Brief of Amici Curiae Mozilla Corp., Mapbox, a Medium Corp., Patreon, Etsy, Inc

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Brief of Amici Curiae Mozilla Corp., Mapbox, a Medium Corp., Patreon, Etsy, Inc No. 18-956 IN THE GOOGLE LLC, PETITIONER, v. ORACLE AMERICA, INC, RESPONDENT. __________ On Petition for Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit __________ BRIEF OF AMICI CURIAE MOZILLA CORP., MAPBOX, A MEDIUM CORP., PATREON, ETSY, INC. AND WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION IN SUPPORT OF PETITIONER __________ JASON M. SCHULTZ (COUNSEL OF RECORD) NYU TECHNOLOGY LAW AND POLICY CLINIC NYU SCHOOL OF LAW 245 SULLIVAN STREET, 609 NEW YORK, NY 10012 TELEPHONE: (212) 992-7365 [email protected] Counsel for Amici Curiae i TABLE OF CONTENTS INTERESTS OF AMICI CURIAE .............................. 1 SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT ..................................... 3 ARGUMENT ............................................................... 5 I. Introduction ...................................................... 5 II. The Court should grant certiorari to rectify the Federal Circuit’s legal mistakes that threaten to chill innovation and inhibit competition in the software field. ............................................. 9 A. The Federal Circuit’s ruling upends decades of industry practice where software developers have relied on clear legal rules that allow for reimplementation of APIs without fear of copyright liability. ........................... 10 B. The Federal Circuit’s decision increases barriers to entry in the software industry by reducing efficiency and increasing litigation risk. ................................................ 11 III. The Federal Circuit’s decision conflicts with several bedrock copyright precedents that software engineers have relied upon for decades. ........................................................... 15 ii A. The Federal Circuit failed to recognize that transformative uses in the software context can include “new opportunities” to reimplement API SSOs. .............................. 17 B. The Federal Circuit failed to follow this Court’s Campbell case which held that the amount and substantiality of the original work taken need only be “reasonable” in light of the purpose instead of “necessary.” .................................................... 19 CONCLUSION .......................................................... 20 iii TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Cases A.V. ex rel. Vanderhye v. iParadigms, LLC, 562 F.3d 630 (4th Cir. 2009)......................................... 18 Authors Guild v. Google, Inc., 804 F.3d 202 (2d Cir. 2015) ................................................................ 18 Authors Guild, Inc. v. HathiTrust, 755 F.3d 87 (2d Cir. 2014) ......................................................... 18 Baker v. Selden, 101 U.S. 99 (1879)................ 3, 15, 16 Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., 510 U.S. 569 (1994) ............................................... 4, 17, 19, 20 Lotus Development Corp. v. Borland International, Inc., 49 F.3d 807 (1st Cir. 1995), aff’d by an equally divided court, 516 U.S. 233 (1996) ....................................................... 15 Oracle Am., Inc. v. Google LLC, 750 F.3d 1339 (Fed. Cir. 2014) ................................................ 16, 17 Oracle Am., Inc. v. Google LLC, 886 F.3d 1179 (Fed. Cir. 2018) ................................................ 17, 19 Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc., 508 F.3d 1146 (9th Cir. 2007) ............................................... 17 Sega Enterprises Ltd. v. Accolade, Inc., 977 F.2d 1510 (9th Cir. 1992) ............................... 4, 16, 17, 18 Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp., 203 F.3d 596 (9th Cir. 2000) ....... 4, 16, 17, 18 Statutes 17 U.S.C. § 102(b) ............................................ 3, 15, 16 17 U.S.C. § 107(3) ...................................................... 19 iv Other Authorities Browser Extensions, MDN Web Docs, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/Add- ons/WebExtensions ................................................ 10 Byron Deeter, The API-Economy Is Coming and Fast, VentureBeat (Aug. 31, 2013, 2:00 PM) .......... 8 Chris Riley, Mozilla Files FTC Comments Calling for Interoperability to Promote Competition, Mozilla: Open Pol’y & Advoc. (Aug. 21, 2018) ....................................................... 15 Letter from Chris Riley, Dir., Pub. Policy, Mozilla Corp., to Office of the Sec’y, Fed. Trade Comm’n (Aug. 20, 2018) .............................. 15 Matt Murphy & Steve Sloan, The Rise of APIs, TechCrunch (May 21, 2016) .................................... 8 Microsoft Edge Documentation: Extensions, Microsoft Docs, https://docs.microsoft.com/en- us/microsoft-edge/extensions ................................. 10 Microsoft Edge Documentation: Porting an Extension from Chrome to Microsoft Edge, Microsoft Docs, https://docs.microsoft.com/en- us/microsoft-edge/extensions/guides/porting- chrome-extensions ................................................. 10 Venkat Atluri, Miklos Dietz & Nicolaus Henke, Competing in a World of Sectors Without Borders, McKinsey Q. (McKinsey & Co., New York, NY), no. 3, 2017 .............................................. 8 1 INTERESTS OF AMICI CURIAE1 Mozilla Corporation has been a pioneer and advocate for the web for more than a decade. Mozilla creates and promotes open standards that enable innovation and advance the web as a platform for all. Today, hundreds of millions of people worldwide use Mozilla Firefox to discover and experience the web on computers, tablets, and mobile phones. Mapbox is a growing startup founded in Washington, D.C., with more than 500 million users interacting with its technology each month. Despite offering products that compete with Google Maps, Mapbox’s interests in this case concern the bigger picture. Balance and predictability in copyright law are vital to innovation as a whole in the software industry. As a provider of online services, Mapbox is intimately familiar with APIs, providing many such interfaces to its customers. The possibility of copyright protection did not motivate Mapbox to make these interfaces; ease of use for customers did. A Medium Corporation (“Medium”) provides an online publishing platform where people can read, write, and discuss the ideas of the day. Medium's ecosystem connects users with thoughtful, long-form writing by leaders, thinkers, entrepreneurs, artists, 1 Parties’ counsel were given timely notice of amici’s intent to file this brief pursuant to the requirements of Rule 37.2(a). A copy of Petitioner’s letter indicating consent has been filed with the Clerk of this Court. Respondent consented via email to Counsel of Record for Amici. No counsel for either party has had any role in authoring this brief, and no persons other than amici and their counsel have made any monetary contribution to the preparation or submission of this brief. See Rule 37.6. 2 and journalists. About 90 million people read on Medium each month. Patreon is a membership platform making it easy for creators to get paid by their fans. Patreon has sent over $500M to creators since its founding, which is made possible because of the many API- based integrations with its partners to allow creators to offer membership across the internet. Etsy, Inc., and the two million creative entrepreneurs who sell on Etsy, rely on open standards to help make Etsy's marketplace flourish. Etsy’s marketplace connects millions of buyers to sellers from nearly every country in the world for unique, handcrafted and vintage products. Wikimedia Foundation is a non-profit organization based in San Francisco, California, which operates twelve free-knowledge projects on the Internet, including Wikipedia. Wikimedia’s mission is to develop and maintain factual and educational content created and moderated by volunteer contributors, and to provide this content to people around the world free of charge. Additionally, the Foundation writes free and open source software to enable people worldwide to implement wiki-style information exchanges for their own usage. The MediaWiki software that the Foundation develops has been reimplemented by corporations, educational institutions, and government agencies to record and share information. 3 SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT Competition and innovation are two principles at the heart of a healthy internet and the field of software development that fuels it. For decades, software engineers have relied heavily on reuse and reimplementation of functional protocols, such as the Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) in this case, to create competing alternatives to incumbent industry players and new markets for development without fear of copyright infringement. In accord with this Court’s ruling in Baker v. Selden, 101 U.S. 99 (1879), and the plain language of 17 U.S.C. § 102(b) (2012), the software industry has flourished utilizing this approach to make internet and software ecosystems more accessible, affordable, diverse, and robust. By reversing this rule in the context of APIs, the Federal Circuit upended decades of industry practice and the well-established expectations of developers, investors, and consumers. API reimplementation is a common theme among developers of all sizes—from those wishing to create entirely new platforms to those wishing to develop on them. The court below heedlessly unraveled this reasonably predictive rule and set of reliable norms that are critical to software coders for understanding what is appropriate to carry over from one project to another and what is not. This is especially true for individual coders, small startups, or nonprofit software projects, who often lack legal counsel or large financial reserves to
Recommended publications
  • Marcia Knous: My Name Is Marcia Knous
    Olivia Ryan: Can you just state your name? Marcia Knous: My name is Marcia Knous. OR: Just give us your general background. How did you come to work at Mozilla and what do you do for Mozilla now? MK: Basically, I started with Mozilla back in the Netscape days. I started working with Mozilla.org shortly after AOL acquired Netscape which I believe was in like the ’99- 2000 timeframe. I started working at Netscape and then in one capacity in HR shortly after I moved working with Mitchell as part of my shared responsibility, I worked for Mozilla.org and sustaining engineering to sustain the communicator legacy code so I supported them administratively. That’s basically what I did for Mozilla. I did a lot of I guess what you kind of call of blue activities where we have a process whereby people get access to our CVS repository so I was the gatekeeper for all the CVS forms and handle all the bugs that were related to CVS requests, that kind of thing. Right now at Mozilla, I do quality assurance and I run both our domestic online store as well as our international store where we sell all of our Mozilla gear. Tom Scheinfeldt: Are you working generally alone in small groups? In large groups? How do you relate to other people working on the project? MK: Well, it’s a rather interesting project. My capacity as a QA person, we basically relate with the community quite a bit because we have a very small internal QA organization.
    [Show full text]
  • Mozilla Foundation and Subsidiary, December 31, 2018 and 2017
    MOZILLA FOUNDATION AND SUBSIDIARY DECEMBER 31, 2018 AND 2017 INDEPENDENT AUDITORS’ REPORT AND CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Mozilla Foundation and Subsidiary Independent Auditors’ Report and Consolidated Financial Statements Independent Auditors’ Report 1 - 2 Consolidated Financial Statements Consolidated Statement of Financial Position 3 Consolidated Statement of Activities and Change in Net Assets 4 Consolidated Statement of Functional Expenses 5 Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows 6 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 7 - 27 Independent Auditors’ Report THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS MOZILLA FOUNDATION AND SUBSIDIARY Mountain View, California Report on the Consolidated Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying consolidated financial statements of MOZILLA FOUNDATION AND SUBSIDIARY (Mozilla) which comprise the consolidated statement of financial position as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of activities and change in net assets, and cash flows for the years then ended, the statement of functional expenses for the year ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements (collectively, the financial statements). Management’s Responsibility for the Consolidated Financial Statements Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America; this includes the design, implementation, and maintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. Auditors’ Responsibility Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America.
    [Show full text]
  • Security Analysis of Firefox Webextensions
    6.857: Computer and Network Security Due: May 16, 2018 Security Analysis of Firefox WebExtensions Srilaya Bhavaraju, Tara Smith, Benny Zhang srilayab, tsmith12, felicity Abstract With the deprecation of Legacy addons, Mozilla recently introduced the WebExtensions API for the development of Firefox browser extensions. WebExtensions was designed for cross-browser compatibility and in response to several issues in the legacy addon model. We performed a security analysis of the new WebExtensions model. The goal of this paper is to analyze how well WebExtensions responds to threats in the previous legacy model as well as identify any potential vulnerabilities in the new model. 1 Introduction Firefox release 57, otherwise known as Firefox Quantum, brings a large overhaul to the open-source web browser. Major changes with this release include the deprecation of its initial XUL/XPCOM/XBL extensions API to shift to its own WebExtensions API. This WebExtensions API is currently in use by both Google Chrome and Opera, but Firefox distinguishes itself with further restrictions and additional functionalities. Mozilla’s goals with the new extension API is to support cross-browser extension development, as well as offer greater security than the XPCOM API. Our goal in this paper is to analyze how well the WebExtensions model responds to the vulnerabilities present in legacy addons and discuss any potential vulnerabilities in the new model. We present the old security model of Firefox extensions and examine the new model by looking at the structure, permissions model, and extension review process. We then identify various threats and attacks that may occur or have occurred before moving onto recommendations.
    [Show full text]
  • Mozilla/Firefox: MDN Web Docs, Recommended Extensions and Tenfourfox FPR23 for Intel
    Published on Tux Machines (http://www.tuxmachines.org) Home > content > Mozilla/Firefox: MDN Web Docs, Recommended Extensions and TenFourFox FPR23 for Intel Mozilla/Firefox: MDN Web Docs, Recommended Extensions and TenFourFox FPR23 for Intel By Rianne Schestowitz Created 12/06/2020 - 5:32am Submitted by Rianne Schestowitz on Friday 12th of June 2020 05:32:58 AM Introducing the MDN Web Docs Front-end developer learning pathway[1] The MDN Web Docs Learning Area (LA) was first launched in 2015, with the aim of providing a useful counterpart to the regular MDN reference and guide material. MDN had traditionally been aimed at web professionals, but we were getting regular feedback that a lot of our audience found MDN too difficult to understand, and that it lacked coverage of basic topics. Fast forward 5 years, and the Learning Area material is well-received. It boasts around 3.5?4 million page views per month; a little under 10% of MDN Web Docs? monthly web traffic. At this point, the Learning Area does its job pretty well. A lot of people use it to study client- side web technologies, and its loosely-structured, unopinionated, modular nature makes it easy to pick and choose subjects at your own pace. Teachers like it because it is easy to include in their own courses. Recommended extensions ? recent additions [2] When the Recommended Extensions program debuted last year, it listed about 60 extensions. Today the program has grown to just over a hundred as we continue to evaluate new nominations and carefully grow the list. The curated collection grows slowly because one of the program?s goals is to cultivate a fairly fixed list of content so users can feel confident the Recommended extensions they install will be monitored for safety and security for the foreseeable future.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to HTML/CSS/SVG/D3
    D3 Tutorial Introduction of Basic Components: HTML, CSS, SVG, and JavaScript D3.js Setup Edit by Jiayi Xu and Han-Wei SHen, THe OHio State University HTML - Hyper Text Markup Language • HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages • HTML describes the structure of Web pages using markup • HTML elements • HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages • represented by tags • Tags • HTML tags label pieces of content such as • <head> tag for “heading” • <p> for “paragraph” • <table> for “table” and so on • Browsers do not display the HTML tags, but use them to render the content of the page HTML - Plain Text • If we display the information only by plain text HTML Basics HTML is designed for marking up text by adding tags such as <p> to create HTML elements. Example image: HTML - Codes and the Result HTML - DOM • When a web page is loaded, the browser creates a Document Object Model of the page • The HTML DOM model is constructed as a tree of Objects HTML - DOM Document Root element: <html> Element: Element: <head> <body> Element: Element: Element: Element: <p> Element: <p> <title> <h1> <img> "to create Text: "HTML Text: "HTML Element "is designed Element: "by adding Element Element: Attribute: Attribute: HTML Tutorial" Basics" <strong> for" <em> tags such as" <code> <strong> "src" "style" elements. " "marking up “Example "HTML" "<p>" text" image” HTML - DOM • With the object model, JavaScript can create dynamic HTML by manipulating the objects: • JavaScript can change all the HTML elements in the page • Change all the
    [Show full text]
  • Internal Message
    Earlier today, Mozilla Corporation CEO and Mozilla Foundation Chairwoman Mitchell Baker sent the following message to Mozilla employees. We are making significant changes at Mozilla Corporation today. Pre-COVID, our plan for 2020 was a year of change: building a better internet by accelerating product value in Firefox, increasing innovation, and adjusting our finances to ensure financial stability over the long term. We started with immediate cost-saving measures such as pausing our hiring, reducing our wellness stipend and cancelling our All-Hands. But COVID-19 has accelerated the need and magnified the depth for these changes. Our pre-COVID plan is no longer workable. We have talked about the need for change — including the likelihood of layoffs — since the spring. Today these changes become real. We are also restructuring to put a crisper focus on new product development and go to market activities. In the long run, I am confident that the new organizational structure will serve our product and market impact goals well, but we will talk in detail about this in a bit. But, before that is the painful part. Yes — we need to reduce the size of our workforce. This is hard to internalize and I desperately wish there was some other way to set Mozilla up for success in building a better internet. I desperately wish that all those who choose Mozilla as an employer could stay as long as interest and skills connect. Unfortunately, we can’t make that happen today. We are reducing the size of the MoCo workforce by approximately 250 roles, including closing our current operations in Taipei, Taiwan.
    [Show full text]
  • Mitigating Javascript's Overhead with Webassembly
    Samuli Ylenius Mitigating JavaScript’s overhead with WebAssembly Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences M. Sc. thesis March 2020 ABSTRACT Samuli Ylenius: Mitigating JavaScript’s overhead with WebAssembly M. Sc. thesis Tampere University Master’s Degree Programme in Software Development March 2020 The web and web development have evolved considerably during its short history. As a result, complex applications aren’t limited to desktop applications anymore, but many of them have found themselves in the web. While JavaScript can meet the requirements of most web applications, its performance has been deemed to be inconsistent in applications that require top performance. There have been multiple attempts to bring native speed to the web, and the most recent promising one has been the open standard, WebAssembly. In this thesis, the target was to examine WebAssembly, its design, features, background, relationship with JavaScript, and evaluate the current status of Web- Assembly, and its future. Furthermore, to evaluate the overhead differences between JavaScript and WebAssembly, a Game of Life sample application was implemented in three splits, fully in JavaScript, mix of JavaScript and WebAssembly, and fully in WebAssembly. This allowed to not only compare the performance differences between JavaScript and WebAssembly but also evaluate the performance differences between different implementation splits. Based on the results, WebAssembly came ahead of JavaScript especially in terms of pure execution times, although, similar benefits were gained from asm.js, a predecessor to WebAssembly. However, WebAssembly outperformed asm.js in size and load times. In addition, there was minimal additional benefit from doing a WebAssembly-only implementation, as just porting bottleneck functions from JavaScript to WebAssembly had similar performance benefits.
    [Show full text]
  • The Research of Multinational Enterprises Transnational Management
    E3S Web of Conferences 235, 01007 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123501007 NETID 2020 The Research of Multinational Enterprises Transnational Management Li Chong1,a 1Faculty of International Trade, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, China Abstract. With the development of global business, MNEs are always sinking into various pressures which are related to economic factors, social factors and informational factors. This situation making MNEs’ strategies is supposed to achieve those requirements that including global market integration, national responsiveness, worldwide learning. There are four important strategies which are widely used in MNEs internationalization process that including multinational strategy, global strategy, international strategy, and transnational strategy. This essay will introduce pursuing transnational strategy and some difficulties existing in this process. Furthermore, an example of an entrepreneurial subsidiary will be chosen to explore and conduct further research. autonomy thus more difficult for the parent company to 1 INTRODUCTION manage them. The modern transnational strategy is attempting to be simultaneously both globally coordinated Getting benefits from the development of global business, and locally responsive. This strategy is not only MNEs are becoming one of the most pervasive types of emphasizing decentralized, interdependent, and business organization. A multinational enterprise is one specialized characteristics in MNEs' configuration of which controls
    [Show full text]
  • Javascript DOM Manipulation Performance Comparing Vanilla Javascript and Leading Javascript Front-End Frameworks
    JavaScript DOM Manipulation Performance Comparing Vanilla JavaScript and Leading JavaScript Front-end Frameworks Morgan Persson 28/05/2020 Faculty of Computing, Blekinge Institute of Technology, 371 79 Karlskrona, Sweden This thesis is submitted to the Faculty of Computing at Blekinge Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the bachelor’s degree in software engineering. The thesis is equivalent to 10 weeks of full-time studies. Contact Information: Author(s): Morgan Persson E-mail: [email protected] University advisor: Emil Folino Department of Computer Science Faculty of Computing Internet : www.bth.se Blekinge Institute of Technology Phone : +46 455 38 50 00 SE–371 79 Karlskrona, Sweden Fax : +46 455 38 50 57 Abstract Background. Websites of 2020 are often feature rich and highly interactive ap- plications. JavaScript is a popular programming language for the web, with many frameworks available. A common denominator for highly interactive web applica- tions is the need for efficient methods of manipulating the Document Object Model to enable a solid user experience. Objectives. This study compares Vanilla JavaScript and the JavaScript frameworks Angular, React and Vue.js in regards to DOM performance, DOM manipulation methodology and application size. Methods. A literature study was conducted to compare the DOM manipulation methodologies of Vanilla JavaScript and the selected frameworks. An experiment was conducted where test applications was created using Vanilla JavaScript and the selected frameworks. These applications were used as base for comparing applica- tion size and for comparison tests of DOM performance related metrics using Google Chrome and Firefox. Results. In regards to DOM manipulation methodology, there is a distinct difference between Vanilla JavaScript and the selected frameworks.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloads the Lists of Search Engines and Query Terms That Are Previously Defined As Part of an Experimental Design
    Running Head: ALGORITHM AUDITING AT A LARGE-SCALE 1 Algorithm Auditing at a Large-Scale: Insights from Search Engine Audits Roberto Ulloa1, Mykola Makhortykh2 and Aleksandra Urman3 1 GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences 2 University of Bern 3 University of Zurich Author Note We have no conflicts of interest to disclose. This is a preprint and working version of the paper. Data collections were sponsored from the SNF (100001CL_182630/1) and DFG (MA 2244/9-1) grant for the project “Reciprocal relations between populist radical-right attitudes and political information behaviour: A longitudinal study of attitude development in high- choice information environments” lead by Silke Adam (U of Bern) and Michaela Maier (U of Koblenz-Landau) and FKMB (the Friends of the Institute of Communication and Media Science at the University of Bern) grant “Algorithmic curation of (political) information and its biases” awarded to Mykola Makhortykh and Aleksandra Urman. Running Head: ALGORITHM AUDITING AT A LARGE-SCALE 2 Abstract Algorithm audits have increased in recent years due to a growing need to independently assess the performance of automatically curated services that process, filter and rank the large and dynamic amount of information available on the internet. Among several methodologies to perform such audits, virtual agents stand out because they offer the ability to perform systematic experiments, simulating human behaviour without the associated costs of recruiting participants. Motivated by the importance of research transparency and replicability of results, this paper focuses on the challenges of such an approach. It provides methodological details, recommendations, lessons learned and limitations that researchers should take into consideration when setting up experiments with virtual agents.
    [Show full text]
  • Amicus Briefs in Support of Petitioners: Consumers Union; Engine Advocacy; Jon Peha and Scott Jordan; Professors of Administrative, Communications, Energy
    USCA Case #18-1051 Document #1747665 Filed: 08/27/2018 Page 1 of 49 ORAL ARGUMENT NOT YET SCHEDULED No. 18-1051 Consolidated with 18-1052, 18-1053, 18-1054, 18-1055, 18-1056, 18-1061, 18- 1062, 18-1064, 18-1065, 18-1066, 18-1067, 18-1068, 18-1088, 18-1089, 18-1105 IN THE United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit _______________ MOZILLA CORPORATION, et al., Petitioners, v. FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Respondents. _______________ On Petition for Review of an Order of the Federal Communications Commission _______________ BRIEF AMICI CURIAE OF THE AMERICAN COUNCIL ON EDUCATION AND 19 OTHER EDUCATION AND LIBRARY ASSOCIATIONS IN SUPPORT OF PETITIONERS _______________ PETER MCDONOUGH JESSICA L. ELLSWORTH VICE PRESIDENT AND GENERAL COUNSEL STEPHANIE GOLD AMERICAN COUNCIL ON EDUCATION MATTHEW HIGGINS One Dupont Circle N.W. HOGAN LOVELLS US LLP Washington, D.C. 20036 555 Thirteenth Street, N.W. (202) 939-9361 Washington, D.C. 20004 [email protected] (202) 637-5600 Counsel for American Council on Education [email protected] Counsel for Amici Curiae August 27, 2018 USCA Case #18-1051 Document #1747665 Filed: 08/27/2018 Page 2 of 49 CERTIFICATE AS TO PARTIES, RULINGS, AND RELATED CASES Pursuant to Circuit Rule 28(a)(1), amici curiae American Council on Education (ACE), Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education (AACTE), American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN), American Association of Community Colleges
    [Show full text]
  • Desarrollo De Una Aplicación Para La Web Utilizando El Web Audio API
    Escola Tècnica Superior d’Enginyeria Informàtica Universitat Politècnica de València Desarrollo de una aplicación para la Web utilizando el Web Audio API Trabajo Fin de Grado Grado en Ingeniería Informática Autor: Víctor Hernández Medrano Tutor: Manuel Agustí Melchor Curso 2018/19 Desarrollo de una aplicación para la Web utilizando el Web Audio API 2 Resumen Este proyecto de fin de grado se centra en el estudio de técnicas de procesado y síntesis de sonido bajo el control de un navegador web, desarrollando una aplicación para la Web basada en la utilización de una interfaz de programación de aplicaciones implementada en el lenguaje de programación JavaScript y especializada para el control del audio. Con el objetivo principal de entender el correcto funcionamiento de la herramienta y ponerla en práctica en una aplicación web real. La solución ha sido programar pequeños ejemplos que ayudan a comprender la mecánica de programación y además sirven de base para el desarrollo de la aplicación final. Después de todo el proceso se ha conseguido elaborar una aplicación web cimentada en el manejo del sonido gracias a los recursos aprendidos y dotándole de interactividad con el usuario. Palabras clave: aplicación web, sonido, JavaScript, interfaz de programación de aplicaciones, navegador web. 3 Desarrollo de una aplicación para la Web utilizando el Web Audio API Resum Aquest projecte de fi de grau se centra en l'estudi de tècniques de processament i síntesi de so sota el control d'un navegador web, desenvolupant una aplicació per a la Web basada en la utilització d'una interfície de programació d'aplicacions implementada en el llenguatge de programació Javascript i especialitzada per al control de l'àudio.
    [Show full text]