DOCSLIB.ORG

Connecting Renewable and CHP Electricity Generators to the Electricity Network

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Connecting Renewable and CHP Electricity Generators to the Electricity Network A GUIDE TO Connecting Renewable and CHP Electricity Generators to the Electricity Network A Guide to Connecting Renewable and CHP Electricity Generators to the Electricity Network October 2008 Guide prepared for Sustainable Energy Ireland by: Econnect Ireland Copyright © 2008 Sustainable Energy Ireland All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of Sustainable Energy Ireland. 1 of 96 Disclaimer While the authors consider that the information given in this work is sound, all parties must rely upon their own skill and judgement when making use of it. The authors do not make any representation or warranty, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of the information contained in this Guide and assumes no responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of such information. The authors will not assume any liability to anyone for any loss or damage arising out of the provision of this Guide. This Guide describes the connection process for renewable and CHP generators in place at the time of writing. However, the connection process is subject to change. The reader should be aware that in the event of any discrepancy between this Guide and the requirements of the CER or system operators, the requirements of the CER or system operators shall prevail. While this Guide has been produced with the guidance from ESB Networks, EirGrid and the CER it is not a definitive interpretation of the connection offer process. Acknowledgements This Guide has been produced with assistance from ESB Networks, EirGrid and the CER. The authors also wish to acknowledge that this Guide has been based on a UK document ‘A Technical Guide for Connection of Embedded Generators to the Distribution Network’ produced by Econnect and ILEX Associates, 1998 for Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (BERR). Assistance from IBEC’s CHP Ireland and Renewables Working Groups, Meitheal na Gaoithe, SES-ie, Irish Bioenergy Association, Irish Hydropower Association, MEGA, IWEA, ETCI, RECI and ECSSA is also acknowledged. Document History Issue No Description Date 01 Original Document Issue 29-October-2008 2 of 96 Table of Contents 1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 The Guide ................................................................................................................................................................7 2 Summary – the quick guide ........................................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Feasibility phase................................................................................................................................................. 11 2.2 Connection applications / connection offer process............................................................................. 11 2.3 Getting new connection infrastructure built ........................................................................................... 12 2.4 Connection costs and timelines.................................................................................................................... 13 2.5 Connection for CHP and on-site generation ............................................................................................ 14 3 Overview of the Irish Electricity Industry................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Commercial and regulatory overview ........................................................................................................ 15 3.2 Technical overview............................................................................................................................................ 20 4 Connection offer process................................................................................................................................ 24 4.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................................... 24 4.2 The connection application form................................................................................................................. 26 4.3 Application fees.................................................................................................................................................. 27 4.4 Connection process for on-site generators that require no export capacity ................................ 28 4.5 Connection offer process for generators within the group processing approach...................... 29 4.6 Sequential connection offer process .......................................................................................................... 33 4.7 Reviewing the connection offer ................................................................................................................... 36 4.8 Further information .......................................................................................................................................... 37 5 Connection and operational costs............................................................................................................... 38 5.1 Connection costs ............................................................................................................................................... 38 5.2 Operational costs............................................................................................................................................... 44 6 Constructing the connection......................................................................................................................... 49 6.1 Pre-construction................................................................................................................................................. 49 6.2 The Construction ............................................................................................................................................... 50 6.3 Documentation .................................................................................................................................................. 51 6.4 Testing and commissioning phase.............................................................................................................. 52 6.5 Operation ............................................................................................................................................................. 52 7 Appendix A - Generation and the Effects on the Network .................................................................. 53 7.1 Characteristics of generating plant ............................................................................................................. 53 7.2 Effects of generators on networks ............................................................................................................... 54 7.3 Network codes.................................................................................................................................................... 57 8 Appendix B - Non-Firm Transmission Access and Constraints........................................................... 59 3 of 96 9 Appendix C – Protection and Earthing....................................................................................................... 60 9.1 Protection............................................................................................................................................................. 60 9.2 Site earthing ........................................................................................................................................................ 62 10 Appendix D - power factor and reactive power...................................................................................... 63 10.1 Active power ....................................................................................................................................................... 63 10.2 Apparent power................................................................................................................................................. 63 10.3 Power factor ........................................................................................................................................................ 64 10.4 Reactive power................................................................................................................................................... 64 10.5 Leading and lagging power factors............................................................................................................. 64 11 Appendix E - Contestable Connections ..................................................................................................... 65 11.1 Contestable work and non-contestable work ......................................................................................... 66 11.2 Contestability and group processing.......................................................................................................... 67 11.3 Practicalities of contestable works..............................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Development of an Improved Earthing Method for Power and Distribution Transformers Substations
    Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH) Vol. 37, No. 3, July 2018, pp. 720 – 726 Copyright© Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Print ISSN: 0331-8443, Electronic ISSN: 2467-8821 www.nijotech.com http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v37i3.22 DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED EARTHING METHOD FOR POWER AND DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS SUBSTATIONS L. M. Adesina1,* and T. O. Akinbulire2 1, ENGINEERING & STANDARDIZATION, EKO ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION CO., LAGOS, LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA. 2, DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS, AKOKA, LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA E-mail addresses: 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected] ABSTRACT Engineers and planners have realized that equipment grounding is a necessary part of installation process in Electrical power substations. Over years, grounding or earthing has been carried out primarily through preparation of Earth Mat which is interconnected with several Earth-rods buried around the equipment under consideration. This approach takes several efforts to have an acceptable and reliable result. However, this paper presents a more flexible, economical and results oriented approach. A flow chart which describes the procedures of carrying out the proposed method of earthing is developed. This was applied to two case studies: a proposed Power transformer substation and distribution Transformer substation located within the same geographical domain. On the two cases, the measured earth resistances are presented and discussed. The results from the case study indicates that the earth resistance values obtained from this new approach are reliable and in compliance with IEEE Standards 80,142, 81 and 1100. Keywords: Equipment, Grounding, Earthing, Earth-rod, Flowchart, Earth Mat, Flow Process, Injection Substation, Distribution Substation, Earth Resistance, IEEE Standard.
    [Show full text]
  • 4 Distribution Substation Earthing
    Engineering Standard Electrical CRN EL 003 LOW VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION EARTHING & DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION EARTHING Version 1.1 Issued August 2016 Owner: Principal Signal Engineer Approved by: Stewart Rendell Authorised by: James Zeaiter Disclaimer. This document was prepared for use on the CRN Network only. John Holland Rail Pty Ltd makes no warranties, express or implied, that compliance with the contents of this document shall be sufficient to ensure safe systems or work or operation. It is the document user’s sole responsibility to ensure that the copy of the document it is viewing is the current version of the document as in use by JHR. JHR accepts no liability whatsoever in relation to the use of this document by any party, and JHR excludes any liability which arises in any manner by the use of this document. Copyright. The information in this document is protected by Copyright and no part of this document may be reproduced, altered, stored or transmitted by any person without the prior consent of JHG. UNCONTROLLED WHEN PRINTED Page 1 of 15 CRN Engineering Standard - CRN EL 003 Low Voltage Distribution Earthing & Distribution Substation Earthing Document control Revision Date of Summary of change Approval V2.0 March 2005 EP 12 10 00 20 SP Low Voltage Distribution Earthing V2.0 March 2005 EP 12 10 00 11 SP Distribution Substation Earthing V1.0 January 2012 Conversion to CRN Signalling Standard CRN EL 001 V1.1 August 2016 Review and Update Summary of changes from previous version Section Summary of change 1 Rem ref to Spec PDS 05 and
    [Show full text]
  • The IT Earthing System (Unearthed Neutral) in LV
    Collection Technique .......................................................................... Cahier technique no. 178 The IT earthing system (unearthed neutral) in LV F. Jullien I. Héritier “Cahiers Techniques” is a collection of documents intended for engineers and technicians, people in the industry who are looking for more in-depth information in order to complement that given in product catalogues. Furthermore, these “Cahiers Techniques” are often considered as helpful “tools” for training courses. They provide knowledge on new technical and technological developments in the electrotechnical field and electronics. They also provide better understanding of various phenomena observed in electrical installations, systems and equipments. Each “Cahier Technique” provides an in-depth study of a precise subject in the fields of electrical networks, protection devices, monitoring and control and industrial automation systems. The latest publications can be downloaded from the Schneider Electric internet web site. Code: http://www.schneider-electric.com Section: Experts’ place Please contact your Schneider Electric representative if you want either a “Cahier Technique” or the list of available titles. The “Cahiers Techniques” collection is part of the Schneider Electric’s “Collection technique”. Foreword The author disclaims all responsibility subsequent to incorrect use of information or diagrams reproduced in this document, and cannot be held responsible for any errors or oversights, or for the consequences of using information and diagrams contained in this document. Reproduction of all or part of a “Cahier Technique” is authorised with the prior consent of the Scientific and Technical Division. The statement “Extracted from Schneider Electric “Cahier Technique” no. .....” (please specify) is compulsory. no. 178 The IT earthing system (unearthed neutral) in LV François JULLIEN Joined Schneider Electric’s Low Voltage activity in 1987.
    [Show full text]
  • Diverted Neutrals
    Diverted Neutrals Discussion of experiences and findings from working on TN-C-S supplies February 2021 Authors Rupert van der Post Benson Fox Tangle Tamers Electrical Engineers Ltd Unit G, Linwood Workshops, Linwood Lane, Leicester LE2 6QJ 0116 244 0045 [email protected] www.tangletamers.co.uk Document References Released – February 2021 Document reference TNCS-DN-1-RD- V1.6 Page 1 Released February 2021 - Document reference TNCS-DN-1-RD-V1.6 www.tangletamers.co.uk © Copyright Tangle Tamers Electrical Engineers Ltd and R van der Post May 2019 – February 2021 Contents Diverted Neutrals............................................................................................................................................ 1 Contents.......................................................................................................................................................... 2 Disclaimer........................................................................................................................................................ 3 Confidentiality & Copyright........................................................................................................................... 3 Thank-you........................................................................................................................................................ 3 Summary......................................................................................................................................................... 4 REC/DNO/DSO
    [Show full text]
  • Earthing and Protection
    Earthing and EARTHING AND PROTECTION System Protection While the use of electricity is a boon to us, its misuse, any fault in the system can be a curse, indeed, it could lead to complete damage of the equipment and subsequently can damage the entire system and can also cause major accidents, including fatal ones. Hence, we have to cautions. In practical sense, we need to provide for safe use of electricity. As we shall learn, earthing is the most important factor in this regard. Of course, earthing may also serve other purposes in the electrical system. Protection of the electrical equipment and the network is another safety measure, as it helps save not only our investment in the electrical system, but also, it may help prevent accidents related to electricity. You shall be introduced to ‘Earthing and System Protection’ in this second part (Block 2) of this Course 1 : Electricity and Safety Measures as most useful and necessary and critical component of power system. The first part introduces you to electrical Earthing. In this part, you will be acquainted with importance of earthing, earthing classification, line and pole earthing, measurement of earth resistance. It also touches upon the treatment for minimizing the earth resistance values, maintenance of earthing system, definitions of general earthing terms. Thereafter, in the second part you will be introduced to the Electrical System Protection. In this part, you will learn about the objectives of protection, equipment for system protection, protective relays, functional requirements of relays, distribution system protection, substation protection where you will be introduced to principle of differential relay operation, transformer protection, bus protection.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for Grid Interconnection of Small Power Projects in Tanzania
    GUIDELINES FOR GRID INTERCONNECTION OF SMALL POWER PROJECTS IN TANZANIA PART B: TECHNICAL GUIDELINES DRAFT MARCH 2011 ENERGY AND WATER UTILITIES REGULATORY AGENCY Guidelines for Grid Interconnection of Small Power Projects in Tanzania March 2011 CONTENTS OF PART B Glossary, Definitions and Abbreviations B1 Studies and Information to be Exchanged 7 B1.1 Stability 7 B1.2 Load Flow 7 B1.3 Fault Levels 7 B1.4 Protection 7 B1.5 Voltage Levels 8 B1.5.1 Interconnection Voltage 8 B1.5.2 Voltage Flicker 8 B1.5.3 Voltage Rise 8 B1.5.4 Studies on Voltage Flicker and Voltage Rise 8 B1.6 Earthing 8 B2 Fault Levels 9 B2.1 General 9 B2.2 Fault Level Information 9 B2.3 Fault Level Calculation 9 B2.4 Fault Level Reduction and Management 9 B2.4.1 Replacement of Switchgear and Components 10 B2.4.2 Network Splitting/Changing System Feeding Arrangements 10 B2.4.3 Increasing the Impedance 10 B2.4.4 Short Circuit Current Limiters 10 B3 Voltage Regulation 10 B3.1 General 10 B3.2 Step Voltage Changes 10 B3.3 Voltage Limits 11 B3.4 Power Factor Requirements 11 B4 Reverse Power Flows 11 B4.1 Embedded Generator Operation 12 B4.2 Losses 12 B4.3 Protection 12 B5 Earthing of Electricity Networks and Embedded Generators 12 B5.1 General 12 B5.2 DNO Electricity Supply Networks 13 B5.3 Compatibility of Network and Generator Earthing 13 B5.4 Generator Parallel Earthing 13 B5.4.1 11kV Generators 13 B5.4.2 LV Generators 14 B5.5 Interconnection of DNO and Generator Earth Systems 15 B5.6 Generator Circulating Currents in Earth Connections 16 B6 Synchronisation of Generators
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Application Papers No.3 Distribution Systems and Protection Against Indirect Contact and Earth Fault
    Technical Application Papers No.3 Distribution systems and protection against indirect contact and earth fault Technical Application Papers Distribution systems and protection against indirect contact and earth fault Index 6.2.1 Miniature circuit-breakers System pro M and System pro M compact with 1 Introduction ........................................2 residual current protection ....................23 6.2.2 Residual current releases for Tmax 2 Main definitions ..............................3 moulded-case circuit-breakers ..............28 6.2.3 Electronic releases PR… ranges for 3 Protection against earth moulded-case and air circuit-breakers with integrated residual current protection ....29 fault 6.2.4 Residual current relay with external transformer ...........................................30 3.1 General aspects ......................................5 6.3 The solution with function G ..................31 4 Classification of electrical 6.4 Protection function G or residual current distribution systems protection? ...........................................33 6.4.1 Typical applications of residual current ........................................... circuit-breakers 4.1 TT system ...............................................6 33 4.2 TN system ...............................................6 6.4.2 Typical applications of moulded-case 4.3 IT system ................................................7 and air circuit-breakers equipped with function G against earth fault .................34 4.4 Conclusions ............................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Earthing System Design for Small Hydropower (SHP) Station – a Review
    IACSIT International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 3, June 2012 Earthing System Design for Small Hydropower (SHP) Station – A Review Arjunsingh A. Mehta, S. N. Singh, and M. K. Singhal noncurrent-carrying conductive materials capable of Abstract—Grounding is critically important to achieve becoming energized due to either insulation failure, equipment and personnel protection in Small Hydropower inadvertent contact with an energized conductor, or (SHP) station. Moreover, the performance of any electrical or building up of a static or induced voltage should be electronic system is greatly affected by the state of earthing. The grounded. paper includes the purpose of grounding, basic knowledge regarding the objective, review of various research works useful 2) The grounding arrangement should ensure a deliberate for designing a safe grounding system and recent trends which ground fault current return path, so that the (over current can be employed in designing a sound as well as an economic or ground fault) protection system will sense the fault earthing system. The aim of the paper is to carry out the review and either trip the faulty circuit or provide an alarm to the of the techniques and developments in Earthing System and station operator. suggest the loop holes if any. 3) The grounding should limit the step and touch voltage to Index Terms—Earthing mat, step potential, touch potential, acceptable limits under all climatic conditions and also ufer grounding during faults. 4) The grounding conductors and connections should withstand the ground fault current for the duration of the I. INTRODUCTION fault, without being damaged by thermal, thermomechanical or electromechanical stresses.
    [Show full text]
  • Design of Grounding System for Tehri Hydro Power Project
    98 NATIONAL POWER SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, NPSC 2002 Design of Grounding System for Tehri Hydro Power Project M.M. Babu Narayanan ,B.NSarkar, C. Prabhakar and S.C. Mishra Abstract – This paper highlights some of the most important i) ground conductor system at the surface of the rock (on the design features of the grounding system proposed for the Tehri side walls) of the transformer hall cavity, GIS bus duct Hydro Power Project (HPP) in Uttaranchal. Design of gallery, medium voltage bus duct etc. grounding system for the Tehri HPP has been carried out at Central Power Research Institute (CPRI), Bangalore after ii) ground conductor system through the tail race tunnels, extensive survey and measurements of soil characteristics at the Draft tubes and the Access tunnels (adits) project site. Grounding systems were designed for the machine iii) ground mat under the transformer hall area hall, GIS transformer hall, overhead interface facility, Gas iv) ground mat at the outdoor interface facility insulated bus (GIB) tunnel, turbine hall and various other v) ground mat under the turbine area utilities in the power station with proper interconnections in vi) steel liners of the penstocks connected to the grounding order to achieve an overall reduction in grounding system system and resistance. Of these, design aspects of certain critical vii) ground conductor system at butterfly valve chamber, installations like GIB and interface facility are explained in the draft expansion chambers etc paper. Design has been carried out using the GMAT software developed at CPRI. All the above grounding systems are to be inter-connected in order to achieve an overall reduction in grounding system Index terms – Ground resistance, Gas insulated switch gear, resistance.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Substation's Transformer Earthing System
    Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science Studies (JMESS) ISSN: 2458-925X Vol. 5 Issue 9, September - 2019 Evaluation Of Substation’s Transformer Earthing System, Feeder Panel And Lightning Grounding: Case Study Of A University In Nigeria M.O. Oyeleye Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Federal university of Technology Akure, Nigeria [email protected] Abstract—The earthing-system is an important part of conductive part to earth. Some elements of an earthing electrical networks at both high and low voltage levels system may be provided to fulfil a specific purpose, but and is fundamental for safety of equipment, building are nevertheless part of one single earthing system. and human beings. It ensures that there is no loss of life Standards require all earthing measures within an and property. The research focus on fourteen numbers installation to be connected together, forming one system of 11/0.415 kV substations and its 33/11 kV injection [8]. People are usually more or less in contact with earth, substation earthing networks in the populated and so if other parts which are open to touch become charged academic studied area in the event of earth fault. DC at a different voltage from earth a shock hazard exists. The earth resistance clamp meter, ETCR 2000 series Earth- process of earthing is to connect all these parts which Ground –clam- meter was used to measure the could become charged to the general mass of earth, to earthing resistance value. The measured values were provide a path for fault currents and to hold the parts as compared to the NESIS system earthing (Transformer) close as possible to earth potential.
    [Show full text]
  • Earthing: Your Questions Answered
    EARTHING 18 EARTHING: YOUR QUESTIONS ANSWERED By Geoff Cronshaw What are earthed and unearthed systems? connected to earth through a deliberately introduced What are the requirements of BS 7671? earthing impedance or is isolated from Earth. All What are the advantages and disadvantages exposed-conductive-parts of an installation are connected to an earth electrode.) of the various types of earthing systems? When designing an electrical installation, one of the first things to determine is the type of earthing This article, which is based on IEE Guidance notes, is system. The distributor will be able to provide this intended to provide information that it is hoped will information. prove helpful. The system will either be TN-S, TN-C-S (PME) or TT for a low voltage supply given in accordance with the BS 7671 lists five types of earthing system: Electricity Safety, Quality and Continuity Regulations TN-S, TN-C-S, TT, TN-C, and IT. 2002. This is because TN-C requires an exemption T = Earth (from the French word Terre) from the Electricity Safety, Quality and Continuity N = Neutral Regulations, and an IT system is not permitted for a S = Separate low voltage public supply in the UK because the C = Combined source is not directly earthed. Therefore TN-C and IT I = Isolated (The source of an IT system is either systems are both very uncommon in the UK. IEE Wiring Matters | Autumn 2005 | www.iee.org EARTHING 19 MG&Llrlm^f Lhnk\^h_lniier BglmZeeZmbhg E BglmZeeZmbhg >jnbif^gm G I> M >qihl^]&\hg]n\mbo^&iZkm G&L Fig 1: TN-S system Lhnk\^>Zkma ELECTRICITY COMPANY ISOLATOR E G G E MAIN EARTHING ! TERMINAL Fig 2: Cable sheath earth 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Guidelines for Interconnection of Distributed Generator to Distribution System 2018
    Technical Guidelines for Interconnection of Distributed Generator to Distribution System 2018 1 Technical Guidelines for Interconnection of Distributed Generator to Distribution System 2018 Distribution Network Department Tenaga Nasional Berhad Wisma TNB Jalan Timur, Petaling Jaya Selangor © Copyright reserved. All copyrights of this book are preserved. Any part of this book cannot be reproduced, stored in any ways that can be used again, or transferred within any form or by any means, either in electronic, mechanical, retelling, recording or even on the contrary, without prior written consent from Tenaga Nasional Berhad. The information contained herein is the property of Tenaga Nasional Berhad and it contains the protected and confidential information. Tenaga Nasional Berhad has absolute copyright to such information and you are prohibited from distributing, distributing, copying, republishing, using and / or disclosing this information. Printed in Malaysia. All information in this book is correct on the date of publication. Disclaimer: Tenaga Nasional Berhad is not responsible for any loss due to amendments after the date of publication of this book. Tenaga Nasional Berhad. 2 CONTENTS TEAM MEMBERS ..................................................................................................................................... 5 GLOSSARY................................................................................................................................................ 8 1.0 BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]