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Lead Phytoremediation Potential of Sixty-One Plant Species: an Open Field Survey

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Lead Phytoremediation Potential of Sixty-One Plant Species: an Open Field Survey Pure Appl. Biol., 8(1): 405-419, March, 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2018.700200 Research Article Lead phytoremediation potential of sixty-one plant species: An open field survey Muhammad Anwar Sajad1*, Muhammad Saleem Khan1, Hazrat Ali2 and Zaib-Un-Nisa1 1. Department of Botany, Islamia College Peshawar (A Public sector University), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa- Pakistan 2. Department of Zoology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] Citation Muhammad Anwar Sajad , Muhammad Saleem Khan, Hazrat Ali, Zaib-Un-Nisa. Lead phytoremediation potential of sixty-one plant species: An open field survey. Pure and Applied Biology. Vol. 8, Issue 1, pp405- 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2018.700200 Received: 13/10/2018 Revised: 28/11/2018 Accepted: 30/11/2018 Online First: 08/12/2018 Abstract Lead poisoning has been documented as a key public health threat, mostly in developing countries. Though several public health and occupational methods have been undertaken in order to control lead exposure, cases of lead poisoning are still reported. Exposure to lead produces various deleterious effects on the hematopoietic, renal, and reproductive and central nervous system, mainly through increased oxidative stress. These alterations play a prominent role in disease manifestations. In the current paper the concentration of lead was analysed in the soil of different sites and plant parts (roots and shoots) in their natural habitat. The concentration of lead in the soil and plant parts; roots and shoots was found in the range of 1- 32.3, 22-533.33 and 13.67-432 mg/Kg respectively. Bioconcentration factor (BCF), translocation factor (TF) and bioaccumulation coefficient (BAC) of all the analysed plants were calculated. The feasibility of each plant species for the phytoremediation of lead metal was evaluated on the basis of BCF, TF and BAC. The BCFs, TFs and BACs values of the plants for lead metal was found in the range of 1.86-193.33, 0.05-8.3 and 1.79-219 respectively. Most of the plant species showed feasibility for the phytoremediation of lead metal but based on its concentration in shoots and BCFs, TFs and BACs values, Erigeron canadensis L., Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Medicago minima (L.) L., Delphinium uncinatum Hook.f. & Thomson and Verbena officinalis L. were found the most efficient plants for the phytoextraction of lead while based on its concentration in roots and BCFs, TFs and BACs values, Nonea edgeworthii A. DC., Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., Sarcococca saligna (D. Don) Muell.-Arg. in DC., Prodr., Marrubium vulgare L. and Ranunculus arvensis L. for the phytostabilization of lead metal. Keywords: Lead; Phytoremediation; Phytoextraction; Phytostabilization Introduction into the environment. The problem of heavy One among the serious problems in the metal pollution is becoming ever more ecosphere is the contamination of the severe with the industrial growth and ecosystems by heavy metals. The practice disturbance of the usual biogeochemical of heavy metals for numerous applications cycles. Heavy metals are basically non- has focused the release of these components biodegradable and therefore accumulate in Published by Bolan Society for Pure and Applied Biology 405 Sajad et al. the ecosystem. The accumulation of these frequently affected target in lead toxicity contaminants in soil and water poses risks both in adults and children. In children lead to the health of living organisms and toxicity is however of a greater impact than ecosystems. Heavy metals accumulate in in adults. This is because their tissues the tissues of the living organisms as they internally and externally are softer than in pass from the trophic levels and therefore adults. The exposure adults for longer time their concentrations increase in them. In can lead in declined performance in some soil heavy metals cause poisonous effects tests of cognitive performance that measure on soil microorganisms, which may render functions of the nervous system. Young their activities and numbers [1]. Heavy children and Infants are more sensitive to metals are characterized as non-essential even low concentrations of lead, which may and essential regarding their role. Essential contribute to learning deficits, behavioural heavy metals (iron, manganese, copper, problems and lowered IQ [5]. Exposure to zinc, and nickel) are needed by living lead for longer time has been documented organisms in small quantities [2] while non- to cause an increase in blood pressure along essential heavy metals (cadmium, lead, with anaemia, and that primarily in middle arsenic, mercury, and chromium) are not and old age people. Severe harm to the required for vital biochemical and kidneys and brain, both in children and physiological functions by living organisms adult were found to be connected to [3]. The concentration of these metals exposure to heavy lead concentrations beyond the permitted limits interferes with leading in death. High exposure to lead in the normal physiology of the living systems pregnant women’s may cause miscarriage. therefore pose harmful effects on health. Long-lasting lead exposure was found to Lead is the most significant toxic heavy diminish fertility in males [6]. Impairment metal in the environment. Due to its main to the nervous system and blood disorders physico-chemical belongings, its use can be have a high incidence in lead toxicity. reviewed to historical times. Worldwide it A suitable in situ technique which is cost- is profusely distributed and is dangerous effective and environmentally sustainable ecological chemical [4]. Its significant for removing metals like lead from soils is properties like malleability, softness, represented by phytoremediation (the use of ductility, resistance to corrosion and poor higher plants to clean up soils). One conductibility seem to make hard to give up phytoremediation strategy consists of its use. Due to its continuous use and non- phytoextraction, employing hyper biodegradable nature, its concentration accumulator plants to concentrate metals at accumulates in the environment with the shoot level [7, 8]. Care should be taken increasing risks. The exposure of human to in choosing the right hyper accumulator lead and its compounds occurs generally in species for the application of lead related occupations with numerous phytoremediation techniques, because the sources like industrial processes and leaded introduction of alien plants may alter and gasoline such as lead smelting and its disrupt indigenous ecosystems [9] and combustion, pottery, lead based painting, because well-known hyper accumulator boat building, lead containing pipes, grids, species may be unsuitable for local climatic arm industry, battery recycling, printing of conditions [10]. books, pigments etc. Still its widespread In the present research work sixty one plant use has withdrawn in many countries of the species belongs to thirty families were world, it is still used in many industries like collected and analysed for the concentration battery recycling and manufacturing, car of lead metal. It was analysed in the soil of repair, smelting, refining etc. it is a highly the root zone, in root and shoot of each toxic metal affecting virtually every organ plant. Phytoremediation potential of the in the body. Nervous system is the analysed plants grown in their natural 406 Pure Appl. Biol., 8(1): 405-419, March, 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2018.700200 habitats was evaluated by the calculation of Analysis of heavy metals in soil Bioconcentration Factor (BCF), The collected soil of the root zone of each Translocation Factor (TF) and Biological plant was analyzed for the background Accumulation Coefficient (BAC). concentrations of lead. Heavy metals in the Materials and methods soil were determined according to Sharidah Research area [14] 5g sample of the soil was taken in a 100 Lower Dir is one of the 26 districts of mL beaker. 3 mL of 30% H2O2 was added the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province to it. This was left undisturbed for 1 hour of Pakistan. The district was formed in until the vigorous reaction ceased. Then 75 1996, when the district of Dir was divided mL of 0.5 M HCl solution was added to it into Upper Dir and Lower and heated on hot plate for 2 hours. The Dir. Timergara city is the district digest was filtered through a Whatman headquarters and largest city. It mainly filter paper. The filtrate was used for the comprises the terrain drained by determination of lead by atomic absorption the Panjkora River and its affluents. Dir spectrometry. The analysis was conducted takes its name from the name of a village, in triplicate. Results were shown as mean. Dir, which served as the capital of the state Analysis of accumulated heavy metals in during the Nawabs era Dir (princely state). plant samples It has District Swat in the For this purpose, each plant part was East, Afghanistan on the West, Upper thoroughly washed with tape water and Dir on North-West and Malakand on the then with distilled water in order to remove south. Pashto is the main spoken language dusts and soil particles. The clean plant of the population, followed by Kohistani parts were dried in an oven at 105ºC for 24 and Gujri. hours. Then the plant samples were grinded Collection of plants and soil from the with the help of pestle and mortar. The research area powder was digested according to Awofolu Sixty one plant species were collected from [15]. 0.5 g sample of the plant part was different locations of the research area. Soil taken into a 100 mL beaker. 5 mL was also collected from the root zone of concentrated (65%) HNO3 and 2 mL HClO4 each collected plant. Soil was analyzed for were added to it and heated on hot plate the background concentrations of lead. until the digest became clear. The digest Collected plants were identified with the was allowed to cool and then filtered help of Flora of Pakistan or by matching through a Whatman filter paper.
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