DOCSLIB.ORG

Instantons in Supersymmetric Yang–Mills and D-Instantons in IIB Superstring Theory

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Instantons in Supersymmetric Yang–Mills and D-Instantons in IIB Superstring Theory View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by CERN Document Server ROM2F-98-25; DAMTP-98-69; hep-th/9807033 Instantons in supersymmetric Yang–Mills and D-instantons in IIB superstring theory Massimo Bianchia, Michael B. Greenb, Stefano Kovacsa and Giancarlo Rossia a Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit`a di Roma “Tor Vergata” I.N.F.N. - Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 00173 Roma, ITALY b Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Silver Street, Cambridge CB3 9EW, UK ABSTRACT The one-instanton contributions to various correlation functions of su- perconformal currents in four-dimensional N = 4 supersymmetric SU(2) Yang–Mills theory are evaluated to the lowest order in perturbation theory. Expressions of the same form are obtained from the leading effects of a sin- gle D-instanton extracted from the IIB superstring effective action around 5 the AdS5 × S background. This is in line with the suggested AdS/Yang– Mills correspondence. The relation between Yang–Mills instantons and D- instantons is further confirmed by the explicit form of the classical D-instanton 5 solution in the AdS5 × S background and its associated supermultiplet of zero modes. Speculations are made concerning instanton effects in the large- Nc limit of the SU(Nc) Yang–Mills theory. 1 Introduction Four-dimensional N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory is a very special quantum field theory. It is the original example of a theory possessing exact electromagnetic duality [1, 2, 3] which is connected to the fact that it con- tains an infinite set of stable dyonic BPS states [4] and also has a vanishing renormalization group β function. Whereas the abelian theory is free, the nature of the non-abelian theory depends on whether scalar fields have vac- uum expectation values. In the Coulomb phase, reached by giving vacuum expectation values (vev’s) to the scalars in the Cartan subalgebra, the two- derivative Wilsonian effective action is believed not to be renormalized either in perturbation theory or by non-perturbative effects. The superconformal invariance of the theory is, however, broken in this phase. The phase in which all scalar fields have vanishing vev’s is expected to describe a highly nontriv- ial superconformal field theory. Although it is very difficult to understand the nature of this phase from direct perturbative calculations, according to the recent flurry of work [5, 6, 7, 8] certain properties of the theory should be understandable in terms of type IIB superstring theory compactified on 5 AdS5 × S , where the Yang–Mills theory is located on the four-dimensional boundary of the five-dimensional anti de-Sitter space. According to the proposal made by Maldacena in [6] properties of SU(Nc) N = 4 Yang–Mills theory in the large-Nc limit may be determined by semi- classical approximations to the superstring theory. In this limit the boundary Yang–Mills theory is interpreted as the world-volume theory for a large-Nc 5 collection of coincident D3-branes. The AdS5 × S geometry is the near- horizon description of the classical D3-brane solution [9] which is a source of non-vanishing self-dual Ramond–Ramond (R ⊗ R) five-form field strength, F5 = ∗F5 [10]. In fact, the D3-brane solution plays the rˆole of an interpolating soliton between two maximally supersymmetric configurations (with 16 + 16 supercharges) — flat ten-dimensional Minkowski space at infinity and AdS5× S5 at the horizon. The extra 16 Killing spinors at the horizon are in one-to- one correspondence with the special supersymmetry transformations of the boundary theory [11]. The SO(6) isometry of the S5 factor corresponds to the gauging of the SU(4) R-symmetry group while the SO(4, 2) isometry of AdS5 coincides with the conformal group of the boundary theory at the horizon. In this picture the boundary values of the fields of the bulk superstring 1 5 theory compactified on AdS5 × S are sources that couple to gauge-invariant operators of the four-dimensional boundary N = 4 supersymmetric Yang– Mills theory. The lowest Kaluza–Klein modes of the graviton supermultiplet couple to the superconformal multiplet of Yang–Mills currents. These fields and currents will be reviewed in more detail in section 2. More generally, all the Kaluza-Klein excitations of the bulk supergravity theory can be put in one-to-one correspondence with gauge-singlet composite Yang–Mills opera- tors [7, 8, 12, 13]. According to this idea the effective action of type IIB supergravity, eval- uated on a solution of the equations of motion with prescribed boundary conditions, is equated with the generating functional of connected gauge- invariant correlation functions in the Yang–Mills theory. The parameters of 5 the N = 4 Yang–Mills theory and the IIB superstring on AdS5 × S are related by g2 L2 g = YM , 2πC˜(0) = θ , = g2 N , (1) s 4π YM α0 YM c q φ˜ ˜ ˜(0) where gs = e is the string coupling (φ is the constant dilaton), C is the constant R ⊗ R axionic background, gYM is the Yang–Mills coupling, θYM is 5 the vacuum angle and L is the radius of both the AdS5 and S factors of the bulk background. The complex Yang–Mills coupling is therefore identified with the constant boundary value of the complex scalar field of the IIB superstring, θ 4πi i YM + =C˜(0) + . (2) 2π g2 g YM s Most of the tests of this conjecture have so far amounted to the computation of two-point and three-point correlations of currents [14] based on the semi- classical approximation to the bulk supergravity (gs << 1) which is valid at length scales much larger than the string scale or, equivalently, in the limit 0 2 2 α /L << 1. This is the limit Nc →∞and gYM → 0withgYMNc >> 1. This can also be viewed as the large-Nc limit introduced by ’t Hooft [15] with 2 2 the couplingg ˆ = gYMNc fixed at a large value. The explicit connection between the bulk theory and the boundary theory can be expressed symbolically as [8, 7, 16] exp(−SIIB [Φm(J)]) = DA exp(−SYM[A]+O∆[A]J), (3) Z 2 where SIIB is the effective action of the IIB superstring or its low energy supergravity limit which is evaluated in terms of the ‘massless’ supergravity fields and their Kaluza–Klein descendents, that we have generically indi- cated with Φ(z; ω), where ω are the coordinates on S5 and zM ≡ (xµ,ρ) (M =0,1,2,3,5andµ=0,1,2,3) are the AdS5 coordinates (ρ ≡ z5 is the coordinate transverse to the boundary). The notation in (3) indicates that the action depends on the boundary values, J(x), of the bulk fields. The fluctuating boundary N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills fields are denoted by A and O(A) in (3) is the set of gauge-invariant composite operators to which J couples. The recipe for computing correlations involves the ‘bulk- to-boundary’ Green functions which are defined as specific normalized limits of bulk-to-bulk Green functions [7, 8, 17] when one point is taken to the AdS boundary. The precise forms of these propagators depend on the spin and mass of the field. For example, the normalized bulk-to-boundary Green function for a dimension ∆ scalar field is given by 0 0 µ 0µ G∆(x, ρ, ω; x , 0,ω)=c∆K∆(x ,ρ;x ,0), (4) 2 which is independent of ω and where c∆ = Γ(∆)/(π Γ(∆ − 2)) and ∆ µ 0µ ρ K∆(x ,ρ;x ,0) = . (5) (ρ2 +(x−x0)2)∆ The expression (4) is appropriate for an ‘S-wave’ process in which there are 5 no excitations in the directions of the five-sphere, S .IntermsofK∆the bulk field 4 0 0 0 Φm(z; J)=c∆ dxK∆(x, ρ; x , 0)J∆(x )(6) Z satisfies the boundary condition as ρ → 0, 4−∆ Φm(x, ρ; J) ≈ ρ J∆(x)(7) since K∆ reduces to a δ-function on the boundary. The conformal dimension of the operator is related to the AdS mass of the corresponding bulk field 2 2 by (mL) =∆(∆−4), so that ∆± =2± 4+(mL) and only the positive branch, ∆ = ∆+, is relevant for the lowest-‘mass’q supergravity multiplet. In the case of a massless scalar field (∆+ = 4) the propagator reduces to δ(4)(xµ − x0µ) in the limit ρ → 0. 3 For our considerations it will prove crucial in the following that the expres- sion (5) in the case ∆+ = 4 has exactly the same form as the contribution of − 2 − a Yang–Mills instanton to Tr(Fµν ) (where Fµν is the non-abelian self-dual field strength) when the fifth coordinate ρ is identified with the instanton scale. At the same time, we will see that in this case (5) has precisely the same form as the five-dimensional profile of a D-instanton centered on the M 0µ point z in AdS5 and evaluated at the boundary point (x , 0).Thisisa key observation in identifying D-instanton effects of the bulk theory with Yang–Mills instanton effects in the boundary theory. It is related to the fact that the moduli space of a Yang–Mills instanton has an AdS5 factor. Two-point and three-point correlation functions of superconformal cur- rents are not renormalized from their free-field values due to the N =4 superconformal invariance so they do not get interesting interaction correc- tions [17, 18, 19, 20]. However, higher-point correlation functions do receive nontrivial interaction corrections. Here we will be concerned with calcula- tions of processes in which the one-instanton contributions can be evaluated exactly to lowest order in perturbation theory.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Introductory Lectures on Quantum Field Theory
    Introductory Lectures on Quantum Field Theory a b L. Álvarez-Gaumé ∗ and M.A. Vázquez-Mozo † a CERN, Geneva, Switzerland b Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain Abstract In these lectures we present a few topics in quantum field theory in detail. Some of them are conceptual and some more practical. They have been se- lected because they appear frequently in current applications to particle physics and string theory. 1 Introduction These notes are based on lectures delivered by L.A.-G. at the 3rd CERN–Latin-American School of High- Energy Physics, Malargüe, Argentina, 27 February–12 March 2005, at the 5th CERN–Latin-American School of High-Energy Physics, Medellín, Colombia, 15–28 March 2009, and at the 6th CERN–Latin- American School of High-Energy Physics, Natal, Brazil, 23 March–5 April 2011. The audience on all three occasions was composed to a large extent of students in experimental high-energy physics with an important minority of theorists. In nearly ten hours it is quite difficult to give a reasonable introduction to a subject as vast as quantum field theory. For this reason the lectures were intended to provide a review of those parts of the subject to be used later by other lecturers. Although a cursory acquaintance with the subject of quantum field theory is helpful, the only requirement to follow the lectures is a working knowledge of quantum mechanics and special relativity. The guiding principle in choosing the topics presented (apart from serving as introductions to later courses) was to present some basic aspects of the theory that present conceptual subtleties.
    [Show full text]
  • Andrew Thomson Dissertation.Pdf
    PHENOMENOLOGY OF COMPACTIFICATIONS OF M-THEORY ON MANIFOLDS OF G2 HOLONOMY by Andrew James Thomson Supervisor: Kelly Stelle A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science of Imperial College London 24 September 2010 Contents I. Introduction 3 II. Holonomy and G2 manifolds 7 III. Chirality and singular manifolds 11 IV. Moduli stabilization and the hierarchy problem 14 V. Conclusion 17 References 19 2 I. Introduction The Standard Model is a phenomenally successful theory of particle physics, well tested at quantum mechanical level up to the TeV energy scale, and renormalizable (notwithstanding that the Higgs particle has not been observed yet) [1]. However there are several issues (or at least perceived ones) with the model. First of all, it only describes three of the four fundamental forces (the strong, electromagnetic and weak forces) in a quantum manner, leaving gravity still described only in a classical fashion; however we will not be concerned with this any further during this dissertation. The primary issue with which we will be concerned is the so-called hierarchy problem (also known as the weak-scale instability) – why there are two (electroweak and Planck) mass scales and why they are so far apart, why the electroweak scale is not modified at loop level by the Planck scale and whether there are any other scales between them. [1,2] One wonders why we should be concerned with as yet purely theoretical imperfections which have not yet manifested themselves in any experimental observations. One only has to look to the history of the standard model itself for a precedent for looking for physics beyond it – the earliest theories of the weak interaction, which were based on the interaction of four fermions at a point, broke down when calculated to higher order at the then unimaginably high energies of 300 GeV (Heisenberg 1939) before they had been violated by any observation.
    [Show full text]
  • TASI 2008 Lectures: Introduction to Supersymmetry And
    TASI 2008 Lectures: Introduction to Supersymmetry and Supersymmetry Breaking Yuri Shirman Department of Physics and Astronomy University of California, Irvine, CA 92697. [email protected] Abstract These lectures, presented at TASI 08 school, provide an introduction to supersymmetry and supersymmetry breaking. We present basic formalism of supersymmetry, super- symmetric non-renormalization theorems, and summarize non-perturbative dynamics of supersymmetric QCD. We then turn to discussion of tree level, non-perturbative, and metastable supersymmetry breaking. We introduce Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model and discuss soft parameters in the Lagrangian. Finally we discuss several mech- anisms for communicating the supersymmetry breaking between the hidden and visible sectors. arXiv:0907.0039v1 [hep-ph] 1 Jul 2009 Contents 1 Introduction 2 1.1 Motivation..................................... 2 1.2 Weylfermions................................... 4 1.3 Afirstlookatsupersymmetry . .. 5 2 Constructing supersymmetric Lagrangians 6 2.1 Wess-ZuminoModel ............................... 6 2.2 Superfieldformalism .............................. 8 2.3 VectorSuperfield ................................. 12 2.4 Supersymmetric U(1)gaugetheory ....................... 13 2.5 Non-abeliangaugetheory . .. 15 3 Non-renormalization theorems 16 3.1 R-symmetry.................................... 17 3.2 Superpotentialterms . .. .. .. 17 3.3 Gaugecouplingrenormalization . ..... 19 3.4 D-termrenormalization. ... 20 4 Non-perturbative dynamics in SUSY QCD 20 4.1 Affleck-Dine-Seiberg
    [Show full text]
  • Aspects of Supersymmetry and Its Breaking
    1 Aspects of Supersymmetry and its Breaking a b Thomas T. Dumitrescu ∗ and Zohar Komargodski † aDepartment of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, USA bSchool of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, 08540, USA We describe some basic aspects of supersymmetric field theories, emphasizing the structure of various supersym- metry multiplets. In particular, we discuss supercurrents – multiplets which contain the supersymmetry current and the energy-momentum tensor – and explain how they can be used to constrain the dynamics of supersym- metric field theories, supersymmetry breaking, and supergravity. These notes are based on lectures delivered at the Carg´ese Summer School 2010 on “String Theory: Formal Developments and Applications,” and the CERN Winter School 2011 on “Supergravity, Strings, and Gauge Theory.” 1. Supersymmetric Theories In this review we will describe some basic aspects of SUSY field theories, emphasizing the structure 1.1. Supermultiplets and Superfields of various supermultiplets – especially those con- A four-dimensional theory possesses = 1 taining the supersymmetry current. In particu- supersymmetry (SUSY) if it contains Na con- 1 lar, we will show how these supercurrents can be served spin- 2 charge Qα which satisfies the anti- used to study the dynamics of supersymmetric commutation relation field theories, SUSY-breaking, and supergravity. ¯ µ Qα, Qα˙ = 2σαα˙ Pµ . (1) We begin by recalling basic facts about super- { } multiplets and superfields. A set of bosonic and Here Q¯ is the Hermitian conjugate of Q . (We α˙ α fermionic operators B(x) and F (x) fur- will use bars throughout to denote Hermitian con- i i nishes a supermultiplet{O if these} operators{O satisfy} jugation.) Unless otherwise stated, we follow the commutation relations of the schematic form conventions of [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Supersymmetry
    Introduction to Supersymmetry Pre-SUSY Summer School Corpus Christi, Texas May 15-18, 2019 Stephen P. Martin Northern Illinois University [email protected] 1 Topics: Why: Motivation for supersymmetry (SUSY) • What: SUSY Lagrangians, SUSY breaking and the Minimal • Supersymmetric Standard Model, superpartner decays Who: Sorry, not covered. • For some more details and a slightly better attempt at proper referencing: A supersymmetry primer, hep-ph/9709356, version 7, January 2016 • TASI 2011 lectures notes: two-component fermion notation and • supersymmetry, arXiv:1205.4076. If you find corrections, please do let me know! 2 Lecture 1: Motivation and Introduction to Supersymmetry Motivation: The Hierarchy Problem • Supermultiplets • Particle content of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model • (MSSM) Need for “soft” breaking of supersymmetry • The Wess-Zumino Model • 3 People have cited many reasons why extensions of the Standard Model might involve supersymmetry (SUSY). Some of them are: A possible cold dark matter particle • A light Higgs boson, M = 125 GeV • h Unification of gauge couplings • Mathematical elegance, beauty • ⋆ “What does that even mean? No such thing!” – Some modern pundits ⋆ “We beg to differ.” – Einstein, Dirac, . However, for me, the single compelling reason is: The Hierarchy Problem • 4 An analogy: Coulomb self-energy correction to the electron’s mass A point-like electron would have an infinite classical electrostatic energy. Instead, suppose the electron is a solid sphere of uniform charge density and radius R. An undergraduate problem gives: 3e2 ∆ECoulomb = 20πǫ0R 2 Interpreting this as a correction ∆me = ∆ECoulomb/c to the electron mass: 15 0.86 10− meters m = m + (1 MeV/c2) × .
    [Show full text]
  • Lectures on N = 2 Gauge Theory
    Preprint typeset in JHEP style - HYPER VERSION Lectures on N = 2 gauge theory Davide Gaiotto Abstract: In a series of four lectures I will review classic results and recent developments in four dimensional N = 2 supersymmetric gauge theory. Lecture 1 and 2 review the standard lore: some basic definitions and the Seiberg-Witten description of the low energy dynamics of various gauge theories. In Lecture 3 we review the six-dimensional engineering approach, which allows one to define a very large class of N = 2 field theories and determine their low energy effective Lagrangian, their S-duality properties and much more. Lecture 4 will focus on properties of extended objects, such as line operators and surface operators. Contents I Lecture 1 1 1. Seiberg-Witten solution of pure SU(2) gauge theory 5 2. Solution of SU(N) gauge theory 7 II Lecture 2 8 3. Nf = 1 SU(2) 10 4. Solution of SU(N) gauge theory with fundamental flavors 11 4.1 Linear quivers of unitary gauge groups 12 Field theories with N = 2 supersymmetry in four dimensions are a beautiful theoretical playground: this amount of supersymmetry allows many exact computations, but does not fix the Lagrangian uniquely. Rather, one can write down a large variety of asymptotically free N = 2 supersymmetric Lagrangians. In this lectures we will not include a review of supersymmetric field theory. We will not give a systematic derivation of the Lagrangian for N = 2 field theories either. We will simply describe whatever facts we need to know at the beginning of each lecture.
    [Show full text]
  • Supersymmetric Dualities and Quantum Entanglement in Conformal Field Theory
    Supersymmetric Dualities and Quantum Entanglement in Conformal Field Theory Jeongseog Lee A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of Princeton University in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Recommended for Acceptance by the Department of Physics Adviser: Igor R. Klebanov September 2016 c Copyright by Jeongseog Lee, 2016. All rights reserved. Abstract Conformal field theory (CFT) has been under intensive study for many years. The scale invariance, which arises at the fixed points of renormalization group in rela- tivistic quantum field theory (QFT), is believed to be enhanced to the full conformal group. In this dissertation we use two tools to shed light on the behavior of certain conformal field theories, the supersymmetric localization and the quantum entangle- ment Renyi entropies. The first half of the dissertation surveys the infrared (IR) structure of the = 2 N supersymmetric quantum chromodynamics (SQCD) in three dimensions. The re- cently developed F -maximization principle shows that there are richer structures along conformal fixed points compared to those in = 1 SQCD in four dimensions. N We refer to one of the new phenomena as a \crack in the conformal window". Using the known IR dualities, we investigate it for all types of simple gauge groups. We see different decoupling behaviors of operators depending on the gauge group. We also observe that gauging some flavor symmetries modifies the behavior of the theory in the IR. The second half of the dissertation uses the R`enyi entropy to understand the CFT from another angle. At the conformal fixed points of even dimensional QFT, the entanglement entropy is known to have the log-divergent universal term depending on the geometric invariants on the entangling surface.
    [Show full text]
  • Deformed N=8 Supersymmetric Mechanics
    S S symmetry Review Deformed N = 8 Supersymmetric Mechanics Evgeny Ivanov 1, Olaf Lechtenfeld 2 and Stepan Sidorov 1,* 1 Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia; [email protected] 2 Institut für Theoretische Physik and Riemann Center for Geometry and Physics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstraße 2, 30167 Hannover, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 23 December 2018; Accepted: 21 January 2019; Published: 26 January 2019 Abstract: We give a brief review of deformed N = 8 supersymmetric mechanics as a generalization of SU(2j1) mechanics. It is based on the worldline realizations of the supergroups SU(2j2) and SU(4j1) in the appropriate N = 8, d = 1 superspaces. The corresponding models are deformations of the standard N = 8 mechanics models by a mass parameter m. Keywords: supersymmetry; superfields; supersymmetric quantum mechanics 1. Introduction Recently, there has been a growth in interest in deformed models of supersymmetric quantum mechanics (SQM) based on some semisimple superalgebras treated as deformations of flat d = 1 supersymmetries with the same number of supercharges. This interest was mainly motivated by the study of higher-dimensional models with “curved” rigid supersymmetries (see e.g., [1]) derived within the localization method [2] as a powerful tool allowing one to compute non-perturbatively quantum objects, such as partition functions, Wilson loops, etc. Reduction of rigid supersymmetric field theories to the deformed SQM ones can be used for computation of the superconformal index [3], the vacuum (Casimir) energy [4], etc. The simplest deformed N = 4 SQM models with worldline realizations of SU(2j1) supersymmetry were considered in [3,5,6] and in [7] (named there “weak d = 1 supersymmetry”).
    [Show full text]
  • Taking a Vector Supermultiplet Apart: Alternative Fayet–Iliopoulos-Type Terms
    Physics Letters B 781 (2018) 723–727 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Physics Letters B www.elsevier.com/locate/physletb Taking a vector supermultiplet apart: Alternative Fayet–Iliopoulos-type terms Sergei M. Kuzenko Department of Physics M013, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, W.A. 6009, Australia a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Starting from an Abelian N = 1vector supermultiplet V coupled to conformal supergravity, we construct Received 20 February 2018 from it a nilpotent real scalar Goldstino superfield V of the type proposed in arXiv:1702 .02423. It Accepted 24 April 2018 contains only two independent component fields, the Goldstino and the auxiliary D-field. The important Available online 27 April 2018 properties of this Goldstino superfield are: (i) it is gauge invariant; and (ii) it is super-Weyl invariant. Editor: M. Cveticˇ As a result, the gauge prepotential can be represented as V = V + V, where V contains only one independent component field, modulo gauge degrees of freedom, which is the gauge one-form. Making use of V allows us to introduce new Fayet–Iliopoulos-type terms, which differ from the one proposed in arXiv:1712 .08601 and share with the latter the property that gauged R-symmetry is not required. © 2018 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by SCOAP3. 1. Introduction where f is a real parameter characterising the scale of supersym- metry breaking.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Draft Introduction to Supersymmetry and Supergravity
    Preliminary draft Introduction to Supersymmetry and Supergravity Jan Louis Fachbereich Physik der Universit¨atHamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany ABSTRACT These lecture give a basic introduction to supersymmetry and supergravity. Lectures given at the University of Hamburg, winter term 2013/14 January 23, 2014 Contents 1 The Lorentz Group and the Supersymmetry Algebra 4 1.1 Introduction . .4 1.2 The Lorentz Group . .4 1.3 The Poincare group . .5 1.4 Representations of the Poincare Group . .5 1.5 Supersymmetry Algebra . .7 2 Representations of N = 1 Supersymmetry and the Chiral Multiplet 8 2.1 Representation of the Supersymmetry Algebra . .8 2.2 The chiral multiplet in QFTs . 10 3 Super Yang-Mills Theories 13 3.1 The massless vector multiplet . 13 3.2 Coupling to matter . 13 3.3 Mass sum rules and the supertrace . 14 4 Superspace and the Chiral Multiplet 17 4.1 Basic set-up . 17 4.2 Chiral Multiplet . 18 4.3 Berezin integration . 19 4.4 R-symmetry . 20 5 The Vector Multiplet in Superspace and non-Renormalization Theorems 21 5.1 The Vector Multiplet in Superspace . 21 5.2 Quantization and non-Renormalization Theorems . 22 6 The supersymmetric Standard Model 24 6.1 The Spectrum . 24 6.2 The Lagrangian . 25 7 Spontaneous Supersymmetry Breaking 26 7.1 Order parameters of supersymmetry breaking . 26 7.2 Goldstone's theorem for supersymmetry . 26 7.3 Models for spontaneous supersymmetry breaking . 27 7.3.1 F-term breaking . 27 1 7.3.2 D-term breaking . 28 8 Soft Supersymmetry Breaking 30 8.1 Excursion: The Hierarchy and Naturalness Problem .
    [Show full text]
  • The Quantum Theory of Fields. III. Supersymmetry, by Steven
    BULLETIN (New Series) OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Volume 39, Number 3, Pages 433{439 S 0273-0979(02)00944-8 Article electronically published on April 12, 2002 The quantum theory of fields. III. Supersymmetry, by Steven Weinberg, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2000, xxii + 419 pp., $49.95, ISBN 0-521-66000-9 Supersymmetry is an idea that has played a critical role in many of the recent developments in theoretical physics of interest to mathematicians. The third vol- ume of The quantum theory of fields by Steven Weinberg [1] is an introduction to supersymmetric field theory and supergravity. The first two volumes of the series treat the essentials of quantum field theory. In this third volume, Weinberg has cre- ated the most complete introduction to supersymmetry to date. Although the text is aimed squarely at physicists, it should prove useful to mathematicians interested in learning about supersymmetry in its natural physical setting. As a supplement, to help bridge the cultural and language differences between physics and mathe- matics, I would suggest the short lecture series by Freed [2]. My goal, in the course of this review, is to convey both the essential idea behind supersymmetry and some of the background needed to peruse the physics literature. What is supersymmetry? The basic notion behind supersymmetry (SUSY) can be described in the setting of quantum mechanics. As a starting point, let us consider a particle in one dimension with position x moving in a potential well, V (x). The time evolution of this system is governed by a Hamiltonian, H,which takes the form 1 (1) H = p2 + V (x): 2 The momentum, p, is a vector field that satisfies the commutation relation (2) [x; p]=xp − px = i: To avoid unimportant technical issues, let us assume that V !1as jxj!1.
    [Show full text]
  • Jhep04(2009)102
    Published by IOP Publishing for SISSA Received: February 2, 2009 Accepted: March 10, 2009 Published: April 27, 2009 Consistent supersymmetric Kaluza-Klein truncations with massive modes JHEP04(2009)102 Jerome P. Gauntlett, Seok Kim, Oscar Varela and Daniel Waldram Theoretical Physics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, U.K. The Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2PE, U.K. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: We construct consistent Kaluza-Klein reductions of D = 11 supergravity to four dimensions using an arbitrary seven-dimensional Sasaki-Einstein manifold. At the level of bosonic fields, we extend the known reduction, which leads to minimal N = 2 gauged supergravity, to also include a multiplet of massive fields, containing the breathing mode of the Sasaki-Einstein space, and still consistent with N = 2 supersymmetry. In the context of flux compactifications, the Sasaki-Einstein reductions are generalizations of type IIA SU(3)-structure reductions which include both metric and form-field flux and lead to a massive universal tensor multiplet. We carry out a similar analysis for an arbitrary weak G2 manifold leading to an N = 1 supergravity with massive fields. The straightforward extension of our results to the case of the seven-sphere would imply that there is a four- dimensional Lagrangian with N = 8 supersymmetry containing both massless and massive spin two fields. We use our results to construct solutions
    [Show full text]