxyl region protein, so it is presumed to sense the status of fatty acid metab- that has an unknown function; however, similar ACT domains are olism in E. coli (4). The function of the ACT domain is not as clear; present in other enzymes that have roles in controlling amino acid however, recent cryo-EM structures of E. coli RelA show that this metabolism. In many cases, these other ACT domains have been domain is involved in binding deacyl-tRNA as well as the ribosome shown to allosterically regulate enzyme activity through the bind- (5–7). -
Structural and Functional Insights Into Sorting Nexin 5/6 Interaction with Bacterial Effector Ince
OPEN Citation: Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy (2017) 2, e17030; doi:10.1038/sigtrans.2017.30 www.nature.com/sigtrans ARTICLE Structural and functional insights into sorting nexin 5/6 interaction with bacterial effector IncE Qingxiang Sun1,5, Xin Yong1,2,5, Xiaodong Sun3,5, Fan Yang1,2,5, Zhonghua Dai4, Yanqiu Gong1, Liming Zhou3, Xia Zhang1, Dawen Niu1, Lunzhi Dai1, Jia-Jia Liu4 and Da Jia1,2 The endosomal trafficking pathways are essential for many cellular activities. They are also important targets by many intracellular pathogens. Key regulators of the endosomal trafficking include the retromer complex and sorting nexins (SNXs). Chlamydia trachomatis effector protein IncE directly targets the retromer components SNX5 and SNX6 and suppresses retromer-mediated transport, but the exact mechanism has remained unclear. We present the crystal structure of the PX domain of SNX5 in complex with IncE, showing that IncE binds to a highly conserved hydrophobic groove of SNX5. The unique helical hairpin of SNX5/6 is essential for binding, explaining the specificity of SNX5/6 for IncE. The SNX5/6–IncE interaction is required for cellular localization of IncE and its inhibitory function. Mechanistically, IncE inhibits the association of CI-MPR cargo with retromer-containing endosomal subdomains. Our study provides new insights into the regulation of retromer-mediated transport and illustrates the intricate competition between host and pathogens in controlling cellular trafficking. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy (2017) 2, e17030; doi:10.1038/sigtrans.2017.30; -
Molecular Mechanism of Membrane Targeting by the GRP1 PH Domain
Supplemental Material can be found at: http://www.jlr.org/cgi/content/full/M800150-JLR200/DC1 Molecular mechanism of membrane targeting by the GRP1 PH domain † † † Ju He,* Rachel M. Haney, ,§ Mohsin Vora, Vladislav V. Verkhusha,** Robert V. Stahelin, ,§ and Tatiana G. Kutateladze1,* Department of Pharmacology,* University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO; † Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and The Walther Center for Cancer Research,§ University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN; and Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology,** Downloaded from Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY Abstract The general receptor for phosphoinositides iso- Supplementary key words general receptor for phosphoinositides iso- • • • form 1 (GRP1) is recruited to the plasma membrane in re- form 1 pleckstrin homology domain phosphoinositide phosphati- dylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate sponse to activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinases and www.jlr.org accumulation of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate ʼ [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3]. GRP1 s pleckstrin homology (PH) do- main recognizes PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 with high specificity and af- The signaling lipid phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphos- finity, however, the precise mechanism of its association phate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3] is produced in plasma membranes at Albert Einstein College of Medicine Library on July 14, 2008 with membranes remains unclear. Here, we detail the mo- in response to stimulation of cell surface receptors by lecular basis of membrane anchoring by the GRP1 PH do- growth factors and hormones (1). Class I phosphoinositide main. Our data reveal a multivalent membrane docking (PI) 3-kinases phosphorylate the inositol headgroup of the involving PtdIns(3,4,5)P binding, regulated by pH and fa- 3 relatively abundant phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate cilitated by electrostatic interactions with other anionic lip- [Ptdns(4,5)P2], transiently elevating the level of PtdIns ids. -
Protein Interactions with the Glucose Transporter Binding Protein GLUT1CBP That Provide a Link Between GLUT1 and the Cytoskeleton Robert C
Molecular Biology of the Cell Vol. 10, 819–832, April 1999 Protein Interactions with the Glucose Transporter Binding Protein GLUT1CBP That Provide a Link between GLUT1 and the Cytoskeleton Robert C. Bunn, Mari Anne Jensen, and Brent C. Reed* The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130-3932 Submitted October 27, 1998; Accepted January 19, 1999 Monitoring Editor: Guido Guidotti Subcellular targeting and the activity of facilitative glucose transporters are likely to be regulated by interactions with cellular proteins. This report describes the identification and characterization of a protein, GLUT1 C-terminal binding protein (GLUT1CBP), that binds via a PDZ domain to the C terminus of GLUT1. The interaction requires the C-terminal four amino acids of GLUT1 and is isoform specific because GLUT1CBP does not interact with the C terminus of GLUT3 or GLUT4. Most rat tissues examined contain both GLUT1CBP and GLUT1 mRNA, whereas only small intestine lacked detectable GLUT1CBP protein. GLUT1CBP is also expressed in primary cultures of neurons and astrocytes, as well as in Chinese hamster ovary, 3T3-L1, Madin–Darby canine kidney, Caco-2, and pheochromocytoma-12 cell lines. GLUT1CBP is able to bind to native GLUT1 extracted from cell membranes, self-associate, or interact with the cytoskeletal proteins myosin VI, a-actinin-1, and the kinesin superfamily protein KIF-1B. The presence of a PDZ domain places GLUT1CBP among a growing family of structural and regulatory proteins, many of which are localized to areas of membrane specialization. This and its ability to interact with GLUT1 and cytoskeletal proteins implicate GLUT1CBP in cellular mechanisms for targeting GLUT1 to specific subcellular sites either by tethering the transporter to cytoskeletal motor proteins or by anchoring the transporter to the actin cytoskeleton. -
Regulation of Stringent Factor by Branched-Chain Amino Acids
Regulation of stringent factor by branched-chain amino acids Mingxu Fanga and Carl E. Bauera,1 aMolecular and Cellular Biochemistry Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 Edited by Caroline S. Harwood, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, and approved May 9, 2018 (received for review February 21, 2018) When faced with amino acid starvation, prokaryotic cells induce a Under normal growth conditions, the synthetase activity of Rel is stringent response that modulates their physiology. The stringent thought to be self-inhibited; however, during times of amino acid response is manifested by production of signaling molecules starvation, Rel interacts with stalled ribosomes, which activates guanosine 5′-diphosphate,3′-diphosphate (ppGpp) and guanosine synthetase activity to produce (p)ppGpp. The regulation of hy- 5′-triphosphate,3′-diphosphate (pppGpp) that are also called drolase activity is less understood but may involve one or more alarmones. In many species, alarmone levels are regulated by a downstream domains called the TGS and ACT domains. The TGS multidomain bifunctional alarmone synthetase/hydrolase called domain of SpoT has been shown to interact with an acyl carrier Rel. In this enzyme, there is an ACT domain at the carboxyl region protein, so it is presumed to sense the status of fatty acid metab- that has an unknown function; however, similar ACT domains are olism in E. coli (4). The function of the ACT domain is not as clear; present in other enzymes that have roles in controlling amino acid however, recent cryo-EM structures of E. coli RelA show that this metabolism. In many cases, these other ACT domains have been domain is involved in binding deacyl-tRNA as well as the ribosome shown to allosterically regulate enzyme activity through the bind- (5–7). -
The PX Domain Protein Interaction Network in Yeast
The PX domain protein interaction network in yeast Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines DOKTORS DER NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN (Dr. rer. nat.) der Fakultät für Chemie und Biowissenschaften der Universität Karlsruhe (TH) vorgelegte DISSERTATION von Dipl. Biol. Carolina S. Müller aus Buenos Aires Dekan: Prof. Dr. Manfred Kappes Referent: Dr. Nils Johnsson Korreferent: HD. Dr. Adam Bertl Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 17.02.2005 I dedicate this work to my Parents and Alex TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents Introduction 1 Yeast as a model organism in proteome analysis 1 Protein-protein interactions 2 Protein Domains in Yeast 3 Classification of protein interaction domains 3 Phosphoinositides 5 Function 5 Structure 5 Biochemistry 6 Localization 7 Lipid Binding Domains 8 The PX domain 10 Function of PX domain containing proteins 10 PX domain structure and PI binding affinities 10 Yeast PX domain containing proteins 13 PX domain and protein-protein interactions 13 Lipid binding domains and protein-protein interactions 14 The PX-only proteins Grd19p and Ypt35p and their phenotypes 15 Aim of my PhD work 16 Project outline 16 Searching for interacting partners 16 Confirmation of obtained interactions via a 16 second independent method Mapping the interacting region 16 The Two-Hybrid System 17 Definition 17 Basic Principle of the classical Yeast-Two Hybrid System 17 Peptide Synthesis 18 SPOT synthesis technique 18 Analysis of protein- peptide contact sites based on SPOT synthesis 19 TABLE OF CONTENTS Experimental procedures 21 Yeast two-hybrid assay -
Diana Manuela Pinto Barros Classification and Structure-Based Inference of Transcriptional Regulatory Proteins
Universidade do Minho Departamento de Informatica´ Diana Manuela Pinto Barros Classification and Structure-Based Inference of Transcriptional Regulatory Proteins June, 2016 Universidade do Minho Departamento de Informatica´ Diana Manuela Pinto Barros Classification and Structure-Based Inference of Transcriptional Regulatory Proteins Tese de Mestrado Mestrado em Bioinformatica´ Trabalho efetuado sobre a orientac¸ao˜ de Sonia´ Carneiro Analia´ Lourenc¸o June, 2016 Acknowledgements I’d like to thank my advisors, Sonia´ Carneiro, for all of the essential input, guidance and time she has conceded this work, otherwise impossible to develop and Analia´ Lourenc¸o, for her valuable time and advices throughout this journey. I want to give the biggest thanks to my family. To my parents, Fernando and Inesˆ Barros for always believing in me and for giving me opportunities that weren’t given to them. Thank you for not giving up on me and for making me the person I am today. To my brothers, Sergio´ e Pedro. You are examples of perseverance and success that I can only hope to achieve one day. To my grandparents, Maria da Conceic¸ao˜ Silva e Antonio´ Ferreira Pinto for being the type of people I want to become some day and for being an example that I could always look up to. To my aunts: Em´ılia Pinto and Luz Pinto, my extra mothers, for being light in times of need and providing me the hope and strength when I had none left. I wouldn’t have made it this far without you. I want to thank all my friends that have accompanied me throughout this adventure. -
Chemical Agent and Antibodies B-Raf Inhibitor RAF265
Supplemental Materials and Methods: Chemical agent and antibodies B-Raf inhibitor RAF265 [5-(2-(5-(trifluromethyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyridin-4-yloxy)-N-(4-trifluoromethyl)phenyl-1-methyl-1H-benzp{D, }imidazol-2- amine] was kindly provided by Novartis Pharma AG and dissolved in solvent ethanol:propylene glycol:2.5% tween-80 (percentage 6:23:71) for oral delivery to mice by gavage. Antibodies to phospho-ERK1/2 Thr202/Tyr204(4370), phosphoMEK1/2(2338 and 9121)), phospho-cyclin D1(3300), cyclin D1 (2978), PLK1 (4513) BIM (2933), BAX (2772), BCL2 (2876) were from Cell Signaling Technology. Additional antibodies for phospho-ERK1,2 detection for western blot were from Promega (V803A), and Santa Cruz (E-Y, SC7383). Total ERK antibody for western blot analysis was K-23 from Santa Cruz (SC-94). Ki67 antibody (ab833) was from ABCAM, Mcl1 antibody (559027) was from BD Biosciences, Factor VIII antibody was from Dako (A082), CD31 antibody was from Dianova, (DIA310), and Cot antibody was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (sc-373677). For the cyclin D1 second antibody staining was with an Alexa Fluor 568 donkey anti-rabbit IgG (Invitrogen, A10042) (1:200 dilution). The pMEK1 fluorescence was developed using the Alexa Fluor 488 chicken anti-rabbit IgG second antibody (1:200 dilution).TUNEL staining kits were from Promega (G2350). Mouse Implant Studies: Biopsy tissues were delivered to research laboratory in ice-cold Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) buffer solution. As the tissue mass available from each biopsy was limited, we first passaged the biopsy tissue in Balb/c nu/Foxn1 athymic nude mice (6-8 weeks of age and weighing 22-25g, purchased from Harlan Sprague Dawley, USA) to increase the volume of tumor for further implantation. -
The C-Di-AMP Receptor Darb Controls (P)Ppgpp Synthesis in Bacillus Subtilis
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21306-0 OPEN A meet-up of two second messengers: the c-di-AMP receptor DarB controls (p)ppGpp synthesis in Bacillus subtilis Larissa Krüger1, Christina Herzberg1, Dennis Wicke1, Heike Bähre2, Jana L. Heidemann3, Achim Dickmanns3, ✉ Kerstin Schmitt4, Ralf Ficner 3 & Jörg Stülke 1 1234567890():,; Many bacteria use cyclic di-AMP as a second messenger to control potassium and osmotic homeostasis. In Bacillus subtilis, several c-di-AMP binding proteins and RNA molecules have been identified. Most of these targets play a role in controlling potassium uptake and export. In addition, c-di-AMP binds to two conserved target proteins of unknown function, DarA and DarB, that exclusively consist of the c-di-AMP binding domain. Here, we investigate the function of the c-di-AMP-binding protein DarB in B. subtilis, which consists of two cystathionine-beta synthase (CBS) domains. We use an unbiased search for DarB interaction partners and identify the (p)ppGpp synthetase/hydrolase Rel as a major interaction partner of DarB. (p)ppGpp is another second messenger that is formed upon amino acid starvation and under other stress conditions to stop translation and active metabolism. The interaction between DarB and Rel only takes place if the bacteria grow at very low potassium con- centrations and intracellular levels of c-di-AMP are low. We show that c-di-AMP inhibits the binding of DarB to Rel and the DarB–Rel interaction results in the Rel-dependent accumu- lation of pppGpp. These results link potassium and c-di-AMP signaling to the stringent response and thus to the global control of cellular physiology. -
Spatial and Temporal Aspects of Signalling 6 1
r r r Cell Signalling Biology Michael J. Berridge Module 6 Spatial and Temporal Aspects of Signalling 6 1 Module 6 Spatial and Temporal Aspects of Signalling Synopsis The function and efficiency of cell signalling pathways are very dependent on their organization both in space and time. With regard to spatial organization, signalling components are highly organized with respect to their cellular location and how they transmit information from one region of the cell to another. This spatial organization of signalling pathways depends on the molecular interactions that occur between signalling components that use signal transduction domains to construct signalling pathways. Very often, the components responsible for information transfer mechanisms are held in place by being attached to scaffolding proteins to form macromolecular signalling complexes. Sometimes these macromolecular complexes can be organized further by being localized to specific regions of the cell, as found in lipid rafts and caveolae or in the T-tubule regions of skeletal and cardiac cells. Another feature of the spatial aspects concerns the local Another important temporal aspect is timing and signal and global aspects of signalling. The spatial organization of integration, which relates to the way in which functional signalling molecules mentioned above can lead to highly interactions between signalling pathways are determined localized signalling events, but when the signalling mo- by both the order and the timing of their presentations. lecules are more evenly distributed, signals can spread The organization of signalling systems in both time and more globally throughout the cell. In addition, signals space greatly enhances both their efficiency and versatility.