Initial Environmental Examination

Supplemental Report – Framework Biodiversity Action Plan

Document: Initial Environmental Examination (Draft)

Date: November 2020

Loan 3285-UZB: Northwest Region Power Transmission Line Project:

Guzar-Regar 500 kV Power Transmission Line Rehabilitation Project

Prepared by the Joint-Stock Company National Electrical Networks of (NENU) for Asian Development Bank (ADB), Uzbekistan.

The Initial Environmental Examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Preparing Sustainable Energy Investment Projects, Regional Energy Transmission and Dispatch Enhancement, Uzbekistan

Guzar-Regar 500 kV Power Transmission Line Rehabilitation Project

Framework Biodiversity Action Plan (F-BAP)

Date: November 2020

Prepared by the Joint-Stock Company National Electrical Networks of Uzbekistan (NENU) for Asian Development Bank (ADB), Uzbekistan.

The Framework Biodiversity Action Plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Guzar-Regar 500 kV Power Transmission Line Project Critical Habitat Scoping Report

Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 3 1.1. OVERVIEW ...... 3 1.2. SCOPE ...... 3 1.3. PURPOSE ...... 5 1.4. PROJECT OVERVIEW ...... 5 1.5. APPLICATION OF THE MITIGATION HIERARCHY...... 5 2. F-BAP IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS ...... 6 3. BIODIVERSITY CONTEXT ...... 9 3.1. SENSITIVE HABITAT AND ...... 10 4. ACTION PLANS FOR SENSITIVE SPECIES ...... 12 4.1. ACTION PLAN ...... 12 4.1.1. Egyptian Vulture Current Status ...... 12 4.1.2. Project Approach to the Egyptian Vulture ...... 13 4.2. SAKER ACTION PLAN ...... 19 4.2.1. Current Status...... 19 4.2.2. Project Approach to the Saker Falcon ...... 20 4.3. ACTION PLAN ...... 24 4.3.1. Current Status ...... 24 4.4. PALLAS’S EAGLE ACTION PLAN ...... 26 4.4.1. Pallas’s Fish Eagle Current Status ...... 26 4.5. ASIAN HOUBARA ACTION PLAN ...... 27 4.5.1. Asian Houbara Current Status ...... 28 5. F-BAP MONITORING AND EVALUATION ...... 30 5.1. AIM AND OBJECTIVES ...... 30 5.2. MONITORING, EVALUATION AND DISSEMINATION ...... 30 5.3. RESOURCES ...... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. F-BAP INDICATIVE COSTS ...... 31

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Guzar-Regar 500 kV Power Transmission Line Project Critical Habitat Scoping Report

1. Introduction

1.1. Overview

1. National Electricity Networks of Uzbekistan (NEGU), the executing agency, is seeking to construct and upgrade electricity transmission infrastructure in the Denau area, south-east Uzbekistan. The project comprises the rehabilitation of the partially deconstructed 500 kV Power Transmission Line between Guzar (Uzbekistan) and Regar (Tajikistan). [Note: The NEGU’s investment will be solely on the Uzbekistan side of the border between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.]

2. The project will be financed by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) under Loan 3285- UZB: Northwest Region Power Transmission Line Project. An Initial Environmental Evaluation (IEE) has been prepared together with a critical habitat screening. The IEE and critical habitat screening confirmed that the project will not result in any significant residual adverse effects or trigger project classification as affecting a Critical Habitat; however, the regional population of the endangered Egyptian vulture is present in numbers that are close to triggering the project’s classification as affecting a Critical Habitat. Any material changes in this population may therefore trigger such classification. Further, this work confirmed the likely presence of endangered and vulnerable species that could be adversely affected by the project.

3. The IEE provides mitigation that will help avoid and minimise significant effects but ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 (SPS) requires that the project also avoids a reduction in the population of any recognized endangered or critically (no net loss, NNL). The IEE and critical habitat screening both recommended a Framework Biodiversity Action Plan (F-BAP) to ensure the project achieves NNL for all species, and net gain for Egyptian vulture, if relevant.

1.2. Scope

4. The IEE identified a large number of notable ecological receptors that are present or potentially present near the project. The CHA confirmed eight internationally vulnerable or endangered species that are likely to be present in the project’s area of influence (AoI) and may be affected;  Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus: EN)  Saker falcon (Falco cherrug: EN)  Asian houbara (Chlamydotis macqueenii: VU)  European turtledove (Streptopelia turtur: VU)  Yellow-eyed pigeon, (Columba eversmanni: VU)  , (Gazella subgutturosa: VU)  (Vormela peregusna: VU)  a fungi (Picipes rhizophilus: VU)

5. Migratory were also identified as being of particular concern, namely:  Steppe eagle ( nipalensis: EN)

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Guzar-Regar 500 kV Power Transmission Line Project Critical Habitat Scoping Report

 Pallas’s fish eagle, (Haliaeetus leucoryphus: EN)  Sociable lapwing (Vanellus gregarious: CR)  White-headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala: EN)

6. As well as being potentially resident, the European turtledove and yellow-eyed pigeon may also migrate across the project AoI.

7. The mitigation described in the IEE is sufficient to ensure NNL for most species present. Several species including birds are, however, particularly susceptible to the risks associated with transmission lines. High voltage transmission lines typically pose less risk of electrocution to birds than lower voltage power lines (e.g. distribution lines), mainly due to the size and the spacing between the transmission wires. Nonetheless, most size birds are still at risk of electrocution during a short circuit and large birds, birds with poor manoeuvrability, narrow visual or birds that fly at night are at particularly at risk of collision.

8. The endangered Egyptian vulture has been identified as resident, and potentially breeding in the project area, as well as being at significant risk from electrocution. Further, it was close to triggering International Finance Corporation (IFC) thresholds for Critical Habitat1. Therefore, both increases and decreases in its population may require the project to take measures to ensure net gain (NG) and / or NNL, as appropriate.

9. Special provisions are also provided for other endangered species at risk from electrocution and collision, namely, saker falcon, steppe eagle and Pallas’s fish eagle to monitor changes in local abundance and ensure NNL from the project.

10. Asian houbara is a large that is slightly better understood in the project area but these threatened birds are susceptible to collision and as such precautionary actions are therefore described.

11. The sociable lapwing and white-headed duck are very unlikely to be present in the AoI and are at low risk from transmission lines. The yellow-eyed pigeon and European turtledove are smaller, more manoeuvrable and less likely to use the live transmission infrastructure for perching or nesting. The risks posed by the transmission lines are therefore lower. As described in the IEE the risks to the goitered gazelle, marbled polecat and the fungi Picipes rhizophilus are also low. The GIIP and mitigation detailed in the IEE will avoid, reduce or mitigate potential impacts to these species. They are therefore not covered by this F-BAP.

12. This F-BAP therefore prioritises the Egyptian vulture and provides precautionary measures for the saker falcon, steppe eagle, Pallas’s fish eagle and Asian houbara. The recommended actions build on, but do not duplicate the biodiversity mitigation and compensation measures included in the project IEE and associated Environmental Management Plans (EMP). This F-BAP will be developed into a detailed BAP. The detailed BAP will be a live document that should be updated as the project develops, and the conservation context of the target species

1 See Egyptian vulture Action Plan in Section 4.1.2 for full details on Critical Habitat requirements.

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changes. This F-BAP explains how the project will monitor the target species and if their population(s) change, how the BAP should be developed, and what it will include.

1.3. Purpose

13. The F-BAP provides the framework to ensure the project achieves NNL for all species likely to be present in the area, and NG if the Egyptian vulture triggers Critical Habitat in the future. It should be read and applied in conjunction with the IEE and its biodiversity mitigation and its associated EMP. This Framework BAP provides:  An overview of the project for context  An explanation of how the mitigation hierarchy has been applied  A summary of the biodiversity present in the area with specific reference to the target species  An explanation of the project’s approach to better understanding the population and distribution of each target species  A summary of the actions that maybe required if NL, or NG for Egyptian vulture is recorded during construction or operation  An indication of how to develop the full BAP, inclusive of what the conservation targets should be, how will they be measured, the costs and who will be responsible.

1.4. Project Overview

14. The project comprises the rehabilitation of 63.36km of 500 kV high voltage transmission line. Portions of the line and some of the transmission towers were dismantled in 2011. Some of the towers and lines still remain, mainly spanning the wider valleys. It is assumed that existing towers and lines may be replaced as part of the project. However, the project will remain within the existing corridor where technically possible and it is assumed that new towers will be constructed either on, or adjacent to, the sites of the old towers where the foundations remain (although these foundations will not be re-used).

1.5. Application of the Mitigation Hierarchy

15. The ultimate objective of a BAP is to achieve no net biodiversity loss or, if Critical Habitat is triggered, net biodiversity gain as a result of the project. To achieve this, the “Mitigation Hierarchy” is applied to potential impacts identified during the IEE screening and planning process as shown in the figure below. Using this approach avoidance has been prioritised, followed by minimisation and restoration, with measurable offsets only applied as a last resort where residual impacts are unavoidable, or as an additional conservation measure.

16. Therefore, mitigation measures for the project have been designed to achieve no net loss of biodiversity, and where possible to achieve net gain, and in accordance with the ADB Environmental Safeguards: Good Practice Sourcebook (2012) and the mitigation hierarchy, summarised as follows:

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Guzar-Regar 500 kV Power Transmission Line Project Critical Habitat Scoping Report

Table 1: Applied Mitigation Hierarchy Avoid Minimize Restore Offset When avoidance of When avoidance and Biodiversity offsets may As a matter of priority, impacts is not possible, minimization of impacts be considered only after the client should seek measures to minimize is not possible, appropriate avoidance, to avoid impacts on impacts to biodiversity measures to restore minimization and biodiversity and and ecosystem services biodiversity and restoration measures ecosystem services. should be implemented ecosystem services have been applied. should be implemented Biodiversity offsets should be designed to achieve no net loss or a net gain where the affected habitat is natural or modified

2. F-BAP Implementation Process

17. The project will avoid impacts to notable species and habitats and ensure NNL by:

 Use of the mitigation hierarchy involving a sequential approach of impact avoidance, mitigation, restoration and finally offsetting if no other approach is effective.  Design of the project to avoid adversely affecting sensitive species.  Use of good international practice during construction works to further prevent or reduce impacts wherever practical. This includes avoidance measures such as seasonal timings of works (for example to avoid impacts to nesting birds as well as other generic mitigation measures as elaborated in the IEE.  Application of a Biodiversity Action Plan or Species Action Plans as outlined below.

18. The responsibility of implementing these approaches will change as the construction phase finishes and the project becomes operational. Accountabilities and responsibilities are summarised in the following table:

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Guzar-Regar 500 kV Power Transmission Line Project Critical Habitat Scoping Report

Table 2: F-BAP development and responsibilities Construction Organization Role in the F-BAP Accountable for ensuring EPC Contractor and construction works are The Project Management compliant with the IEE and project framework plans, including the F-BAP. Unit (PMU) of National The NEGU PMU will hire a Project Implementation Consultant (PIC) to Electric Grid of oversee proceedings. The PIC will complete weekly inspections of the Uzbekistan (NEGU) EPC Contractors environmental and social performance. Responsible for ensuring compliance of all civil works with the IEE and Project framework plans. Responsible the for implementation of this F- Engineering, BAP during construction, completed alongside the implementation of the Procurement and project’s Environmental Management Plan. The EPC Contractor will do Construction (EPC) this via their own project specific plans, which will need to be fully Contractor compliant with the project framework plans. During the Construction phase the EPC Contractor will be assisted by his Environmental and Social Officer and National Biodiversity Experts as noted below. The EPC Contractor is required to retain the expertise of an Environment and Social Officer (ESO). One of the ESO’s key tasks will be to manage the biodiversity aspects of the project, and thus the ESO must be suitably trained (as per the IEE).

The ESO will be responsible for:  Updating the F-BAP to a full BAP;  Designing an efficient and effective monitoring program; and Environment and Social Officer (ESO) If required, the technical work for these items will be delegated to National Experts (see below).

The ESO shall be responsible for routine staff training on environmental and biodiversity matters throughout the construction phase. The ESO will therefore be responsible for communicating and training construction workers on the biodiversity management required for the project and the measures required for sensitive species and habitats. This F-BAP includes action plans for a number of bird species. It includes a number of measures such as field surveys and primary data gathering of sensitive bird species for which the EPC Contractor will be accountable.

Responsibility for completion of these EPC Contractor tasks (e.g. field surveys and those indicated in Table 4 and Table 7 below) will be National Biodiversity assigned to experienced national biodiversity experts with relevant Expert(s) (hired by EPC experience in the specific species. Contractor)

Decisions regarding survey methodologies employed by the National Biodiversity Experts should be made in consultation with public offices and civil society organizations, including for example; the Uzbekistan Society for the Protection of Birds (UzSPB), the State Biological Control of the State Environmental Committee for Nature Protection (SCNP), or The

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Guzar-Regar 500 kV Power Transmission Line Project Critical Habitat Scoping Report

BirdFair/RSPB Research Fund for Endangered Birds. 2 This item is given specific attention below this table.

The PIC, through its national environmental specialist (NES) and international environmental / biodiversity specialist (IES) will work closely with the EPC Contractors ESO to ensure correct and timely implementation of the F-BAP. Project Implementation Consultant (PIC) Prior to the commencement of works the IES will review the updated BAP and during construction both the NES and IES will monitor the implementation of the BAP making specific reference to this as part of the PICs bi-annual environmental monitoring to ADB.

Operation Organization Role in the F-BAP Accountable and responsible for ensuring that the mitigation measures specified in this F-BAP and the IEE are implemented, monitored and NEGU managed during operation. NEGU may delegate F-BAP actions to national biodiversity experts, see below This F-BAP includes action plans for a number of bird species. It includes a number of measures such as field surveys for which the NEGU will be accountable in the operational phase.

National Biodiversity Responsibility for completion of these tasks (e.g. field surveys and those Expert(s) (hired by NEGU) indicated in Table 4 and Table 7 below) will be handed over to experienced national biodiversity experts with relevant experience in the specific species who will be hired by NEGU.

19. Furthermore, as part of contractor’s site induction training, the ESO will be required to include training and awareness raising of the project’s sensitive ecological receptors, and the project’s required management and mitigation commitments. Training will include the clarify of roles and responsibilities, the use of photographs, behaviour training including bans on hunting, foraging, and trapping, national regulatory requirements, activities that should be observed in specific sections or periods/months (e.g. breeding) to avoid or minimize the risk of disturbance, injury, or death of the project’s sensitive species, in particular the Egyptian vulture and saker falcon. Contractors must also enforce a total ban on guard and firearms. Required management measures will be repeated by the ESO during daily toolbox talks at construction camps and construction sites.

2.1. Peer Review of Survey Methodologies

20. The F-BAP has been designed to include multiple layers of management and oversight, including the EPCs ESO, the PICs IES and NES and national experts. However, as noted in the table above it is also considered prudent to engage with relevant experienced organization(s) to

2 All parties were responsible for the preparation of the Action Plans on Conservation of the Globally Endangered Bird Species in Uzbekistan. Issue 1: Saker Falcon. Egyptian Vulture

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Guzar-Regar 500 kV Power Transmission Line Project Critical Habitat Scoping Report

ensure that all of the surveys planned for the project follow best practice methodologies such as those used during the development of national action plans for key species, such as the Saker Falcon and the Egyptian Vulture.

21. It is therefore a requirement of this F-BAP that the EPC Contractor (and the National Biodiversity Experts contracted by the EPC Contractor) arranges and undertakes a “bird survey workshop” which shall include appropriate public offices and civil society organizations, such as the UzSPB and the SCNP. The EPC Contractor will also invite to this “bird survey workshop” BirdFair/RSPB Research Fund for Endangered Birds, the International Fund for Saving the , and any other relevant NGOs.

22. The “bird survey workshop” session, held in Tashkent, shall also be attended by ADB, NEGU and the PICs IES. The purpose of the session will be to determine the exact methodology of the site surveys and monitoring requirements. The findings of the meeting shall be summarized in minutes of meeting by the PICs IES along with a short report prepared outlining the agreed survey methodology which will be shared amongst the group and with the ADB. A budget for this workshop has been included within this F-BAP (Table 13). The survey methodology must be included in the BAP prepared by the EPC Contractor prior to the commencement of works. 3. Biodiversity Context

23. Surkhandarya is located in a vast intermountain called the Sherabad-Surkhandarya Depression, elongated from north to south for 200 km and surrounded on three sides by mountain ranges with some peaks up to 4,500 m. Vegetation in the surrounding Project area is temperate , savannah and shrub.

24. The Project crosses 2 major watercourses: the Sangardak River and the Tupolang River, as well as many streams, canals and collectors. All watercourses are crossed by one span. The maximum width of the floodplain and channel part of the rivers in the line crossing is about 150 and 40 m respectively. The surrounding area has been subject to significant anthropogenic activity, particularly farming, and as such Project route alignment is located largely on already modified habitat.

25. The elevation at the start of the line itself is around 700 m above mean sea level (masl) rising to around 950 masl at the end point of the alignment and is variable along the alignment due to its location in the foothills of the ridge.

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Guzar-Regar 500 kV Power Transmission Line Project Critical Habitat Scoping Report

3.1. Sensitive Habitat and Species Gissar State Nature 26. The Gissar State Nature Reserve Reserve (GSNR) is designated as a Key Biodiversity KBA/IBA Area (KBA) and Important Bird Area (IBA). The Project alignment will be constructed less than 1 km from GSNR and runs parallel to the Reserve for approximately 800 m. The GSNR Project was designated a protected area to protect the Alignment diversity of flora and fauna found within, as well as significant geological outcrops in the Gissar Range. The GSNR supports 32 species, over 215 bird species, various fish species and 19 species and amphibians. It also supports over 2,000 plant species. Several of these are IUCN and Uzbekistan Red Book listed, including the Egyptian vulture and saker falcon.

27. As described, birds are most at risk from death or injury as a result of electrocution or collision with the Project infrastructure. Mitigation, described in the IEE, has been applied in accordance with the World Bank Group (WBG) Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution to avoid and minimise adverse impacts to birds. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) indicate that smaller distribution lines pose a more significant risk to birds and that electrocutions from transmission lines are rare. Further, the project is not located in a major avian flyway, whilst it also runs, largely, on a north-south axis, both of which contribute to low overall risk profile for collision with migrating birds.

28. Despite this, there remains a risk of population loss, or other adverse Project impacts (e.g. loss of breeding pairs, nest disturbance) to a number of threatened bird species, as described in table 3:

Table 3: Sensitive species risk profile Species at risk Risk profile An endangered species that may breed in the area (as well as the GSNR) and its Egyptian vulture global population is in a steep decline. This species is particularly vulnerable to electrocution and nest disturbance. The saker falcon regional abundance is moderate, with breeding, resident pairs present in the nearby Gissar State Nature Reserve (GSNR). A 2004 study in Saker falcon by Gombobaatar et al.3 found that electrocution was responsible for 54% of all adult Saker falcon mortality. Species is also at risk from nest disturbance and trapping.

3 Found at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259196999_Saker_Falcon_Falco_cherrug_milvipes_Jerdon_mortality_in_Central_Mong olia_and_population_threats

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Guzar-Regar 500 kV Power Transmission Line Project Critical Habitat Scoping Report

Recorded in the area during migration only but the area is not likely to be a key bottle neck or a stop-over site. The abundance of individuals migrating through this Steppe eagle wider area are understood to be low, however the available data is poor. A 2013 study from by Levin, A.S., et al found steppe eagle to be the most frequently electrocuted species (34.94%).4 Recorded in the area during migration only but the area is not likely to be a key bottle neck or a stop-over site. The abundance of individuals migrating through this wider area are understood to be low. According to the Uzbekistan Red Book, Pallas’s fish potentially resident in the wider region along the Amu Darya river although this eagle species is data deficient. Potentially at risk from electrocution and collision from the Project, especially as transmission towers could be used as a perch for hunting along the nearby waterways. Asian houbara is a large bird that is slightly better understood in the Project area but these threatened birds are susceptible to collision. They fly low to the ground, Asian houbara have poor flight maneuverability and the position of their eyes provides poor sight directly ahead of them when flying.5 Very unlikely to be present in the AoI and are at low risk from transmission lines. A United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) sponsored international species Sociable lapwing action plan for the conservation of the Sociable lapwing6 did not cite transmission lines as a threat to the species. Very unlikely to be present in the AoI and are at low risk from transmission lines. A White-headed recent literature review as part of this F-BAP did not identify any correlation between duck transmission line risks and the white-headed duck’s conversation status

29. Special provisions are provided in the following chapters for the Egyptian vulture, saker falcon, steppe eagle, Pallas’s fish eagle, and Asian houbara to ensure the Project monitors and takes the requisite measures to ensure NNL, or NG, when appropriate. GIIP and the mitigation detailed in the IEE is sufficient to ensure NNL of the Sociable lapwing and White-headed duck.

30. An estimated 0.54 ha of adyrs habitat (natural habitat) could be affected permanently during construction. A number of measures are included in the IEE to avoid and minimise impacts to natural habitat during construction (i.e. reducing the width of the working corridor and restricting traffic to the working strip), as well as requirements for habitat restoration and post construction remediation.

4 found here: http://rrrcn.ru/en/archives/21230 5 Paper found here: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281449027_Avian_powerline_mortalities_including_Asian_Houbara_Chlamydotis_mac queenii_on_the_Central_Asian_flyway_in_Uzbekistan 6 Action Plan found here: https://www.unep-aewa.org/sites/default/files/publication/ts_47_ssap_sola.pdf

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4. Action Plans for Sensitive Species

4.1. Egyptian Vulture Action Plan

4.1.1. Egyptian Vulture Current Status

31. The Egyptian Vulture (Neophron Percnopterus) is the smallest species of vulture and is IUCN EN listed. In Uzbekistan it is both resident and migratory, with an estimated 134 – 140 breeding pairs in the country. Studies conducted between 2009 – 2010 identified 25 resident pairs in the Gissar Range, making the Gissar Range one of the key sites in Uzbekistan for the Egyptian vulture. The wider Surkhandarya region likely contains the greatest local population of this species.

32. The Egyptian vulture typically nests on ledges or in caves on cliffs, crags and rocky outcrops, but occasionally also in large , buildings, electricity pylons and infrequently on the ground. In Uzbekistan, it prefers to breed in niches of rocks and cliffs – it does this under overhanging projections that protect birds from sunlight. They will also nest on the tops of transmission towers. It forages in lowland and montane regions over open, often arid, country, and also scavenges at human settlements.

33. Egyptian vultures appear in their breeding grounds in Uzbekistan in March and leave again in September / October for wintering grounds. The species has an upper limit of 1,300 – 1,500 m asl for nesting, however once breeding season is over will continue spreading up to 2,500 – 2,700 m asl. The species has a maximum wingspan of approximately 180 cm.

34. There are also believed to be individuals that migrate to the Gissar Range every year and stay for wintering, meaning this population figure is potentially higher at certain times of the year.

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Guzar-Regar 500 kV Power Transmission Line Project Critical Habitat Scoping Report

35. Sightings data (red dots in image, 2009-10) and available records suggest that whilst the GSNR might constitute preferred habitat type, the Egyptian vulture is present in the wider area and potentially along the Project alignment in places other than the adjoining GSNR section.

36. The Egyptian Vulture is at risk from electrocution and collision with transmission and distribution lines, with secondary risks including nest destruction, / poisoning and general disturbance. In the Gissar Range (and Southern Uzbekistan more widely) the main threat to this species is direct by shepherds who assume Egyptian vultures hunt lambs, and in turn shoot the birds and destroy their nests.

4.1.2. Project Approach to the Egyptian Vulture

37. A number of measures have been set out in the IEE that are designed to avoid and minimise potential adverse Project impacts to species including the Egyptian vulture. Mitigation measures (C-BIO-01 to C-BIO-33) described in the IEE to be included in the Project Environmental Management Plan (EMP), have been designed to mitigate Project impacts to biodiversity. These measures include a number of direct requirements included specifically to mitigate Project impacts to birds (C-BIO-28 to C-BIO-33), as prescribed by the WBG as international best practice for transmission lines.

38. The CHA determined that based on available data, the Egyptian vulture did not trigger critical habitat. However, only a relatively small material increase in the 25 known local breeding pairs (latest population data, 2010) would result in critical habitat (Criterion 1a) thresholds being met7. As such, a monitoring programme will be implemented by the relevant entities during construction and operation to measure Project progress in ensuring NNL to the Egyptian vulture, but also to monitor for the relevant changes in population size that would lead to any future triggering of critical habitat thresholds.

39. Additional field surveys and data collection is required to better understand the Egyptian vulture population size and distribution in and around the Project corridor. The Gissar Range is considered a key breeding site for this species in Uzbekistan, and the Project AoI includes potentially preferred nesting habitat, and as such changes in nesting behaviour will need to be monitored. Monitoring requirements are described below, inclusive of the required outcomes. The

7 Based on an estimated minimum global population of 12,000 individuals, the local Egyptian vulture population (i.e. Gissar State Nature Reserve, plus buffer, and not including the Babatang range population which is believed to be distinct – see critical habitat assessment for more) would need to be 30 breeding pairs or more to meet Criterion 1a thresholds and trigger critical habitat. Assessment should be made alongside competent experts.

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Guzar-Regar 500 kV Power Transmission Line Project Critical Habitat Scoping Report

final monitoring actions will be reviewed and approved by national experts and other organisations as part of the monitoring peer review process (see Table 2 and section 2.1 above) to ensure the actions achieve the outcomes efficiently and effectively.

40. Monitoring actions required as part of this F-BAP are shown in Table 4:

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Guzar-Regar 500 kV Power Transmission Line Project Critical Habitat Scoping Report

Table 4: Egyptian vulture monitoring actions Actions Descriptions Outcomes Timing Responsible Accountable

Review national literature and C: ESO / National C: EPC prepare BAP based on latest biodiversity experts Contractor 1) Further (national) national population estimations and Desk-review trends, and any observations from O: NEGU O: NEGU within or near the Project corridor. Annually during Understand local construction and Engage community and local population size and first three C: ESO / National C: EPC experts to assess population size local nesting sites operational biodiversity experts Contractor and nesting sites near Project years 2) Stakeholder corridor. To include: UzSPB, SCNP Engagement or The BirdFair/RSPB Research Fund for Endangered Birds. O: NEGU O: NEGU

Quarterly during Undertake baseline surveys of the construction C: National biodiversity C: EPC Project alignment to look for birds plus first 3 years experts Contractor and nest sites, collect primary data Identify presence/nest of operation. 3) Field Surveys and/or confirm desk/ stakeholder sites/ population size Monthly surveys information. Surveys to seek to along transmission of nests during confirm presence, population corridor and any breeding O: National biodiversity O: NEGU estimate and nesting sites. changes. season, if experts identified.

Key – C: Construction; O: Operation

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41. The field surveys (Action3) will be undertaken by experienced and competent persons with experience identifying Egyptian vulture. Nominated field survey persons are to be approved by national experts (see Table 2). Surveyors should drive the Project alignment (at no more than 20 km/h), with scanners observing either side. Surveyors are to stop and make records whenever they see birds whilst driving the route. They will need to stop every 10 km for a 15 minute “scan” of the area. All sightings are to be mapped and recorded.

42. If breeding pairs are located, longer-term surveys will be put in place to identify trends in population size (both increases and decreases) and nesting behaviour. Any identified nests should be assessed from a distance. The frequency of surveys during operation will be determined alongside Project stakeholders and national experts (see Table 2 and Section 2.1) as will any requirements for adaptive management (e.g. if nests are identified, see below for more). The PIC will need to be informed of all decisions.

43. Community Awareness Raising – Direct persecution by shepherds is one of the major drivers of loss of Egyptian vulture in the Sakhandarya area. To combat this, and in doing so support the Project’s efforts to achieve NNL to the species and support its long-term conservation, community awareness raising will be carried out by NEGU to prevent deliberate killing of Egyptian vultures and destruction of their nests as part of the community-supported monitoring programme. This will include informing them about the species sensitivity and characteristics (i.e. a scavenger, not a hunter) and to encourage local community reporting to the NEGU team. This work should be put in place to both reduce risks of poaching / killing of birds and increase local reporting frequency and will be ongoing during construction.

44. Nesting – Should new nests be identified within the Project AoI during construction, the following decision will be followed:

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Guzar-Regar 500 kV Power Transmission Line Project Critical Habitat Scoping Report

45. Adaptive Management – If monitoring indicates that populations are declining and / or nesting success falls and / or dead birds are observed, the Project will adopt an adaptive management approach, as shown in Table 5 below. Adaptive management may be required, including additional mitigation and biodiversity offset measures, to ensure NNL (and potentially NG) for the Egyptian vulture (as per ADB SPS requirements). The final responses will be developed with national and international vulture experts (see above and Table 2) and approved by the ADB (e.g. use of further awareness raising / supplementary feeding stations).

Table 5: Egyptian vulture response matrix Observation Approach Proposed Response (see more below) No response required unless increases approach 30 breeding pairs which may trigger Critical Habitat (consult international biodiversity  Monitoring determines increases in specialist) population size that trigger critical habitat Net Gain thresholds Potentially, first and second stage offsetting measures to be implemented  Nest (s) identified but attempted Efficacy of mitigation is evaluated; nesting site is abandoned or fails during construction operation No Net Loss  A single individual is killed as a result of And, first stage of offsetting will be the Project (i.e. electrocution or collision) initiated.  Multiple nesting sites are abandoned or First and second stage offsetting fail during construction or operation No Net Loss  More than one birds is killed as result of measures will be implemented the Project  No nesting sites recorded near the Project during the construction or No offsets are proposed, any later operation period None required changes unlikely to be attributable to  No recorded increase or decrease in the Project. population size  Species has continuous breeding No offsetting would be needed as success within the Project AoI for three None required non-significant residual impacts will years post-construction have been confirmed.

46. Should any offsets be required, they should be applied as follows:

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Guzar-Regar 500 kV Power Transmission Line Project Critical Habitat Scoping Report

Table 6: Egyptian vulture offset process Offset Stage Approach

Stage 1 offset The Project will develop a detailed Species Action Plan alongside appropriate organisations (i.e. GSNR, UzSPB) that will include the options outlined below to support the long-term conservation of Egyptian vultures. These actions can be contracted to competent professionals or NGO experts and audited by qualified ecologists; The Species Action Plan must include the following information as a minimum:  What the conservation targets will be;  How the conservation targets will be measured;  Exactly what the actions will involve;  How any additional desk or field surveys will be completed, by who, when and why;  When will the actions be assessed;  Who will be responsible; and  How much the actions will cost. Stage 2 offset If required, the detailed Species Action Plan will be implemented.

47. Potential Project Adaptive Management – The following measures should be considered in consultation with national and international experts, including bird mitigation from transmission wires, for the improvement of the Project’s ability to avoid and minimize adverse impacts:  Bird protection line markings along the entire line: line markings are planned for the stretch of transmission line adjacent to the GSNR. Introduction of line markings along the entirety (or relevant sensitive section) of the Project alignment should incidents of electrocution or collision occur outside of the GSNR section. International best practice should be sought (e.g. see Derouaux et al., 20128) including deflector devices that increase the size of the line by >20 cm, are placed every 5 – 10 m, covering at least the ‘earth’ wire, and use colours optimal to the conditions9.  Retrofitting key infrastructure: Additional retrofitted insultation of key infrastructure if in close proximity to known nesting sites or key flyways.

48. The following offset commitments are based on the Uzbekistan National Action Plan for Egyptian vulture10 (approved by Government), ongoing conservation efforts for this species and good international practice. Project biodiversity offset measures should consider including one or more of the following:  Long-term conservation support to the GSNR: This may include research into the current status and distribution in the Reserve of the vulture, habitat restoration options in the GSNR, and reproductive success and current threats

8 https://www.aves.be/fileadmin/Aves/Colloque50ans/Bird_and_Powerlines_Aves_Final_Report_2012.pdf 9 E.g. study above shows, yellow markings are effective in most conditions, white are effective at night time and red are effective in fog and blue sky conditions. 10 ‘Action Plans on Conservation of the World’s Endangered Bird Species in Uzbekistan’, Issue 1: Saker Falcon and Egyptian Vulture, R.D. Kashkarov, E.N. Lanovenko, 2011 18

Guzar-Regar 500 kV Power Transmission Line Project Critical Habitat Scoping Report

 Conservation Awareness Raising: longer term (3+ years), national and regional level awareness raising (including newspapers, television and internet), including specific measures to target local breeders to prevent deliberate persecution of Egyptian vultures and the destruction of their nests. This should be complete in consultation with the GSNR, Regional Departments of State Environmental Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan, local authorities of Uzbekistan Society for the Protection of Birds (UzSPB) and other ecological non-state non-profit organizations  Species Information Boards: to decrease disturbance of nests by local people / shepherds, the establishment of local information boards detailing the sensitivity of the species to disturbance that takes place in the bird`s breeding grounds. This should be complete in consultation with the GSNR, Regional Departments of State Environmental Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan, UzSPB and other ecological non-state non-profit organizations  Artificial Nest Sites: Assessment will be made as to whether the birds would benefit from the construction of additional (artificial) nest sites, to be located in more secluded areas, over 850m from active works sites.  Additional Conservation Actions: The Project in consultation with international / national bird experts will identify additional conservation actions to enhancing the broader understanding of Egyptian vulture in Uzbekistan. This may include scientific research, monitoring etc (e.g. help with satellite tracking, population mapping; and/or research into rapid population decline – see Stage 1 below) as well as consideration of broader support to the GSNR.

49. Construction activities should take place outside of the breeding season, which runs from March to September / October. If critical works are required to proceed, guidance and approval should be sought from ADB and regulators on an agreed way forward and conditions, which will include as a minimum strict supervision by ornithologists / species experts.

4.2. Saker Falcon Action Plan

4.2.1. Saker Falcon Current Status

50. The saker falcon (Falco cherrug) is a large sized falcon with a wingspan of 105 – 129 cm and is IUCN EN and Uzbekistan Red Book Near Threatened listed. In Uzbekistan it is both resident and migratory, with an estimated 70 breeding pairs in the country. Studies conducted between 2009 – 2010 identified 16 breeding, resident pairs in the Gissar Range. Further sightings have been made south east and south west of the Project alignment (see image below). Migrating saker falcon are also known to use the Gissar Range on passage.

51. In Uzbekistan the saker falcon`s breeding season begins in February – March. Egg laying begins in the first and second ten-day period of March, and by the end of March the breeding 19

Guzar-Regar 500 kV Power Transmission Line Project Critical Habitat Scoping Report

season usually ends. Breeding sites in the GSNR are typically in the gorges of the lower and middle section of the mountain range, which could include areas in and around the Project AoI. During the breeding season it avoids settling close to human activity. Resident (breeding) saker falcon are typically known to have range sizes of approximately 200km2 (a circle of 15km diameter) on average, based on studies from (Promer et al. 2018) and Mongolia (Potapov et al. 2000).

52. Young birds start to leave their nests from the middle of May through to mid / late June. It is difficult to establish dates of the autumn arrival of birds on passage because the young birds from the disintegrated broods and adults that have finished their breeding period start nomadic migrations in July-August and, consequently, are seen beyond breeding areas

53. Sightings data (blue dots in image, 2009-10) and available records suggest 3 broad areas that support saker falcon in the region: the Gissar State Reserve, the Babatang mountains across the valley to the south-east and an area around the ‘Middle reaches of the Sherabad River’ IBA.

54. It builds nests in trees, on cliffs, power transmission towers and sometimes on the ground. In Uzbekistan breeding sites are typically on peaks of low hills in terrain, cliffs located in the valleys of rivers and cliffs and ridges generally. The saker falcon is attracted to power lines because of the abundance of food resources in the immediate vicinity of a nest and the presence of completed nests built by birds of prey.

55. The saker falcon is at risk from electrocution from transmission and distribution lines, collision, trapping and human destruction of nests, amongst others. The main threats to the local populations of the species to the Project AoI are loss of habitat from agricultural activities, development of infrastructure, and exploitation of natural resources.

4.2.2. Project Approach to the Saker Falcon

56. The CHA determined that based on available data, the saker falcon did not trigger critical habitat. It is endangered and a resident (breeding) in the GSNR and in line with the ADB SPS the Project will need to take measures to ensure NNL to the species.

57. Mitigation measures (C-BIO-01 to C-BIO-33) described in the IEE, and to be included in the Project Environmental Management Plan (EMP), and specifically bird protection measures (C-BIO-28 to C-BIO-33), which are as prescribed by the WBG as international best practice for transmission lines, are designed to avoid and minimise potential adverse Project impacts to the saker falcon.

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Guzar-Regar 500 kV Power Transmission Line Project Critical Habitat Scoping Report

58. The likelihood of the species breeding near the Project is considered low, although there is no recent data to confirm this, therefore a precautionary approach is required that includes additional field surveys and data collection is to confirm the presence of any resident, breeding pairs and / or saker falcon in passage or migration. The final monitoring actions will be reviewed and approved with Project stakeholders and national biodiversity experts (see Table 2 and Section 2.1) to ensure the actions achieve the outcomes efficiently and effectively.

59. Monitoring actions required as part of this F-BAP are shown in Table 7:

Table 7: Saker falcon monitoring actions Actions Requirement Aim Timing Responsible Accountable

Undertake C: ESO / baseline surveys National C: EPC of the Project Identify Quarterly during biodiversity Contractor alignment to look presence/nest construction plus experts for birds and nest sites/ first 3 years of 1) Field sites, collecting population size operation. Surveys primary data. along Monthly surveys Surveys to seek to transmission of nests during O: National O: NEGU confirm presence, corridor and breeding season if specialists population any changes. identified. estimate and any nesting sites. Key – C: Construction; O: Operation

60. The field surveys will be undertaken by experienced and competent specialists with experience identifying saker falcon. Surveys should be completed alongside the more detailed Egyptian vulture surveys described in Section 4.1.2 above. All sightings are to be mapped and recorded.

61. If breeding pairs are located, longer-term surveys will be put in place to identify trends in population size (both increases and decreases) and nesting behavior. Any identified nests should be assessed from a distance. The frequency of surveys during operation will be determined alongside Project stakeholders and national experts as will any requirements for adaptive management (e.g. if nests are identified, see below for more). The PIC will need to be informed of all decisions.

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Guzar-Regar 500 kV Power Transmission Line Project Critical Habitat Scoping Report

Table 8: Saker falcon response matrix Observation Approach Proposed Response (see more below)  Nest (s) identified but attempted Efficacy of mitigation is evaluated; nesting site is abandoned or fails during construction or operation No Net Loss  A single individual is killed as a result of And, first stage of offsetting will be the Project (i.e. electrocution or collision) initiated  Multiple nesting sites are abandoned or First and second stage offsetting fail during construction or operation No Net Loss  More than one bird is killed as result of measures will be implemented the Project  No nesting sites recorded near the Project during the construction or No offsets are proposed, any later operation period, None required changes unlikely to be attributable to  No recorded increase or decrease in the Project population size

62. As per Table 8, should the Project require offsets, they should be applied as follows:

Table 9: Saker falcon offset approach Offset Stage Approach

Stage 1 offset The Project will develop a detailed Species Action Plan alongside appropriate organizations (i.e. GSNR, UzSPB) that will include the options outlined below to support the long-term conservation of the saker falcon. These actions can be contracted to competent professionals or NGO experts and audited by qualified ecologists. The Species Action Plan must include the following information as a minimum:  What the conservation targets will be  How the conservation targets will be measured  Exactly what the actions to ensure no net loss will involve  How any additional desk of field surveys will be completed, by who, when and why  When will the actions be assessed  Who will be responsible  How much the actions will cost  For how long the actions will be required

Stage 2 offset If required, the detailed Species Action Plan will be implemented

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Guzar-Regar 500 kV Power Transmission Line Project Critical Habitat Scoping Report

63. Potential Project Adaptive Management – The following measures should be considered in consultation with national and international experts, including bird mitigation from transmission wires, for the improvement of the Project’s ability to avoid and minimise adverse impacts:  Bird protection line markings along the entire line: line markings are planned for the stretch of transmission line adjacent to the GSNR. Introduction of line markings along the entirety (or relevant sensitive section) of the Project alignment should incidents of electrocution or collision occur outside of the GSNR section. International best practice should be sought (e.g. see Derouaux et al., 20127) including deflector devices that increase the size of the line by >20 cm, are placed every 5 – 10 m, covering at least the ‘earth’ wire, and use colours optimal to the conditions8.

64. Should offsets be required by the Project for saker falcon, NEGU should work with Governmental and non-governmental conservation organisations, and scientific institutions, to help ensure NNL through proactively supporting the Uzbekistan National Action Plan for Saker falcon11. NEGU should work particularly close with Kashkarov, R.D., and Lanovenko, E.N, authors of the Action Plan, to understand current local conservation priorities. A Saker Falcon Task Force has been developed, supported by the Coordinating Unit of the Convention on Migratory Species Raptors MoU, which has brought together government officials from range states with the Sustainable Use Groups of IUCN, falconers, ornithologists and other interested parties to seek to address the long term conservation of the saker falcon. Further, Andras Kovacs has conducted considerable research into conservation requirements of the species. Decisions on final offset measures should be made in consultation with these international and national experts.

65. NEGU should also consider the following additional conservation outcomes to achieve NNL, and potentially NG:  Conservation support to the GSNR: measures to include the prioritization of habitat restoration in the GSNR, plus research into current breeding sites, population density, distribution, trends, characteristics and threats  Conservation Awareness Raising: To help mitigate habitat loss from anthropogenic activities (key threat in Uzbekistan Action Plan) long-term education and awareness raising of local pastoralists to promote practice of sustainable use and control of pasture rotation in order to reduce pressures on local habitat. This should be complete in consultation with the State Environmental Committee and Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Hokimiyats (Regional Farmers Association), and other ecological non-state non-profit organizations.  Additional Conservation Actions. The Project in consultation with international / national bird experts will identify additional conservation actions to enhancing the broader understanding of saker falcon in Uzbekistan. This may include scientific research, monitoring etc (e.g. help with satellite tracking, population mapping; and/or research into rapid population decline. Consideration should be given to key threats in the region of loss of habitat from agricultural activities, development of infrastructure, and exploitation of natural resources (see National Saker Action Plan for more).

11 ‘Action Plans on Conservation of the World’s Endangered Bird Species in Uzbekistan’, Issue 1: Saker Falcon and Egyptian Vulture, R.D. Kashkarov, E.N. Lanovenko, 2011 23

Guzar-Regar 500 kV Power Transmission Line Project Critical Habitat Scoping Report

4.3. Steppe Eagle Action Plan

4.3.1. Steppe Eagle Current Status

66. The steppe eagle is EN according to IUCN listings.

67. The global population of this species is 50,000 (IUCN minimum), although the national population is unknown.

68. The literature review, including the Uzbekistan Red Book, indicates that this species typically passes through the Surkhandarya region in passage on migration between breeding grounds to the north (, Kazakhstan) and wintering grounds to the south.

69. Data from a 2019 satellite tracking study of migrating steppe (see image) shows records of birds migrating from Kazakhstan and Mongolia south and south-west, skirting around the Tien Shan mountain range before flying south across Uzbekistan, including across the Surkhandarya region.

70. The Uzbekistan Red Book includes records of single individuals overwintering, irregularly, in the Amudarya River valley, near Termez, which is 100 km from the Project AoI. The Steppe eagle avoids sea crossings and thus forms large concentrations at bottlenecks. High mountains are not barriers. Records show significant concentrations occurring in areas Project area of high food abundance, i.e. it is not unusual to see 50 to 100 birds together.

71. The literature shows no evidence of any large congregations of Steppe eagle stopping off in the region, as has been known to occur in other areas. There is also no evidence that the region represents a geographic bottleneck for migrating steppe eagle.

72. The steppe eagle population is decreasing and one of the main threats to the species are power lines. In a study from Kazakhstan (2013), the steppe eagle was identified as the most

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Guzar-Regar 500 kV Power Transmission Line Project Critical Habitat Scoping Report

commonly electrocuted species. Death or injury from transmission lines can come from both electrocution and collision.

73. Project Approach to the Steppe Eagle – Satellite tracking data (above) shows the Steppe eagle typically migrates to the north of the Tien Shan mountains, with only one tracked individual (out of >25 tracked individuals) crossing the mountain tops and down through the foothills where the Project is located. Further, as the species is present in passage during migration it is likely to be flying at considerable altitude and only passing for a couple of days in the year. As such, interaction between this species and the Project is likely to be rare. The steppe eagle is endangered, however, and at risk from death or injury from transmission lines, and as a result will need to be monitored during construction and operation for to understand if the species is regularly occurring in the Project AoI and being adversely impacted by the Project.

74. Monitoring for steppe eagle should be incorporated as part of the more detailed monitoring programme in place for the Egyptian vulture (see Section 4.1.2), during both construction and operation of the Project. Monitoring should be completed by relevant specialists with experience observing steppe eagle.

75. If population decline is observed as a result of the Project, national and international steppe eagle experts (e.g. IUCN steppe eagle experts) will need to be consulted to decide whether further action, including more detailed field surveys and biodiversity offsets, are required.

Table 10: Steppe eagle response matrix Observation Approach Proposed Response (see more below) National or international steppe eagle experts consulted to assess whether  A single individual (or more) is killed as a Decision on the Project will be required to take result of the Project (i.e. electrocution or further action additional steps to avoid, reduce or collision) offset Project impacts to this species.

 No recorded increase or decrease in None required No offsets are proposed population size

76. Measures should be approved by the PIC and PMU and should include consideration of the following options:  Species Action Plan: developed alongside experts and organisations appropriate (i.e. GSNR, UzSPB) and will include options for the long-term conservation of the species, with particularly consideration given to the GSNR and wider Surkhandarya region.  Bespoke Species Surveys: a set of bespoke, species-specific surveys conducted along the Project AoI to observe the frequency of use by the Steppe eagle and patterns of behaviour in the area.

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Guzar-Regar 500 kV Power Transmission Line Project Critical Habitat Scoping Report

 Triggers and Offsets: Determination by international and national experts, and qualified ecologists if required, of appropriate species triggers, used to determine a Project response (including mitigation and offset options) as a result of adverse Project impacts.

4.4. Pallas’s Fish Eagle Action Plan

4.4.1. Pallas’s Fish Eagle Current Status

77. Little is known about the Pallas fish eagle (Haliaeetus leucoryphus) as overall the species is data deficient. According to IUCN the global population could be as low as 1,000 individuals. It is listed by IUCN and the Uzbekistan Red Book as endangered.

78. The species breeds in Bangladesh and northern India before migrating to areas between and northern , including Uzbekistan. The species is known to occur in the Gissar State Reserve IBA, although this could just be in passage.

79. It is closely associated with , principally large and rivers, from the lowlands to 5,000 m. It generally nests in trees near water. Satellite tracked individuals have previously demonstrated the ability to sometimes soar at altitudes over 6,000 m.

80. The Uzbekistan Red Book records the Pallas fish eagle as present in the flood of the River Amu Darya, potentially wintering. Very little is known about this species migration route. The Red Book also states that during migration and wintering single birds and small groups are usually observed, although numbers are always low.

81. The species is at risk from electrocution and collision from power lines, although researchers believe the main cause of decline is habitat loss.

82. Project Approach to the Pallas’s Fish Eagle – Due to data deficiency it is difficult to state with confidence how this species will appear in the Project area. The Project located in the Amu Darya river basin and crosses the Sangardak and Tupolang rivers. The Surkhandarya river also runs parallel to the Project. There is some evidence that the species may winter in the surrounding area, however it is thought it is most likely to be present in passage during migration, if at all.

83. The Pallas fish eagle is endangered, however, and at risk from death or injury from transmission lines, and as a result will need to be monitored during construction and operation for to understand if the species is regularly occurring in the Project AoI and being adversely impacted by the Project.

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Guzar-Regar 500 kV Power Transmission Line Project Critical Habitat Scoping Report

84. Monitoring for the Pallas fish eagle should be incorporated as part of the more detailed monitoring programme in place for the Egyptian vulture (see Section 4.1.2), during both construction and operation of the Project. Monitoring should be completed by relevant specialists with experience observing Pallas fish eagle.

85. If population decline is observed as a result of the Project, national and international Pallas fish eagle experts (i.e. Rishad K. Naoroji) will need to be consulted to decide whether further action, including more detailed field surveys and biodiversity offsets, are required:

Table 11: Pallas’s fish eagle response matrix Observation Approach Proposed Response (see more below) National and international Pallas’s fish eagle experts consulted to assess  A single individual (or more) is killed as a Decision on whether the Project will be required to result of the Project (i.e. electrocution or further action take additional steps to avoid, reduce collision) or offset Project impacts to this species

 No recorded increase or decrease in None required No offsets are proposed population size

86. Measures should be approved by the PIC and PMU and should include consideration of the following options:  Species Action Plan: developed alongside experts and organisations appropriate (i.e. GSNR, UzSPB) and will include options for the long-term conservation of the species, with particularly consideration given to research into the habitat requirements of the Pallas fish eagle in the Amu Darya river basin, and behaviour and threats.  Bespoke Species Surveys: a set of bespoke, species-specific surveys conducted along the Project AoI to observe the frequency of use by the Pallas fish eagle and patterns of behaviour in the area.  Triggers and Offsets: Determination by international and national experts, and qualified ecologists if required, of appropriate species triggers, used to determine a Project response (including mitigation and offset options) as a result of adverse Project impacts.

4.5. Asian Houbara Action Plan

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Guzar-Regar 500 kV Power Transmission Line Project Critical Habitat Scoping Report

4.5.1. Asian Houbara Current Status

87. The Asian Houbara (or Houbara Bustard, Chlamydotis macqueenii) is a ground-nesting bird that inhabits open, arid and sparsely vegetated steppe and semi-desert. The Houbara is distributed across , Palestine, Jordan, , , , , U.A.E., Bahrain, , , , , , , India, , Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, , Kazakhstan and Mongolia to China with the minimum global population estimated at 33,000.

88. Different populations migrate to different extents, but in general birds breeding to the north in Kazakhstan and Mongolia and migrate south to overwintering sites in southern Afghanistan, Pakistan and the . Some populations in Iran, Turkmenistan and potentially Afghanistan are resident all year round.

89. The Asian Houbara breeds across Uzbekistan and migrates into the Middle East to overwinter. This species inhabits open, arid and sparsely vegetated steppe and semi-desert, favouring scattered shrubby vegetation, typically comprising xerophytic or halophytic plants (IUCN). This means that although it potentially breeds in the Gissar foothills, it is unlikely to be its preferred habitat. Breeding colonies of this species tend to occur in flat semi-desert areas, notably in the Kyzyl-Kum desert far from the AoI. It is a ground nesting species and frequently affected by direct and indirect human disturbance. The species avoids settlements, major roads and agricultural fields.

90. Project Approach to the Asian Houbara – The Project area does not represent preferred habitat for this species, further the ecologically appropriate area of analysis (determined in the CHA) comprises approximately 0.01% of the Asian Houbara’s global range. The likelihood of interaction between this species and the Project is considered very low, however studies in Uzbekistan, for example, have shown the Asian Houbara is susceptible to collision with high (and low) voltage power lines.

91. Therefore, the Project will need to take a precautionary approach and monitor for population decreases of this species. Monitoring should be incorporated as part of the monitoring programme in place for the Egyptian vulture (see Section 4.1.2), during both construction and operation of the Project.

92. If population decline is observed as a result of the Project, national and international Asian Houbara experts (e.g. Nigel Collar / IUCN SSC Bustard Specialist Group) will need to be consulted to decide whether further action, including more detailed field surveys and / or biodiversity offsets, are required:

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Guzar-Regar 500 kV Power Transmission Line Project Critical Habitat Scoping Report

Table 12: Asian Houbara response matrix Observation Approach Proposed Response (see more below) National and international Asian Houbara experts consulted to assess  A single individual (or more) is killed as a Decision on whether the Project will be required to result of the Project (i.e. electrocution or further action take additional steps to avoid, reduce collision) or offset Project impacts to this species

 No recorded increase or decrease in None required No offsets are proposed population size

93. Measures should be approved by the PIC and PMU and should include consideration of the following options:  Species Action Plan: developed alongside experts and organisations appropriate (i.e. GSNR, UzSPB) and will include options for the long-term conservation of the species  Bespoke Species Surveys: a set of bespoke, species-specific surveys conducted along the Project AoI to observe the frequency of use by the Asian Houbara and patterns of behaviour in the area.  Triggers and Offsets: Determination by international and national experts, and qualified ecologists if required, of appropriate species triggers, used to determine a Project response (including mitigation and offset options) as a result of adverse Project impacts.

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5. F-BAP Monitoring and Evaluation

5.1. Aim and Objectives

94. As part of converting this F-BAP into a BAP a Biodiversity Monitoring and Evaluation Plan (BMP) will be developed and implemented on behalf of NEGU. This will be developed to assess implementation of the F-BAP and confirm that the F-BAP (and subsequent BAP) has:  been implemented by the responsible parties as expected;  achieved the desired conservation outcomes.

95. The monitoring will also seek to confirm that no unexpected impacts are occurring to the F-BAP target species and associated habitats as a result of the Project (including associated cumulative or induced impacts) for which an “adaptive management” approach may be required. The EPC Contractor will be responsible for writing and implementing the BMP, which will build on the tasks previously outlined.

96. One constraint to the management of the target species included in this F-BAP is a lack of baseline data on the species and their habitats. NEGU will share relevant information obtained with the authorities to support the overall understanding of, and management design for the F-BAP species. The proposed approach will also help consolidate the results of the individual monitoring and survey tasks.

97. The BMP will be the responsibility of the EPC Contractor (reporting to NEGU) during construction, and the responsibility of NEGU during operation, but elements of it may be tendered out to suitable external organization(s). As part of the BMP the Project will monitor the nature, extent, quality and spatial configuration of notable habitats and species within both the direct Project area, and the wider area. The studies will focus on the key biodiversity elements discussed in this F-BAP and associated sources of threats rather than trends in local biodiversity per se.

5.2. Monitoring, Evaluation and Dissemination

98. The BMP will include monitoring targeted at the species / population level. This will seek to provide further information on species distribution, population size and demographics for the BAP and notable species. Monitoring methodologies and indicators will be developed in consultation with local and international experts as part of this F-BAP. An annual report will be prepared during the monitoring period to include all sets of data, analysis, conclusions and recommendations for management interventions. The monitoring will continue up until the end of the defect liability period. At that point, the EPC Contractor will make an assessment of the situation and provide recommendations if necessary.

99. This F-BAP and its monitoring, including that outlined above, will be periodically evaluated to determine its effectiveness in meeting its objectives and identifying any necessary remediation. The findings of the monitoring programme will be evaluated every year with ADB and the outcomes used to adapt the management and on-going mitigation measures. Management interventions will need to be identified when there is a negative trend in the F-BAP’s target species. The data and outcomes from this monitoring will be shared to enable local authorities and others in the region to use this information in planning. This may include academic institutions and NGOs in the region.

100. The BMP (and BAP) will need to be approved by ADB.

Guzar-Regar 500 kV Power Transmission Line Project Critical Habitat Scoping Report

6. F-BAP Indicative Costs

101. The following annual indicative costs are estimated for completing the requirements of this F-BAP. Additional costs for additional Project measures such as biodiversity offsets, will need to be costed dependent on the relevant follow up actions, agreed alongside the relevant specialists and ADB.

102. The following costs are indicative only intended to inform long-term budgeting. Costs include estimates for the as-yet undetermined construction period and for a minimum of 3 years during operation.

Table 13: Indicative Costs Budget line Cost Comments 1. F-BAP Measures Assumed 4 x desk review for Egyptian vulture: 1 x construction 1.1. Desk review $2,000 3 x operation Includes, write-up and report to ADB / other stakeholders Assumed intermittent stakeholder engagement 1.2 Stakeholder Engagement $10,000 for all 5 species, during construction (once) and operation (three times) Assumed 1 x community engagement session 1.3 Community Engagement $3,500 for Egyptian vulture awareness raising during construction phase Assumed for 7 x drive-by monitoring by specialists of Project alignment observing all 5 species, including particularly Egyptian vulture: 4 x construction (accounting for quarterly 1.4 Species Monitoring $70,000 surveys for Egyptian vulture for 1 year) 3 x operation Includes, write-up and report to ADB / relevant other stakeholders (e.g. NGOs, governmental conservation bodies etc) To be attended by NEGU, EPC Contractor, 1.5 Bird Survey Workshop $2,000 PIC IES and relevant organizations including SCNP and UzSPB. F-BAP Total $85,500 None 2. BAP Measures 2.1 Additional bird mitigation Estimated To be determined. 2.2 Biodiversity offsets between To be determined. 2.3 Additional conservation outcomes $150,000 To be determined. and $200,000 BAP Total Maximum $200,000

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