The Factors Affecting Maize Production Among the People in Kyegegwa District by Kugyendaira Edwin 14/U/8251/Eve a Research Repor

THE FACTORS AFFECTING MAIZE PRODUCTION AMONG THE PEOPLE IN KYEGEGWA DISTRICT

BY KUGYENDAIRA EDWIN

14/U/8251/EVE

A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED TO COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELORS DEGREE IN ECONOMICS OF MAKERERE UNIVERSITY

AUGUST, 2017 DECLARATION

APROVAL

DEDICATION

I dedicate the results of this study to my Mother and Father. Thank you for the moral and financial support you offered.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I thank God for the guidance, strength and energy He gave me to undertake this undergraduate research. The dissertation was made easy by the academic assistance and supervision at school of statistics. I appreciate the information and guidance she tirelessly provided to me through my studies. God bless you.

A word of gratitude to my friends and classmates at School of statistics and planning.

I also extend my sincere gratitude to the officials of Kyegegwa District. Thank you for availing me with the vital information I needed to accomplish my research. GOD bless you all.

Lastly but not the least, I would like to thank my lecturers for the support rendered in pursuing my studies at the University.

TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ...... i DEDICATION ...... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... iv LIST OF TABLES ...... vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...... ix ABSTRACT ...... x

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background of the study ...... 1 1.2. Statement of the Problem ...... 2 1.3 Objectives of the study...... 2 1.3.1 Main objective ...... 2 1.4. Specific Objectives to the Study ...... 2 1.5. Research questions ...... 2 1.6. Significance of the Study ...... 2 1.7. Delimitations of the Study ...... 3 1.8. Limitation of the Study ...... 3 1.9. Assumptions underlying the Study ...... 3 10. Conceptual Framework ...... 3

CHAPTER TWO ...... 5 LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 5 2.1. Introduction ...... 5 2.2 Maize growing in Africa ...... 6 2.3 Maize growing in Uganda ...... 6 2.4 Factors affecting maize production worldwide...... 7 2.5 Factors affecting maize production in Kyegegwa ...... 8

CHAPTER THREE ...... 9 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...... 9

3.1 Introduction ...... 9 3.2. Research design ...... 9 3.3. Target Population ...... 9 3.4. Sample Size and Sampling Procedure ...... 9 3.5. Methods of Data Collection ...... 9 3 .5.1 Interviews guide ...... 9 3.5.2 Questionnaires...... 9 3.5.3 Observation method ...... 10 3.7 Data Processing and Analysis ...... 10 3.7.1 Editing ...... 10 3.7.2 Coding ...... 10 3.7.3 Tabulation ...... 10 3.7.4 Data Analysis ...... 10 3.8. Ethical Considerations ...... 10

CHAPTER FOUR ...... 11 RESULTS ...... 11 4.0 Introduction ...... 11 CHAPTER FIVE ...... 22 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ...... 22 5.0 Introduction ...... 22 5.1 Conclusion ...... 22 5.2 Recommendations ...... 22 5.3 Areas of further research ...... 23 REFERENCES ...... 24 APPENDICES ...... 25 Appendix 1: ...... 25 Appendix 11: Interview guide ...... 27

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 4.1: SHOWING BIODATA OF RESPONDENTS ...... 11 FROM TABLE 4. 1: SHOWING BIO-DATA OF RESPONDENTS. FROM THE TABLE 4.1 ABOVE, IT SHOWS SOCIO...... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. TABLE 4. 2: SHOWING SOURCE OF LABOR ...... 12 TABLE 4.3: WHETHER CARRIED OUT IRRIGATION ON THE FARM ...... 13 TABLE 4.4: WHETHER PRACTICED MINIMUM TILLAGE ...... 14 TABLE 4.5: WHETHER HAVE HEARD DRY PLANTING ...... 14 TABLE 4.6: WHETHER PRACTICE DRY PLANTING ...... 14 TABLE 4.7: WHETHER HAVE HEARD OF HERBICIDES ...... 15 TABLE 4. 8: WHETHER I USED GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIZED FERTILIZER ...... 15 TABLE 4.9: WHETHER MINIMUM TILLAGE REDUCES THE COST OF LAND PREPARATION ...... 15 TABLE 4.10: WHETHER FERTILIZER USE INCREASE RETURNS FROM MAIZE PRODUCTION ...... 16 TABLE 4.11: WHETHER HERBICIDES LOWER COSTS OF MAIZE PRODUCTION ...... 16 TABLE 4.12: LAND PREPARATION ...... 17 TABLE 4.13: PLANTING ...... 17 TABLE 4. 14: SEED ACQUISITION ...... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. TABLE 4.15: FERTILIZER ACQUISITION ...... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. TABLE 4.16 WHETHER RECEIVED CREDIT FROM A FINANCIAL INSTITUTION BEFORE ...... 17 TABLE 4: 17 WHEN CREDIT WAS TAKEN ...... 17 TABLE 4. 18: WHETHER BELONG TO AN ACTIVE FARMER GROUP OR COOPERATIVE ...... 19 TABLE 4.19: ACCESS TO CREDIT INFLUENCES THE DECISION TO USE INORGANIC FERTILIZER ...... 19 TABLE 4.20: BARTER ARRANGEMENTS WITH INPUT SUPPLIERS CAN HELP FARMERS CAN EXCHANGE THEIR MAIZE (OR OTHER ACCEPTABLE CROPS) FOR REQUIRED INPUTS ...... 19 TABLE 4.21 WHETHER ASSOCIATIONS CAN ASSIST IN THE SUPPLY OF INPUTS AND CREDIT ...... 20 TABLE 22: WHETHER SAVING THE SURPLUS CASH AT HARVEST TIME CAN BE USED TO PURCHASE INPUTS FOR THE FOLLOWING SEASON ...... 20 TABLE 23: THE PERENNIAL MAIZE SHORTAGE IN THE SUB COUNTY WOULD BE A THING OF THE PAST IF SMALL-SCALE FARMERS ARE GIVEN INCENTIVES TO INCREASE PRODUCTION ...... 21

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK A SHOWING MAIZE PRODUCTION ...... 3 FIGURE 2: SHOWING LABOR OF RESPONDENTS ...... 13

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

DDG : Distillers’ Dry Grains

FAO : Food and Agricultural Organization

GDP : Gross Domestic Product

MDG : Millennium Development Goals

SPSS : Statistical Package For Social Scientists

UBOS : Uganda Bureau of Statistics

US$ : United State Dollar

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Kyegegwa District is a district is located in western Uganda and it is bordered by Kibaale district to the North, Mubende district to the east and Kiruhura district to the south then Kamwenge district to the Southwest and Kyenjojo district to the Northwest.

Objective of the study: The general objective of the study was to assess the factors affecting maize production among the people in Kyegegwa district. Specifically, the research sought to establish the level of household maize production in Kyegegwa district, establish the challenges faced by farmers engaged in maize production in Kyegegwa district and suggest solutions towards the challenges facing maize production in Kyegegwa district.

Methodology: Data collection methods which were used included; questionnaire survey and Interviewing. Interviews were held with the local farmers in Kyegegwa district.

Conclusively, farmers used practiced minimum tillage, practiced and used herbicides as some of the means of increasing maize production. Farmers access to credit and this influences the decision to use inorganic fertilizer. Farmers have also made associations and these can assist in the supply of inputs and credit.

I recommended that measures should be put across by the government to ensure that the farmers get farm inputs in time and at a reasonable price in order to enable them produce more crops. This will assist in the building of economy and also address the cases of unemployment experienced especially in the rural areas like Kyegwegwa district. Farmers should use mechanical power that is faster and more efficient than unpaid family labor and animal draught power. Farmers should use government subsidized fertilizer that is cheaper than buying from commercial shops, this will enable them to apply adequate amounts of fertilizer that will lead to increase in maize yields

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study Globally, maize has been produced on a large scale. Worldwide production has increased steadily over the last decade, with total volume jumping from 728 million tons in 2004 to a little more than 1 billion tons in 2013 (Market line, 2016).

Maize is one of the staple food in Uganda and most small-scale farming households are engaged in maize production including Kyegegwa district. Fertilizer is used predominantly on maize and agricultural marketing is dominated by maize sales among smallholders (Govereh et al., 2003). Improving maize productivity has been a major goal of the Ugandan government. Over 80 percent of smallholder farmers nationwide own less than 5 hectares of land.

Maize is one of the most important cereal crops grown in Kyegegwa and in the world, in agricultural economy both as food for human beings, feed for animals and other industrial raw materials. It is one of the world’s leading crops cultivated over an area of about 142 million hectares with a production of 637 million tons of grain. In Nepal, the current area planted under maize was 849,892 ha with an average yield of 2.02 ha CBS, (2006)

Uganda is a country that is blessed with fertile soils and a fairy well- distributed rainfall, which makes agriculture a reasonably secure occupation. This is coupled with the fact that most of the developing countries’ economies in Sub-Saharan Africa depend mainly on agricultural production. The Ugandan economy is dominated by the agricultural sector, which accounts for 34 percent of the (GDP) Gross Domestic Product (MFPED 2006).

According to the Uganda Bureau of Statistics, UBOS (2014) it was reported that formal maize exports accounted for 1.9% of the country’s total exports in 2014, which ranked 13th of all goods exported.

Kyegegwa District is a district is located in western Uganda. It is bordered by Kibaale district to the North, Mubende district to the east and Kiruhura district to the south then Kamwenge district to the Southwest and Kyenjojo district to the Northwest. The location of the district headquarters is located approximately 110 kilometers by road, east of Fort Portal, the largest town in the sub region.

Education of farmers, farm size, extension agent contact, farm income, ability to predict rainfall, modern communication facilities, output of maize and mixed cropping combination with maize have positive influence on maize production. Mpuga (2004) conducted a research study in Uganda to investigate the factors which affect demand for agricultural credit. The findings of the study reveal that the demand for agricultural credit is strongly and significantly affected by the age, location, education, level, value of the assets held by the household, occupation, and other dwelling characteristics. On the other hand, the availability of the sources of credit has limited effect on the demand for credit.

1.2. Statement of the Problem The people in Kyegegwa district have been affected by shortage of maize as it is their major staple food. The district is blessed with fertile soils and a fairy well- distributed rainfall, which makes agriculture most especially maize growing a reasonably secure occupation. The production is very low as compared to other major food crops in the region.

Due to diminishing farm sizes in the district the crop productivity and the efficiency of farming systems are of great concern. Many researchers and policymakers have focused on the impact of adoption of new technologies in increasing the productivity of maize; however, this has not been the case in Kyegegwa district.

In Kyegegwa district maize production has continued to decline in the recent times partly because of the prolonged drought. Therefore increasing maize productivity in Kyegegwa district is of urgent necessity and one of the fundamental ways of improving food security within the region. This has therefore prompted to carry out this research aimed at assessing the factors affecting maize production among the people in Kyegegwa district.

1.3 Objectives of the study

1.3.1 Main objective - To assess the factors affecting maize production among the people in Kyegegwa district.

1.4. Specific Objectives to the Study The study will be guided by the following specific objectives: i) To establish the level of household maize production in Kyegegwa district. ii) To establish the challenges faced by farmers engaged in maize production in Kyegegwa district. iii) To suggest solutions towards the challenges facing maize production in Kyegegwa district.

1.5. Research questions i) What is the level of household maize production in Kyegegwa district? ii) What are the challenges being faced by farmers who engage themselves in maize growing? iii) What are the solutions to the challenges facing maize growers in Kyegegwa district?

1.6. Significance of the Study The study findings and recommendations will help both the national and county governments to implement policies that can revitalize maize production and encourage other stakeholder participation on food security initiatives.

The study will provide information to agricultural extension personnel and identify the strengths and weaknesses of the farmers in maize production and come up with appropriate capacity building programmes.

The research study will also help to provide a base for further research on maize production

2 issues especially among small scale farmers. The research will act as a reference material in Makerere University Library. This will consequently hasten the realization of the MDGs and also vision 2030 in the district and the whole nation at large.

1.7. Delimitations of the Study Delimitation is the process of reducing the study population and area to a manageable size. This research will be delimited in terms of the scope that it will cover. It will only target small scale maize farmers who will be obtained by visiting house hold in Kyegegwa district.

1.8. Limitation of the Study The According to Best and Khan (2008), limitations are conditions beyond the control of the researcher that may place limitations on the conclusion of the study and their application to other situations. Some respondents are anticipated to be affected by factors such as suspicion; however the researcher assured them o f the confidentiality of the study. Some respondents are anticipated to give pleasing responses to avoid offending the researcher; however this will be resolved enlightening them that the research will purely be objective and not subjective.

1.9. Assumptions underlying the Study The researcher made the following assumptions in the process of carrying out the study: Answers were given by respondents reflecting the impact of maize growing to the people in Kyegegwa district.

10. Conceptual Framework Conceptual framework is a diagrammatic representation of variables in a study, their operational definition and how they interact in the study. It shows how the independent variables influence the dependent variable of the study. The framework below is an illustration of possible underlying factors about the impact of maize production to the people of Kyegegwa district

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework a Showing Maize Production

Independent variable Dependent Variable

Determinants of maize - Maize Production (Out put) production Technology - Bags of maize harvested - Fertilizers - Family - Fertilizers - Labour Intervening Variables - Technology - Infrastructure development - Government3 policies - Farmers sex

The cost of inputs like fertilizer, labor and land preparation, have a correlation to maize production. The production of maize depends on demographic characteristics of the community of concern. The farm size of the farmer, gender roles, age and education level of the farmer involved. Extension services and credit accessibility also had an impact on maize production in Kyegegwa district.

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Introduction This chapter reviews related literature of what other scholars have written about the maize. It covers background to maize growing, maize production in Africa, maize production in Uganda, maize production in Kyegegwa and factors affecting maize production worldwide and in Kyegegwa.

2.2 Background to Maize growing Globally, maize which is also called corn is believed to have originated in central Mexico 7000 years ago from a wild grass, and Native Americans transformed maize into a better source of food. Maize contains approximately 72% starch, 10% protein, and4%fat, supplying an energy density of 365 Kcal/100 g and is grown throughout the world, with the United States, China, and Brazil being the top three maize-producing countries in the world, producing approximately 563 of the 717 million metric tons/year (Marketline, 2016).

The global maize industry had revenues of US$219.5 billion in 2015 (Marketline, 2016). Worldwide production has increased steadily over the last decade, with total volume jumping from 728 million tons in 2004 to a little more than 1 billion tons in 2013 (FAOSTAT).2 Although the value of the sector has plateau in recent years because of a slowdown in demand from China, it still posted a Compound Annual Growth Rate

Maize has different production and trading patterns, as well as end uses, depending on geographic regions. The United States is the largest single producer and exporter of the crop, although only 12% is used for human consumption, with the remainder being split between animal feed and ethanol fuel production (Ranum, 2014). The volume of maize used in ethanol production in the US increased by 100 million tons per year in the decade from 2000-10, which helped facilitate dramatic increases in the trade of animal feed-exports of distillers’ dry grains (DDG), which is a co-product of ethanol production and a valuable feed for chicken and other livestock, jumped from roughly 500,000 tons in 1996 to 9 million tons in 2010 (Wallington et al., 2012).

According to Benz (2001) reports that Comparing these specimens with those excavated in San Marcos cave led the author to infer that domestication efforts in the 700 year interim were focused on stabilizing the distichous, non-disarticulating, naked-grain phenotype and on increasing the number of grain-bearing spikelets per node from one to two. Maize relics from two caves bearing more recent dates are the Romero and Valenzuela caves near Ocampo, Tamaulipas (4300 years before present) (Smith,B.D. 1998) and southwestern United States (3500 years before present) (Smith 2001).

Whereas global demand is increasingly linked to ethanol production and animal feed, maize is a staple food crop throughout much of Africa. Maize is considered to be an important food source in countries where daily consumption exceeds 50 grams per person (Ranum, 2014). Twenty- seven African nations exceed that threshold, compared with 15 in the Americas, six in Europe

5 and four in Southeast Asia (Ranum, 2014). The 10 countries with the highest maize consumption in the world include Lesotho (328 grams per person per day), Malawi (293), Zambia (243), Zimbabwe (241), South Africa (222), and Kenya (171) (Ranum, 2014).

According to Nyoro J.K (2000) Machinery costs includes costs of ploughing, harrowing, chiseling, planting, spraying, harvesting, shelling and transport to stores. Machinery costs are generally high particularly in maize. Farmers have also complained that the ownership of farm machinery has reduced in the last 10 years due to lack of financing mechanism for procurements of farm machinery. High costs of farm machinery thus have affected the quality and timeliness of farm operations such as the land preparation in the key maize production zones. The high costs of farm operation have forced farmers to reduce the quality of seedbed preparation. Whereas in 1994, most maize producers for example did two ploughs and two harrows to create a fine seedbed suitable for planting maize and wheat, in 1999 and 2000 seasons, most farmers had reduced the number of times they ploughed and harrowed thereby reducing the quality of the seed bed.

2.2 Maize growing in Africa To many African countries, maize is the main staple food crop and is of vital concern to agricultural policy decisions, food security and overall development of the sector and the economy. However, there has been a declining trend in maize production among farmers in most African countries to influence maize production. The study by Matsuoka and coworkers (2002) suggests one path that starts in Mexico’s highlands and traces through western and northern Mexico into the southwestern United States and then into the eastern US and Canada. A second path goes from the Mexico highlands to the western and southern lowlands of Mexico into Guatemala, the Caribbean Islands, the lowlands of South America and the Andes mountains. In accordance with this study, maize diversified first in Mexico’s highlands and dispersed to lowlands at a later stage.

2.3 Maize growing in Uganda Introduced in Uganda in the mid-19th century, maize is the third largest crop cultivated in the country as measured by production volume, trailing only plantains and cassava (Uganda Bureau of Statistics, 2015). The production system is dominated by peasant farmers, with 75% of the country’s output grown on plots of land that are between 0.2-0.5 hectares (USAID, 2010; Joughin, 2012).

While farming is widespread in Uganda, maize traditionally has not been a critical component of the national diet. Historically, plantains (matooke), cassava, and sweet potatoes have contributed the largest amount of calories to the country’s aggregated food balance sheet. However, there are indications that appetites are shifting-Uganda’s consumption of maize was 344 kilocalories per day per person in 2011, an increase from the 203 in 2007. This evolution has been attributed to urbanization-Kampala residents consume maize in greater volume-and increasing institutional use of the crop as well as higher prices of other staples (Dalipagic & Elepu, 2014; USAID, 2010). Nonetheless, daily consumption in Uganda still trails regional leader Kenya by a significant margin.

The Uganda Bureau of Statistics reported that formal maize exports accounted for 1.9% of the country’s total exports in 2014, which ranked 13th of all goods, but well behind the top tier of coffee (18.1%), petroleum (6.4%), fish and fish products (6%), animal/vegetable fats and oils (4.5%), and iron and steel (4.1%) (Uganda Bureau of Statistics, 2015).11 Previous surveys have noted the size of the informal market and used multipliers of between 3-3.5 for formal trade data (Gates Foundation, 2014). This report uses FAO and UNCOMTRADE data while recognizing its limitations and supplementing with additional information when possible

The country’s ability to fully utilize its agricultural production potential depends on the innovativeness of actors in the agricultural sector, particularly farmers. The capacity of farmers and actors along the agricultural value chain to innovate in their production activities is contingent on the availability of technology. The Green Revolution in Asia as demonstrated in the empirical literature (Moser and Barrett, 2003; Minten and Barrett, 2008; among others) is an indication that improved technology adoption for agricultural transformation and poverty reduction is critical in modern day agriculture. Technical change in the form of adoption of improved agricultural production technologies have been reported to have positive impacts on agricultural productivity growth in the developing world (Nin etal., 2003).

Promotion of technical change through the generation of agricultural technologies by research and their dissemination to end users plays a critical role in boosting agricultural productivity in developing countries (Mapila, 2011). The availability of modern agricultural production technologies to end users, and the capacities of end users to adopt and utilize these technologies are also critical. Unfortunately, the Ghanaian agricultural sector is characterized by low level of technology adoption and this according to Ghana’s Ministry of Food and Agriculture (2010), contributes to the low agricultural productivity in the country.

2.4 Factors affecting maize production worldwide Poonyth et al. (2002) studied the economic impact of climate change on agriculture in South Africa, specifically analyzing the sensitivity of different crops to climate change using an econometric approach (the Ricardian model). The said study employed time series data, which mainly captured weather fluctuations rather than long-term climate shifts and also did not consider the impacts of climate change on the more vulnerable small-scale farmers in South Africa.

Ariyo (2011) noted that factors including like price fluctuation, diseases and pests, poor storage facilities have been associated with low maize production. He further observed that in view of this, national and international bodies have developed interest in promoting maize production for households’ food security and poverty alleviation.

According to Nyoro J.K (2000) Machinery costs includes costs impact on maize production. Machinery costs are generally high particularly in maize. Farmers have also complained that the ownership of farm machinery has reduced in the last 10 years due to lack of financing mechanism for procurements of farm machinery. High costs of farm machinery thus have affected the quality and timeliness of farm operations such as the land preparation in the key maize production zones. The high costs of farm operation have forced farmers to reduce the quality of seedbed preparation. That that the costs of ploughing also affects maize production.

According to Fakorede (2001), it was observed that traditionally, maize farmers in save their own seed or obtain seed from neighbors, friends and the open market for the next cropping season. Initially, improved varieties reached farmers through the research station that developed the varieties. This therefore affects maize production worldwide in that the seeds might not be in good condition.

Education is expected to enhance decision making and the adoption of agricultural technologies. Knowledge influences adoption. Farmers who have adequate knowledge of technology use are more likely to adopt it (Rogers, 2003). It can therefore be said that education affects maize production in the world.

2.5 Factors affecting maize production in Kyegegwa According to (2009), maize has come to possess a high economic importance in the world. The demand for maize has made it less affordable for poor consumers, thus the need for its increased Productivity and sustainability can never be over emphasized. The expansion of arable land is necessary but it is insufficient and barely significant approach.

Fertilizer prices have affected the production of maize in Kyegegwa. This is because, it decreases farmers purchase more meaning they will apply more leading to higher yields and if it increases farmers purchase less, therefore apply less and therefore get less yields. (Wanyama et al., 2010).

According to Fletschner (2009) he pointed out that household which are more educated, wealthier and have more family labor; can easily approach and access financial institutions. The farmers who have lack of land face many obstacles in accessing credit. According to Satish and Nirupam (2009) security against loan is the main source to access credit and lenders Utilize collateral to secure the loan. For the large households the land is used as collateral in the agrarian economy. For the small holders land is not used as collateral. This one of the factors which have affected maize production in Kyegegwa. Families which are wealthier have more labor to work on maize farms as compared with households which have little finances.

CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction This chapter gives a brief overview of various steps and methods that the research that were employed in the study. It gives a description of the research design used, target population, sample and sampling procedure, instruments for data collection, validity and reliability of the research instruments, data collection procedures and data analysis.

3.2. Research design According to Kothari (2004), states that research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. Cross-sectional research design was used because research involves collection of data on the same variable over given period of time and it includes both qualitative and quantitative method.

3.3. Target Population The research targeted famers in Kyegegwa District. These were got by visiting different households in the district. The research involved agricultural officers at the district headquarters.

3.4. Sample Size and Sampling Procedure Farmers from households were selected using simple random sampling technique. The agricultural officers were purposively selected because it was assumed by the researcher that in- depth knowledge about the topic of study. Simple random sampling technique was applied to the farmers from households such that all households have got equal chances of being selected into the sample. The total study population composed of 50 respondents. 35 were got from households while 15 were got from agricultural officers from the district.

3.5. Methods of Data Collection Various data collection methods were used to obtain both primary and secondary data. These were selected basing on their applicability in terms of nature and where the data was collected. These include the following;

3 .5.1 Interviews guide The researcher used face-to-face interviews to allow an in-depth collection of data by examining the interviewees (respondents). These interviews were held with the local farmers since it is believed by the researcher that many of these farmers are illiterates and do not know how to write. I read for them the question as I wrote into down the answers. The set of questions which was used during the study is attached as seen in appendix 11 in the appendices.

3.5.2 Questionnaires Open and closed ended questionnaires were used. Open ended questions allowed the respondents to give as much information as possible in all possible varied forms because there were no limitations to the respondent ,this gave no room from biasness as is the case with

9 closed ended. Closed ended questionnaires had predetermined responses and this made it easy for the researcher to analyze data. These questionnaires were applied to agricultural officers at the district. A set of the questions which are going to be asked is here attached in appendix 1 in the appendices.

3.5.3 Observation method This method involved gathering data by watching behaviors, events, or noting physical characteristics in their natural setting. I used this to collect information by being a direct observer, where I watched interactions, processes, or behaviors as they occur at the different households which are going to be visited.

3.7 Data Processing and Analysis The researcher used qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods to facilitate easy interpretation and comprehension of data. The researcher found it necessary to condense the data into useable forms which included;

3.7.1 Editing Here the researcher ensured that data is completed without omissions, inconsistency and inaccuracy during the study the researcher always checked the responses to avoid ambiguity and vagueness to make sure that they are meaningful for coding process. Questionnaires were checked thoroughly from beginning to the end to make sure that all questions relate to the expected responses. Manual techniques which were used were necessary for example, to rectifying errors that were discovered.

3.7.2 Coding Coding the information only after editing data by entering data in different categories to each of the questions asked. The researcher employed master sheet, which was be in a form of general tabulation with several columns on the questionnaire. Corresponding to each variable for all the respondents, through this technique therefore, were able to evaluate the information into meaningful form.

3.7.3 Tabulation The researcher put the data in tabular for after coding it. The tally system marks was given designating responses to their suitable code. The researcher added tally marks or scores under each category to establish the number of times each of the different answers were given to each category. However the research calculated this in from of tables and percentages. This helped the research to draw clear conclusions of the research findings.

3.7.4 Data Analysis According to Bailey (1994) data analysis is generally used to show how significant the data collected is. Data was analyzed using SPSS statistical package. The researcher used qualitative tables, percentages and others in data analysis.

3.8. Ethical Considerations The researcher assured that respondents of the confidentiality of the information provided, including their own personal information. The respondents were informed of the purpose of the

10 study, that is, for academic purposes only. This enabled them to provide the information without any suspicions. CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS

4.0 Introduction This chapter presents the quantitative and qualitative results according to the study objectives. The general objective of the study was to assess the factors affecting maize production among the people in Kyegegwa district. The study was guided by the following specific objectives, establishing the level of household maize production in Kyegegwa district, establishing challenges faced by farmers engaged in maize production in Kyegegwa district and suggesting solutions towards the challenges facing maize production in Kyegegwa district. The research questions which were answered were; what is the level of household maize production in Kyegegwa district? What are the challenges being faced by farmers who engage themselves in maize growing? and what are the solutions to the challenges facing maize growers in Kyegegwa district.

4.1 Univariate Analysis The researcher sought information about; the gender of respondents, highest level of education and the age of respondents. Two categories of gender were studied and these were either male or female. Age of respondents which were studied included 18-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60 60-70.Education level which was studied included; Primary, Secondary, College University and Post graduate.

4.1 Biodata of respondents Table 4.1: Showing biodata of respondents Response Frequency Percentage Gender Male 23 46 Female 27 54 Total 50 100 18-20 10 20 21-30 10 20 31-40 9 18 41-50 7 14 51-60 6 12 61-70 6 12 71 and above 2 4 Total 50 100

Educational Level Primary 13 26 Secondary 22 44 College 6 12 University 4 8 Postgraduate 4 8

Total 50 100 TableSource: 4. 2: Primaryshows the data bio -fromdata offarmers respondents and officials who were at Kyegegwa involved indistrict this study which was aimed at assessing the factors affecting maize production among the people in Kyegegwa district. The researcher looked at gender of respondents, age of respondents and education of respondents. Gender looked at either female or male, the age which was studied were: 18-20,21-30,31-40,41- 50,51-60,61-70 and then 71 and above. Education of respondents was also studied and these were; primary, secondary, college, University and postgraduate. 27(54%) of the respondents were females while 23(46%) of the respondents were males. Most of these females were found practicing in agriculture and when I visited these homesteads, they were found in their homes. Males were also found in their respective homes.

Different age groups were studied as seen in table 4.1 above. Most respondents were from the age bracket 18-20, 21-30 with 10(20%) of the responses respectively.The age bracket 31-40 composed of 9(18%) of the responses, 41-50 composed of 7(14%) of the responses,51-60 had 6(12%) of the respondents while 61-70 had 6(12%) of the responses. Those ones who were aged 71 and above had the least number of respondents with only 2(4%) of the responses. This was therefore summarized to mean that agriculture was mainly practiced with energetic youth of 18- 20 and 21-30 years of age. Education of respondents was also studied. These included; primary, secondary, college, university and postgraduate. From the study, 22(44%) of the respondents had secondary level education and this composed of the highest number of respondents. 13(26%) of the responses had attained primary education, 6(12%) had attained college while 4(8%) had attained university and postgraduate respectively.

4.2 Level of household maize production in Kyegegwa district To answer this objective, the researcher sought information from the respondents which included; source of labor force, whether carried out irrigation on the farm, Whether practiced minimum tillage, whether have heard dry planting, whether practice dry planting, whether have heard of herbicides, whether I used government sub, whether minimum tillage reduces the cost of land preparation, whether fertilizer use increase returns from maize production,whether herbicides lower costs of maize production, Land preparation,planting,seed acquisition and fertilizer acquisition. All these variables were summarized as seen in tables; 4.3,4.4,4.5,4.6,4.7.4.8,4.9.4.10.4.11,4.12,4.13,4.14,4.15 and 4.16 as seen below; Table 4. 2: Showing source of labor Source of labor Frequency Percentage

Unpaid family labor 13 26.0 Hired manual labor 22 44.0 Mechanical power 15 30.0 Total 50 100.0 Source: Primary data from the field

From table 4.3 above, 22(44%) of the source of labor was hired manual labor,13(26%) were un paid family labor while 15(30%) were mechanical power. This was therefore concluded that the mostly used type of labor was hired manual labor. Figure 2: Showing labor of respondents

Source of labor of Source

Table 4.: Whether carried out irrigation on the farm

Response Frequency Percent Yes 39 78.0 No 11 22.0 Total 50 100.0 Source: Primary data from the field

From table 4.4 above, 39(78%) of the responses gave yes as the answer meaning that they carried out irrigation on their farm. 11(22%) said that they do not use irrigation on their farm. This was therefore concluded by the researcher that most farmers in Kyegwegwa use irrigation on their farms and this has helped to increase on maize production in the district.

Table 4.3: Whether practiced minimum tillage

Response Frequency Percentage Yes 38 76.0 No 12 24.0 Total 50 100.0 Source: Primary data from the field

Table 4.4, gives the summary of the information which was given towards establishing whether practiced minimum tillage on the farm. 38(76%) pointed out yes while 12(12%) pointed out no. This was summarized by the researcher that framers in Kyegwegwa practice minimum tillage.

Table 4.5: Whether have heard dry planting

Response Frequency Percentage Yes 43 86.0 No 7 14.0 Total 50 100.0 Source: Primary data from the field

Table 4.6, gives the summary of the information which was given towards whether have heard dry planting. 43(86%) pointed out yes while 7(14%) pointed out no. This was concluded that farmers in Kyegweggwa have heard about dry planting.

Table 4.6: Whether practice dry planting

Response Frequency Percent Yes 39 78.0 No 11 22.0 Total 50 100.0 Source: Primary data from the field Table 4.7, gives the summary of the information which was given towards whether practiced dry planting. 39(78%) pointed out yes while 11(22%) pointed out no. This was concluded that farmers in Kyegwegwa practice dry planting.

Table 4.7: Whether have heard of herbicides

Response Frequency Percent Yes 35 70.0 No 15 30.0 Total 50 100.0 Source: Primary data from the field

Table 4.8, gives the summary of the information which was obtained from farmers on whether have heard about herbicides. 35(70%) pointed out that yes while 15(30%) pointed out that no. This therefore was concluded to mean that farmers have heard about herbicides in Kyegwegwa district. Table 4. 8: Whether I used government subsidized fertilizer

Response Frequency Percent Yes 31 62.0 No 19 38.0 Total 50 100.0 Source: Primary data from the field

Table 4.9, gives the summary of the information on whether used government subsidized fertilizer. From the study, it was established that 31(62%) of the respondents used government subsidized fertilizer while 19(38%) said no. This was therefore concluded that most of the farmers used government subsidized fertilizers. Table 4.9: Whether minimum tillage reduces the cost of land preparation

Response Frequency Percent Strongly agree 18 36.0 Agree 18 36.0 Uncertain 8 16.0 Disagree 4 8.0 Strongly disagree 2 4.0 Total 50 100.0 Source: Primary data from the field

Table 4.10 shows whether minimum tillage reduces the cost of land preparation. The results show that 18(36%) strongly agreed, 18(36%) agreed, 8(16%) were uncertain,4(8%) disagreed while 2(4%) strongly disagreed. This was therefore summarized to mean that minimum tillage reduces the cost of land preparation

Table 4.10: Whether fertilizer use increase returns from maize production

Response Frequency Percent Strongly agree 17 34.0 Agree 18 36.0 Uncertain 9 18.0 Disagree 4 8.0 Strongly disagree 2 4.0 Total 50 100.0

Source: Primary data from the field

Table 4.11 shows whether fertilizer use increases return from maize production. 17(34%) strongly agreed, 18(36%) agreed, 9(18%) were un certain,4(8.0%) disagreed, 2(4%) strongly disagreed. This was therefore concluded that fertilizer use increases maize production in Kyegwegwa district as seen in table 4.11 above Table 4.11: Whether herbicides lower costs of maize production

Response Frequency Percent Strongly agree 22 44.0 Agree 10 20.0 Uncertain 8 16.0 Disagree 6 12.0 Strongly disagree 4 8.0 Total 50 100.0 Source: Primary data from the field

Table 4.12 shows whether herbicides lower costs of maize production. Results indicate that 22(44%) strongly agreed, 10(20%) agreed,8(16%) were uncertain, 6(12%) disagreed while 4(8%) strongly disagreed.

Table 4.12: Land preparation

Response Frequency Percent Strongly agree 18 36.0 Agree 17 34.0 Uncertain 9 18.0 Disagree 3 6.0 Strongly disagree 3 6.0 Total 50 100.0 Source: Primary data from the field Table 4.13 shows whether farmers prepare their land. It was found out that 18(36%) strongly agree, 17(34%) agreed, 9(18%) were uncertain, 3(6%) disagreed while 3(6%) strongly disagreed. This therefore was established to mean that most of the farmers make land preparation before planting maize.

4.3 CHALLENGES FACED BY FARMERS ENGAGED IN MAIZE PRODUCTION IN KYEGEGWA DISTRICT

The second objective of the study was aimed at establishing the challenges faced by farmers engaged in maize production in Kyegegwa district. To answer this objective, the researcher asked questions which included; whether farmers received credit from a financial institution before, when credit was taken and whether farmers belong to an active farmer group or cooperative

Table 4.13 Whether received credit from a financial institution before

Response Frequency Percent Yes 37 74.0 No 13 26.0 Total 50 100.0 Source: Primary data from the field Table 4.17 shows whether received credit from financial institutions. Results show that 37(74%) pointed out that yes while 13(26%) said no. This therefore meant that most farmers received credit from financial institution before.

Table 4: 14 when credit was taken

Response Frequency Percent Within the last one year 14 28.0 Within the last two years 16 32.0 Within the last three years 7 14.0 Four years and above 13 26.0 Total 50 100.0

Source: Primary data from the field

Table 4.18 shows responses which were given by farmers about when credit was taken. Four responses were asked and these include, within the last one year, within the last two years, within the last three years and four years and above.From the findings, it was established that 14(28.0%) said that credit was taken within the last one year, 16(32.0%) pointed out credit was taken within the last two years, 7(14.0)% pointed out that credit was taken within the last three years and 13(26%) pointed out that credit was taken four years and above. In conclusion therefore, it was established that credit was taken within the last two years since this had the biggest percentage of people with the largest percentage.

Table 4. 15: Whether belong to an active farmer group or cooperative

Response Frequency Percent Yes 32 64.0 No 18 36.0 Total 50 100.0 Source: Primary data from the field

Table 4.19 above, information was sought about whether belonged to an active farmer group or cooperative. It was established that 32(64%) of the respondents said yes, while 18(36%) pointed out that no. This was therefore summarized to mean that most of the farmers in Kyegwegwa belonged to an active farmer group or cooperative as seen I table 4.19 above. 4.4 SOLUTIONS TOWARDS THE CHALLENGES FACING MAIZE PRODUCTION IN KYEGEGWA DISTRICT

The third objective of this research was suggesting solutions towards the challenges facing maize production in Kyegegwa district. To arrive at this objective, the researcher asked the following questions; whether access to credit influences the decision to use inorganic fertilizer, whether barter arrangements with input suppliers can help farmers can exchange their maize (or other acceptable crops) for required inputs, whether associations can assist in the supply of inputs and credit and the perennial maize shortage in the sub county would be a thing of the past if small- scale farmers are given incentives to increase production and whether saving the surplus cash at harvest time can be used to purchase inputs for the following season. The following answers as summarized below were obtained from respondents

Table 4.16: Whether access to credit influences the decision to use inorganic fertilizer

Response Frequency Percent Strongly agree 24 48.0 Agree 10 20.0 Uncertain 6 12.0 Disagree 10 20.0 Total 50 100.0 Source: Primary data from the field

From table 4.20 shows whether access to credit influences the decision to use inorganic fertilizer. 24(48%) strongly agreed, 10(20%) agreed, 6(12%) were uncertain, while 10(20%) disagreed. This therefore means that access to credit influences the decision to use inorganic fertilizer as seen in table 4.20 above.

Table 4.17: Barter arrangements with input suppliers can help farmers can exchange their maize (or other acceptable crops) for required inputs

Response Frequency Percent Strongly agree 20 40.0 Agree 15 30.0 Uncertain 5 10.0 Disagree 10 20.0 Total 50 100.0

Source: Primary data from the field

From table 4.21 above, information was sought whether Barter arrangements with input suppliers can help farmers can exchange their maize for required inputs. It was established that 20(40%) strongly agreed, 15(30%) agreed, 5(10%) were uncertain while 10(20%) disagreed. nutshell therefore, arrangements with input suppliers can help farmers exchange their maize. This was seen by the biggest percentage of respondents pointing out that they strongly agreed with this seen by the highest number of respondents strongly agreeing. Table 4.18 Whether associations can assist in the supply of inputs and credit

Response Frequency Percent Strongly agree 15 30.0 Agree 14 28.0 Uncertain 12 24.0 Disagree 9 18.0 Total 50 100.0

Source: Primary data from the field From table 4.22 above, information was sought whether associations can assist in the supply and credit. From the results, it was established that 15(30%) strongly agreed,14(28%) agreed, 12(24%) were uncertain while 9(18%) disagreed. In nutshell therefore, associations assist in supply of inputs and credit. Table 19: Whether saving the surplus cash at harvest time can be used to purchase inputs for the following season

Response Frequency Percent Strongly agree 22 44.0

Agree 13 26.0 Uncertain 7 14.0 Disagree 8 16.0 Total 50 100.0 Source: Primary data from the field

From table 4.23 above, information was sought whether saving the surplus cash at harvest time can be used to purchase to the following season. From the study, it was found out that 22(44%) of the respondents strongly agreed, 13(26%) agreed, 7(14%) were uncertain while 8(16%) disagreed. In this regard therefore, it was concluded that saving the surplus cash harvest time can be used to purchase inputs for the following season by most of the respondents strongly agreeing. About the perennial maize shortage in the sub county whether would be a thing of the past if small-scale farmers are given incentives. From the results which were obtained, it was established that 16(32%) strongly agreed,14(28%) agreed, 13(26%) were uncertain while 7(14%) disagreed. This was therefore concluded that maize shortage of maize in Kyegwegwa is something of the past by most of the respondents strongly agreeing. Table 4. 20: The perennial maize shortage in the sub county would be a thing of the past if small-scale farmers are given incentives to increase production Response Frequency Percent Strongly agree 16 32.0 Agree 14 28.0 Uncertain 13 26.0 Disagree 7 14.0 Total 50 100.0 Source: Primary data from the field

From table 4.24 above, information was sought about the perennial maize shortage in the sub county whether would be a thing of the past if small-scale farmers are given incentives. From the results which were obtained, it was established that 16(32%) strongly agreed,14(28%) agreed, 13(26%) were uncertain while 7(14%) disagreed. This was therefore concluded that maize shortage of maize in Kyegwegwa is something of the past by most of the respondents strongly agreeing.

CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.0 Introduction This chapter discusses the study findings, concludes the work and draws recommendation. The study objectives included; establishing the level of household maize production in Kyegegwa district, establishing the challenges faced by farmers engaged in maize production in Kyegegwa district and suggesting solutions towards the challenges facing maize production in Kyegegwa district.

5.1 Conclusion The study sought to establish the factors affecting maize production among the people in Kyegegwa district. Farmers used practiced minimum tillage, practiced and used herbicides as some of the means of increasing maize production. Farmers access to credit and this influences the decision to use inorganic fertilizer. Farmers have also made associations and these can assist in the supply of inputs and credit 5.2 Recommendations

I do recommend the following;

1) Farmers should use mechanical power that is faster and more efficient than unpaid family labor and animal draught power. 2) Farmers should use government subsidized fertilizer that is cheaper than buying from commercial shops, this will enable them to apply adequate amounts of fertilizer that will lead to increase in maize yields. Also farmers should practice dry planting and practice minimum tillage, this will increase maize yield and lower the cost of producing maize. 3) Young people should be encouraged to fully embrace maize farming given that they are better placed in adoption of new technologies than old people. Also deliberate efforts have to be made by both county and national governments to lure people with university education and post graduate levels into maize farming given that farmers with either university or post graduate level of education easily adopt new technologies unlike the ones with lesser education levels. Female headed households should be encouraged to seek more information fertilizer application rates given that male headed households apply more fertilizer than their female counterparts. 4) Measures should be put across by the government to ensure that the farmers get farm inputs in time and at a reasonable price in order to enable them produce more crops. This will assist in the building of economy and also address the cases of unemployment experienced especially in the rural areas like Kyegwegwa district 5) Agricultural extension officers should hold field days regularly, properly publicize them and they should be relevant to the farmers’ needs especially on modern farming methods to enhance their adoption. County governments should employ adequate

6) The government should address the lack of incentives for farming communities by improving access to credit, strengthening agricultural institutions and developing policies to reduce market risks

5.3 Areas of further research

Future studies should focus on the study on soil fertility and its effect to maize production. It should also study the effects of maize varieties and change of policies on the maize production in Kyegwegwa district

REFERENCES

CBS (2001) Poverty reduction strategy paper, 2001-2004. Nairobi, Kenya, Government printers. Crops Research Workshop on Maize Research and Production in Nepal, held in June Development: The World Bank.

E. Wekesa, W. Mwangi, H. Verkuijl, K. Danda, H. De Groote (2003), Adoption of Maize Education.7th ed Mc Graw-Hill International Edition

Frankel, J. R., and Wallen, E. (2004). How to Design and Evaluate Research in hasil penelitian jagung, sorghum dan terigu 1980-1984. Pusat Penelitian dan Joughin, James. (2012). The Maize Industry in Uganda. USAID

Kaini, B.R., ‘Increasing Crop Production in Nepal’, Proceeding of the 24th National Summer.

Kothari, C.R. (2004). Research Methodology, Methods and Techniques. 2nd edition. New Level technology. Marketline (2016). Global Cereals Crop. Progressive Digital Media

Mpuga, P. (2004), Demand for credit in Rural Uganda: who cares for the peasants? Global Poverty Research Group, University of Oxford, St Catherine’s College, Oxford.

Nyoro J. K (2000) Kenya's Competitiveness In Domestic Maize Production: Implications Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan..

Ranum, Peter, Juan Pablo Peña-Rosas, & Maria Nieves Garcia-Casal. (2014). “Global maize production, utilization, and consumption.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

USAID. (2010). Market Assessment and Baseline Study of Staple Foods. Country Report: Uganda.

Wallington, T., J. Anderson, S. Mueller, E. Kolinski Morris, S. Winkler, J. Ginder. (2012). Corn Ethanol Production, Food Exports, and Indirect Land Use Change. Environmental Science & Technology.

World Bank, (2006). Poverty and hunger issues and opinions for food security in developing countries. Washington D.C .The international bank for reconstruction.

Poonyth, D., Hassan, R., Kirsten, J.F. and Calcatera, M., (2001). “Is the Agricultural Sector a Pre condition for Economic Growth? The Case of South Africa”. Agrekon

APPENDICES Appendix 1: Questionnaire designed to the farmers and officials at Kyegegwa district. Dear Respondent, I am Kugyendaira Edwin, a finalist from Makerere University- Kampala. The purpose of this questionnaire is to gather information about “factors affecting maize production among the people in Kyegegwa district”. Please answer the questions freely. The information you provide will be treated with utmost Confidentiality and will only be used for academic research purposes by the researcher himself in his endeavors to accomplish his course at the University.

PART A: PERSONAL DETAILS Answer or fill with appropriate response(s) What is your gender? Male Female 2. Age. 18-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 Above 72 3. What is your highest level of Education? Primary Secondary College University Post graduate

PART B: LEVEL OF HOUSEHOLD MAIZE PRODUCTION IN KYEGEGWA DISTRICT 4. What is the source of power on your farm during land preparation? Unpaid family labor Hired manual labor Mechanical power

5. In case you agree with the following activities, Answer (Yes) or (No); Activity Yes No I carry out irrigation on my farm at times...... I practice minimum tillage...... I have heard of dry planting...... I practice dry planting...... I have heard of herbicides...... I use government subsidized fertilizer...... 6. Answer the level you agree with the following statements.

Strongly agree, Agree, Uncertain, Disagree, Strongly disagree Minimum tillage reduces the cost of land preparation...... Fertilizer use increases returns from maize production...... Herbicides lower costs of maize production...... 7. What are the costs involved in maize production...... Answer strongly agree, Agree, Uncertain, Disagree, Strongly disagree Land preparation...... Planting ......

Fertilizer acquisition...... Seed acquisition...... Weeding...... PART. C: CHALLENGES FACED BY FARMERS ENGAGED IN MAIZE PRODUCTION IN KYEGEGWA DISTRICT. 8. Answer/Choose the most appropriate alternative a) I have received credit from a financial institution before. Yes No b) If yes to indicate when you took the last credit? Within the last one year Within the last two years Within the last three years Four years and above c). I belong to an active farmer group or cooperative; Yes No d). As pertains credit, do you think the both the national and county governments can assist farmers with affordable and easily accessible credit? Yes No

PART E: SOLUTIONS TOWARDS THE CHALLENGES FACING MAIZE PRODUCTION IN KYEGEGWA DISTRICT

Please use the following; Please answer strongly agree (1), agree (2), Uncertain (3), disagree (4), strongly disagree (5) Statement Access to credit influences the decision to use inorganic fertilizer Barter arrangements with input suppliers can help farmers can exchange their maize (or other acceptable crops) for required inputs Farmer associations can assist in the supply of inputs and credit to individual association members, and market produce through a collective marketing mechanism; Saving the surplus cash at harvest time can be used to purchase inputs for the following season The perennial maize shortage in the sub county would be a thing of the past if small-scale farmers are given incentives to increase production

Thanks for your cooperation I remain Kugyendaira Edwin (Researcher)

Appendix 11: Interview guide

1. What is your gender and age? 2. What is your highest level of Education? 3. What is the source of power on your farm during land preparation? 4. Answer strongly agree, Agree, Uncertain, Disagree, Strongly disagree 5. Challenges faced by farmers engaged in maize production in Kyegegwa district. 6. Have you received credit from a financial institution before? 7. What do you think the both the national and county governments can assist farmers with affordable and easily accessible credit? 8. Do you access to credit influences the decision to use inorganic fertilizer? 9. Do you have Barter arrangements with input suppliers can help farmers can exchange their maize (or other acceptable crops) for required inputs 10. Do farmer associations can assist in the supply of inputs and credit to individual association members, and market produce through a collective marketing mechanism? 11. Do saving the surplus cash at harvest time can be used to purchase inputs for the following season? 12. Do perennial maize shortage in the sub county would be a thing of the past if small-scale farmers are given incentives to increase production?

Thanks for your cooperation I remain Kugyendaira Edwin (Researcher)