GENESIS and HARDENING of Laterite in SOILS
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Engineering Behavior and Classification of Lateritic Soils in Relation to Soil Genesis Erdil Riza Tuncer Iowa State University
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1976 Engineering behavior and classification of lateritic soils in relation to soil genesis Erdil Riza Tuncer Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Civil Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Tuncer, Erdil Riza, "Engineering behavior and classification of lateritic soils in relation to soil genesis " (1976). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 5712. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/5712 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. -
Density Fractionation of Forest Soils: Methodological Questions and Interpretation of Incubation Results and Turnover Time in an Ecosystem Context
Biogeochemistry (2007) 85:69–90 DOI 10.1007/s10533-007-9100-8 ORIGINAL PAPER Density fractionation of forest soils: methodological questions and interpretation of incubation results and turnover time in an ecosystem context Susan E. Crow Æ Christopher W. Swanston Æ Kate Lajtha Æ J. Rene´e Brooks Æ Heath Keirstead Received: 11 March 2006 / Accepted: 27 November 2006 / Published online: 15 March 2007 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007 Abstract Soil organic matter (SOM) is often common density-based methods for dividing soil separated by physical means to simplify a com- into distinct organic matter fractions. Further, we plex matrix into discrete fractions. A frequent directly address the potential effects of dispersing approach to isolating two or more fractions is soil in a high density salt solution on the recov- based on differing particle densities and uses a ered fractions and implications for data inter- high density liquid such as sodium polytungstate pretation. Soil collected from forested sites at (SPT). Soil density fractions are often interpreted H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon and as organic matter pools with different carbon (C) Bousson Experimental Forest, Pennsylvania was turnover times, ranging from years to decades or separated into light and heavy fractions by floa- centuries, and with different functional roles for C tation in a 1.6 g cm–3 solution of SPT. Mass and nutrient dynamics. In this paper, we discuss balance calculations revealed that between 17% the development and mechanistic basis of and 26% of the original bulk soil C and N content was mobilized and subsequently discarded during S. -
Bedrock Geology Glossary from the Roadside Geology of Minnesota, Richard W
Minnesota Bedrock Geology Glossary From the Roadside Geology of Minnesota, Richard W. Ojakangas Sedimentary Rock Types in Minnesota Rocks that formed from the consolidation of loose sediment Conglomerate: A coarse-grained sedimentary rock composed of pebbles, cobbles, or boul- ders set in a fine-grained matrix of silt and sand. Dolostone: A sedimentary rock composed of the mineral dolomite, a calcium magnesium car- bonate. Graywacke: A sedimentary rock made primarily of mud and sand, often deposited by turbidi- ty currents. Iron-formation: A thinly bedded sedimentary rock containing more than 15 percent iron. Limestone: A sedimentary rock composed of calcium carbonate. Mudstone: A sedimentary rock composed of mud. Sandstone: A sedimentary rock made primarily of sand. Shale: A deposit of clay, silt, or mud solidified into more or less a solid rock. Siltstone: A sedimentary rock made primarily of sand. Igneous and Volcanic Rock Types in Minnesota Rocks that solidified from cooling of molten magma Basalt: A black or dark grey volcanic rock that consists mainly of microscopic crystals of pla- gioclase feldspar, pyroxene, and perhaps olivine. Diorite: A plutonic igneous rock intermediate in composition between granite and gabbro. Gabbro: A dark igneous rock consisting mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene in crystals large enough to see with a simple magnifier. Gabbro has the same composition as basalt but contains much larger mineral grains because it cooled at depth over a longer period of time. Granite: An igneous rock composed mostly of orthoclase feldspar and quartz in grains large enough to see without using a magnifier. Most granites also contain mica and amphibole Rhyolite: A felsic (light-colored) volcanic rock, the extrusive equivalent of granite. -
Crystallization History of Gabbroic Shergottite Nwa 6963 As Revealed by Pyroxene Zoning
Lunar and Planetary Science XLVIII (2017) 1504.pdf CRYSTALLIZATION HISTORY OF GABBROIC SHERGOTTITE NWA 6963 AS REVEALED BY PYROXENE ZONING. A. L. Meado1, S. P. Schwenzer2, S. J. Hammond2, and J. Filiberto1,2, 1Southern Illinois University, Department of Geology, Carbondale IL 62901, USA. [email protected], 2School of Enviroment, Earth, and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK. Introduction: NorthWest Africa (NWA) 6963 is an comprised of 40 to 120 measured points depending on intriguing new coarse grained Martian meteorite that grain size. This method produced precise zoing profiles further extends our sample collection both composition- used to interpret NWA 6963 petrogenetic history. Meas- ally and texturally [1]. It was originally documented as urements too close to the edge of grains, melt inclusions, a basaltic shergottite because the pyroxene composi- sulfides, fractures, or alteration were removed from zon- tions [2, 3] and modal abundances are similar to Sher- ing profiles. Outliers were identified by obvious gotty. However, recent work reclassified NWA 6963 as changes in bulk chemisty, poor oxide weight totals, and an intrusive, gabbroic Martian meteorite because of the visual inspection of back scatter electron (BSE) images. large oriented pyroxene crystals [1]. This investigation Element maps of three pyroxene grains were produced will focus on NWA 6963 pyroxene zoning profiles and to better interpret zoning profiles. interpreting igneous processes related to its crystalliza- Trace elements have recently been analyzed by laser tion history. ablation-ICPMS at the Open University, UK. The data Compositional zoning of pyroxene crystals in basal- is currently being reduced to further interpret pyroxene tic shergottites have previously been interpreted for pe- zoning profiles in NWA 6963. -
Calcite Cementation of Sixty-Five-Year-Old Aragonite Sand Dredge Pile
University of Mississippi eGrove Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2011 Calcite Cementation of Sixty-Five-Year-Old Aragonite Sand Dredge Pile Nathan M. Snyder Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Snyder, Nathan M., "Calcite Cementation of Sixty-Five-Year-Old Aragonite Sand Dredge Pile" (2011). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 269. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd/269 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CALCITE CEMENTATION OF SIXTY-FIVE-YEAR-OLD ARAGONITE SAND DREDGE PILE A Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Geology and Geological Engineering The University of Mississippi by NATHANIAL M. SNYDER May 2011 Copyright Nathanial M. Snyder ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT Dredging of the harbor at Stocking Island, Bahamas (23°31’45”N, 75°49’41”W) in 1942 produced four dredge piles of cross-bedded aragonite skeletal sand. The spoils piles are on the leeward (western) shore of the island, where they are subject to minimal wave energy. Collectively they are 350 x 50 m in plan view and 2 m high. The surface is very well cemented, which requires a hammer and chisel for sampling. Samples were collected from six sites at various locations of the dredge pile. Samples were analyzed for both chemical and physical properties using thin-section examination, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, bulk density measurements, isotopic analyses, and scanning electron microscopy. -
Hydrogeology of Wales
Hydrogeology of Wales N S Robins and J Davies Contributors D A Jones, Natural Resources Wales and G Farr, British Geological Survey This report was compiled from articles published in Earthwise on 11 February 2016 http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Category:Hydrogeology_of_Wales BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data © Crown Copyright and database rights 2015. Hydrogeology of Wales Ordnance Survey Licence No. 100021290 EUL. N S Robins and J Davies Bibliographical reference Contributors ROBINS N S, DAVIES, J. 2015. D A Jones, Natural Rsources Wales and Hydrogeology of Wales. British G Farr, British Geological Survey Geological Survey Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey’s work is owned by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and/or the authority that commissioned the work. You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission. Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, e-mail [email protected]. You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission, provided a full acknowledgement is given of the source of the extract. Maps and diagrams in this book use topography based on Ordnance Survey mapping. Cover photo: Llandberis Slate Quarry, P802416 © NERC 2015. All rights reserved KEYWORTH, NOTTINGHAM BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 2015 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The full range of our publications is available from BGS British Geological Survey offices shops at Nottingham, Edinburgh, London and Cardiff (Welsh publications only) see contact details below or BGS Central Enquiries Desk shop online at www.geologyshop.com Tel 0115 936 3143 Fax 0115 936 3276 email [email protected] The London Information Office also maintains a reference collection of BGS publications, including Environmental Science Centre, Keyworth, maps, for consultation. -
Strength Developed from Carbonate Cementation in Silica-Carbonate Base Course Materials
24 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1190 Strength Developed from Carbonate Cementation in Silica-Carbonate Base Course Materials ROBIN E. GRAVES, JAMES L. EADES, AND LARRY L. SMITH Strength increases resulting Crom carbonate cementalion in are depleted, new sources must be found to accommodate compacted sands and cemented coquina highway base course the transportation needs of the state's rapidly expanding materials or variable quartz-calcite composition were investi population. Materials obtained from the newer quarries gated lhrough the use of limerock-bearing-ratio (LBR) le ting. often have a different mineralogical composition because Q uart~ and calcite sands were mixed in various proportion , of the great variability of geologic conditions affecting their compacted into LBR mold , oaked for time periods from 2 deposition. days up to 60 days, and tested to determine stt·ength increase with time. For comparison, cemented coquina highway base This has been the case with cemented coquina base course course materials of variable quartz-calcite composition were materials in Florida (3). Currently mined cemented coquina also compacted soaked, and tested. Jn addition duplicate sets contains abundant quartz sand, often resulting in carbon or specimens were te tcd that had 1 percent Ca(OH}i, (hydrated ate compositions below the 50 percent required by FDOT. lime) mixed with the dry materials before compacting and The quartz occurs in two forms. Some is incorporated into soaking. This was done to provide a om·ce of' CaH ions for cemented limestone rock, but most exists as unconsoli formation of additional calcium carbonate cement. Re ul~ of the LBR testing program showed that more strength developed dated quartz sand. -
Stability of Superparamagnetic Minerals in Soils and Rocks 0.5Ex
Stability of superparamagnetic minerals in soils and rocks Can frequency-dependent susceptibility be used as a proxy for climate in the past? Jan Igel1, Holger Preetz1;2 & Christian Rolf1 1Leibniz Institute for Applied Geophysics, Hannover, Germany Leibniz Institute for 2OFD Niedersachsen, Federal Competence Center for Soil and Applied Geophysics Groundwater Protection / UXO Clearance, Hannover, Germany Motivation Results & Interpretation I Frequency-dependent (FD) magnetic susceptibility is a property of I Samples treated with oxygen free water and samples treated superparamagnetic (SP) minerals. The presence of these minerals with sodium sulphide (shown here) show similar results. in soils and sediments is commonly attributed to neoformation Magnetic susceptibility during weathering and pedogenesis. 55000 Warm and humid conditions give rise to neoformation of SP mi- 50000 I Rocks: after dithionite 45000 reduction experiment Tuff nerals and thus frequency-dependent susceptibility is often used as treatment Tephra palaeoclimate proxy in sediment stratigraphy. Rhyolite SI] 40000 6 − I SP minerals can also be of lithogenic origin and occur in magmatic [10 Soils: LF rocks and volcanic ashes. However, a lithogenic origin is commonly κ ≈ Luvisol Humous loess 10000 Laterite neglected in palaeoclimatic studies. Terra Rossa I Pedogenic SP minerals are assumed to be less stable than lithoge- 5000 nic SP minerals. 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 time [days] Materials I No decrease of κLF or ∆κ in reducing environment ! SP minerals stable regardless of their origin (lith./ped.) A number of 7 samples with high I Some soils show increase of κLF and ∆κ during reduction content of SP minerals were in- ! neoformation of SP minerals due to bacterial activity vestigated. -
DOGAMI MP-20, Investigations of Nickel in Oregon
0 C\1 a: w a.. <( a.. en ::::> 0 w z <( __j __j w () en � INVESTIGATIONS OF NICKEL IN OREGON STATE OF OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOL.OGY AND MINERAL. IN OUSTRIES DONAL.D .A HUL.L. STATE GEOLOGIST 1978 STATE OF OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES 1069 State Office Building, Portland, Oregon 97201 MISCELLANEOUS PAPER 20 INVESTIGATIONS OF NICKEL IN OREGON Len Ramp, Resident Geologist Grants Pass Field Office Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Conducted in conformance with ORS 516.030 . •. 5 1978 GOVERNING BOARD Leeanne MacColl, Chairperson, Portland Talent Robert W. Doty STATE GEOLOGIST John Schwabe Portland Donald A. Hull CONTENTS INTRODUCTION -- - ---- -- -- --- Purpose and Scope of this Report Acknowledgments U.S. Nickel Industry GEOLOGY OF LATERITE DEPOSITS - -- - 3 Previous Work - - - - --- 3 Ultramafic Rocks - ----- --- 3 Composition - - -------- - 3 Distribution ------ - - - 3 Structure - 3 Geochemistry of Nickel ---- 4 Chemical Weathering of Peridotite - - 4 The soi I profile ------- 5 M i nero I ogy -- - ----- 5 Prospecting Guides and Techniques- - 6 OTHER TYPES OF NICKEL DEPOSITS - - 7 Nickel Sulfide Deposits- - - - - - 7 Deposits in Oregon 7 Other areas --- 8 Prospecting techniques 8 Silica-Carbonate Deposits - -- 8 DISTRIBUTION OF LATERITE DEPOSITS - ------ 9 Nickel Mountain Deposits - - ------ --------- 9 Location --------------- --- 9 Geology - ------- ----- 11 Ore deposits ----------- - -- 11 Soil mineralogy - ------- 12 Structure --- ---- ---- 13 Mining and metallurgy ------------ ---- 13 Production- -
Geometry of Calcite Cemented Zones in Shallow Marine Sandstones
'’W 4 PROFIT RF-^/w 1990-1994 PROJECT SUMMARY REPORTS RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION NEAR WELL FLOW Program for Research On Field Oriented Improved Recovery Technology oismsunoN of ihb documeot is iwumiteo % Edited by: Jem Olsen, Snorre Olaussen, Trond B. Jensen, Geir Helge Landa, Leif Hinderaker Norwegian Petroleum Directorate Stavanger 1995 DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document PROFIT - RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION Geometry of calcite cemented zones in shallow marine sandstones Olav Walderhaug, Edward Prestholm and Ingrid E.L0xnevad Rogaland Research, Stavanger Abstract thought to belong to concretions. The difference between the geometry of calcite Calcite cementation in the Jurassic shallow cementation in the Ula Formation and in the marine sandstones of the Bearreraig Formation, Bridport Sands is thought to be due to a the Valtos Formation, the Bridport Sands and relatively uniform rate of siliciclastic deposition the Bencliff Grit occurs as continuously for the Ula Formation having led to a more cemented layers, as stratabound concretions and uniform distribution of biogenic carbonate as scattered concretions. All three geometrical compared to the Bridport Sands where laterally forms of calcite cementaton may occur within extensive layers of biogenic carbonate formed the same formation, whereas in other cases a during periods of very low siliciclastic formation may be dominated by only one or deposition. Based on the results of the core and two of these modes of calcite cementation. outcrop studies, a tentative identification key Calcite cemented layers and layers of for calcite cemented zones encountered in cores stratabound concretions in the studied is suggested. -
Field Indicators of Hydric Soils
United States Department of Field Indicators of Agriculture Natural Resources Hydric Soils in the Conservation Service United States In cooperation with A Guide for Identifying and Delineating the National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils Hydric Soils, Version 8.2, 2018 Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States A Guide for Identifying and Delineating Hydric Soils Version 8.2, 2018 (Including revisions to versions 8.0 and 8.1) United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with the National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils Edited by L.M. Vasilas, Soil Scientist, NRCS, Washington, DC; G.W. Hurt, Soil Scientist, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; and J.F. Berkowitz, Soil Scientist, USACE, Vicksburg, MS ii In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, and institutions participating in or administering USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by USDA (not all bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program or incident. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language, etc.) should contact the responsible Agency or USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. -
World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014 International Soil Classification System for Naming Soils and Creating Legends for Soil Maps
ISSN 0532-0488 WORLD SOIL RESOURCES REPORTS 106 World reference base for soil resources 2014 International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps Update 2015 Cover photographs (left to right): Ekranic Technosol – Austria (©Erika Michéli) Reductaquic Cryosol – Russia (©Maria Gerasimova) Ferralic Nitisol – Australia (©Ben Harms) Pellic Vertisol – Bulgaria (©Erika Michéli) Albic Podzol – Czech Republic (©Erika Michéli) Hypercalcic Kastanozem – Mexico (©Carlos Cruz Gaistardo) Stagnic Luvisol – South Africa (©Márta Fuchs) Copies of FAO publications can be requested from: SALES AND MARKETING GROUP Information Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (+39) 06 57053360 Web site: http://www.fao.org WORLD SOIL World reference base RESOURCES REPORTS for soil resources 2014 106 International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps Update 2015 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2015 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.