Superfluid Phase Transition in Gaseous Two Component Lithium
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Phase-Transition Phenomena in Colloidal Systems with Attractive and Repulsive Particle Interactions Agienus Vrij," Marcel H
Faraday Discuss. Chem. SOC.,1990,90, 31-40 Phase-transition Phenomena in Colloidal Systems with Attractive and Repulsive Particle Interactions Agienus Vrij," Marcel H. G. M. Penders, Piet W. ROUW,Cornelis G. de Kruif, Jan K. G. Dhont, Carla Smits and Henk N. W. Lekkerkerker Van't Hof laboratory, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands We discuss certain aspects of phase transitions in colloidal systems with attractive or repulsive particle interactions. The colloidal systems studied are dispersions of spherical particles consisting of an amorphous silica core, coated with a variety of stabilizing layers, in organic solvents. The interaction may be varied from (steeply) repulsive to (deeply) attractive, by an appropri- ate choice of the stabilizing coating, the temperature and the solvent. In systems with an attractive interaction potential, a separation into two liquid- like phases which differ in concentration is observed. The location of the spinodal associated with this demining process is measured with pulse- induced critical light scattering. If the interaction potential is repulsive, crystallization is observed. The rate of formation of crystallites as a function of the concentration of the colloidal particles is studied by means of time- resolved light scattering. Colloidal systems exhibit phase transitions which are also known for molecular/ atomic systems. In systems consisting of spherical Brownian particles, liquid-liquid phase separation and crystallization may occur. Also gel and glass transitions are found. Moreover, in systems containing rod-like Brownian particles, nematic, smectic and crystalline phases are observed. A major advantage for the experimental study of phase equilibria and phase-separation kinetics in colloidal systems over molecular systems is the length- and time-scales that are involved. -
Phase Transitions in Quantum Condensed Matter
Diss. ETH No. 15104 Phase Transitions in Quantum Condensed Matter A dissertation submitted to the SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ZURICH¨ (ETH Zuric¨ h) for the degree of Doctor of Natural Science presented by HANS PETER BUCHLER¨ Dipl. Phys. ETH born December 5, 1973 Swiss citizien accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. J. W. Blatter, examiner Prof. Dr. W. Zwerger, co-examiner PD. Dr. V. B. Geshkenbein, co-examiner 2003 Abstract In this thesis, phase transitions in superconducting metals and ultra-cold atomic gases (Bose-Einstein condensates) are studied. Both systems are examples of quantum condensed matter, where quantum effects operate on a macroscopic level. Their main characteristics are the condensation of a macroscopic number of particles into the same quantum state and their ability to sustain a particle current at a constant velocity without any driving force. Pushing these materials to extreme conditions, such as reducing their dimensionality or enhancing the interactions between the particles, thermal and quantum fluctuations start to play a crucial role and entail a rich phase diagram. It is the subject of this thesis to study some of the most intriguing phase transitions in these systems. Reducing the dimensionality of a superconductor one finds that fluctuations and disorder strongly influence the superconducting transition temperature and eventually drive a superconductor to insulator quantum phase transition. In one-dimensional wires, the fluctuations of Cooper pairs appearing below the mean-field critical temperature Tc0 define a finite resistance via the nucleation of thermally activated phase slips, removing the finite temperature phase tran- sition. Superconductivity possibly survives only at zero temperature. -
The Superconductor-Metal Quantum Phase Transition in Ultra-Narrow Wires
The superconductor-metal quantum phase transition in ultra-narrow wires Adissertationpresented by Adrian Giuseppe Del Maestro to The Department of Physics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Physics Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts May 2008 c 2008 - Adrian Giuseppe Del Maestro ! All rights reserved. Thesis advisor Author Subir Sachdev Adrian Giuseppe Del Maestro The superconductor-metal quantum phase transition in ultra- narrow wires Abstract We present a complete description of a zero temperature phasetransitionbetween superconducting and diffusive metallic states in very thin wires due to a Cooper pair breaking mechanism originating from a number of possible sources. These include impurities localized to the surface of the wire, a magnetic field orientated parallel to the wire or, disorder in an unconventional superconductor. The order parameter describing pairing is strongly overdamped by its coupling toaneffectivelyinfinite bath of unpaired electrons imagined to reside in the transverse conduction channels of the wire. The dissipative critical theory thus contains current reducing fluctuations in the guise of both quantum and thermally activated phase slips. A full cross-over phase diagram is computed via an expansion in the inverse number of complex com- ponents of the superconducting order parameter (equal to oneinthephysicalcase). The fluctuation corrections to the electrical and thermal conductivities are deter- mined, and we find that the zero frequency electrical transport has a non-monotonic temperature dependence when moving from the quantum critical to low tempera- ture metallic phase, which may be consistent with recent experimental results on ultra-narrow MoGe wires. Near criticality, the ratio of the thermal to electrical con- ductivity displays a linear temperature dependence and thustheWiedemann-Franz law is obeyed. -
Density Fluctuations Across the Superfluid-Supersolid Phase Transition in a Dipolar Quantum Gas
PHYSICAL REVIEW X 11, 011037 (2021) Density Fluctuations across the Superfluid-Supersolid Phase Transition in a Dipolar Quantum Gas J. Hertkorn ,1,* J.-N. Schmidt,1,* F. Böttcher ,1 M. Guo,1 M. Schmidt,1 K. S. H. Ng,1 S. D. Graham,1 † H. P. Büchler,2 T. Langen ,1 M. Zwierlein,3 and T. Pfau1, 15. Physikalisches Institut and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany 2Institute for Theoretical Physics III and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany 3MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, Research Laboratory of Electronics, and Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA (Received 15 October 2020; accepted 8 January 2021; published 23 February 2021) Phase transitions share the universal feature of enhanced fluctuations near the transition point. Here, we show that density fluctuations reveal how a Bose-Einstein condensate of dipolar atoms spontaneously breaks its translation symmetry and enters the supersolid state of matter—a phase that combines superfluidity with crystalline order. We report on the first direct in situ measurement of density fluctuations across the superfluid-supersolid phase transition. This measurement allows us to introduce a general and straightforward way to extract the static structure factor, estimate the spectrum of elementary excitations, and image the dominant fluctuation patterns. We observe a strong response in the static structure factor and infer a distinct roton minimum in the dispersion relation. Furthermore, we show that the characteristic fluctuations correspond to elementary excitations such as the roton modes, which are theoretically predicted to be dominant at the quantum critical point, and that the supersolid state supports both superfluid as well as crystal phonons. -
Equation of State and Phase Transitions in the Nuclear
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics Has the rights of a manuscript Bugaev Kyrill Alekseevich UDC: 532.51; 533.77; 539.125/126; 544.586.6 Equation of State and Phase Transitions in the Nuclear and Hadronic Systems Speciality 01.04.02 - theoretical physics DISSERTATION to receive a scientific degree of the Doctor of Science in physics and mathematics arXiv:1012.3400v1 [nucl-th] 15 Dec 2010 Kiev - 2009 2 Abstract An investigation of strongly interacting matter equation of state remains one of the major tasks of modern high energy nuclear physics for almost a quarter of century. The present work is my doctor of science thesis which contains my contribution (42 works) to this field made between 1993 and 2008. Inhere I mainly discuss the common physical and mathematical features of several exactly solvable statistical models which describe the nuclear liquid-gas phase transition and the deconfinement phase transition. Luckily, in some cases it was possible to rigorously extend the solutions found in thermodynamic limit to finite volumes and to formulate the finite volume analogs of phases directly from the grand canonical partition. It turns out that finite volume (surface) of a system generates also the temporal constraints, i.e. the finite formation/decay time of possible states in this finite system. Among other results I would like to mention the calculation of upper and lower bounds for the surface entropy of physical clusters within the Hills and Dales model; evaluation of the second virial coefficient which accounts for the Lorentz contraction of the hard core repulsing potential between hadrons; inclusion of large width of heavy quark-gluon bags into statistical description. -
The Development of the Science of Superconductivity and Superfluidity
Universal Journal of Physics and Application 1(4): 392-407, 2013 DOI: 10.13189/ujpa.2013.010405 http://www.hrpub.org Superconductivity and Superfluidity-Part I: The development of the science of superconductivity and superfluidity in the 20th century Boris V.Vasiliev ∗Corresponding Author: [email protected] Copyright ⃝c 2013 Horizon Research Publishing All rights reserved. Abstract Currently there is a common belief that the explanation of superconductivity phenomenon lies in understanding the mechanism of the formation of electron pairs. Paired electrons, however, cannot form a super- conducting condensate spontaneously. These paired electrons perform disorderly zero-point oscillations and there are no force of attraction in their ensemble. In order to create a unified ensemble of particles, the pairs must order their zero-point fluctuations so that an attraction between the particles appears. As a result of this ordering of zero-point oscillations in the electron gas, superconductivity arises. This model of condensation of zero-point oscillations creates the possibility of being able to obtain estimates for the critical parameters of elementary super- conductors, which are in satisfactory agreement with the measured data. On the another hand, the phenomenon of superfluidity in He-4 and He-3 can be similarly explained, due to the ordering of zero-point fluctuations. It is therefore established that both related phenomena are based on the same physical mechanism. Keywords superconductivity superfluidity zero-point oscillations 1 Introduction 1.1 Superconductivity and public Superconductivity is a beautiful and unique natural phenomenon that was discovered in the early 20th century. Its unique nature comes from the fact that superconductivity is the result of quantum laws that act on a macroscopic ensemble of particles as a whole. -
Sounds of a Supersolid A
NEWS & VIEWS RESEARCH hypothesis came from extensive population humans, implying possible mosquito exposure long-distance spread of insecticide-resistant time-series analysis from that earlier study5, to malaria parasites and the potential to spread mosquitoes, worsening an already dire situ- which showed beyond reasonable doubt that infection over great distances. ation, given the current spread of insecticide a mosquito vector species called Anopheles However, the authors failed to detect resistance in mosquito populations. This would coluzzii persists locally in the dry season in parasite infections in their aerially sampled be a matter of great concern because insecticides as-yet-undiscovered places. However, the malaria vectors, a result that they assert is to be are the best means of malaria control currently data were not consistent with this outcome for expected given the small sample size and the low available8. However, long-distance migration other malaria vectors in the study area — the parasite-infection rates typical of populations of could facilitate the desirable spread of mosqui- species Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles ara- malaria vectors. A problem with this argument toes for gene-based methods of malaria-vector biensis — leaving wind-powered long-distance is that the typical infection rates they mention control. One thing is certain, Huestis and col- migration as the only remaining possibility to are based on one specific mosquito body part leagues have permanently transformed our explain the data5. (salivary glands), rather than the unknown but understanding of African malaria vectors and Both modelling6 and genetic studies7 undoubtedly much higher infection rates that what it will take to conquer malaria. -
Lecture Notes for Quantum Matter
Lecture Notes for Quantum Matter MMathPhys c Professor Steven H. Simon Oxford University July 24, 2019 Contents 1 What we will study 1 1.1 Bose Superfluids (BECs, Superfluid He, Superconductors) . .1 1.2 Theory of Fermi Liquids . .2 1.3 BCS theory of superconductivity . .2 1.4 Special topics . .2 2 Introduction to Superfluids 3 2.1 Some History and Basics of Superfluid Phenomena . .3 2.2 Landau and the Two Fluid Model . .6 2.2.1 More History and a bit of Physics . .6 2.2.2 Landau's Two Fluid Model . .7 2.2.3 More Physical Effects and Their Two Fluid Pictures . .9 2.2.4 Second Sound . 12 2.2.5 Big Questions Remaining . 13 2.3 Curl Free Constraint: Introducing the Superfluid Order Parameter . 14 2.3.1 Vorticity Quantization . 15 2.4 Landau Criterion for Superflow . 17 2.5 Superfluid Density . 20 2.5.1 The Andronikoshvili Experiment . 20 2.5.2 Landau's Calculation of Superfluid Density . 22 3 Charged Superfluid ≈ Superconductor 25 3.1 London Theory . 25 3.1.1 Meissner-Ochsenfeld Effect . 27 3 3.1.2 Quantum Input and Superfluid Order Parameter . 29 3.1.3 Superconducting Vortices . 30 3.1.4 Type I and Type II superconductors . 32 3.1.5 How big is Hc ............................... 33 4 Microscopic Theory of Bosons 37 4.1 Mathematical Preliminaries . 37 4.1.1 Second quantization . 37 4.1.2 Coherent States . 38 4.1.3 Multiple orbitals . 40 4.2 BECs and the Gross-Pitaevskii Equation . 41 4.2.1 Noninteracting BECs as Coherent States . -
Colloidal Crystal: Emergence of Long Range Order from Colloidal Fluid
Colloidal Crystal: emergence of long range order from colloidal fluid Lanfang Li December 19, 2008 Abstract Although emergence, or spontaneous symmetry breaking, has been a topic of discussion in physics for decades, they have not entered the set of terminologies for materials scientists, although many phenomena in materials science are of the nature of emergence, especially soft materials. In a typical soft material, colloidal suspension system, a long range order can emerge due to the interaction of a large number of particles. This essay will first introduce interparticle interactions in colloidal systems, and then proceed to discuss the emergence of order, colloidal crystals, and finally provide an example of applications of colloidal crystals in light of conventional molecular crystals. 1 1 Background and Introduction Although emergence, or spontaneous symmetry breaking, and the resultant collective behav- ior of the systems constituents, have manifested in many systems, such as superconductivity, superfluidity, ferromagnetism, etc, and are well accepted, maybe even trivial crystallinity. All of these phenonema, though they may look very different, share the same fundamental signature: that the property of the system can not be predicted from the microscopic rules but are, \in a real sense, independent of them. [1] Besides these emergent phenonema in hard condensed matter physics, in which the interaction is at atomic level, interactions at mesoscale, soft will also lead to emergent phenemena. Colloidal systems is such a mesoscale and soft system. This size scale is especially interesting: it is close to biogical system so it is extremely informative for understanding life related phenomena, where emergence is origin of life itself; it is within visible light wavelength, so that it provides a model system for atomic system with similar physics but probable by optical microscope. -
Superconducting Phase Transition in Inhomogeneous Chains of Superconducting Islands
Air Force Institute of Technology AFIT Scholar Faculty Publications 2020 Superconducting Phase Transition in Inhomogeneous Chains of Superconducting Islands Eduard Ilin Irina Burkova Xiangyu Song Michael Pak Air Force Institute of Technology Dmitri S. Golubev See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.afit.edu/facpub Part of the Condensed Matter Physics Commons, and the Electromagnetics and Photonics Commons Recommended Citation Ilin, E., Burkova, I., Song, X., Pak, M., Golubev, D. S., & Bezryadin, A. (2020). Superconducting phase transition in inhomogeneous chains of superconducting islands. Physical Review B, 102(13), 134502. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.102.134502 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by AFIT Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of AFIT Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Eduard Ilin, Irina Burkova, Xiangyu Song, Michael Pak, Dmitri S. Golubev, and Alexey Bezryadin This article is available at AFIT Scholar: https://scholar.afit.edu/facpub/671 PHYSICAL REVIEW B 102, 134502 (2020) Superconducting phase transition in inhomogeneous chains of superconducting islands Eduard Ilin ,1 Irina Burkova ,1 Xiangyu Song ,1 Michael Pak ,2 Dmitri S. Golubev ,3 and Alexey Bezryadin 1 1Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA 2Department of Physics, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, Ohio 45433, USA 3Pico group, QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland (Received 7 August 2020; revised 11 September 2020; accepted 11 September 2020; published 2 October 2020) We study one-dimensional chains of superconducting islands with a particular emphasis on the regime in which every second island is switched into its normal state, thus forming a superconductor-insulator-normal metal (S-I-N) repetition pattern. -
Solid 4He: Search for Superfluidity
Solid 4He : search for superfluidity G. Bonfait, H. Godfrin, B. Castaing To cite this version: G. Bonfait, H. Godfrin, B. Castaing. Solid 4He : search for superfluidity. Journal de Physique, 1989, 50 (15), pp.1997-2002. 10.1051/jphys:0198900500150199700. jpa-00211043 HAL Id: jpa-00211043 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00211043 Submitted on 1 Jan 1989 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1bme 50 N° 15 1er AOUT 1989 LE JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE J. Phys. France 50 (1989) 1997-2002 1er AOUT 1989, 1997 Classification Physics Abstracts 67.80 Short Communication Solid 4He : search for superfluidity G. Bonfait (1)(*), H. Godfrin (1,2) and B. Castaing (1) (1) CRTBT.-C.N.R.S., Laboratoire associé à l’Université Joseph Fourier, B.P. 166 X, 38042 Grenoble Cedex, France (2) ILL, B.P. 156 X, 38042 Grenoble Cedex, France (Reçu le 17 avril 1989, accepté sous forme définitive le 30 mai 1989) Résumé. 2014 L’existence d’une superfluidité pour un solide de bosons a été proposée par plusieurs théoriciens. Aucune expérience ne l’a jusqu’à présent révélée. Nous présentons un argument qui nous a incités à explorer la gamme de température 1 mK-20 mK. -
Supersolid State of Matter Nikolai Prokof 'Ev University of Massachusetts - Amherst, [email protected]
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Physics Department Faculty Publication Series Physics 2005 Supersolid State of Matter Nikolai Prokof 'ev University of Massachusetts - Amherst, [email protected] Boris Svistunov University of Massachusetts - Amherst, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/physics_faculty_pubs Part of the Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons Recommended Citation Prokof'ev, Nikolai and Svistunov, Boris, "Supersolid State of Matter" (2005). Physics Review Letters. 1175. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/physics_faculty_pubs/1175 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Physics at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Physics Department Faculty Publication Series by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. On the Supersolid State of Matter Nikolay Prokof’ev and Boris Svistunov Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 and Russian Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow We prove that the necessary condition for a solid to be also a superfluid is to have zero-point vacancies, or interstitial atoms, or both, as an integral part of the ground state. As a consequence, superfluidity is not possible in commensurate solids which break continuous translation symmetry. We discuss recent experiment by Kim and Chan [Nature, 427, 225 (2004)] in the context of this theorem, question its bulk supersolid interpretation, and offer an alternative explanation in terms of superfluid helium interfaces. PACS numbers: 67.40.-w, 67.80.-s, 05.30.-d Recent discovery by Kim and Chan [1, 2] that solid 4He theorem.