Parsing and Evaluation. Improving Dependency Grammars Accuracy

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Parsing and Evaluation. Improving Dependency Grammars Accuracy Parsing and Evaluation. Improving Dependency Grammars Accuracy Anàlisi Sintàctica Automàtica i Avaluació. Millora de qualitat per a Gramàtiques de Dependències Marina Lloberes Salvatella Aquesta tesi doctoral està subjecta a la llicència Reconeixement- CompartIgual 3.0. Espanya de Creative Commons. Esta tesis doctoral está sujeta a la licencia Reconocimiento - CompartirIgual 3.0. España de Creative Commons. This doctoral thesis is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0. Spain License. Parsing and Evaluation. Improving Dependency Grammars Accuracy Anàlisi Sintàctica Automàtica i Avaluació. Millora de qualitat per a Gramàtiques de Dependències A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy with the International Mention Marina Lloberes Salvatella Supervisors: Irene Castellón Masalles Lluís Padró Cirera Ciència Cognitiva i Llenguatge Departament de Filologia Catalana i Lingüística General Universitat de Barcelona May 2016 Parsing and Evaluation Improving Dependency Grammars Accuracy ii Abstract Because parsers are still limited in analysing specific ambiguous constructions, the research pre- sented in this thesis mainly aims to contribute to the improvement of parsing performance when it has knowledge integrated in order to deal with ambiguous linguistic phenomena. More precisely, this thesis intends to provide empirical solutions to the disambiguation of prepositional phrase attachment and argument recognition in order to assist parsers in generating a more accurate syntactic analysis. The disambiguation of these two highly ambiguous linguistic phenomena by the integration of knowledge about the language necessarily relies on linguistic and statistical strategies for knowledge acquisition. The starting point of this research proposal is the development of a rule-based grammar for Spanish and for Catalan following the theoretical basis of Dependency Grammar (Tesnière, 1959; Mel’čuk, 1988) in order to carry out two experiments about the integration of automatically- acquired knowledge. In order to build two robust grammars that understand a sentence, the FreeLing pipeline (Padró et al., 2010) has been used as a framework. On the other hand, an eclectic repertoire of criteria about the nature of syntactic heads is proposed by reviewing the postulates of Generative Grammar (Chomsky, 1981; Bonet and Solà, 1986; Haegeman, 1991) and Dependency Grammar (Tesnière, 1959; Mel’čuk, 1988). Furthermore, a set of dependency relations is provided and mapped to Universal Dependencies (Mcdonald et al., 2013). Furthermore, an empirical evaluation method has been designed in order to carry out both a quantitative and a qualitative analysis. In particular, the dependency parsed trees generated by the grammars are compared to real linguistic data. The quantitative evaluation is based on the Spanish Tibidabo Treebank (Marimon et al., 2014), which is large enough to carry out a real analysis of the grammars performance and which has been annotated with the same formalism as the grammars, syntactic dependencies. Since the criteria between both resources are differ- ent, a process of harmonization has been applied developing a set of rules that automatically adapt the criteria of the corpus to the grammar criteria. With regard to qualitative evaluation, there are no available resources to evaluate Spanish and Catalan dependency grammars quali- tatively. For this reason, a test suite of syntactic phenomena about structure and word order has been built. In order to create a representative repertoire of the languages observed, descriptive grammars (Bosque and Demonte, 1999; Solà et al., 2002) and the SenSem Corpus (Vázquez and iii Parsing and Evaluation Improving Dependency Grammars Accuracy Fernández-Montraveta, 2015) have been used for capturing relevant structures and word order patterns, respectively. Thanks to these two tools, two experiments have been carried out in order to prove that knowl- edge integration improves the parsing accuracy. On the one hand, the automatic learning of lan- guage models has been explored by means of statistical methods in order to disambiguate PP- attachment. More precisely, a model has been learned with a supervised classifier using Weka (Witten and Frank, 2005). Furthermore, an unsupervised model based on word embeddings has been applied (Mikolov et al., 2013a,b). The results of the experiment show that the supervised method is limited in predicting solutions for unseen data, which is resolved by the unsupervised method since provides a solution for any case. However, the unsupervised method is limited if it only learns from lexical data. For this reason, training data needs to be enriched with the lexical value of the preposition, as well as semantic and syntactic features. In addition, the number of patterns used to learn language models has to be extended in order to have an impact on the grammars. On the other hand, another experiment is carried out in order to improve the argument recog- nition in the grammars by the acquisition of linguistic knowledge. In this experiment, knowledge is acquired automatically from the extraction of verb subcategorization frames from the SenSem Corpus (Vázquez and Fernández-Montraveta, 2015) which contains the verb predicate and its arguments annotated syntactically. As a result of the information extracted, subcategorization frames have been classified into subcategorization classes regarding the patterns observed in the corpus. The results of the subcategorization classes integration in the grammars prove that this information increases the accuracy of the argument recognition in the grammars. The results of the research of this thesis show that grammars’ rules on their own are not ex- pressive enough to resolve complex ambiguities. However, the integration of knowledge about these ambiguities in the grammars may be decisive in the disambiguation. On the one hand, sta- tistical knowledge about PP-attachment can improve the grammars accuracy, but syntactic and semantic information, and new patterns of PP-attachment need to be included in the language models in order to contribute to disambiguate this phenomenon. On the other hand, linguistic knowledge about verb subcategorization acquired from annotated linguistic resources show a positive influence positively on grammars’ accuracy. iv Resum Aquesta tesi vol tractar les limitacions amb què es troben els analitzadors sintàctics automàtics actualment. Tot i els progressos que s’han fet en l’àrea del Processament del Llenguatge Nat- ural en els darrers anys, les tecnologies del llenguatge i, en particular, els analitzadors sintàc- tics automàtics no han pogut traspassar el llindar de certes ambiguïtats estructurals com ara l’agrupació del sintagma preposicional i el reconeixement d’arguments. És per aquest motiu que la recerca duta a terme en aquesta tesi té com a objectiu aportar millores significatives de quali- tat a l’anàlisi sintàctica automàtica per mitjà de la integració de coneixement lingüístic i estadístic per desambiguar construccions sintàctiques ambigües. El punt de partida de la recerca ha estat el desenvolupament de d’una gramàtica en espanyol i una altra en català basades en regles que segueixen els postulats de la Gramàtica de Dependèn- dencies (Tesnière, 1959; Mel’čuk, 1988) per tal de dur a terme els experiments sobre l’adquisició de coneixement automàtic. Per tal de crear dues gramàtiques robustes que analitzin i entenguin l’oració en profunditat, ens hem basat en l’arquitectura de FreeLing (Padró et al., 2010), una lli- breria de Processament de Llenguatge Natural que proveeix una anàlisi lingüística automàtica de l’oració. Per una altra banda, s’ha elaborat una proposta eclèctica de criteris lingüístics per determinar la formació dels sintagmes i les clàusules a la gramàtica per mitjà de la revisió de les propostes teòriques de la Gramàtica Generativa (Chomsky, 1981; Bonet and Solà, 1986; Haege- man, 1991) i de la Gramàtica de Dependències (Tesnière, 1959; Mel’čuk, 1988). Aquesta proposta s’acompanya d’un llistat de les etiquetes de relació de dependència que fan servir les regles de les gramàtques. A més a més de l’elaboració d’aquest llistat, s’han establert les correspondències amb l’estàndard d’anotació de les Dependències Universals (Mcdonald et al., 2013). Alhora, s’ha dissenyat un sistema d’avaluació empíric que té en compte l’anàlisi quantitativa i qualitativa per tal de fer una valoració completa dels resultats dels experiments. Precisament, es tracta una tasca empírica pel fet que es comparen les anàlisis generades per les gramàtiques amb dades reals de la llengua. Per tal de dur a terme l’avaluació des d’una perspectiva quan- titativa, s’ha fet servir el corpus Tibidabo en espanyol (Marimon et al., 2014) disponible només en espanyol que és prou extens per construir una anàlisi real de les gramàtiques i que ha estat anotat amb el mateix formalisme que les gramàtiques. En concret, per tal com els criteris de les gramàtiques i del corpus no són coincidents, s’ha dut a terme un procés d’harmonització de cri- v Parsing and Evaluation Improving Dependency Grammars Accuracy teris per mitjà d’unes regles creades manualment que adapten automàticament l’estructura i la relació de dependència del corpus al criteri de les gramàtiques. Pel que fa a l’avaluació qualitativa, pel fet que no hi ha recursos disponibles en espanyol i català, hem dissenyat un reprertori de test de fenòmens sintàctics estructurals i relacionats amb l’ordre
Recommended publications
  • Review on Parse Tree Generation in Natural Language Processing
    International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM) Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: [email protected], [email protected] ISSN 2319 - 4847 Special Issue for National Conference On Recent Advances in Technology and Management for Integrated Growth 2013 (RATMIG 2013) Review on Parse Tree Generation in Natural Language Processing Manoj K. Vairalkar1 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology, Gurunanak Institute of Engineering & Technology Nagpur University, Maharashtra, India [email protected] ABSTRACT Natural Language Processing is a field of computer science concerned with the interactions between computers and human languagesThe syntax and semantics plays very important role in Natural Language Processing. Processing natural language such as English has always been one of the central research issues of artificial intelligence. The concept of parsing is very important. In this, the sentence gets parsed into Noun Phrase and Verb phrase modules. If there are further decomposition then these modules further gets divided. In this way, it helps to learn the meaning of word. Keywords:Parse tree, Parser, syntax, semantics etc 1.Introduction The ultimate objective of natural language processing is to allow people to communicate with computers in much the same way they communicate with each other. Natural language processing removes one of the key obstacles that keep some people from using computers. More specifically, natural language processing facilitates access to a database or a knowledge base, provides a friendly user interface, facilitates language translation and conversion, and increases user productivity by supporting English-like input. To parse a sentence, first upon the syntax and semantics of the sentence comes into consideration.
    [Show full text]
  • Building a Treebank for French
    Building a treebank for French £ £¥ Anne Abeillé£ , Lionel Clément , Alexandra Kinyon ¥ £ TALaNa, Université Paris 7 University of Pennsylvania 75251 Paris cedex 05 Philadelphia FRANCE USA abeille, clement, [email protected] Abstract Very few gold standard annotated corpora are currently available for French. We present an ongoing project to build a reference treebank for French starting with a tagged newspaper corpus of 1 Million words (Abeillé et al., 1998), (Abeillé and Clément, 1999). Similarly to the Penn TreeBank (Marcus et al., 1993), we distinguish an automatic parsing phase followed by a second phase of systematic manual validation and correction. Similarly to the Prague treebank (Hajicova et al., 1998), we rely on several types of morphosyntactic and syntactic annotations for which we define extensive guidelines. Our goal is to provide a theory neutral, surface oriented, error free treebank for French. Similarly to the Negra project (Brants et al., 1999), we annotate both constituents and functional relations. 1. The tagged corpus pronoun (= him ) or a weak clitic pronoun (= to him or to As reported in (Abeillé and Clément, 1999), we present her), plus can either be a negative adverb (= not any more) the general methodology, the automatic tagging phase, the or a simple adverb (= more). Inflectional morphology also human validation phase and the final state of the tagged has to be annotated since morphological endings are impor- corpus. tant for gathering constituants (based on agreement marks) and also because lots of forms in French are ambiguous 1.1. Methodology with respect to mode, person, number or gender. For exam- 1.1.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Sentiment Analysis for Multilingual Corpora
    Sentiment Analysis for Multilingual Corpora Svitlana Galeshchuk Julien Jourdan Ju Qiu Governance Analytics, PSL Research University / Governance Analytics, PSL Research University / University Paris Dauphine PSL Research University / University Paris Dauphine Place du Marechal University Paris Dauphine Place du Marechal de Lattre de Tassigny, Place du Marechal de Lattre de Tassigny, 75016 Paris, France de Lattre de Tassigny, 75016 Paris, France [email protected] 75016 Paris, France [email protected] [email protected] Abstract for different languages without polarity dictionar- ies using relatively small datasets. The paper presents a generic approach to the supervised sentiment analysis of social media We address the challenges for sentiment analy- content in foreign languages. The method pro- sis in Slavic languages by using the averaged vec- poses translating documents from the origi- tors for each word in a document translated in nal language to English with Google’s Neural English. The vectors derive from the Word2Vec Translation Model. The resulted texts are then model pre-trained on Google news. converted to vectors by averaging the vectorial Researchers tend to use the language-specific representation of words derived from a pre- pre-trained Word2Vec models (e.g., Word2Vec trained Word2Vec English model. Testing the approach with several machine learning meth- model pre-trained on Wikipedia corpus in Greek, ods on Polish, Slovenian and Croatian Twitter Swedish, etc.). On the contrary, we propose ben- corpora returns up to 86 % of classification ac- efiting from Google’s Neural Translation Model curacy on the out-of-sample data. translating the texts from other languages to En- glish.
    [Show full text]
  • Text-Based Relation Extraction from the Web”
    ΤΜΗΜΑ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΚΗΣ ΜΕΤΑΠΤΥΧΙΑΚΟ ΔΙΠΛΩΜΑ ΕΙΔΙΚΕΥΣΗΣ (MSc) στα ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΑΚΑ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑΤΑ ΔΙΠΛΩΜΑΤΙKH ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ “Εξαγωγή Σχέσεων από Κείμενα του Παγκόσμιου Ιστού” Τσιμπίδη Δωροθέα-Κωνσταντίνα M315009 ΑΘΗΝΑ, ΦΕΒΡΟΥΑΡΙΟΣ 2017 MASTER THESIS “Text-based Relation Extraction from the Web” Tsimpidi Dorothea-Konstantina SUPERVISORS: Anastasia Krithara, Research Associate, NCSR “Demokritos” Ion Androutsopoulos, Associate Professor, AUEB February 2017 Text-based Relation Extraction from the Web ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first like to thank my thesis advisor Anastasia Krithara for the constant guidance that she offered me and for allowing me to grow as a research scientist in the area of Information Extraction. I would also like to thank the AUEB Natural Language Processing Group and especially professor Ion Androutsopoulos for the valuable feedback every time it was needed. D. – K. Tsimpidi 4 Text-based Relation Extraction from the Web TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES……………………………………..………………………………………6 LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………………7 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………...8 2. State of the Art………………………………………………………………………….9 2.1 Traditional Relation Extraction………………………………………...……………9 2.2 Open Relation Extraction………………………….……………………...………….9 2.2.1 Existing Approaches………………………………………………………...10 2.2.2 Open Relation Extraction and Conditional Random Fields……………..15 2.3 Problem Statement…………………………………………………………………..16 3. Methodology……………………………………………………………………………18 3.1 Rule-based System…………………………………………………………………..18 3.1.1 Rules identifying Named Entities…………………………………………26
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study of Structured Prediction Methods for Sequence Labeling
    GraduadoGrad ado en Matemáticas e Informática Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Informáticos TRABAJO FIN DE GRADO A comparative study of structured prediction methods for sequence labeling Autor: Aitor Palacios Cuesta Director: Michael Minock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bstract Some machine learning tasks have a complex output, rather than a real number or a class.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigating NP-Chunking with Universal Dependencies for English
    Investigating NP-Chunking with Universal Dependencies for English Ophélie Lacroix Siteimprove Sankt Annæ Plads 28 DK-1250 Copenhagen, Denmark [email protected] Abstract We want to automatically deduce chunks from universal dependencies (UD) (Nivre et al., 2017) Chunking is a pre-processing task generally and investigate its benefit for other tasks such dedicated to improving constituency parsing. In this paper, we want to show that univer- as Part-of-Speech (PoS) tagging and dependency sal dependency (UD) parsing can also leverage parsing. We focus on English, which has prop- the information provided by the task of chunk- erties that make it a good candidate for chunking ing even though annotated chunks are not pro- (low percentage of non-projective dependencies). vided with universal dependency trees. In par- As a first target, we also decide to restrict the task ticular, we introduce the possibility of deduc- to the most common chunks: noun-phrases (NP). ing noun-phrase (NP) chunks from universal We choose to see NP-chunking as a sequence dependencies, focusing on English as a first example. We then demonstrate how the task labeling task where tags signal the beginning (B- of NP-chunking can benefit PoS-tagging in a NP), the inside (I-NP) or the outside (O) of chunks. multi-task learning setting – comparing two We thus propose to use multi-task learning for different strategies – and how it can be used training chunking along with PoS-tagging and as a feature for dependency parsing in order to feature-tagging to show that the tasks can benefit learn enriched models.
    [Show full text]
  • NLP: the Bread and the Butter
    NLP: The bread and the butter Andi Rexha • 07.11.2019 Agenda Traditional NLP Word embeddings ● Text preprocessing ● First Generation (W2v) ● Features’ type ● Second Generation (ELMo, Bert..) ● Bag-of-words model ● Multilinguality ● External Resources ○ Space transformation ● Sequential classification ○ Multilingual Bert, MultiFiT ● Other tasks (MT, LM, Sentiment) Preprocessing How to preprocess text? ● Divide et impera approach: ○ How do we(humans) split the text to analyse it? ■ Word split ■ Sentence split ■ Paragraphs, etc ○ Is there any other information that we can collect? Preprocessing (2) Other preprocessing steps ● Stemming/(Lemmatization usually too expensive) ● Part of Speech Tagging (PoS) ● Chunking/Constituency Parsing ● Dependency Parsing Preprocessing (3) ● Stemming ○ The process of bringing the inflected words to their common root: ■ Producing => produc; are =>are ● Lemmatization ○ Bringing the words to the same lemma word: ■ am , is, are => be ● Part of Speech Tagging (PoS) ○ Assign to each word a grammatical tag Preprocessing Example Sentence “There are different examples that we might use!” Preprocessing PoS Tagging Lemmatization Definition of PoS tags from Penn Treebank: https://sites.google.com/site/partofspeechhelp/#TOC-VBZ Preprocessing (4) Other preprocessing steps ● Shallow parsing (Chunking): ○ It is a morphological parsing that adds a tree structure to the POS-tags ○ First identifies its constituents and then their relation ● Deep Parsing (Dependency Parsing): ○ Parses the sentence in its grammatical structure ○
    [Show full text]
  • Transformers: “The End of History” for Natural Language Processing?
    Transformers: \The End of History" for Natural Language Processing? Anton Chernyavskiy1 , Dmitry Ilvovsky1, and Preslav Nakov2 1 HSE University, Russian Federation aschernyavskiy [email protected], [email protected] 2 Qatar Computing Research Institute, HBKU, Doha, Qatar [email protected] Abstract. Recent advances in neural architectures, such as the Trans- former, coupled with the emergence of large-scale pre-trained models such as BERT, have revolutionized the field of Natural Language Pro- cessing (NLP), pushing the state of the art for a number of NLP tasks. A rich family of variations of these models has been proposed, such as RoBERTa, ALBERT, and XLNet, but fundamentally, they all remain limited in their ability to model certain kinds of information, and they cannot cope with certain information sources, which was easy for pre- existing models. Thus, here we aim to shed light on some important theo- retical limitations of pre-trained BERT-style models that are inherent in the general Transformer architecture. First, we demonstrate in practice on two general types of tasks|segmentation and segment labeling|and on four datasets that these limitations are indeed harmful and that ad- dressing them, even in some very simple and na¨ıve ways, can yield sizable improvements over vanilla RoBERTa and XLNet models. Then, we of- fer a more general discussion on desiderata for future additions to the Transformer architecture that would increase its expressiveness, which we hope could help in the design of the next generation of deep NLP architectures. Keywords: Transformers · Limitations · Segmentation · Sequence Clas- sification. 1 Introduction The history of Natural Language Processing (NLP) has seen several stages: first, rule-based, e.g., think of the expert systems of the 80s, then came the statistical revolution, and now along came the neural revolution.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Use of Parsing for Named Entity Recognition
    applied sciences Review On the Use of Parsing for Named Entity Recognition Miguel A. Alonso * , Carlos Gómez-Rodríguez and Jesús Vilares Grupo LyS, Departamento de Ciencias da Computación e Tecnoloxías da Información, Universidade da Coruña and CITIC, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; [email protected] (C.G.-R.); [email protected] (J.V.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Parsing is a core natural language processing technique that can be used to obtain the structure underlying sentences in human languages. Named entity recognition (NER) is the task of identifying the entities that appear in a text. NER is a challenging natural language processing task that is essential to extract knowledge from texts in multiple domains, ranging from financial to medical. It is intuitive that the structure of a text can be helpful to determine whether or not a certain portion of it is an entity and if so, to establish its concrete limits. However, parsing has been a relatively little-used technique in NER systems, since most of them have chosen to consider shallow approaches to deal with text. In this work, we study the characteristics of NER, a task that is far from being solved despite its long history; we analyze the latest advances in parsing that make its use advisable in NER settings; we review the different approaches to NER that make use of syntactic information; and we propose a new way of using parsing in NER based on casting parsing itself as a sequence labeling task. Keywords: natural language processing; named entity recognition; parsing; sequence labeling Citation: Alonso, M.A; Gómez- 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Locally-Contextual Nonlinear Crfs for Sequence Labeling
    Locally-Contextual Nonlinear CRFs for Sequence Labeling Harshil Shah 1 Tim Z. Xiao 1 David Barber 1 2 Abstract not directly incorporate information from the surrounding words in the sentence (known as ‘context’). As a result, Linear chain conditional random fields (CRFs) linear chain CRFs combined with deeper models which do combined with contextual word embeddings have use such contextual information (e.g. convolutional and re- achieved state of the art performance on sequence current networks) gained popularity (Collobert et al., 2011; labeling tasks. In many of these tasks, the iden- Graves, 2012; Huang et al., 2015; Ma & Hovy, 2016). tity of the neighboring words is often the most useful contextual information when predicting the Recently, contextual word embeddings such as those pro- label of a given word. However, contextual em- vided by pre-trained language models have become more beddings are usually trained in a task-agnostic prominent (Peters et al., 2018; Radford et al., 2018; Akbik manner. This means that although they may en- et al., 2018; Devlin et al., 2019). Contextual embeddings code information about the neighboring words, incorporate sentence-level information, therefore they can it is not guaranteed. It can therefore be benefi- be used directly with linear chain CRFs to achieve state of cial to design the sequence labeling architecture the art performance on sequence labeling tasks (Yamada to directly extract this information from the em- et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020b). beddings. We propose locally-contextual nonlin- Contextual word embeddings are typically trained using a ear CRFs for sequence labeling. Our approach generic language modeling objective.
    [Show full text]
  • Shallow Parsing Segmenting Vs. Labeling
    CSC 594 Topics in AI – Applied Natural Language Processing Fall 2009/2010 8. Shallow Parsing 1 Shallow Parsing • Break text up into non-overlapping contiguous subsets of tokens. – Also called chunking, partial parsing, light parsing. • What is it useful for? – Named entity recognition • people, locations, organizations – Studying linguistic patterns • gave NP • gave up NP in NP • gave NP NP • gave NP to NP – Can ignore complex structure when not relevant 2 Source: Marti Hearst, i256, at UC Berkeley Segmenting vs. Labeling • Tokenization segments the text • Tagging labels the text • Shallow parsing does both simultaneously. [NP He] saw [NP the big dog] 3 1 Finite-state Rule-based Chunking • Chunking identifies basic phrases in a sentence – Usually NP, VP, AdjP, PP – Chunks are flat-structured and non-recursive Æ can be identified by regular expressions – Example rules: (where each rule makes a finite state transducer) • NP -> (Det) NN* NN • NP -> NNP • VP -> VB • VP -> Aux VB – Since non-recursive, no PP-attachment ambiguities 4 Partial Parsing by Finite-State Cascades • By combining the finite-state transducers hierarchically (both chunks and non-chunks) as cascades, we can have a tree that spans the entire sentence Æ partial parsing • Partial parsing can approximate full parsing (by CFG) – e.g. S -> PP* NP PP* VBD NP PP* 5 CoNLL Collection (1) • From the CoNLL Competition from 2000 • Goal: Create machine learning methods to improve on the chunking task • Data in IOB format: – Word POS-tag IOB-tag – Training set: 8936 sentences – Test
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 10 Syntactic Parsing (And Some Other Tasks) LTAT.01.001 – Natural Language Processing Kairit Sirts ([email protected]) 21.04.2021 Plan for Today
    Lecture 10 Syntactic parsing (and some other tasks) LTAT.01.001 – Natural Language Processing Kairit Sirts ([email protected]) 21.04.2021 Plan for today ● Why syntax? ● Syntactic parsing ● Shallow parsing ● Constituency parsing ● Dependency parsing ● Neural graph-based dependency parsing ● Coreference resolution 2 Why syntax? 3 Syntax ● Internal structure of words 4 Syntactic ambiguity 5 The chicken is ready to eat. 6 7 Exercise How Many different Meanings has the sentence: Time flies like an arrow. 8 The role of syntax in NLP ● Text generation/suMMarization/Machine translation ● Can be helpful in graMMatical error correction ● Useful features for various inforMation extraction tasks ● Syntactic structure also reflects the seMantic relations between the words 9 Syntactic analysis/parsing ● Shallow parsing ● Phrase structure / constituency parsing ● Dependency parsing 10 Shallow parsing 11 Shallow parsing ● Also called chunking or light parsing ● Split the sentence into non-overlapping syntactic phrases John hit the ball. NP VP NP NP – Noun phrase VP – Verb phrase 12 Shallow parsing The morning flight froM Denver has arrived. NP PP NP VP NP – Noun phrase PP – Prepositional Phrase VP – Verb phrase 13 BIO tagging A labelling scheMe often used in inforMation extraction probleMs, treated as a sequence tagging task The morning flight froM Denver has arrived. B_NP I_NP I_NP B_PP B_NP B_VP I_VP B_NP – Beginning of a noun phrase I_NP – Inside a noun phrase B_VB – Beginning of a verb phrase etc 14 Sequence classifier ● Need annotated data for
    [Show full text]