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A NEWSLETTER OF THE ASSOCIATION

VOLUME 16 NUMBER 3 FALL 2014 SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS

WWW.ABRAHAMLINCOLNASSOCIATION.ORG

Did Lincoln Dream He Died?

covered with Laurels, and looked very became president. The Union and Con- smiling.” This was a premonition, the federate Congresses then met and woman thought, that Lincoln would re- amended the Constitution to abolish slav- store the Union and free the slaves. In ery and grant suffrage to blacks, at which “these perilous times” she hoped that her point Davis resigned and Lincoln was dream would be “a comfort” to the first reelected. Lincoln then granted lady. “Universal Amnesty” to the South and all southern congressmen were seated, During the war, at least two soldiers leading to “general harmony & recon- dreamed that their commander-in-chief ciliation.” Peace at last. granted them promotions, while a Union POW at Macon Prison, in Georgia, More than thirty years later, John Hay By Jonathan W. White dreamed that he had a conversation with dreamed that he went to the White House Lincoln about prisoner exchanges. In and found Lincoln there. “He was very Americans have been dreaming about like manner, a correspondent for kind and considerate, and sympathetic Abraham Lincoln since at least 1861. In Harper’s Weekly “dreamed that Old about my illness,” Hay wrote in his diary May of that year, a woman from Roches- ‘Abe’ was sitting in our room talking just a few weeks before his own death in ter, New York, sent a letter to Mary with my mother.” She asked the presi- 1905. “He said there was little work of Todd Lincoln describing a dream that dent “how soon he thought the war importance on hand. He gave me two she’d had of the president towering over would be over.” Lincoln answered, “not unimportant letters to answer. I was Washington, D.C., amid a tremendous before I’m out.” pleased that this slight order was within thunderstorm. As the lightning flashed my power to obey.” and the thunder boomed, the sun cast “a Even after Lincoln’s death, he continued soft mellow light around about him.” to visit his former friends and associates But if a few Americans saw Lincoln in Beneath Lincoln’s feet “rolled dark & in their dreams. In 1872, Salmon Chase their dreams, many more have been fasci- heavy clouds which the sun light was fast had a “singular dream” in which Lincoln nated by Lincoln’s own dreams. Lincoln dispelling.” Lincoln held a book in one and Jefferson Davis had a “last battle.” revealed his most famous dream at a cabi- hand, walked toward the southern part of Davis was beaten and taken prisoner, but net meeting on April 14, 1865, and he the horizon, “crowned with honors & then Lincoln resigned his seat and Davis (continued on page 2) Lincoln-Era McLean County Court House Uncovered

By Floyd Mansberger and Christopher Stratton Fever River Research, Springfield, Illinois

Proposed improvements for the new south entrance to the McLean County Museum of History in Bloomington, Illi- nois, are located on the site of the second McLean County Court House. In service from 1836 through 1868, it was in this building where Abraham Lincoln practiced law while travelling Illinois’s Eighth Judicial Circuit, and Blooming- ton resident Judge David Davis presided between 1848 and 1862. It was one of three coffee mill courthouses designed and built by Edgar Munsell of Edgar County. Both this Court House and the 1848 jail show up well in the 1867 bird’s eye view of Bloomington. The building was torn The southeast corner of the Court House down in 1868 to make way for a much larger Court House. Square, with an early fence line projecting from the corner. This photograph was taken along the south entrance of the The 1848 jail was once located on The archeological excavation of the site was performed in the northwest corner of the the summer of 2014, and pictures of the results are shown Court House Square in the summer of 2014. Court House Square. here.

2 A NEWSLETTER OF THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN ASSOCIATION FOR THE PEOPLE

(continued from page 1) “All I can say is what the girl said when the corpse, whose face was covered, she put her foot into the stocking. It others weeping pitifully.” Lincoln went believed that it portended some “great strikes me there’s something in it.”) up to one of the guards and inquired, news very soon.” He was on “some “Who is dead in the White House?” singular, indescribable vessel” that was Although not a dream of death (Lincoln “The President,” came the reply. “Then “moving with great rapidity towards an thought positive news was coming), came a loud burst of grief from the indefinite shore.” Lincoln told the Lincoln’s ship dream is often portrayed crowd, which awoke me from my Cabinet that he’d had this dream before as a portent of his impending assassina- dream. I slept no more that night; and the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter tion. But in April 1865, Lincoln is al- although it was only a dream, I have in April 1861, as well as preceding the leged to have had another, much darker, been strangely annoyed by it ever battles of Bull Run, Antietam, Gettys- more explicit dream of death. This since.” burg, Stones River, Wilmington, and the story comes down to us through Ward surrender of Vicksburg on July 4, 1863. Hill Lamon’s Recollections of Abraham In his Recollections, Lamon wrote, Lincoln believed that the dream por- Lincoln (1895). “there was something about it so amaz- tended some “great results”—hopefully ingly real, so true to the actual tragedy involving Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh According to Lamon, Lincoln revealed which occurred soon after, that more Sherman’s army. a “horrid” dream to Mary, Lamon, and a than mortal strength and wisdom would few others at the White House some- have been required to let it pass without Sitting at the Cabinet meeting, Secretary time in early April. Lincoln “was in a a shudder or a pang.” It is little wonder, of the Navy Gideon Welles did not melancholy, meditative mood, and had then, that popular writers spanning the think much of the dream. But two or been silent for some time,” wrote La- twentieth and twenty-first centuries, three days later he remembered it and mon. Finally, Mary coaxed her husband such as Carl Sandburg, Stephen B. recorded it in his diary. “Great events into speaking what was on his mind. Oates, Jean H. Baker, Jay Winik, Doris did, indeed, follow,” he wrote mourn- Lincoln remarked that it seemed Kearns Goodwin, James L. Swanson, fully, “for within a few hours the good “strange how much there is in the Bible Bill O’Reilly, and others, have all re- and gentle, as well as truly great, man about dreams. . . . If we believe the peated it in their books. Andrew who narrated his dream closed forever Bible, we must accept the fact that in Burstein even recently appropriated his earthly career.” the old days God and His angels came Lamon’s story for the title of his new to men in their sleep and made them- book, Lincoln Dreamt He Died, and the The provenance for this dream is quite selves known in dreams.” dream appears in the National Geo- good. At least four eyewitnesses re- graphic Channel’s movie Killing Lin- corded or retold the dream—Welles, Mary was struck by Lincoln’s solemnity coln. Attorney General , Assis- and asked him, “Do you believe in tant Secretary of State Frederick Sew- dreams?” “I can’t say that I do,” Lin- But is it true? Any reader should natu- ard, and a correspondent for the New coln replied, “but I had one the other rally be hesitant to accept such an in- York Herald. Lincoln’s words differ night which has haunted me ever since.” credible story. The story’s provenance slightly from version to version. In After having the dream, Lincoln said should cause even greater concern. Welles’s, Speed’s and Seward’s ver- that he thumbed through his Bible and Lamon’s Recollections of Abraham sions, each respective man placed him- that wherever he turned he “seemed to Lincoln is notoriously unreliable. In self at the center of the conversation encounter a dream or a vision.” fact, Lamon did not actually write Rec- with Lincoln. In the New York Herald’s ollections. His daughter, Dorothy La- report on April 18, however, Lincoln Lincoln “now looked so serious and mon Teillard, compiled writings by her volunteered the nature of the dream disturbed” that Mary exclaimed, “You father regarding Lincoln’s life and without being asked. Still, the dream frighten me! What is the matter?” She added her own supplemental prose to undoubtedly occurred. coaxed him into describing his dream, turn the disparate pieces into a naturally which he did with “his brow overcast flowing book. Not all of the words in By May the Herald’s story had been with a shade of melancholy.” Recollections, therefore, are Lamon’s. picked up by newspapers as far away as San Francisco, and it continues to retain In the dream, Lincoln heard sobbing Don and Virginia Fehrenbacher cast a prominent place in the American and wailing in the White House. He significant doubt upon the veracity of imagination 150 years later. Steven walked from room to room, looking for the dream, pointing out that Lincoln Spielberg depicted this dream in one of the mourners, but “no living person was was at the front from March 24 to April the opening scenes of Lincoln. Spiel- in sight.” Finally he made his way to 9, 1865, not at the White House, as La- berg’s rendition is generally true to the the East Room. “There I met with a mon claimed. The Fehrenbachers’ historical record, with the sophisticated sickening surprise. Before me was a analysis should have been enough to touch of having Lincoln standing atop catafalque, on which rested a corpse discredit Lamon’s story. But there is what appears to be a Monitor-styled wrapped in funeral vestments. Around more evidence that suggests that it is a vessel. (Ever an enthusiast for technol- it were stationed soldiers who were act- fiction. ogy, Lincoln is alleged to have said ing as guards; and there was a throng of (continued on page 5) when he saw the design for the Monitor, people, some gazing mournfully upon

For The People (ISSN 1527-2710) is published four times a year and is a benefit of membership of The Abraham Lincoln Association. Richard E. Hart, Editor. James M. Cornelius and Robert Willard, Assistant Editors.

FOR THE PEOPLE A NEWSLETTER OF THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN ASSOCIATION 3

ALA Supported Project Re-creation of Historic Oak Ridge Cemetery Original Entrance Nears Completion

August 2014 Massie Massie & Associates The Abraham Lincoln Association was dedication of the gate project is one of the first contributors to the fund planned for later in the fall of 2014. to re-create the historic Third Street The original gate was the passageway original entrance to Oak Ridge Ceme- The design for the gate was determined from tery in Springfield, Illinois, where Lin- into the Cemetery for Lincoln’s re- photographs taken at the time of Lincoln’s mains on May 4, 1865. For more in- Funeral. This is one of those photographs, coln is buried. The project got under formation about the events planned to taken by Frederick W. Ingmire of Springfield, way this summer and the re-created commemorate the 150th anniversary of Illinois. gate will be completed in October. A the Lincoln Funeral, see page 6.

MASTERS OF THE UNIVERSE Golden Age of The Abraham Lincoln Association

The photograph to the right was taken on an un- known date (probably in the 1950s) in the center of the first floor of the Myers Brothers depart- ment store in downtown Springfield. The store sat at the corner of Fifth and Washington streets on the site of the Speed store of Lin- coln’s time.

The four distinguished gentlemen in their winter overcoats pose behind a display case containing what appear to be multiple pieces of antique china and a number of books about Lincoln. On top of the case there are several busts of Lincoln and a number of documents.

These were four of the most important figures in the world of Lincoln scholarship at the time this photograph was taken, and they remain so today.

From left to right they are Benjamin P. Thomas, Roy Basler, Jay Monaghan, and George “Gibb” Bunn.

It truly was a man’s world at the time this photo- graph was taken. But as in most department Left to right: Benjamin P. Thomas, Lincoln biographer; Roy Basler, editor of the Col- stores of the time, the ladies hand bag counter lected Works of Abraham Lincoln; Jay Monaghan, compiler of landmark Lincoln Bibliogra- (right) held a central place of importance. phy; and George Bunn, President of the Marine Bank of Springfield and patron of the ALA and its projects. 4 A NEWSLETTER OF THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN ASSOCIATION FOR THE PEOPLE

The Abraham Lincoln Association PRESIDENT ROBERT A. STUART’S GREETING Robert A. Stuart, Jr. President Dear ALA Members, Kathryn M. Harris Vice President October marks the beginning of our membership drive. I want to thank each James M. Cornelius member for your continuing loyal support of the Association. The goals of Secretary this Association are ambitious: “to observe each anniversary of the birth of Douglas M. Barringer Abraham Lincoln; to preserve and make more readily accessible the land- Treasurer marks associated with his life; and to actively encourage, promote, and aid Robert J. Lenz Immediate Past-President the collection and dissemination of authentic information regarding all phases of his life and career.” Mary F. Shepherd Executive Manager How has a small group with no real office grown into the oldest and most Board of Directors Kenneth L. Anderson respected group for the advancement of Lincoln studies? Through the assis- William E. Bartelt tance of the many members of the Association whose financial support, time, J. Steven Beckett and talent have enabled such projects as The Collected Works of Abraham Roger D. Billings, Jr. Justin A. Blandford Lincoln, The Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association, and making every- Roger D. Bridges thing Lincoln easily available to all through the Association’s website. Michael Burlingame Nancy L. Chapin James M. Cornelius The Association continues its work to engender a love of Lincoln study in the next generation and engage Brooks Davis with Lincoln students of all ages. Please join us in this effort by introducing our website and publications Robert J. Davis Jim Edgar to your friends and please recruit new members. Your suggestions are always welcome, and we value Guy C. Fraker your support and input. Thank you. Joseph E. Garrera Sincerely, W. Joseph Gibbs Donald R. Graham Robert A. Stuart, President Allen C. Guelzo Kathryn M. Harris Earl W. Henderson, Jr. Fred B. Hoffmann Matthew Holden Barbara Hughett David Joens RENEW NOW! Thomas S. Johnson NEW MEMBERS Ron J. Keller JOIN NOW! Richard W. Maroc Lucas E. Morel We welcome our 26 new members from 10 states. Your membership is essential to the ALA’s Edna Greene Medford success. It allows the ALA to provide you with James W. Patton III the For The People newsletter and the Journal Mark A. Plummer William G. Shepherd Robert W. Bornemann Michael McCuskey of the Abraham Lincoln Association and to Brooks D. Simpson Lake Forest, California Champaign, Illinois sponsor many worthwhile programs related to Kay Smith Dr. Tofig Arjmand Philip R. Smith the life of Abraham Lincoln. Please join. Ronald D. Spears Springfield, Illinois Mequon, Wisconsin Daniel W. Stowell William G. Shepherd, Cliff Berg Louise Taper Mike Newmeister Membership Chairman N. Ron Thunman Sacramento, California Springfield, Illinois Donald R. Tracy John Coady David Pruitt Mail this application (or a copy) and a Andy Van Meter Taylorville, Illinois Haverhill, New Hampshire check to: Daniel R. Weinberg Chris DeRose Robert Willard Daniel Reigle The Abraham Lincoln Association Phoenix, Arizona West Chester, Ohio Stewart L. Winger 1 Old State Capitol Plaza Robert Govier Julian Rogus Honorary Directors Springfield, Illinois 62701 Mission Viejo, California Glen Ellyn, Illinois President Barack Obama Governor Pat Quinn Trey Holland Francie Staggs Lt. Governor Sheila Simon Indianapolis, Indiana Springfield, Illinois Name: ______Senator Richard Durbin Sarah Jennings Traci Stahl Senator Mark Kirk Springfield, Illinois San Jose, California Address: ______Congressman Aaron Schock Bill and Julie Kellner Dr. Michael Alan Stutz Congressman John Shimkus Springfield, Illinois Chief Justice Thomas Kilbride River Forest, Illinois City: ______Mayor Michael J. Houston William King Ryan Lincoln Stutz Bellevue, Ohio River Forest, Illinois Emeritus Directors Walter Kubon Molly M. Becker Mark Trapp Student………….………$25 Wheaton, Illinois Cullom Davis Glenview, Illinois Railsplitter……………..$50 Brent McGucken David Wiegers Distinguished Directors Charleston, West Virginia Postmaster………..…..$100 Mario M. Cuomo Gurnee, Illinois Doris Kearns Goodwin John Waddell Edwin Cogswell Lawyer………….……..$250 Harry V. Jaffa Byfield, Massachusetts Baltimore, Maryland Lewis E. Lehrman Congressman…….…..$500 Wayne C. Temple Garry Wills

FOR THE PEOPLE A NEWSLETTER OF THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN ASSOCIATION 5

(continued from page 2) source; however, several facts in the until the 1880s, after the story appeared story do not align with what we know in Gleason’s Monthly Companion. An abbreviated version of the White about the Lincoln assassination. Accord- House funeral dream first appeared in a ing to the 1880 version, Mary Lincoln’s In short, this was a fictional piece written small-town Pennsylvania newspaper as “first exclamation” after John Wilkes for a newspaper; it was later embellished early as Lincoln’s birthday in 1874. A Booth shot her husband at Ford’s Thea- by a literary magazine; it circulated much longer, more detailed version tre was, “His dream was pro- through other newspapers in the 1880s; (most similar to Lamon’s) first appeared phetic” (Lamon quoted this line as well finally, Ward Hill Lamon’s daughter in an unsigned article entitled “President but did not connect it to any particular appropriated and further exaggerated it Lincoln’s Dream” in Gleason’s Monthly dream). “This remark was not then un- in the 1890s when she edited and pub- Companion in March 1880 (fifteen years derstood,” noted the anonymous author lished her father’s ill-titled Recollections. before Lamon’s Recollections appeared in Gleason’s Monthly Companion. The dream is an utter fabrication, but it in print). The details in the 1880 version However, no contemporary record cites continues to hold an important place in differ in several significant ways from Mary as saying those words. In fact, the American imagination because it Lamon’s account in Recollections. First, Mary told William H. Herndon in 1866 seems to confirm the almost supernatural the 1880 version contains no chronologi- that her husband “didn’t in late years character of our nation’s greatest martyr. cal clues as to when Lincoln was sup- dream of death.” posed to have had the dream (compared ———— to Lamon’s version, which places it in The 1880 piece concludes, April 1865). Second, Lincoln was in “Subsequently, the circumstances of Mr. Jonathan W. White is assistant profes- conversation with “Mrs. Lincoln and the Lincoln’s dream was told to many in sor of American Studies at Christopher children” in the 1880 version, not as La- Washington, and formed one of the most Newport University and the author of mon described it, with “only two or three impressive incidents connected with the Abraham Lincoln and Treason in the persons present,” including himself. tragedy which gave the nation its immor- Civil War: The Trials of John Merryman Third, in Lamon’s account, Lincoln tal martyr.” If it was all the talk around (2011), Emancipation, the Union Army, seemed unconcerned with assassinations, Washington, as the 1880 article intimates and the Reelection of Abraham Lincoln while Lamon portrayed himself as that it was, surely it would have found its (2014), and Lincoln’s Advice to Lawyers deeply concerned for the president’s life. way into the papers shortly after Lin- (2015). His current project, “Midnight In the 1880 version, however, Lincoln coln’s death. A search of several digi- in America,” is a history of sleep and “had an ever-present dread of the assas- tized newspaper databases reveals that dreams during the Civil War. For more sin’s hand.” Finally and most impor- the ship dream had gained widespread information about his research, please tantly, Lamon is nowhere to be seen in attention within a month of Lincoln’s visit www.jonathanwhite.org. the 1880 version of the story. death, but no such mention of the far more provocative White House funeral Some may conclude that the story of the dream appeared. In fact, the White White House funeral dream is more House funeral dream did not circulate credible now that Lamon is not its widely in newspapers and periodicals

Editor’s Note: Presidential Press Conference Booking the Iles House

Due to a production error in the last For Nancy Chapin, ALA Board Member, has the People (Summer 2014), an important organized a day of books at the Iles House

sentence was truncated at the top of at 638 S. 7th Street, Springfield, Illinois.

page 10 in Erika Holst’s article. Here is Please plan to attend.

the complete sentence: October 4, 2014

It is worth noting that Tad was born 10:00 a.m. to Noon

with a cleft palate [fn. 18], a condition Books For Children th th Featuring which arises in the 6 to 12 week of Katie Johnson - Goodnight Springfield gestation and can be caused by environ- George Buss as President Lincoln Allison Gnuse - My African Home mental teratogens, or substances that David Reid and Danielle Fore - Bob Lenz, former ALA President, as cause congenital malformations.[fn. 19] The Honorable Fido, the Presidential Press Secretary Footnote 18: John M, Hutchinson, Judge On the Common Law

When “What Was Tad Lincoln’s Speech Prob- 12:00 p.m. – Lunch and readings Saturday, lem?”Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Gary Vitale - Untold Rainbows November 8, 2014 at 3:00 p.m. Association Vol. 30 No. 1 (Winter 2009)

39-40. 1:00 p.m. – 3:00 p.m. Where Kevin Corley Sixteen Tons Historical Society of Footnote 19: Ann W. Kummer, Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Abnormalities: Ed Cunningham - The Perfect Patsy Quincy and Adams County Dick Hart - Jameson Jenkins & 425 S. 12th Street Effects on Speech and Resonance, Sec- ond Edition (Thomson Delmar Learn- James Blanks, African Americans; Quincy, Illinois Preston Butler, Photographer ing, 2008), 38-39.

6 A NEWSLETTER OF THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN ASSOCIATION FOR THE PEOPLE

2015 Lincoln Funeral Re-enactment Abraham Lincoln died on April 15, 1865, and in the following 20 days, the Thursday April 30 - Sunday May 3, 2015 citizens of Springfield, Illinois, pre- Sunday May 3, 2015 Commemorative pared for his final funeral and burial. Civil War Military Church Services “The entire Springfield community Encampments Local churches draped in period mourn- pulled together to honor the man who Civil War military and civilian re- ing will conduct commemorative ser- was not only their president, but also enactors plan to set up encampments in vices. their neighbor and friend,” said Katie a number of Springfield locations. Spindell, chair of the 2015 Lincoln Fu- Lincoln Funeral Procession neral Coalition, a not-for-profit corpora- Friday May 1, 2015 Washington & 6th Street to tion planning the re-enactment of Lin- Lincoln through the Arts Oak Ridge Cemetery Noon coln’s Springfield funeral and burial on Hoogland Center for the Arts May 1-3, 2015. A replica of the Lincoln Funeral Hearse Performances of poetry, music, and will transport Lincoln’s replica coffin to The 2015 Coalition (which receives no visual arts celebrating the life of Abra- Oak Ridge Cemetery. On all streets public funds) began planning in 2010, ham Lincoln. possible, the Lincoln Funeral Proces-

and scores of companies, school dis- sion will follow the historic route from tricts, private citizens, public officials, Friday May 1, 2015 downtown to Oak Ridge Cemetery. churches, and community organizations Lincoln’s Life: Procession participants must be in have endorsed the project. A Musical Celebration 1860s-period attire. The procession Illinois Symphony Orchestra will enter the Cemetery at the re-created “This was Abraham Lincoln’s final Third Street entrance. See a map of the return to the city he called home,” Spin- Bloomington Center for the Performing Funeral Route at Arts in Bloomington, Illinois 8:00 p.m. dell explained. “We have three weeks www.lincolnfuneralcoalition.org of events to commemorate his life, Saturday May 2, 2015 Lincoln Funeral death, and legacy, and everyone is in- Funeral Train Arrival and vited to participate.” Commemorative Service Funeral Procession Receiving Vault COMMEMORATION EVENTS Amtrak Station, Springfield 11:00 a.m. Oak Ridge Cemetery The planned commemoration events are Plans for Lincoln Funeral Train replica Clergy and Civil War re-enactors con- listed below. Many of the final details arrival at the Amtrak Station in down- duct eulogies, speeches, and salutes at will be announced at the website of the town Springfield carrying a replica of the original public Receiving Vault. Coalition: President Lincoln’s coffin. The coffin Musicians and choirs will perform www.lincolnfuneralcoalition.org will be placed in a replica of the Lin- original scores heard during the 1865 coln Funeral Hearse and proceed to the Funeral ceremony. Tuesday April 14, 2015 corner of Washington and Sixth Streets Our American Cousin followed by a procession of dignitaries, To volunteer or learn more, visit Hoogland Center for the Arts Color Guard, Civil War re-enactors, and www.lincolnfuneralcoalition.org Performance of Our American Cousin, direct descendants of original Honorary the play Abraham and Mary Lincoln Pallbearers all dressed in 1860s-period Follow the Coalition on Facebook: were watching when the President was attire. www.facebook.com/lincolnfuneral2015 shot by . Commemoration and Wednesday April 15 through Candlelight Vigil Sunday May 3, 2015 Sixth and Washington Streets Lincoln Symposia At Sixth and Washington Streets, there The names of speakers and the schedule will be a service of commemoration will be announced in the future. followed in the evening by a candlelight Wednesday April 29, 2015 vigil throughout the night and ending at Lincoln and mid-morning on Sunday May 3.

the Music He Loved Saturday May 2, 2015 Washington Park, Springfield, Lincoln’s Life: noon and 7:00 p.m. This drawing was published in Harper’s A Musical Celebration Weekly, May 27, 1865, and was titled Robin Austin, Springfield Park District Carillonneur, performs a free concert on Illinois Symphony Orchestra “President Lincoln’s funeral — burial the Thomas Rees Memorial Carillon. Sangamon Auditorium, service at Oak Ridge, Springfield, Illi-

Bring a lawn chair or a blanket and en- U of I Springfield 8:00 p.m. nois. — [Sketched by W. Waud.]” joy this musical tribute to Lincoln.

FOR THE PEOPLE A NEWSLETTER OF THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN ASSOCIATION 7

UIS Lincoln Legacy Lectures to Preview Lincoln Funeral Commemoration

By Barbara Ferrara Fox is the author of the forthcoming Lincoln’s Body: A Cultural History (Norton, 2015). The 12th Annual Lincoln Legacy Lectures will be held at the Uni- versity of Illinois Springfield on October 16, 2014, with the theme Burlingame is the author of the two-volume biography Abraham “Lincoln’s Funeral.” The lectures will provide background before Lincoln: A Life ( Press, 2008). The au- the 150th anniversary commemoration of Abraham Lincoln’s fu- thors’ books will be available for purchase and signing at the re- neral in Springfield in 2015. ception following the lectures.

James L. Swanson, senior legal scholar at The Heritage Founda- The event will be held from 7 to 9 p.m. in Brookens Auditorium at tion, will present a lecture titled “’I give you my sprig of lilac’: UIS. It is free and open to the public; no reservations are re- The Death and Funeral of Abraham Lincoln.” quired. Those who arrive early will have an opportunity for seat- ing in the auditorium; overflow seating will be in Public Affairs Dr. Richard Wightman Fox, professor of history at the University Center room C/D. A live webcast can be viewed at: of Southern California, will present a lecture titled “What We’ve www.uis.edu/technology/uislive.html Forgotten about Lincoln’s Funeral, and What We’ve Never Known.” The event is sponsored by the UIS Center for State Policy and Leadership, in cooperation with the Lynn Chair in Lincoln Stud- Dr. Michael Burlingame, who holds the Naomi B. Lynn Distin- ies. The lectures are cosponsored by The Abraham Lincoln Asso- guished Chair in Lincoln Studies at UIS, will offer opening re- ciation, Shelby Cullom Davis Charitable Fund, Engaged Citizen- marks, titled “Why Lincoln was Murdered,” and will serve as ship (ECCE) Speaker Series, Illinois Issues, Illinois State Histori- moderator. cal Society, Illinois State Library, Staab Funeral Home, University of Illinois Alumni Association, UIS College of Liberal Arts and Swanson is the author of Manhunt: The 12-Day Chase for Lin- Sciences, UIS College of Public Affairs and Administration, and coln’s Killer (William Morrow, 2006), and its sequel Bloody WUIS Public Radio. For more information, call Barbara Ferrara Crimes: The Funeral for Abraham Lincoln and the Chase for at UIS, (217) 206-7094. Jefferson Davis (HarperCollins, 2011).

8 A NEWSLETTER OF THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN ASSOCIATION FOR THE PEOPLE

What is Pennyroyal?

Comments and Responses

Editor’s Note: The last issue of For The People From what I know about the Lincolns’ A TEACHABLE MOMENT: SPECULATION, contained an article by Erika Holst entitled marriage, this is a decision the husband “Puzzling Lincoln Purchase at Corneau & Dil- would have left to his wife. PENNYROYAL, AND MRS. LINCOLN ler’s Drug Store: What is Pennyroyal?” An im- portant correction of a production error in one BY JEAN BAKER sentence of the article may be found on page 5. What was Mrs. Lincoln’s state of mind at the time? From April 8 until the end of Erika Holst’s piece “A Puzzling Lincoln We invited comment on the article by Jean 1852 Mr. Lincoln was gone 150 nights out Purchase at Corneau & Diller’s Drug Baker and Daniel Mark Epstein, and their com- of 267, on the Circuit Court. But from Store: What is Pennyroyal?” provides us ments appear below. If you would like to make June 10 until September 15 he was home with an opportunity to consider the proc- further comment, please send them to the editor and it appears, from all we know, to have ess of historical verification, the use of at [email protected]. been a happy summer for the couple. evidence, and the distinction between gos- Robert was nine years old, Willie was a sip and history. As Holst writes in her year and a half, and Mary had recovered carefully parsed piece, in August 1852 A NOTE ON THE PURCHASE OF from her “baby-sickness” of the year be- someone in the Lincoln household pur- PENNYROYAL fore. Mr. Lincoln was making an extra chased pennyroyal from Corneau & Diller, effort to please his wife, who had sorely the local Springfield pharmacy. A 19th BY DANIEL MARK EPSTEIN missed him: he bought her a bolt of fine century herb of the mint botanical family, muslin, and a very expensive new carriage. the magical pennyroyal has multiple uses Nearly everything the Lincolns said and She had servants. The Lincolns enter- ranging from driving away fleas and kill- did is of interest to us, and sometimes one tained their old friends Orville and Eliza ing snakes to treatment for upset stomachs bit of information will lead to another that Browning in their home, for dinner, on and headaches, relieving flatulence, and is more important. July 22. serving as an abortifacient. It is this last application that Holst focuses on. This is one reason a historian’s time is Mrs. Lincoln’s mood swings were becom- well spent poring over a person’s “farm ing more pronounced when she was in her In August 1852 Mary Lincoln was preg- book,” checkbook, or a family’s record of mid-thirties. She had been depressed in purchases at a drug store, such as Corneau nant; her fourth son Thomas “Tad” was April, but definitely recovered her spirits born in April 1853, eight months later. & Diller’s in Springfield. It was just such in June. She had breast-fed Willie until he attention that enabled one biographer to The purchase and the birth of Tad are the was eighteen months old, to delay ovula- support the claim that Mrs. Lincoln struck only facts that lead the author to weave a tion; she then weaned him in late spring of her husband in the face with a piece of series of speculations that someone in the 1852, before her husband returned. cordwood on January 28, 1857. Before the household bought the pennyroyal. Mary discovery of the purchase of the gelatin took it to abort her fourth child, but was It seems to me that she wanted to be preg- unsuccessful. Obviously the pennyroyal plaster, the evidence of Mrs. Lincoln’s nant that summer, but she might have had did not work and Tad Lincoln was born in abusive behavior the day previous was cause later, in September and October, to largely hearsay. April of the following year. (One wonders change her mind. Mr. Lincoln would be why the Lincolns did not return to the gone almost the entire autumn. Perhaps Ms. Holst’s article is fascinating and care- pharmacy the next month for more penny- she tried to abort the pregnancy when she ful, and deserves to be weighed against the royal if their intention was abortion!) realized she would be left alone again. We circumstances of the Lincolns’ mar- Doubling down on her speculation, Holst will never know, but it is an arresting pos- riage during those years, 1852 and 1853. suggests that the pennyroyal Mary Lincoln sibility. It is easy to imagine a sad woman, She has got her dates right, the date of ingested did not abort the fetus, only foreseeing another entire autumn purchase of the pennyroyal on August 14 harmed it; hence Tad Lincoln’s cleft pal- in Springfield, with two children, without lining up neatly with the probable dates ate (itself not entirely documented) was her husband, wanting to end her preg- of conception, pregnancy, and birth. She’s the result of Mary Lincoln’s use of penny- nancy. got her pharmacology right, too: penny- royal. royal was the herb of choice in those days It is difficult for this biographer to imagine for a woman who wished to end a preg- There are several ways to address the as- her taking the pennyroyal in mid-August. sumptions in this piece that move it into nancy or bring on menstruation. If the It is easier to imagine her doing it in Sep- herb was purchased only once in all those the realm of gossip. The Illinois census of tember. This is not history, it is conjec- 1855 reveals a female between the ages of years, particularly in the oil and not the ture. dried form, it would have been more likely ten and twenty, most likely Catherine Gordon, living in the Lincoln household. to be used as a remedy for suppressed Who bought the pennyroyal, and why? It is just as plausible to suggest that a menstruation than for killing fleas. And Mary had female servants. Maybe one of woman Mary Lincoln described as one of no woman knowing she was pregnant those women wanted it. More likely Mary those “wild Irish” may have used the pen- would take it for any other reason. wanted it, just in case she should decide to nyroyal. Among the many uses of penny- take it. If Mrs. Lincoln wished to terminate a preg- royal was its effectiveness as an insecti- nancy in mid-August of 1852, she might cide. It was August during the buggy Copyright by Daniel Mark Epstein. have bought, and drunk, the pennyroyal. (continued on page 9)

FOR THE PEOPLE A NEWSLETTER OF THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN ASSOCIATION 9

(continued from page 8) out requiring a factual statement: “Could cards. Next the prodigious fallacy that Mary Lincoln etc.?” “Why might the Lin- mistakes sensation for significance and season in Springfield. On other occasions colns have terminated a pregnancy?” describes events that are fantastic and ex- Mr. Lincoln’s home had a broken blind and “Might Mary Lincoln’s ingestion (of pen- traordinary. Who would have cared if the window, suggesting free entry for mosqui- nyroyal) have harmed but not killed the pennyroyal was purchased as a solution for toes and biting flies. There was as well a fetus?” Fido’s fleas? Rather it is the suggestion of dog — Fido — in the house at Eighth and abortion and the possibility of causing Jackson. Pennyroyal was also used for tu- Documentary evidence — as opposed to Tad’s cleft palate that titillates. As Fischer berculosis, an especially feared disease in the inference — has the Lincolns telling writes, suggestions “like sinners gain Lincoln household after four-year-old Eddie neighbors and friends that Willie needed a something from an unsavory reputation” Lincoln’s death from tuberculosis in the win- playmate, hence the pregnancy. Certainly and surely the proposition of a possible ter of 1850. One can easily imagine Mary one reason to have a fourth child was their abortion is unsavory. Certainly Holst exag- Lincoln rubbing the leaves onto Willie’s mutual hope for a daughter. And as for the gerates the neutrality on abortion of this chest. Besides its multiple health applica- evidence-by-exception that Mary Lincoln generation. Twenty years later the Com- tions, pennyroyal was used in folklore to did not have as many children as her sis- stock Act passed Congress making the ad- ward off the evil eye, and the ever supersti- ters, she had a prolapsed uterus and was vertisement or practice of abortion a fed- tious Mary Lincoln might have used it to physiologically unable to conceive after eral crime. scent a sachet as the women of her birth Tad’s birth. Using a larger profile, not just town of Lexington sometimes did. Surely the family one that Holst espouses, couples One can almost see the headline in the Na- the multiple possibilities suggested in the in Springfield bore an average of four chil- tional Inquirer of the day — New York’s above paragraph suggest the impossibility of dren and according to Kenneth Winkle Police Gazette: First Lady’s Abortion verifying the critical proposition in Holst’s “middle class Springfielders practiced the Cause of Son’s Cleft Palate! Finally there article. most rigorous regimen of family limita- is the fallacy of false extrapolation that

tion,” most using coitus interruptus. There takes us, as on a magic carpet, from the Holst speculates that Mary Lincoln was six is substantial evidence that the Lincolns pharmacy to Tad’s cleft palate. weeks pregnant, using the traditional nine understood contraception, given the nearly months as her target dates with Tad born th five-year gap between Eddie and Willie’s Perhaps this article will encourage students on April 4 1853 and the purchase made on births. The evidence reveals that Mary of history to think about our responsibility August 14th. But the wide variation in the Lincoln got pregnant when the couple to the past, especially to a woman whose duration of pregnancies is well established. wanted another child as indicated in her life has long been besmirched by gossip. Is Mary Lincoln may have had an eight- response to Eddie’s death. it fair to present such salacious specula- month pregnancy that began in August. tions, knowing how long it takes evidence Thus Mary Lincoln may not have been Given its lack of explicit concrete evidence to catch up to inference? While Holst is pregnant at all or more likely, less (or “A Puzzling Purchase” introduces us to careful to suggest and speculate and con- more) than six weeks pregnant. If less than questions of the limits of inference, with jecture, staying far away from any moral six weeks, it is doubtful that she knew she the title itself somewhat misleading. The judgments and offering disclaimers along was pregnant. Moreover one missed period subject here is not a puzzling purchase or the way, the mere presentation of the suspi- would not have been sufficient time to take even pennyroyal: it is the suggestion that cion is harmful to Mary Lincoln’s reputa- such a bold step that contradicts all other Mary Lincoln used it for an abortion. Yet tion. Rebuttals never entirely catch up to evidence indicating the attachment of the there is neither empirical nor contextual assertions. There are still folks who be- Lincolns to their children and to parent- nor documentary evidence that Mary Lin- lieve the canard promoted by Herndon that hood. coln did so. There is no corroboration, no Abraham Lincoln had syphilis which he smoking gun in a letter or even gossip gave to Mary, hence her insanity! Finally A notably long nurser of her babies, Mary around town that might have been har- we might recall the advice of those com- Lincoln had just stopped nursing Willie in vested by ’s later inter- mon sense logicians Tweedledum and the summer of 1852. Establishing regular- views. There are no documents to suggest Tweedledee: “I know what you are think- ity in any menstrual cycle is always diffi- this conclusion. And these are devastating ing about,” said Tweedledum, “but it ain’t cult after a period of nursing, again sug- charges, despite their prudent presentation so.” To which Tweedledee replied, gesting that Mary Lincoln may not have by Holst who nonetheless encourages us on “Contrariwise if it was so it might be and if known she was pregnant in August 1852 the basis of her inferential case “to reexam- it were so it would be, but as it isn’t, it when the pennyroyal was purchased. Or ine what we know about the Lincolns and ain’t. That’s logic.” alternatively she may have been trying to their desire for children.” regulate her menstrual cycles after their long cessation while she was nursing. In Using David Hackett Fischer’s list of his- any case to reach the conclusion that the torical fallacies in his engaging Historians’ pennyroyal was used by Mary Lincoln for Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical an abortion requires the rejection of many Thought as a measure, Holst is guilty of equally likely alternatives. many violations. First the fallacy of possi- ble proof for which there is no real evi- It also requires proceeding by asking ques- dence but rather a web of possibilities that tions that are not answered definitively. might have occurred, one building onto the Mentha pulegium, Thus Holst’s piece is peppered with inter- other into the final hypothetical house of commonly (European) pennyroyal rogatories that frame her hypothesis with-

10 A NEWSLETTER OF THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN ASSOCIATION FOR THE PEOPLE

The Global Lincoln International Noises from 1864

By James M. Cornelius ber. To stop the Tallahassee, Welles sent Lincoln Curator specific orders to the Brooklyn Navy Yard, Abraham Lincoln but feet dragged. “Not one of them [in Presidential Library and Museum Brooklyn] is a Farragut, or Foote, or Porter, I fear.” On 25 August Union vessels sent International tensions were one result of the after the Tallahassee in Canada returned, nationalism that arose everywhere after failures all. 1815. Using a historic word with broad resonance in 1862, Secretary of State Sew- In July, Horace Greeley at the N.Y. Tribune ard quoted Lincoln in a letter to Paris: “In forced Lincoln to heed rumors of CSA the president’s opinion, the emancipation of ‘peace agents’ at Niagara, Ontario, who this continent from European control has proved to be unauthorized to act. Greeley been the principal feature of its history dur- wrote it up to make Lincoln look like he ing the last century.” preferred war to negotiation. Gov. Yates of Illinois was apoplectic about Canadian- In 1863 Sen. James Doolittle (R-Wisc.) in- based raiders storming Chicago to liberate Maximilian I of Mexico, from toned to England and France: “We have just Camp Douglas POW’s, though no raid mate- Mary Lincoln’s album. (Courtesy ALPLM). begun to fight ... we will never surrender.” rialized. One did reach St. Albans, Ver- Hearkening back to John Paul Jones (1779); mont, on 19 October, when 25 Confederate 1864 Monthly feared a foreshad- foreshadowing Winston Churchill (1940); agents crossed from Quebec, robbed 3 owing at home: “What has happened to pointing to global struggle that grows out of banks, killed 2 Americans, and fled back Mexico would assuredly happen here, if we civil war -- Doolittle was prophetic. north. should allow the country to Mexicanize it- self at the bidding of [N.Y. Democrat Au- Foreign trade that once favored the seces- Spain, as the Fort Sumter crisis loomed in gust] Belmont & Co.” sionist cause was mostly gone; cotton was 1861, took the opportunity to re-annex the no longer king. The south in 1860 produced Dominican Republic, against strong but bul- International debate over the nature of our 90% of world supply, but by 1864 its pro- let-free protests from Washington, and held war boiled. Is the money-minded Union duction and export had been decimated. her till May 1865. More needling was Mex- conquering the agrarian Confederacy? The Other fibers had greatly replaced it: wool, ico, soft underbelly of the American conti- embarrassing parallel of Poland arose. In flax (for linen), hemp, jute, etc. Other cotton nent. After Sumter, more than 8,000 Span- 1863 its nationalist uprising was crushed by producers, especially India and Egypt, all ish, French, and British sailors lit out to Russian troops. Then Russian naval vessels ramped up. New Englander Stephen Allen claim unpaid debts, though by summer 1862 showed up unannounced in New York har- published Fibrilia: A Practical and Eco- the Spanish and British withdrew. Lincoln bor as a ‘gesture of friendship’ for the Un- nomical Substitute for Cotton ... (260 pp., could not spare men for republican president ion. Lincoln was obliged to send Mary to $1.00) and when war broke out it appeared Benito Juarez against the Franco-Catholic- thank them, though Russian maneuvers in Paris, too. Kentucky grew 30% of our royalist forces, so Seward tried to face down merely announced that Britannia did not rule flax in 1860, another reason Lincoln needed the French with punch-less diplomacy. all waves. them in the Union. Wool also replaced cot- Harper’s Weekly in April 1863 responded ton, a boon to states from Ohio to Minne- with a cartoon, “Mr. Seward and the French- Would the overbearing Union crush its sota, and to European shepherds. man”: Seward gently drops a boxing glove, poorer provinces? The issue was bruited while Mercier, with big moustache, politely enough that James Russell Lowell in the To the north, Canada had sharp elbows. whispers that he will fight the Mexicans North American Review in 1864 had to de- Navy Sec. Gideon Welles’s diary: “August instead. Lincoln told General Banks in New fend Lincoln’s course: “As for subjugation, 12, 1864: Have news this evening that a new Orleans to keep an eye on Euro-monarchist when people are beaten they are beaten, and pirate craft, [CSS] Tallahassee, has appeared moves toward Texas, while generals Grant every nation has had its turn.... To talk of the off New York, burning vessels. Steamers and Sherman also pondered turning west South as our future Poland is to talk without ordered off in pursuit. Aug. 18: Mr. Seward rather than east after Vicksburg. book.” brought me this A.M. a dispatch from Con- sul Jackson at Halifax [Nova Scotia], saying In 1864 Napoleon III poured it on, choosing John Stuart Mill, thinker on ‘democracy,’ the pirate Rebel Tallahassee had arrived at for his new crypto-French monarchy in never chose a side in our war. As late as that port,” for supplies. Mexico his political underling Archduke July 1864 the shipbuilding interest in Parlia- Maximilian of Austria, brother of emperor ment (heavily Liberal) moved for recogni- CSS Alabama, built in Liverpool, sank more Franz-Josef. He and Empress Carlota tion of the Confederacy. Thomas Baring, M. Union ships than any other vessel, but was landed at Tampico in June, to the cheers of P. and banker, warmly supported the North - sunk herself near France in June 1864. CSS Jefferson Davis, who desperately needed Florida took 37 fishing and shipping vessels their muscle; which never was lent. In fall (continued on page 11) before its capture in a Brazilian port in Octo-

FOR THE PEOPLE A NEWSLETTER OF THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN ASSOCIATION 11

Taylor House Saved! Today, only a few unrestored Lincoln-era struc- saved from demolition at the last minute by tures remain in Springfield, Illinois. One is the preservationists, historians, and neighborhood historic Judge John Wycliff Taylor House at residents. This photograph taken in August 902 South 12th Street, on Springfield’s near 2014 shows a contractor removing shingles and east side. The House was built by 59-year-old revealing clapboard painted a Quaker brown Taylor in 1856. Judge Taylor knew Lincoln color similar to the Lincoln Home. If you know and later the House was witness to significant anything about the House, please share your events in Springfield’s African-American his- information with the editor at tory. Just a short time ago, the House was [email protected]

(continued from page 10) while Napoleon III’s moves in Mexico froze More personally: in April 1864 came revela- attention, Prussia invaded little Denmark, tions that an Italian named Orsini, after he because his bank had loaned large sums to annexing its provinces of Schleswig and threw a bomb at Napoleon III in 1858, found Mr. Chase’s Treasury. But what if victori- Holstein. This was the dawn of the Second refuge in the London home of a British M.P. ous peace-man George McClellan repudi- Reich (d. 1918). Mormons and others Surely Lincoln had political enemies in ated Union debts to Baring, or to liberal poured out of Denmark to the U.S.; so too Washington. Were any that aberrant? bankers in Frankfurt? The state of Missis- Germans. Could Lincoln afford to take a sippi repudiated its debts in 1853; the pro- side? No more than could Queen Victoria, Newspaper writers across our map called for ‘cause’ had a history of that. Federal herself a German with a new Danish daugh- Lincoln’s murder -- in Greensburg, Pa., debt was so large by late 1864, at nearly ter-in-law, Alexandra. We can plausibly NYC & Chicago of course, but most fa- 50% of GDP, that some doubted our capac- argue that the beginning of the end of the old mously La Crosse, Wisc.: “If he is elected to ity ever to repay. European order was the fall of Schleswig- misgovern for another four years, we trust Holstein. One could more directly argue some bold hand will pierce his heart with Could Lincoln hope that newcomers would that Lincoln’s ability to win over more Ger- dagger point for the public good.” In more support him? In his annual message to Con- man-American votes in 1864 than in 1860 worldly vein, an Albany editor paraphrased gress in Dec. 1863, he wrote, “I again sub- hinged upon his remaining silent on this Patrick Henry of 1765: “Caesar had his mit to your consideration the expediency of topic. Brutus, Charles I his Cromwell” with the establishing a system for the encouragement update “we the People recommend Abraham of immigration.” Mineral finds in western The comparison between Prussia / Denmark Lincoln to profit by their example.” territories, particularly gold, accelerated and USA / Virginia always stung Lincoln. movement. Congress agreed, passing on 4 About 35% of each ‘lesser’ place got hived If today’s news from abroad seems a mael- July 1864 a bill to establish a commissioner off by its strong neighbor in 1863-64. Bis- strom, so too in 1864. Lincoln took refuge of immigration. Lincoln wrote to new marck’s wars were not at first popular with in marking Shakespeare’s 300th birthday Treasury Sec. Fessenden on 9 August to his new soldiers, but grew more so with suc- that season at performances of the Bard’s place the $25,000 appropriation to the credit cess -- so too Lincoln’s. Richard Nelson tragedies. Eight times Lincoln saw Edwin of the State Dept. Current, though, examined this comparison, Booth (son of immigrants), once, by his re- and found “not one” of the 5 or 6 factors quest, as Hamlet. Poor Danish Hamlet. Perhaps Lincoln’s trickiest problem -- cer- required for “great power” status resulting tainly the one with loudest repercussions -- from the Union’s 1865 victory. In Germany, The author is pleased to provide footnotes. was Prussia. In 1862 Otto von Bismarck two. Write [email protected]. became minister-president. In spring 1864,

Harold Holzer to Speak on New Book: Lincoln and the Power of the Press

October 29, 2014 Abraham Lincoln Presidential Museum

Harold Holzer, good friend and cians as publishers, and journal- Greeley of the New York Trib- former ALA Board Member, ism itself was unabashedly parti- une, and Henry J. Raymond of will be in Springfield on October san. The book explores Lin- . 29 to sign and discuss his new coln’s mastery of and rise in this book, Lincoln and the Power of roiling milieu, from Illinois to The book examines Lincoln’s the Press: The War for Public Washington. lifelong career as a dabbler in Harold Holzer, author, co-author, or Opinion. journalism, his efforts to win editor of more than 40 books, is The profusely illustrated book loyalty from pro Whig and pro chairman of the Abraham Lincoln The book sheds new light on the constitutes a new biography of Republican journals over the Bicentennial Foundation, Roger Her- long-ignored intersection of the three New York publishing years, his use of political patron- tog Fellow at the New-York Histori- press and politics in the age of giants who dominated Civil War age to secure and maintain press cal Society, and a winner of the Na- Abraham Lincoln when journalism before and during the support, and his use of censor- tional Humanities Medal. Previous — books include Lincoln at Cooper Un- newspaper publishers often dou- crisis: James Gordon Bennett of ship during the Civil War. ion (2004), winner of a second-place bled as politicians, and politi- the New York Herald, Horace

12 A NEWSLETTER OF THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN ASSOCIATION FOR THE PEOPLE

FOR THE PEOPLE Non-Profit Organization The Abraham Lincoln Association U.S. Postage 1 Old State Capitol Plaza PAID Springfield, Illinois 62701-1512 Springfield, Illinois

Permit No. 263

Return Service Requested

Courtesy of the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum

Endowment Fund

You know what the ala has done in the past.

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Send your check made payable to the Abraham Lincoln Association Endowment Fund to:

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Thank you. The Endowment Committee

Richard E. Hart, Chair Nancy L. Chapin Douglas M. Barringer Robert Lenz Robert A. Stuart, Jr. Andy Van Meter