Short-Duration Chickpea Technology: Enabling Legumes Revolution in Andhra Pradesh, India
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Research Report No. 23 ICRISAT Research Program Markets, Institutions and Policies Short-Duration Chickpea Technology: Enabling Legumes Revolution in Andhra Pradesh, India ICRISAT is a member of the CGIAR Consor um The Interna onal Crops Research ICRISAT-India (Headquarters) ICRISAT-Mali (Regional hub WCA) Ins tute for the Semi-Arid Patancheru 502 324, Telangana, India BP 320, Bamako, Mali Tropics (ICRISAT) is a non-profi t, Tel: +91 40 30713071 Tel: +223 20 709200, Fax: +223 20 709201 non-poli cal organiza on that Fax: +91 40 30713074 [email protected] [email protected] conducts agricultural research for ICRISAT-Mozambique development in Asia and sub-Saharan ICRISAT-Liaison Offi ce C/o IIAM, Av. das FPLM No 2698 Africa with a wide array of partners CG Centers Block, NASC Complex, Caixa Postal 1906, Maputo, Mozambique DP Shastri Marg, New Delhi 110 012, India throughout the world. Covering 6.5 Tel: +258 21 461657, Tel: +91 11 32472306 to 08 Fax: +258 21 461581 million square kilometers of land in Fax: +91 11 25841294 [email protected] 55 countries, the semi-arid tropics have over 2 billion people, of whom ICRISAT-Ethiopia ICRISAT-Niger C/o ILRI Campus, PO Box 5689 BP 12404, Niamey, Niger (Via Paris) 644 million are the poorest of the Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Tel: +227 20722529, 20722725 poor. ICRISAT innova ons help the ICRISAT Tel: +251-11 617 2541 Fax: +227 20734329 dryland poor move from poverty to Fax: +251-11 646 1252/646 4645 [email protected] prosperity by harnessing markets [email protected] ICRISAT- Nigeria while managing risks – a strategy ICRISAT-Kenya (Regional hub ESA) PMB 3491, Sabo Bakin Zuwo Road, called Inclusive Market-Oriented PO Box 39063, Nairobi, Kenya Tarauni, Kano, Nigeria About Development (IMOD). Tel: +254 20 7224550 Tel: +234 7034889836, 8054320384, Fax: +254 20 7224001 +234 8033556795 ICRISAT is headquartered in [email protected] [email protected] Patancheru, Telangana, India, with ICRISAT-Malawi ICRISAT-Zimbabwe two regional hubs and six country Chitedze Agricultural Research Sta on Matopos Research Sta on offi ces in sub-Saharan Africa. It is a PO Box 1096, Lilongwe, Malawi PO Box 776, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe member of the CGIAR Consor um. Tel: +265 1 707297, 071, 067, 057 Tel: +263 383 311 to 15, CGIAR is a global research Fax: +265 1 707298 Fax: +263 383 307 partnership for a food secure future. [email protected] [email protected] About ICRISAT: www.icrisat.org ICRISAT’s scien fi c informa on: EXPLOREit.icrisat.org DG’s Journal: dgblog.icrisat.org 100-2014 Cita on: Ban lan C, Kumara Charyulu D, Gaur PM, Shyam MD and Jeff D. 2014. Short-Dura on Chickpea Technology: Enabling Legumes Revolu on in Andhra Pradesh, India. 2014. Research Report no. 23. Patancheru 502 324. Telangana, India: Interna onal Crops Research Ins tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 208 pp. Acknowledgements Many individuals and organiza ons have helped us immensely during the comple on of this study. Acknowledging each and every one of them would be impossible but we would be amiss if we don’t men on few individuals and organiza ons without whose support and help it would have been diffi cult for us to complete this study. First, we sincerely express our thanks to Dr William Dar for his mo va on for implemen ng this impact study and to Dr CLL Gowda for his support in the ini al planning with his sugges ons and feedback. Special thanks to Dr A Satyanarayana, BV Rao, Dr V Jayalaksmi, Dr Y Sa sh, and Dr K Suhasini for their encouragement and cri cal support during the reconnaissance phase in Kurnool, Prakasam and other chickpea growing districts of Andhra Pradesh. We sincerely recognize the help rendered by A Rajalaxmi, Scien fi c Offi cer, in providing the cri cal inputs for building-up the report, to Y Mohan Rao for supervising the comprehensive fi eld surveys and Md. Irshad Ahmed, GIS Specialist, for assis ng in developing the GIS maps which aided in delinea ng the research domain boundaries; and especially the Agricultural Offi cers from Department of Agriculture, AP for their assistance during the fi eld surveys. The authors are also grateful to D Rakesh, P Vamshikiran, K Edukondalu and M Ram Kumar for their assistance in collec ng quality data for the comprehensive adop on survey covering more than a thousand sample respondents in Andhra Pradesh. Our special thanks to Douglas Gollin who listened intently to our plans during our mee ng in Bhubhaneshwar and for recommending Tavneet Suri (a specialist on sampling) to ensure a good sampling frame; and to Tim Kelley for his advice and facilita on of our study in coordina on with SPIA. Last but not least, we owe all the respondent farmers for their coopera on during the surveys, their warm hospitality and most of all for sparing their valuable me which enabled us to deepen our understanding of the adop on and impact processes underpinning the chickpea revolu on in Andhra Pradesh. © International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), 2014. All rights reserved. ICRISAT holds the copyright to its publications, but these can be shared and duplicated for non-commercial purposes. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part(s) or all of any publication for non-commercial use is hereby granted as long as ICRISAT is properly cited. For any clarifi cation, please contact the Director of Strategic Marketing and Communication at [email protected]. ICRISAT’s name and logo are registered trademarks and may not be used without permission. You may not alter or remove any trademark, copyright or other notice Short-Duration Chickpea Technology: Enabling Legumes Revolution in Andhra Pradesh, India by Cynthia Bantilan, Deevi Kumara Charyulu, Pooran Gaur, Davala Moses Shyam and Jeff Davis This work is funded by 2014 List of Acronyms ACIAR Australian Centre for Interna onal Agricultural Research ANA Anantapur district ANGRAU Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University AP Andhra Pradesh state APSSDC Andhra Pradesh State Seed Development Corpora on AY Actual Yields BC Back-ward castes BCR Benefi t-cost-ra o CGIAR Consulta ve Group on Interna onal Agricultural Research COC Cost of Cul va on COP Cost of produc on CP Chickpea CVRC Central Varietal Release Commi ee DIIVA Diff usion and Impact of Improved Varie es in Africa ED Elas city of Demand ES Elas city of Supply FC Fixed cost FF Fellow Farmer FGDs Focus-Group Discussions FGMs Focus Group Mee ngs GE Government Extension Agency GIS Geographical Informa on system GOI Government of India HH Household HYV High Yielding Variety IAS Impact Assessment Study IBPGR Interna onal Bureau of Plant Gene c Resources ICAR Indian Council of Agriculture Research ICARDA Interna onal Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas ICRISAT Interna onal Crops Research Ins tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics IRR Internal Rate of Return KA Karnataka state KAD Kadapa district KUR Kurnool district LGP Length of growing period LS Local Seed Traders MAHA Mahabubnagar district MC Marginal Cost MED Medak district MH Maharashtra state MIT Massachuse s Ins tute of Technology NA Non-Adopters NARS Na onal Agricultural Research System NIZ Nizamabad district NPV Net Present Value NRM Natural Resources Management NSC Na onal Seeds Corpora on NY Normal Yield PDS Public Distribu on System PE Produc on Environment PRM Prakasam district Qtl Quintal SAT Semi-Arid Tropics SC Scheduled Castes SD Short Dura on SFCI State Farm Corpora on of India Ltd SPIA Standing Panel on Impact Assessment SSEA South and South East Asia ST Scheduled Tribes SW Switchers ATC Average Total Cost TC Total Cost TL Tropical Legumes TRIVSA Tracking Improved Varie es in South Asia UCR Unit cost reduc on UC Unit Cost VC Variable cost VLS Village Level Studies Conversions used $ US = Rs.55 Qtl = 100 kg M ton = 1000 kg Acre = 0.404 ha 1. Introduction This study presents the success story of the adop on and diff usion of improved chickpea short- dura on varie es in southern India. The experience in the state of Andhra Pradesh par cularly exemplifi es evidences that adop on of technologies signifi cantly enhanced agricultural produc vity and total welfare gains in both tradi onal and non-tradi onal chickpea growing regions. As part of a global ini a ve to assess the impacts of legumes research in the CGIAR, this study supported by the Standing Panel on Impact Assessment (SPIA) contributes to genera ng more reliable informa on on key aspects of adop on and diff usion as well as gaining be er insights and deeper understanding of the impacts of varietal change. This study conducted a comprehensive adop on survey to generate reliable data on adop on and be er understand the diff usion process as well as quan fy the direct impacts on produc vity, unit cost reduc on and welfare gains from chickpea research. The focus is to measure the economic impact of improved short-dura on chickpea varie es, and at the same me gain a deeper understanding of the underlying adop on and diff usion process. Study rationale The last fi ve decades saw chickpea produc on undergoing tremendous change in terms of area shi from northern India (cooler, long-season environments) to southern India (warmer, short- season environments), par cularly beginning in the period of 1975-1990 with the expansion of the wheat and rice industry. New chickpea varie es adapted to warmer, short-season environments are bringing increasing prosperity to southern India and off ering hope for farmers elsewhere in the semi-arid tropics (SAT).