Fawakih Level 5 & 6 Quranic Arabic Courses

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Fawakih Level 5 & 6 Quranic Arabic Courses Fawakih Level 5 & 6 Quranic Arabic Courses Advanced Arabic: Balagha Target Student Audience: Levels 5-6 Course 1: Arabic Figurative Speech and Imagery (`Ilm al-Bayan) This course is the first of four courses in the study of balagha (Arabic eloquence and rhetoric, which is central to discussions on the linguistic beauty and inimitability of the Qur'an) . After briefly introducing the broader field of balagha, the major part of the course delves into `ilm al-bayan, the study of modes of presentation. Just as a painted picture can represent its subject to varying degrees of accuracy and beauty, so too language can express an idea with different degrees of clarity and eloquence. You learn to recognize and understand the major stylistic devices (simile, metaphor, metonymy and tropes), which allows for deeper understanding of the depths and nuances of language in general and the Qur'an in particular. More specifically, you gain insight into how these dimensions of language tie into some prominent theological (`aqida) and (fiqh) discussions that revolve around literal and figurative interpretations of certain Qur'an and hadith texts. Course 2: Arabic Linguistic Pragmatics (`Ilm al-Ma`ani) This is the second of four courses in the study of Arabic eloquence and rhetoric. Language is power. Utterances are not merely sounds, nor just intelligible sounds. Speech arises out of a context, and contributes to changing that reality. Ilm al-Ma`ani (Pragmatics) is the study of approriateness of speech to the context and to the condition of the listener. In this course, you thus learn to look beyond the immediate, grammatical meanings, exploring secondary (illocutionary and perlocutionary) meanings of the Arabic language, such as how language functions to elicit responses, to induce feelings and emotions, and to convey consequences. This course aims to further develop your appreciation for the depths of language, and to enable you to start accessing deeper levels of meaning in the Qur'an. Course 3: Rhetorical Embellishments (`Ilm al-Badi`) This is the third of four courses in the study of Arabic eloquence and rhetoric. The Quran's powerful influence on so many people across the world and through the centuries is based on both its aesthetics and its content. Human beings are attracted by beauty, and beauty is, in many ways, an Islamic value. This course introduces students to some prominent rhetorical devices that make speech more beautiful, whether in its external form and sound, or its meaning/coherence, or both. Topics include: the distinctions between prose, poetry and Quran; the devices of consonance, contrast, comparison; and rational arguments. Students are also introduced the important theme of coherence (nazm) in the Quran, which explores how verses connect in meaning to those immediately before and after them, and also contribute to a thematic unity of the entire surah. Course 4: Selected Topics & Application This is the final of four courses in the study of Arabic eloquence and rhetoric. Students will look at selected topics that look at various aspects of balagha at once. They will also analyze various examples of eloquence from the Quran, Hadith and other famous Arabic literary selections. This will help students tie together all of the main branches of Balagha, so they can step back and appreciate the beauty of Arabic language. Advanced Arabic: Classical Text Reader `Aqida (Theology) Readings This module involves reading selections from original theological literature in order to gain exposure to some of the technical vocabulary and major topics of Islamic theology (`aqida). Students also become aware of different approaches used in discussing theological topics -- such as traditionalist (scripture- focused), dialectical (kalam), and spiritual -- and that theological discussions also occur within other genres (such as tafsir). This course does not teach `aqidah, nor does it adopt or promote a particular theological stance. Rather, readings span a variety of schools and approaches, and the focus is on reading and comprehending the text extracts lexicologically and grammatically, but some basic content is of course learned in the process. FiQh (Islamic Law) Readings This module involves reading selections from classical legal (fiqh) manuals in order to gain exposure to some of the technical vocabulary and major topics of Islamic law. Students also become aware of different approaches in fiqh, such as books centered around hadith texts, and systematic summary texts (mutun). Readings span a variety of schools (madhhabs) and approaches, and contain a representative selection of topics in worship, food and drink, family law, business, legal process and state law. Qur'anic Studies Readings This course introduces students to some of the major topics and technical vocabulary of Qur’anic studies (`ulum al-qur’an), including: the history of the Qur'an, the ordering of its surahs, the circumstances of revelation, the concepts of i`jaz and naskh, and the genres of tafsir (including prominent books within each genre). You are also exposed to selections from works on Qur’anic phonetics (tajwid) and Qur’anic recitations (qira’at). The primary text for this course is Dr Akram al- Nadwi's Mabadi' fi Usul al-Tafsir, along with some supplementary materials created by Fawakih. The Life of the Messenger (Sirat al-Rasul) Readings This course aims to increase students' confidence and ability in reading on the biography and character of the Prophet Muhammad, through reading selected topics from the sira. Reading selections start with simplified, vowelled texts, through unvowelled modern books, and eventually tackling extracts from early writings on seerah, such as Ibn Hisham and Tabari. In addition to developing reading ability, students would also start appreciating that writings within this genre differ in their scope and intent, such as whether they are concerned with the transmission of information, or its analysis and interpretation. Advanced Arabic: Quran Analysis Level 5: Surat al-Kahf Part I & Part II Surat al-Kahf contains three unusual stories, and also addresses major spiritual and theological themes. This course undertakes a close language-focused study of the second half of the sura (the first half is covered in a separate course), with a view to increasing Quranic vocabulary and applying grammatical and morphological knowledge, as well as gaining insight into some of the deeper, rhetorical dimensions of verses. Students are also introduced to some prominent Arabic-to-Arabic lexicons, and classical tafsir works. Level 6: Surat Maryam & Surat Yasin The aims of these courses are the same as Level 5 courses, with more depth and attention to balagha concepts for the new surahs being studied. .
Recommended publications
  • A Study on the Theory of God's Science of Maturidi School Cunping
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 328 4th International Conference on Humanities Science and Society Development (ICHSSD 2019) A Study On the Theory of God's Science of Maturidi School Cunping Yun School of Foreign Language, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China, 730050 [email protected] Keywords: Islamic theology, The science of God, Maturidi school Abstract: Maturidi school is one of the two pillars of Sunni sect in Islamic theology. In the heated debate on Islamic dogmatics, Maturidi school unswervingly protected the authority of the Book and the reason and became the one of the founders of the Sunni theology. Maturidi school successfully applied dialectical principles to ensure the supremacy of the Scriptures and at the same time upheld the role of the reason. They maintained a more rational and tolerant attitude toward many issues, and it is called "Moderatism"by the Sunni scholars. The thought of Maturidi school spread all over Central Asian countries, Afghanistan, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Rome, Persian, Turkey, Egypt and China ,etc.. In today's globalized and diversified international situation, it is of great significance to enhance the study of Maturidi school's theological thought, especially it's theory of God's Science in order to promote ideological and cultural exchanges between our country and Muslim world and to enhance the mutual understanding. 1. Introduction Muslims began to argue about the fundamental principles of Islamic belief after the Prophet passed away. And some muslim scholars even touched upon the theological questions like the essence, attributes of Allah and the relationship between human and the universe in the influence of foreign cultures of Greece, Persia and Syria, and then "Ilm El-Kalam"(Islamic theology) came into being.
    [Show full text]
  • “WE PRAY for OUR PRESIDENT”: SAUDI-INSPIRED LOYALIST SALAFISM and the BUSINESS SECTOR in KAZAKHSTAN Aurélie Biard
    BERKLEY CENTER WORKING PAPER for Religion, Peace & World Aairs January 2019 “WE PRAY FOR OUR PRESIDENT”: SAUDI-INSPIRED LOYALIST SALAFISM AND THE BUSINESS SECTOR IN KAZAKHSTAN Aurélie Biard Contents Introduction 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Halal Business: A Vehicle for Dawah Salafiyya 3 This working paper examines the Madkhali Salafism: Ilyas' Loyalty to dissemination strategies of the transnational the Rule Becomes a Religious Duty Salafi movement in post-Soviet Kazakhstan A Discreet Salafi Dawah: "To Be a through the study of its connections with the Crafty Fox" local business sector. This case study seeks to Tawhid: The Very Foundation of Business provide a snapshot of the specific—and A Business Blessed with Baraka significant—ways in which economic entrepreneurs are becoming local drivers of the Quietist Salafi Dawah: Political Loyalty and Social Purification 5 dissemination of Saudi-based loyalist Islam. Political Opposition—and thus Jihadism—is Khariji Societal Reform: Fighting Against Shirk and Bid'a Conclusion 7 Notes 8 About the Author 9 INTRODUCTION In post-Soviet Central Eurasia, the Islam of the “disinherited”—a trend visible among those dispossessed by privatization, shock therapy, and confiscation of wealth by oligarchs during the 1990s—has today morphed into something approaching a prosperity theology. In other words, Islam has conformed—or adapted—to the rules of a globalized market and capitalist economy. After nearly three decades of deep economic transformations in Central Eurasia, we are now witnessing the rise to power of a transnational Islam adapted to the rationale of the market economy. With globalization, Islam has embraced key themes of the world market and become a vehicle for individual autonomy.
    [Show full text]
  • Complex Analysis of Historical Persons, Scientists and Locally Significant Sites in Surkhandarya Region
    Complex Analysis of Historical Persons, Scientists and Locally Significant Sites in Surkhandarya Region Sanabar Djuraeva1; Khurshida Yunusova2 1Candidate of Historical Sciences, Doctoral Student (DSc), National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. 2Professor, Doctor of Historical Sciences, National university of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Abstract This article discusses the geographical location and personification of Islamic shrines in Surkhandarya region. As it is known that Surkhandarya region, which is the southern part of Uzbekistan, is one of the ancient cultural centers not only in Central Asia but also in the East. The region is rich in historical and cultural monuments and has been involved in the process of continuous development for centuries. In the study and scientific analysis of the sacred places of worship in the Surkhandarya oasis, the reasons for their origin, the socio-economic and cultural realities that characterize them are of particular importance. The services of those buried in the shrine to the people, the preservation of peace, the protection of the people from foreign invaders and the provision of victory, the prevention of various diseases and disasters were recognized by the people. Key words: Surkhandarya region, Central Asia, sacred places of worship, shrine 1. Introduction It should be noted that in recent years, the ancient and historical monuments of the Surkhandarya oasis have been studied by archeologists, who have studied the territory, geographical location, architecture of the shrines [1]. Because in Surkhandarya, scholars was born who are famous in the world and have special respect in the Muslim world as Abdullah Tirmidhi, Adib Sabir Tirmidhi, Alovuddin Tirmidhi, Ahmad at-Tirmidhi [2], al-Hakim at-Tirmidhi, Varroq at-Tirmidhi, Yusuf Hayat at-Tirmidhi, Imam Abu Isa at-Tirmidhi, Abu-l-Muzaffar at-Tirmidhi, Sayyid Burhan ad-din Husayn at-Tirmidhi, Alouddin Attar, Daqiqi, Alo ul-Mulk, Sayyid Amir Abdullah Khoja Samandar Tirmidhi, and they acted as masters of Islamic sciences [3].
    [Show full text]
  • The Contribution of Bernd Radtke on the Studying Hakim Tirmidhi's Scientific Heritage
    European Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.de ¹ 1/2019 [email protected] SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES Manuscript info: Received December 12, 2018., Accepted December 17, 2018., Published January 20, 2019. THE CONTRIBUTION OF BERND RADTKE ON THE STUDYING HAKIM TIRMIDHI'S SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE Nodir Karimov Rakhmonkulovich, PhD student, Tashkent State Institute of Oriental Studies, Uzbekistan. E-mail:[email protected] http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2521-3253-2019-1-12 Abstract: The article isaimed at studying the role of Bernd Radtke in the study of the scientific heritage of Hakim Termizi. The research analyzes the scientific works of Bernd Ratke dedicated to the scholar. As Bernd Radtke said: "In the medieval biographical dictionaries and the Sufi handbooks where one woud normally expect to find such information, little is recorded about the life and activities of the author Hakim Tirmidhi dubbed "al-Hakim", the Wise". Bernd Radtke spent many years of his life to study Hakim Tirmidhi's scientific heritage and during this period, he published numerous articles on diverse aspects of Tirmidhi. We can say that he is one of well-known scholars who is well- aware of Hakim Tirmidhi's works. The contribution of Bernd Radtke is very vital in the studying Hakim Tirmidhi's scientific heritage. In this article, it will be an attempt to analyze Bernd Radtke's works. Key words: Bernd Ratke, Hakim Tirmidhi, "al-hakim"(Wise), "Riyozat an-nafs", "Hatm ul-avliyo" , "Kitob ul-akyos val-mughtaryn", "gwavr ul-umur". Recommended citation: Nodir Karimov. THE CONTRIBUTION OF BERND RADTKE ON THE STUDYING HAKIM TIRMIDHI'S SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE.
    [Show full text]
  • The Emergence of #Ilm Al-Bayān: Classical Arabic Literary Theory in the Arabic East in the 7Th/13Th Century
    The Emergence of #Ilm al-Bayān: Classical Arabic Literary Theory in the Arabic East in the 7th/13th Century The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Noy, Avigail. 2016. The Emergence of #Ilm al-Bayān: Classical Arabic Literary Theory in the Arabic East in the 7th/13th Century. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33840723 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Emergence of ʿIlm al-Bayān: Classical Arabic Literary Theory in the Arabic East in the 7th/13th Century A dissertation presented by Avigail Noy to The Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts August 2016 © 2016 Avigail Noy All rights reserved. Advisor: Professor Andras P. Hamori Avigail Noy The Emergence of ʿIlm al-Bayān: Classical Arabic Literary Theory in the Arabic East in the 7th/13th Century Abstract This dissertation identifies a turning point in the development of literary theory as a discipline in the classical Arabic-Islamic world, starting in the Arabic East in the thirteenth century under the emerging framework of ʿilm al-bayān ‘the science of good style’.
    [Show full text]
  • 'ILM: Science, Religion, and Art in Islam 'ILM: Science
    H-Announce 'ILM: Science, Religion, and Art in Islam Announcement published by Perri Sparnon on Monday, November 9, 2015 Type: Call for Papers Date: December 15, 2015 Location: Australia Subject Fields: Arabic History / Studies, Early Modern History and Period Studies, Intellectual History, Islamic History / Studies, Middle East History / Studies ‘ILM: Science, Religion, and Art in Islam An international conference organised by the Centre for Asian and Middle Eastern Architecture (CAMEA), The University of Adelaide, Australia Adelaide, 21-23 July, 2016 ‘Ilm is a complex, multifaceted Arabic term used in various derivations to denote the many aspects of knowing and knowledge acquisition, production, and dissemination, including teaching and learning, education, and science, as well as comprehension, perception, feeling, experience, and familiarity. From ‘ilm also comes the term ‘ālam, “world,” signifying that the divine creative act is fundamentally an act of knowing and an expression of knowledge. Through the Quran and prophetic traditions, Islam has placed a strong emphasis on ‘ilm, considering the seeking of knowledge to be obligatory on all Muslims. Accordingly, the enterprise of knowing has been central to all aspects of cultural production in Islam, particularly in the fields of science, religion, and the arts. On the one hand, ‘ilm fuses science and religion together into an indissoluble whole, and on the other, it makes art an act of knowledge before being an expression of feeling. Historically, there has been no specific word for “science” in Arabic, and early-modern and modern Arab intellectuals, linguists, reformers, and “scientists” did not coin a new term for it to help delineate the territories of modern science from that of traditional ‘ilm in Arabic thought.
    [Show full text]
  • Allamah Al-Hilli on Imamate in His Kashf Al-Murad, Part 3
    Published on Al-Islam.org (https://www.al-islam.org) Home > Allamah al-Hilli on Imamate in his Kashf al-Murad, Part 3 Allamah al-Hilli on Imamate in his Kashf al- Murad, Part 3 Authors(s): Jamal al-Din ibn Yusuf 'Allamah Hilli [3] Publisher(s): Ahlul Bayt World Assembly [4] Translator(s): Karim Aghili [5] Category: Prophethood & Imamate [6] Imam Ali [7] The 12 Imams [8] General [9] Hadith Collections [10] Journal: Vol. 16, no. 2, Summer 2015 [11] This part of the text expands on the proofs for his authority over the companions that qualify him for leadership such as his extraordinary courage, deep insight, matchless asceticism and devotion, and boundless patience. Topic Tags: Kashf al-Murad [12] Imamate [13] Person Tags: Imam Ali [14] Allamah al-Hilli on Imamate in his Kashf al- Murad, Part 3 Translated by Karim Aghili Abstract An Imam who exceeds all people in every virtue whether it be knowledge, bravery, or piety, and who fairly leads people and guides them towards morality is a grace of God. The concept of Imamat in Shi'i Islam refers to the necessity of having a divinely appointed leader who will lead the Islamic nation after the Prophet's death. This series is a list of responses to objections raised against Imamat from prominent scholar Allamah Hilli's Kashf al-Murad, expanded on from Nasir al-Din al-Tusi's Tajrid al-I'tiqad , the first treatise on Shi'i theology. Kashf al-Murad is one of the most widely read of Allamah al-Hilli's publications as it is the first commentary written on Allamah al-Tusi's work.
    [Show full text]
  • The Emergence and Development of the Shi'ite Ḥadīth Canon Ali
    The Emergence and Development of the Shi’ite Ḥadīth Canon Ali Hammoud 17246880 Master of Research 2018 Western Sydney University Acknowledgements This thesis owes much to the efforts of others, without whom I would not have been able to complete it. First, I would like to thank my dear friends Ali Latash and Ahmed Othman. Whether it was assistance with referencing, translating obscure terms, or being available for a chat, their support was crucial, and very much appreciated. I look forward to enjoying their future successes in the academic world and beyond. Secondly, I would like to thank the scholars, or ʿulamaʾ who assisted me, namely Professor Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi and Sayyid Ahmad Madadi. Professor Moezzi was kind enough to point me in the right direction for critical sources in this study. For this I thank him, and hope to continue to benefit from his works in the coming years. Sayyid Madadi graciously welcomed me into his home on a public holiday for a discussion on the historical development of Shiʿa ḥadīth. The structure of this thesis owes much to his insights. I can only express the utmost gratitude for his kindness and assistance. Finally, I would like to thank my Supervisors, Dr. Milad Milani and Dr. Alison Moore. Alison encouraged me to pursue postgraduate research whilst I was still an undergraduate student. Her unit, ‘Theories and Methods of History’ piqued my interest in research, and three years later she has continued to support me through the ups and downs. Her help throughout the years has been most appreciated.
    [Show full text]
  • Sayyida Hurra: the Isma'ili Sulayhid Queen of Yemen Farhad Daftary∗
    The Institute of Ismaili Studies Sayyida Hurra: The Isma'ili Sulayhid Queen of Yemen Farhad Daftary∗ Key Words: Sayyida Hurra, Sulayhid, Yemen, Fatimid, education of women, Sitt al-Mulk, Adris 'Imad al- Din, Uyun al-akhbar, Sulayman, Sulayhi, Al-Afdal Abstract: This article explores the career of queen Sayyida Hurra, she was the political and religious leader of Sulayhid Yemen, which was an extremely rare occurrence and privilege for a woman in Fatimid times. Hurra was closely linked with the Ismaili da'wa in Cairo, and rose up the ranks of the Fatimid da'wa to receive the rank of hujja. Hurra was the first woman in the history of Ismailism to gain high rank in the Ismaili hierarchy, thus making this appointment a unique event. Daftary traces other events such as the Must'ali-Nizari split and looks at how Hurra dealt with these incidents and the implications for the Isma'ili da'wa. The career of the queen Sayyida Hurra is a unique instance of its kind in the entire history of medieval Islam, for she exercised the political as well as religious leadership of Sulayhid Yemen; and in both these functions she was closely associated with the Isma`ili Fatimid dynasty. This article was originally published in Gavin R. G. Hambly ,ed., Women in the Medieval Islamic World: Power, Patronage and Piety and reprinted in The New Middle Ages, 6. New York: St .Martin’s Press, 1998, pp. 117-130. Reprinted with corrections, 1999 *Educated in Iran, Europe and the United States, Dr Farhad Daftary received his doctorate from the University of California at Berkeley in 1971.
    [Show full text]
  • The Need of Ijtihad for Sustainable Development in Islam Arshia Javed* Muhammad Javed**
    IIUC STUDIES ISSN 1813-7733 Vol.- 8, December 2011 (p 215-224) The Need of Ijtihad for Sustainable Development in Islam Arshia Javed* ** Muhammad Javed Abstract: Education has been a central feature of Islam from the very beginning. Our beloved Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) stressed on the acquisition of knowledge and sustainable development of islam. The Quran has given the fundamental education and knowledge but the Muslim scholars must interpret this fundamental knowledge wisely in accordance with the spirit of the time in which we live. Shariah (Islamic law) is subject to interpretation in order to meet the ever-changing needs of society. Muslim jurists and scholars have relied on the well-established process of change known as ijtihad. The process of ijtihad allowed Muslims and Muslim societies to continually adapt in the face of changing societal conditions and new advances in knowledge. However, declaring the shariah complete and announcing of the closure of the gate of ijtihad turns the great thinkers into idols. In this paper, we stressed on the evolutionary aspects of the knowledge & education (ijtihad) in Muslim society and answered the questions regarding closure of the gate of ijtihad, how important the concept of ijtihad is. As there is an urgent need for the Muslims to realize their failures and deal with the stagnation exist within their minds, how can ijtihad be used to address the needs of muslim societies with reference to contemporary world? Index Terms: Ijtihad, shariah law, gate of Ijtihad, taqlid. I. Introduction Islam, the fastest growing religion in the world, with over 1.2 billion followers has the astounding capability of adapting to ever changing conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Iqbāl's Approach to Islamic Theology of Modernity
    1 Prof. Dr. Muhammad Khalid Masud IQBĀL’S APPROACH TO ISLAMIC THEOLOGY OF MODERNITY Islamic theology of modernity, also known jadid ‘ilm alkalam, “new theology” and “Islamic modernism” is usually characterized as an apologetic approach to defend Islam against modern Western criticism. This is probably because modernity came to be known in the Muslim world in the wake of colonialism when Muslims found themselves on the defensive. To the Western colonial regimes, Islam was not compatible with modernity and hence it was to be reformed and modernized or else marginalized. Muslims, therefore, generally conceived modernity, modernism and modernization not only as Western and alien but also as hostile and threatening. Islamic theology of modernity was not however entirely apologetic. It was essentially an endeavor to develop an Islamic framework to understand and respond to the questions that modernity posed to Muslim cultural outlook in general and to Islamic theology in particular. In this respect it defended Islam against particular criticism but it also developed a theological framework to explain how modernity was relevant and compatible to Islam. Muslim responses to Western modernity range from call for reform of to call for revival of Islam and from total rejection of either tradition or modernity to a reconstruction of Islamic religious thought. Sayyid Ahmad Khan (d. 1898) was the first Muslim to realize in 1870s the need for “jadid ‘ilm al-kalam”, a new Islamic theology of modernity.1 Khan’s approach was also called “Islamic modernism”.2 This approach became immediately controversial. The Indian Ulama opposed it because to them it symbolized modernity and westernization.
    [Show full text]
  • The Crucifixion in Shi'a Isma'ili Islam
    “They Killed Him Not” The Crucifixion in Shi‘a Isma‘ili Islam “They killed him not, nor crucified him, but so it was made to appear to them.” - Holy Qur’an 4:157 “Think not of those who are slain in God’s way as dead. Nay, they live, finding their sustenance in the presence of their Lord.” - Holy Qur’an 3:169 Khalil Andani 2011 “They Killed Him Not”: The Crucifixion in Shi‘a Isma‘ili Islam By: Khalil Andani wa-mā qatalūhu wa-mā salabūhu wa-lākin shubbiha lahum “They killed him not, nor crucified him, but so it was made to appear to them.” (Holy Qur’an 4:157) As observed by millions of Christians around the world, Good Friday marks the day when Jesus Christ was crucified. For Christians, this event is the climax of sacred history: the death of Christ on the Cross is believed to have redeemed and cleansed the sin of humanity. Indeed, the efficacy of the entire Christian doctrine – adhered to by the largest number of people in the world – depends upon the event of the Crucifixion. Interestingly, the faith of Islam, the second largest religion in the world after Christianity, seems to offer a completely different understanding of this event – it appears to deny the Crucifixion altogether. The only verse of the Holy Qur’an which speaks of the Crucifixion is 4:157 quoted above. Over the history of Islam, most Muslim commentators have come to deny that Jesus was ever crucified at all, with many holding that a substitute was crucified in his place 1.
    [Show full text]