April 2002

The Newsletter for Kansas Rural and Specialized Transportation Providers ● The University of Kansas Transportation Center

Who Needs a CDL? Retaining Good The answer starts with the passenger capacity of your Volunteers vehicle, and sometimes gets murky from there. To encourage volunteers to give their best, do your best to show ...... respect and appreciation by Pat Weaver ...... by Arin Gustafson e’ve recently heard reports from transit ...... providers who are confused about W regulations for assessing a n effective volunteer pro- vehicle’s passenger capacity rating. The gram requires cooperation capacity rating determines the need for a A between staff and volunteers driver with a Commercial Driver’s License and a commitment from both parties (CDL). We checked with transit agencies around to encourage and respect the contri- the state to find out what their recent experience butions of each other. Conflicts has been. We also checked with some vehicle between employees and volunteers manufacturers and with the Drivers’ License Chief are bound to occur from time to Examiners Office of the Kansas Department of time, but there are ways to lessen Revenue to get a current status report. Here’s what their frequency. Here are some tips we learned. for creating a work environment Go to page 2 Go to page 3 ...... Inside:

CDL law, Stir up new Calendar contin. business Page 14 Page 2 Use with Click your (and co-marketing way to Resources Retaining limits) Page 8 better Page 15 good volun- of body communi- teers, contin. language in Getting cation Page 3 the enough rest? Page 12 workplace Page 10 Post- Page 6 accident testing Page 5 Features

CDL questions, in the absence of a manufacturer’s on their vehicles—based on the continued from page 1 capacity rating, the seats counted on design of the vehicle. Howard the vehicle would determine licensing Morrow at Diamond Coach in First, some background. When requirements. Oswego, Kansas, indicated that they the CDL law was first passed, there had been including the passenger- was some initial confusion over its Concerns raised in Kansas capacity rating on the vehicle’s door- interpretation. That’s because the law The issue of seating capacity is still posts for about a year. states that you “must have a CDL to murky, however, because of the kinds Dave Perry of ElDorado operate a single vehicle with a gross and configuration of seats and National in Salina, Kansas, stated vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of equipment in transit vehicles, and that they also are providing a passen- more than 26,000 pounds... or a the fact that some vehicles do not ger capacity rating on their vehicles, vehicle designed to transport more have the number of seats installed to consistent with Recommended than 15 persons (including the dri- meet full design capacity. In response Practice 001 of the Mid-Size Bus ver).” The question at the time was: to recent questions about CDL law, Manufacturers’ Association. The How do you determine whether a Kansas RTAP sent out a request via sticker lists the gross vehicle weight vehicle was designed to transport the RTAP email discussion list to and the number of designated seat- more than 15 persons? Was it the find out whether anyone had experi- ing positions (which include wheel- number of seats in the vehicle or was it enced any difficulties with interpre- chair positions and the driver). The the size of the vehicle? tation. The responses from a few sticker warns, “It is the user’s respon- The Kansas Drivers License agencies indicate that seating capaci- sibility not to load the vehicle above Examining Bureau issued guidance ty is still a sticking point. the number of designated seating that the determining factor was the An agency raised a question positions and luggage requirements.” passenger-capacity rating provided by about a circumstance in which a lift the manufacturer.* Therefore, a man- was installed in a van which origi- What to do? ufacturer’s passenger-capacity rating nally seated 15 passengers plus the Here are our recommendations for of more than 15 passengers (includ- driver. With the lift “you may be interpreting the CDL law: ing the driver), regardless of the num- able to carry 9 to 12 people plus If a vehicle has a manufacturer’s ber of seats on the vehicle, would wheelchairs... Does it still require a passenger capacity rating, and that require its driver to hold a CDL. CDL? We have always been told rating is for more than 15 passengers ‘Yes,’ because the van was considered (including the driver), make sure What if no rating? a 15-passenger plus driver before the that any driver operating it has the At the time the CDL law was passed, lift went in.” required CDL. most of the transit vehicles purchased Another question: “If the van If you have a vehicle without a by Kansas agencies did not come with has a lift and you had 12 passengers passenger-capacity rating, but it has a manufacturer rating for passenger and three tiedown spots for wheel- seating for more than 15 passengers, capacity. Instead, they were rated only chairs, would that van require a the driver still must have a CDL to for weight, which in most cases was CDL if you had only two [wheel- operate it. The law has not changed. below 26,000 pounds. Representatives chairs] in there?” The good news is we probably will from the Kansas Department of One agency manager shared a see more vehicles in Kansas with Revenue and the Kansas Highway response to an inquiry about getting manufacturer passenger-capacity rat- Patrol were consulted about deter- capacity information from the man- ings. Be sure to check your door- mining passenger capacity. The ufacturer. “The Troopers ... told me post before sending anyone out on Kansas CDL Coordinator and the the only way for me to state what the road. Kansas Highway Patrol agreed that, the van was built to carry was to see For large buses with fewer than if I could get a letter from the manu- 15 seats, err on the side of caution. facturer stating the capacity.” The intent of the law seem to be to *A manufacturer’s passenger-capacity require a CDL for large vehicles. Be rating usually is affixed to the inside More vehicles now are rated sure you can defend your interpreta- door-post of the vehicle, but also Things are changing. Two manufac- tion if called upon to do so. might be included in the vehicle turers in Kansas now include a man- For more information about documents. ufacturer’s passenger-capacity rating CDL requirements and testing, go to

2 KTR ● April 2002 Features

the Kansas Department of Revenue unteers into the day-to-day social the point whether or not volunteers website for the Kansas CDL manual: fabric of the organization. However, have education comparable to paid www.ksrevenue.org/dmv/cdlbook.html. there are ways to encourage staff to staff. Volunteers and employees have You also can pick up a printed copy feel more connected to volunteers different purposes at the agency, of the handbook at your driver’s who work outside the normal hours therefore, volunteers should not nec- license bureau or by calling the or who work outside of the office essarily be recruited to supplement Kansas Department of Revenue at setting. Agency managers should the work of paid staff but rather to (785) 296-3963. ▲ attempt to gather together volunteers accomplish roles unique to their and staff, whether it is at meetings or abilities. Seek out ways community at social events, so that they can get members can add value to your ser- to know each other. Also include vices. Sometimes seemingly minor Keeping good volunteers, paid staff in developing continued from page 1 and operating the volun- teer program. This will where volunteers and staff work well promote a more connect- as a team. ed, supporting and trust- ing relationship between Respect staff and volunteers. Lack of respect can cause a lot of When volunteers are tension between volunteers and paid recognized and appreciat- employees. An organization where ed for their skills, respect staff feels a lack of respect from their is fostered between paid managers will tend not to respect employees and volunteers. volunteers. This respect leads to a “Supervisory styles tend to flow more positive work envi- downhill, and an organization in ronment for everyone. which leadership fails to empower Paid employees will not staff will have great difficulty in feel like volunteers are encouraging staff to empower volun- “stepping on their toes” or teers” (www.merrillassoc.com). In suc- doing work that they are Effective volunteers feel respected. cesful agencies, both paid employees not qualified for, and vol- Make sure they know you value and volunteers feel respected by each unteers feel like they are other and by management. making a positive differ- their time and efforts. Some staff may have little ence in the community. respect for volunteers or a lack of tasks can have ripple effects in terms interest in the volunteer program Build your team of community relations, advocacy, due to their opinions about the time Creating an effective team depends and public education. Recognize that commitments and contributions of on eliminating boundaries and dis- volunteers have skills different from volunteers. Employees are at the tinctions between staff and volun- paid staff, and then maximize their agency 40 hours a week; volunteers teers. Volunteers may be excluded potential. may be there as little as one or two from staff meetings or staff events hours. This difference sometimes because no one thought to invite Recognize good work encourages staff to see volunteers as them or because they work outside Volunteers and staff should be passing through or marginally com- of the normal work hours or main selected both for their abilities to mitted to the agency. However, time office. Include volunteers at staff perform specific work and to meet involvement is not the only indicator functions; this fosters team spirit, expectations. However, staff rarely of commitment to the agency. respect, and cohesiveness. recognize when volunteers are held Staff may feel that volunteers Most employees who supervise to performance standards. Teamwork disrupt the normal flow of work with and support volunteers are proud of is fostered when expectations are their short assignments and short their specialized education and expe- clear, individuals are accountable, hours. It is difficult to integrate vol- rience. However, it is often beside Go to next page

KTR ● April 2002 3 Features

Keeping good volunteers, continued from page 3 Tips for Better Teamwork and all members of the team are rec- ● Plan job descriptions, support and supervision ognized for their contributions. systems for volunteers before you start seeking It is important to clarify expec- volunteers. tations, require training, and set ● Look for volunteers skills and knowledge applicable ground rules. The most productive to your agency; do not accept just anyone who volun- way to bring volunteers into the teers for a position. agency is to: identify roles that match their skills; provide instruc- ● Insist on training volunteers and be sure to include the staff with whom tion to assure that the work is done the volunteers will be working with. properly (and without interfering ● Recognize the contributions volunteers make to the agency. with other necessary activities); and then supervise and coach as the work ● Do not assume your staff already knows everything about proper volun- is performed. That way you can teer utilization. clearly communicate to everyone at ● Staff who work with volunteers should receive appropriate orientation the agency who is doing what, how and training in the management of volunteers. they are qualified, and how they are ● supervised. Let staff supervise the volunteers who work with them. Sharing stories of volunteers’ ● Involve staff in the decisions about if—and how—to use volunteer ser- contributions, both historically and vices within the agency. currently, is a powerful tool for build- ● Reward staff who work well with volunteers. ing teamwork. Organizations fre- quently lift up examples of outstand- ● In case of disputes between paid employees and volunteers, address the ing or extraordinary volunteers; these problems, listen to both sides, and compromise. are inspiring and motivational but they are not the same as the small everyday stories that illustrate the significance of the work being done. the volunteer program manager more Volunteers are freer than paid Shared stories foster feelings of cohe- time to be creative and effective in staff to leave their volunteer work siveness and help to highlight the carrying out the agency’s mission. situations. It is important that volun- teers feel appreciated and respected, otherwise they will leave your orga- Sharing stories of volunteers’ contributions nization and use their talents else- where. To gain the most from volun- is a powerful tool for building teamwork. teers, your agency should be open to the unexpected and unique contribu- tions of people who care enough to unique contributions that individual Making volunteers feel good become involved as volunteers. volunteers bring to the organization. about their assignment (and them- selves) is one key to volunteer reten- Sources Retention pays off tion. If the experience is satisfying, “Volunteer Management: It really Retaining volunteers is both an indi- rewarding, and boosts self-esteem, isn’t Rocket Science,” by Susan J. cator of and a key to success in vol- volunteers will continue to want to Ellis, The NonProfit Times, July 1, unteer management. When volun- participate. When this ethic per- 2001, pgs. 26-27. teers keep coming back, it is a sign vades the volunteer program, a posi- that the program is being managed tive, enthusiastic climate is created www.merillassoc.com ▲ in a reasonable way. The return of which, in turn, encourages people to trained and seasoned volunteers gives continue to volunteer their time.

4 KTR ● April 2002 Features

Requirement Clarified for Post-Accident Testing

trolley buses that operate on surface other safety-sensitive employee roads without a fixed guideway are whose performance could have con- considered buses for purposes of this tributed to the accident. Again, the definition. decision must be made using the best (Adapted from FTA Drug and ● The mass transit vehicle involved is information available at the time. Alcohol Regulation Updates, Issue 20, a railcar, trolley car, trolley bus (on a Winter 2002, page 4.) fixed guideway or overhead wire) or “Removal from operation” vessel and is removed from operation. Non-fatal accidents involving a bus, ehicle accidents—thank electric bus, van, or automobile must goodness—are infrequent Who needs to be tested? meet the definition of an accident for most agencies. Knowing V Whenever there is a loss of human for these types of vehicles to be con- what to do in case of an accident life, each surviving safety-sensitive sidered an accident. For these types requires training, simulation and a employee operating the mass transit of vehicles, “removal from operation” periodic review of the procedures. vehicle at the time of the accident is not a criterion for a post-accident This periodic review applies to the must be tested. Safety-sensitive test. Thus, employers who take a rules and regulations associated employees not on the vehicle (e.g., vehicle out of service without meet- with post-accident alcohol and drug maintenance personnel) whose per- ing the other criteria (i.e., disabling testing. Even though the accident formance could have contributed to damage or bodily injury that requires definition and post-accident testing the accident (as determined by the immediate medical treatment away requirement remained the same transit agency using the best informa- from the scene) may not conduct a with the publication of FTA’s new tion available at the time of the acci- post-accident test under FTA drug and alcohol testing rule (49 dent) must also be tested. authority. The portion of the defini- CFR Part 655), taking another look tion that addresses “removal from at those requirements may help you Following non-fatal accidents, operation” is the portion that deals make the correct decisions if an employers shall test each safety-sensi- only with vehicles on fixed guide- accident occurs. tive employee operating the mass transit vehicle at the time of the acci- ways (i.e., rail car, trolley car, trolley bus) or vessels. The definition for How is an accident defined? dent unless the employer determines these vehicles does not include dis- An accident is defined (§655.4) as that the covered employee’s perfor- abling damage. an occurrence associated with the mance can be completely discounted operation of a vehicle in which: as a contributing factor to the acci- dent. The employer shall test any Vehicle operation ● an individual dies; An “occurrence associated with the ● an individual suffers a bodily injury operation of a vehicle” means that and immediately receives medical the accident or incident must be treatment away from the scene of an * “Disabling damage” means damage directly related to the manner in accident; that precludes departure of any vehi- which the driver applies the brake, ● the mass transit vehicle is a bus, cle from the scene of the occurrence accelerates, or steers the vehicle. It electric bus, van, or automobile in in its usual manner in daylight after does not include operation of the lift. which one or more vehicles incurs simple repairs. Disabling damage An accident could be the result disabling damage* as the result of includes damage to vehicles that of a collision with another vehicle or the occurrence and is transported could have been operated, but would pedestrian or could be associated away from the scene by a tow truck have been further damaged if so Go to page 9 or other vehicle. Look-alike historical operated.

KTR ● April 2002 5 Management

Understanding the Use (and Limits) of Body Language in the Workplace

...... humor. However, she breaks all the book’s authors, Tubbs & Moss, tell us, by Ira J. Allen body language-based rules of public “We learn most about the meaning of ...... speaking—aside from periodic head nonverbal messages by studying them movements and solid eye contact, in relationship to verbal messages. n the dust jacket of his 1970 she could have come straight from a Essentially, a nonverbal message func- book Body Language, Julian department store window. The tions in one of three ways: It replaces, Fast says, “Body language majority of the audience is probably reinforces, or contradicts a verbal O snoozing like drunkards in church. message.” The scenarios above pro- can make you a more perceptive human being, and it may influence Actually, audience evaluations vide examples of situations where your approach to every relationship showed that people appreciated the common understandings of body lan- in which you are involved.” His speaker’s authenticity, and guage would lead to false conclusions. statement is true to some even remembered the sto- degree—there is no denying ries she used to illustrate Interpret with caution that we do subconsciously her points. We have all learned that there exist pick up on and assign Another example: some basic rules of body language— meanings to other You’re at a meeting that by properly interpreting the people’s subtle move- with the Board of physical behavior of people we can ments. But there is a Directors and agency gain some insight into what they are risk of overinterpreta- department heads, dis- thinking and feeling. There is some tion. Despite Fast’s cussing the nature of validity to this understanding. It repeated warnings to your future transporta- would be hard to argue that a pas- use caution when inter- tion services. You put senger who starts swearing violently preting body language, forth a proposal, and when asked for his fare is feeling at arm-crossing, leg-cross- as you are talking, sev- ease. We may even be able to guess ing, and other nonverbal eral of the Directors that he is angry because he doesn’t signals can be seen as lean back in their chairs, have money for the fare, or doesn’t overly meaningful. cross their arms, and feel he should have to pay it. Kevin Hogan, seem to retreat from However, we see that even at Is he nervous, defensive, the meeting. You read this most basic level, interpreting author and presenta- or is the room just tion trainer, says, this body language as body language cannot do more than chilly? Sometimes body “Conventional wisdom unspoken resistance provide us with a rudimentary idea about body language is language does not to your proposal and as to how a person is feeling. This mostly inaccurate... communicate clearly. change your strategy, passenger could be angry for any I rarely find people emphasizing other number of reasons, or could even who can interpret non- aspects of the plan have Tourette’s syndrome, in which verbal cues with accuracy.” than those you originally considered case he would not be angry at all, For example, a speaker at the most important. but merely a victim of his illness. annual drivers’ conference stands It turns out the Board loved There is no denying that some rooted behind the lectern, arms rest- your proposal (except that one aspects of body language are univer- ing on the podium. She speaks clear- cranky guy who never likes any- sal—a smile is a smile, from Salina ly, using various anecdotes and real- thing), but were chilled by the cold- to Singapore. But don’t take it too world illustrations that support the er-than-usual temperature in the far. Arriving at a meeting full of points she is making. Occasionally conference room. energy in order to project confidence she throws in some self-deprecating In Human Communication, the and enthusiasm may convince your

6 KTR ● April 2002 Management

colleagues of your ability, but they may be more impressed if you are a Body Language Resources: little more relaxed, particularly if they haven’t yet met their morning ● Dr. Clare Albright’s 85 Secrets for Improving Your Communication Skills. coffee quota. Albright is a psychologist and human interactions coach. The point is, interpretation of ● Miles L. Patterson’s Nonverbal Behavior: A Functional Perspective. body language is by no means an Patterson is a kinesicist. exact science. Nonetheless, it can be ● Kevin Hogan’s The Psychology of Persuasion. Hogan is a popular presenta- worthwhile to look at what your tion trainer and corporate speaker. (www.kevinhogan.net) body may be saying, and to consider ● Body Language, by Julius Fast. Fast was one of the pioneering kinesicists, some basic body language guidelines. and among the first to recognize possible applications of understanding body language in everyday life. Make sure your body speaks well of you Legions of corporate trainers and ● coaches have sprung up in recent Relax. Allow others to see you more credible to others. ● years, offering opportunities for busi- comfortable with who and where Be aware of your posture. Is it ness people to improve the way they you are. It will put them at ease, too. relaxed, or tense? Are your hands ● present themselves. Much of the lit- When meeting someone for the first folded tightly in your lap and your erature available on the subject is time, shake hands as you repeat their eyes downcast, or are you casually authored by these trainers, and has a name. Repeating someone’s name sprawled back in your chair? pro-kinesics* slant. You may or may when introduced will help you Different situations call for different not wish to seek the help of a profes- remember that name later, when you physical orientations. It is up to you sional trainer in improving your see him or her in the hallway or in a to be aware of what signals you physical communication. However, meeting. People appreciate it when would like to give and what signals there are some essentials easily you remember their names. you are, in fact, giving. ● grasped without extensive training. Always maintain eye contact while shaking hands. Do not squeeze to Body language tips for drivers crush the other’s hand, nor try to get Besides the general strategies out- ● First impressions, first impressions, first impressions. You have less than a better grip than the other person. lined above, here are several specific 10 seconds to make a good first Make sure your hand is dry and body language strategies bus drivers impression, which will affect the way warm (if possible) before shaking. may employ while on the job: ● someone thinks about you (and your Eye contact is critical in any social ● Smile. Smiling is important. As a ideas) possibly for the rest of your setting. An effective rule of thumb is frequent bus rider, I can say that a acquaintance. So, dress for success. to maintain eye contact about two smile and nod from the bus driver as It’s a tired old cliché, but it is based thirds of the time in a business set- I boarded has given my morning an in reality. If you’re attending a board ting. You don’t have to stare; eye extra sparkle on numerous occasions, meeting to present an idea you have contact refers to the area between and left me feeling good about tran- for improving service, don’t go in the two eyes and the tip of the nose, sit in general. your uniform or everyday clothes. known as the “eye-nose triangle.” ● Breathe! Breathe slowly in stressful You’ll be far more credible if you In distracting environments, do not situations, and find other ways of make the effort and take the time to allow yourself to constantly look coping with stress that work for you. sharpen up a little. around, as this indicates a lack of ● Be calm. There are numerous interest in your conversation resources that teach how to stay calm ● Attend carefully to your personal ● hygiene. Your hair, teeth, and finger- Your body may be communicating and focused while on the job. If a nails should all be clean; they all more than you may realize or desire. If driver has a calm demeanor, passen- affect the way people see you. you treat yourself right by eating gers are liable to subconsciously pick healthy foods, exercising regularly, up on this, and also relax. and attending to your mental and Conversely, gritted teeth, nervous emotional needs, your body will tapping, and downcast eyes are not *Kinesics is the technical term for the communicate this. People who take reassuring at all, and may leave riders study of body language. care of themselves tend to appear Go to page 11

KTR ● April 2002 7 Marketing Stir Up New Business With Co-Marketing

...... resources for more effective advertis- would like to partner. This decision by Matthew Kaufman ing that improved their visibility should not be made quickly. Take the ...... within the community. time to brainstorm a list of business- Co-marketing is relatively new es, government agencies, and non- f your organization has ever suf- to transit. Some groups have begun profit organizations. Choose organi- fered from a lack of funding, working with environmental organi- zations whose goals are compatible I volunteers, or other with yours. resources, co-marketing with Remember that some orga- other nonprofit and for-profit nizations may decide not to organizations could help close the work with you. Of the 800 gap. Co-marketing is when two businesses that Project Angel or more organizations work Heart contacted for this year’s together to accomplish comple- Dining Out for Life, 176 decid- mentary goals. ed to participate. This is why it is important to list more than Co-marketing examples one or two groups. A Denver organization called Project Angel Heart, which pro- Sell your agency to others vides meals for people living with To help you avoid rejection HIV, AIDS, and other life threat- when approaching a possible ening illnesses, works with local partner, identify your organiza- restaurants in an annual event tion’s assets. Remember, you are called Dining Out for Life. selling the agency. Consider the Restaurants donate 25 percent of following: all food sales on the night of the ● Is your name recognition such event to Project Angel Heart. In A nonprofit charitable organiza- that other businesses and return, Project Angel Heart tion in Denver co-markets with groups would want to be associ- advertises the event to help increase area restaurants for an annual ated with you? ● the number of diners at the restau- fund-raiser. Over 40,000 diners Are there other groups in town rants. With over 40,000 diners par- dealing with transportation issues? participate each year. ticipating in Dining Out for Life, ● Do you have access to political or participating restaurants stand to well-connected individuals whom gain significantly. zations and “earth friendly” compa- other members of the community In Cleveland, three museums nies to market auto sharing. Such an would like to know? located in the Wade Park Oval cre- arrangement improves the image of ● Are the people you serve and your ated an event called “Parade the the “earth friendly” companies with volunteers a target market for a Circle.” The twelfth annual celebra- their consumers while increasing the potential partner? tion included access to the museums, number of individuals willing to try When Project Angel Heart food, entertainment, and activities auto sharing. started its program, it was not able presented by 30 other Circle institu- If you think that your agency to offer restaurants increased busi- tions. By working together, the may benefit from co-marketing, the ness. Instead the organization relied museums were able to pool their first step is to decide with whom you on providing the restaurants with an

8 KTR ● April 2002 opportunity to participate in a sig- recruit volunteers? Who will provide be patient and not expect success nificant community service. advertising funds? Who will host overnight. When Project Angel Your organizational skills and any activities? Who wil be responsi- Heart started Dining Out for Life, culture can also be used to sell the ble for logistics? These are all issues 22 restaurants participated and relationship. You can help companies that should be addressed in writing. $14,000 was raised. With consisten- learn how to organize volunteer Don’t expect each party to con- cy and many hours of work the pro- efforts, manage educational pro- tribute equally. You are working ject has become the $220,000 event grams, and teach them how to make together to take advantage of each it is today. more effective charitable donations. other’s resources, not to split resources By working with your organization, 50-50. Sources other companies can also instill a You also need to determine how Fifth Annual Innovations in Social sense of pride in their employees- you will resolve any conflicts that may Marketing Conference, Montreal helping them to make a difference in arise. If you do not agree on how to Canada; ism2000.cba.Hawaii.edu/Ism- society. proceed at a certain point, what will drum.htm When seeking to co-market be done? A strategy should be devel- with for-profit companies a transit oped before a problem occurs. The “Pool Resources for Success,” agency can be at a disadvantage. most effective way to address conflicts Nonprofit World, Volume 10, Number Many companies will be looking for is to form a committee with members 5, September/October 1998. ▲ tax write-offs which you generally from each organization that can cannot offer. Speak with your legal address problems. counsel or tax advisor to determine if Starting a successful relationship you can provide this option. It may means also planning for its end. Post-accident testing, be a matter of creating a nonprofit While you may intend for the rela- continued from page 5 foundation through which charitable tionship to be ongoing, each partner contributions can be funneled to should know what steps it can take your organization. to withdraw from the agreement. If with an incident that occurs on the Once you have found groups you are working together on a small vehicle without any contact with interested in co-marketing with you, project, make it clear that the rela- another vehicle (i.e., a passenger falls you should exchange purpose state- tionship will end once the project is on the bus due to the manner in ments indicating what you both complete. If you would later like to which the vehicle was operated). hope to achieve through the rela- continue the relationship, you can tionship. A successful collaboration make that decision together. Ancillary services is likely if both parties know why the Vehicles covered include a bus, elec- other is involved. Special issues when working tric bus, van, automobile, rail car, with for-profit businesses trolley car, trolley bus, or vessel that Cooking up a successful Working with a for-profit company is used for mass transportation or for agreement adds additional considerations. Erin ancillary services. Ancillary services An effective co-marketing agreement Pulling with Project Angel Heart include non-revenue service com- has both short- and long-term goals noted that many times her organiza- mercial motor vehicles and vehicles for the alliance. While your purpose tion’s hours differed from those of used by armed security personnel. statement is general, your goals the businesses they were working Thus, accidents involving supervisor should be specific. Your goals allow with. At times it may also be diffi- or general manager vehicles that are you to measure the success of your cult to get businesses to return your not used to transport passengers do co-marketing agreement. Both par- calls or to reply to your letters. not meet this definition and do not ties should work to make sure that Persistence and understanding are justify an FTA post-accident test. the other’s goals are being met. If important. Your cultures and often For more information concern- they aren’t, changes need to be made, language will differ. Take the time to ing post-accident testing in Kansas, or ultimately it’s likely the partner- get to know one another. It will help contact Janet Blue at the Kansas ship was not meant to be. you understand each other’s goals. Department of Transportation Responsibilities need to be iden- If you decide to pursue working Office of Public Transportation, tified in addition to goals. Who will with other organizations you must (785) 296-0826. ▲

KTR ● April 2002 9 Safety Getting Enough Rest?

...... by James C. Holland ......

Fatigued drivers usually cannot remember the last few miles driven. They tend to experience wandering and disconnected thoughts, and have difficulty keeping focused on the road. Fatigued drivers often have trouble keeping their heads up and yawn frequently. They tend to miss traffic signs, drift from their lanes, and jerk their vehicles back after drifting.

atigue is a major enemy of annually—one-sixth of all crashes— New York Thruway occurred because transit drivers and their pas- are thought to be produced by driver the driver fell asleep at the wheel. F sengers. Particularly fatigue- attention lapses. Sleep deprivation prone times of day are early morn- and fatigue make such lapses more Which drivers are most at risk? ing, after lunch, or late afternoon at likely to occur. Drivers most at risk when on the job the end of a long shift. While there are those who are: sleep-deprived or ● In a 1999 National Sleep Foun- is no quick and single solution to the dation poll, 62 percent of adults sur- fatigued, drive long distances without fatigue problem, sleep is the best veyed reported driving a car or other rest breaks, drive through the night countermeasure to fatigue. vehicle while feeling drowsy in the or early afternoon or at other times prior year. Twenty-seven percent when they are normally asleep, take Facts about drowsy driving reported that they had, at some time, medication that increases sleepiness These facts will certainly wake you dozed off while driving. Twenty-three or drink alcohol, drive alone, drive on up. In a recent National Sleep percent of adults stated that they long and rural monotonous roads, Foundation Drowsy Driving Fact know someone who experienced a and frequently travel for business. Sheet, these important fatigue driving fall-asleep crash within the past year. Sleep-related crashes commonly statistics were listed: happen with young people who tend ● In a 1996 survey of 4,600 male dri- to stay up late, sleep too little, and ● The U.S. National Highway Traffic vers in Britain, the drivers attributed drive at night. In a North Carolina Safety Administration (NHTSA) seven percent of their crashes in the study, 55 percent of fall-asleep crashes estimates that approximately 100,000 previous three years to sleepiness on state roads involved people 25 police-reported crashes annually (1.5 and/or fatigue. years old or younger. Seventy-eight percent of all crashes) involve drowsi- percent were male; the median age ness or fatigue as a principal cause. ● At the 1995 National Truck Safety was 20. At least 71,000 people are injured in Summit, driver fatigue was designat- Also, 25 million Americans are sleep-related crashes each year. ed the number one factor affecting rotating shift workers. Studies sug- NHTSA estimates these crashes rep- truck safety. gest that 20 to 30 percent of those resent $12.5 billion in monetary loss- ● People tend to fall asleep more on with non-traditional work schedules es each year. high-speed highways during long have had a fatigue-related driving ● Drowsiness/fatigue may play a role stretches going through rural areas. mishap within the last year. The in crashes attributed to other causes. New York police estimate that 30 drive home following the night shift About one million crashes percent of all fatal crashes along the is particularly dangerous.

10 KTR ● April 2002 Safety

People with untreated sleep dis- ● Avoid alcohol and medications that And where you find yourself wanti- orders are likely to increase the risk may alter driving performance. ng, you can work to correct that. of crashes. Disorders such as chronic Your body language can mean the insomnia, sleep apnea and narcolep- ● Consult physicians or a local sleep difference between whether you are sy, all of which lead to excessive day- disorder center for diagnoses and believed or mistrusted, liked or time sleepiness, afflict an estimated treatment if suffering from daytime avoided by your co-workers. 30 million Americans. Most people sleepiness or insomnia. To quote a current commercial, “Your face says who you are to the world. Make sure it says the right umble strips, deep grooves placed on the shoulders of highways, thing.” Of course, as the term Reffectively alert drivers that they have swerved off the road. The loud implies, body language goes beyond noise gets the driver’s attention-fast. If a driver crosses a rumble strip our facial expressions, but that’s a more than once, it is essential that he or she stop for rest, maybe even a good place to start. nap. Remember, it is not only the driver that is in danger here, but also So the next time one of your co- the passengers. workers or employees, or your boss, says something that seems idiotic, hold yourself back. Don’t roll your with sleep disorders remain undiag- Remember, even if a transit driver is eyes. Consider what this person is nosed and untreated. Sleep apnea, not driving fatigued, it is likely that saying. Maybe they’re right, maybe associated with a three to seven fold he or she will encounter a driver who they’re wrong. The important thing increase in crash risk, occurs in four is. Proper training in defensive dri- is that we communicate rather than percent of middle-aged men and ving along with taking measures to aggravate, and that we use our body two percent of middle-aged women. stay alert will mean a safe ride for all. language to help us.

Steps for improving the work Source Sources environment “Drive Alert/Drive Alive: Drowsy http://members.aol.com/nonverbal2.htm Steps for improving the work envi- Driving Fact Sheet,” National Sleep (a site devoted to nonverbal commu- ronment to prevent fatigue include: Foundation. ▲ nication) ● provide for regular short breaks for drivers throughout the day so they http://members.aol.com/doder1/body- can get out of the bus and stretch lan1.htm (also devoted to nonverbal and rest their eyes, communication) ● adjust the thermostat for cooler temperatures to keep drivers alert, “The Top Ten Tips for Using Non- Body language, ● provide napping and exercise facili- Verbal Behavior to Improve Your ties for drivers to use driving breaks, continued from page 7 Relationships,” by Dr. Clare Albright and (www.selfgrowth.com/articles/Albright2 ● keep the vending machine stocked with a bad taste in their mouths .html) with healthy food to promote fitness when they get off the bus. and to avoid surges and drops in Naturally, it can be hard to “An Overview of Nonverbal energy caused by sugary snacks. maintain a positive attitude when Communication in Impersonal dealing with difficult people. Relationships” (http://hamp.hamp- Effective fatigue-fighters However, it is important to remem- shire.edu/~enhF94/kinesics.html) Drivers can also do their part to ber that you cannot control anyone fight fatigue. Here are some tips to but yourself. “Body Language Myths: What You keep in mind: Think You Know About Body Ultimately... Language May be Hurting Your ● Get a good night’s sleep, preferably Full control over what your body is Career,” by Dave Zielinski, about eight hours a night. saying may not be feasible, but you Presentations magazine, April 2001 ● Schedule regular stops, every 100 certainly can make an effort to be (www.presentations.com) ▲ miles or 2 hours. aware of your physical behaviors.

KTR ● April 2002 11 Computers Click Your Way to Better Communication

...... An important Internet-related being sent. Another benefit is that by Ira J. Allen application is e-mail. Connecting lit- messages may contain a variety of ...... erally millions of people worldwide, information types: text, pictures, dia- virtually for free, e-mail has become grams, voice annotations, and even n this era of laptops, palm pilots, a necessity for anyone who wants to video clips. However, beyond send- cell phones and Sprint PCS, we stay connected at a low ing and receiving simple e-mail mes- have more choices than ever cost. Many transit sages, most transit agencies have I agencies now have web only begun to broach the possibil- about the way we stay connected. It’s increasingly common and practical to sites and e-mail ities offered by e-mail programs. stay connected through the Internet. When the Internet first became pop- What’s Offered ular, analysts predicted that it would Perhaps one of the most useful become the lifeblood of business. (and underused in the trans- While the Internet has not quite portation industry) features reached that level of importance, it of e-mail is Listserv. has become an indispensable com- Listserv and other pro- munications tool for private business- grams like it keep track es, government agencies, and individ- of members who have uals. Internet research, sales, and subscribed to the ser- marketing are all important aspects vice. When a member of today’s consumer society, and a sends e-mail to a list- web site is a must for any business providers, and con- serv, the program sends aiming to expand its consumer base. sider these internet- their message on to all Web sites are becoming vital based applications integral members on the list. tools for reaching riders and others to the way they do business. Craig Damlo, Systems interested in transit agencies. For The basic features of e-mail offer Administrator for the University of instance, Developmental Service of many advantages: no matter how you Kansas Transportation Center, Northwest Kansas, Inc. (DSNWK), run the costs, sending e-mail is describes it this way: “It’s like a bul- of Hays, Ks., is trying to institute a cheaper than regular mail, particularly letin board, except instead of you program whereby all rides are posted if you are sending many pages of going to the bulletin board, the bul- on their website. information. There is less need to letin board is sent to you.” Ron Straight, Transportation coordinate schedules in order to Members belonging to a listserv Manager for DSNWK, says, “I came exchange information with someone can typically choose between receiv- to this position 10 years ago, not else, as both users need not be on-line ing every message separately or dreaming I would ever be using a concurrently to exchange information. receiving all messages for a particular computer, and now...man, break my Information arrives in a “machine- day in digest form, once a day. arm before you take my computer.” readable” form such that it can be The advantage of most Listserv- Computers today are far more than stored, retrieved, forwarded, cut-and- type programs is that members can word-processing machines; more and pasted into new messages, replied to, reply to messages, and their replies more, they are the nexuses of com- and reused in flexible ways. will be automatically sent to all other munication between individuals all E-mail is fast; most messages members on the list. This allows a over the world. arrive (worldwide) within minutes of running dialogue between geograph-

12 KTR ● April 2002 information distribution program Who Offers Information Services? may also be for you. These programs are basically electronic newsletters, as good example of a bulletin board that has a listserv program is the opposed to the dialogue approach AElectronic National Dialogue on Transit Operations. Conversation found in listservs. Group e-mails are in the National Dialogue (www.nawgits.com/opdialog/index.cgi) covers typically distributed at specified topics ranging from emergency planning to intermodalism to energy sav- intervals, although these intervals ing to parking management. Members receive an e-mail digest containing tend to be longer, as there are no all new messages every morning, Monday through Friday (should they responses from members to update choose that option). There is no fee to use this service, apart from what- and include. So while the Electronic ever you are already paying for your Internet Service Provider (ISP). This National Dialogue on Transportation allows professionals associated with all aspects of transit to exchange Operations listserv will send you information and solutions, and can be instrumental in forming good daily updates of the bulletin board, working relationships with other members in your industry, regardless of the Community Transit Association where they live. of America’s (CTAA) group email— CTAA has a less interactive program, called Capitol Clips, arranged Capitol Clips—is generally compiled by Chris Zeilinger and distributed in Kansas by Ron Straight, as the and sent out twice a week. See the CTAA State Delegate for Kansas. Capitol Clips is generally sent to box at left for information about members twice a week, giving updates and summaries of the latest these and other transit-related e-mail Washington news that affects the transportation industry, and is essential- communication services. ly an electronic newsletter. If you wish to search further There are many other information distribution and listserv programs afield, there are a number of other out there, including two managed by the University of Kansas transit discussion lists and newslet- Transportation Center (KUTC). The listservs managed by KUTC can be ters to which you can subscribe at no found on the KUTC website (www.kutc.ku.edu), under RTAP and LTAP. cost. An easy way to find some of They are free sources of valuable information as well as being opportuni- these is at www.groups.yahoo.com. ties to remain in close contact with other transit professionals. Such ser- Once there, search under “transit” or vices allow transit providers to keep a finger on the pulses of transit, gov- “public transportation” and you will ernment, and other issues nationwide. find literally hundreds of different If you do not already receive CTAA’s Capitol Clips and you would like groups that may be of interest. Be to, contact Ron Straight at DSNWK, at [email protected]. warned, however. Many sites will He receives updates directly from CTAA and passes them on to the probably not be useful and will relate Kansas transit community. If you would like to join the Electronic only tangentially to your interests. National Dialogue on Transit Operations, simply go to their website If you do find a discussion list (www.nawgits.com/opdialog/index.cgi) and click on the “subscribe” button you would like to join, you may sub- once there. You will soon be receiving e-mail updates of the dialogue, and scribe very easily. Most of the sites will be able to respond with questions or comments for the consideration have a “subscribe” button you may of all the others involved in this endeavor. To receive the KUTC electron- click on, and some have an alternate ic newsletter, contact Pat Weaver at the University of Kansas, at address you can visit to subscribe. [email protected]. E-mailing riders Another possible e-mail application ically separated people, much like to be a part of the dialogue, you is direct communication with riders. the dialogues possible at a trans- can send messages (or reply to Many Kansas transit agencies serve portation conference or workshop. In them) to share problems and solu- populations that would not necessar- this manner, the group may address tions. If you are less participatory, ily be expected to have e-mail access: problems and individuals can post you can sit back and read the dia- the elderly, the poor and the dis- their own solutions. logue as it unfolds, taking what abled. However, with the advent of Another nice feature of a listserv you need and leaving the rest. free e-mail providers like MSN is that there is no obligation to If you prefer the sit-back-and- Hotmail and computers with inter- respond. However, if you would like watch approach, a group e-mail or Go to next page

KTR ● April 2002 13 Calendar

Rural Transit Conferences and Workshops

April 3-4, 2002 May 5-9, 2002 June 19-21, 2002 August 29-30. 2002 Financial Management APTA Bus & Paratransit Transit Capacity and Quality Financial Management Oversight Seminar Conference of Service Oversight Seminar Kansas City, MO Minneapolis, MN Kansas City, MO Washington, DC Contact: Federal Transit Contact: Jerry Trotter, APTA Contact: NTI Contact: Federal Transit Administration Phone: 202-496-4887 Phone: 732-932-1700 Administration Phone: 215-496-9100 Email: Phone: 215-496-9100 Email: May 19-24, 2002 [email protected] Email: [email protected] CTAA Community www.ntionline.com [email protected] Transportation EXPO ‘02 April 13-17, 2002 Austin, TX June 23-26, 2002 September 22-26, 2002 APA National Planning Contact: Charlie Dickson, APTA Risk Management APTA Annual Meeting and Conference Community Transportation Seminar International Public Chicago, IL Association of America Contact: Vivienne Williams, Transportation EXPO 2002 Contact: American Planning Phone: (800) 527-8279 APTA Las Vegas, NV Association Email: [email protected] Phone: 202-496-4857 Contact: APTA Phone: 202-872-0611 www.ctaa.org Phone: 202-496-4838 Email: [email protected] Juen 26-27, 2002 www.planning.org June 9-13, 2002 Financial Management APTA Commuter Rail Transit Oversight Seminar Editor’s Note: To include meet- April 14-18, 2002 Conference Atlanta, GA ings or workshops in our calen- The Second International Baltimore, MD Contact: Federal Transit dar, send information to Conference on Urban Public Contact: Fran Hooper, APTA Administration Kansas Trans Reporter, KUTC, Transportation Systems Phone: 202-496-4876 Phone: 215-496-9100 1530 W. 15th St., Room 2011, Contact: APTA Email: Lawrence, KS 66045. www.asce.org [email protected] E:mail: [email protected]

Click your way, from page 13 human resource) consuming for solve as a group, and to share experi- transit agencies to mount a cam- ence, strength, and encouragement paign to increase e-mail use among with each other. net access in public libraries, more the populations they serve. However, Overcoming resistance to Americans than ever before are e-mail usage will increase among change (which we all have), especial- hooked up to electronic mail pro- these populations over the next few ly technological change, is difficult. grams. Universities and community years. Be prepared to communicate However, change is essential these days to keep up with the technologi- E-mail helps agencies share experience, strength, cal pace of other industries, riders, and government. For this reason, it is and encouragement with each other. important to adapt to changing technologies, such as newer applica- centers around the country now pro- directly with riders via e-mail when tions of e-mail, and make use of vide e-mail access for anyone who the opportunity arises. them to foster growth within the wants it, and the number of individ- Although new technical applica- transit community. uals taking advantage of this oppor- tions may seem confusing at first, tunity is growing daily. they are one of the best means tran- Source In response to a question about sit managers have at their disposal Universal Access to E-Mail: Feasibility direct e-mail communication with for staying connected and up to date and Societal Implications, Robert H. riders, Ron Straight said, “Ask me on developments in government and Anderson, Tora K. Bikson, Sally that five years from now.” Today it in the field of transit itself. They also Ann Law, Bridger M. Mitchell, may be too costly and time (and provide the opportunity to problem- RAND 2000. ▲

14 KTR ● April 2002 Resources Resources Order Form

THESE RESOURCES are distributed free of charge, unless noted otherwise, as a service of the Kansas Rural Transportation Assistance Program. Please use the order form on this page to order the publications and videos described here. Videos are available for two-week loans; please request no more than two videos at a time.

Publications Videotapes

❏ Vehicle Procurement ❏ Ten Golden Rules of Preventive Maintenance National Transit Resource Center Technical (20 minutes) This videotape is provided by the Assistance Brief No. 2. Revised 2001. Provides a Federal Transit Administration to accompany a five-step process for effective vehicle procurement. workbook entitled, “Introduction to Preventive 7 pages. Maintenance—An Investment that Pays Off” (113 pages). We’ll send both the videotape and the ❏ Volunteers in Transportation—Some Issues workbook, for loan. to Consider National Transportation Resource Center ❏ Leadership Skills for Today’s New Manager Technical Assistance Brief No. 1. Revised 2001. (3 Tapes) Features two motivational speakers. Describes how to evaluate and explore the human Dr. Cal LeMan talks about the “assertive servant” and financial resources necessary for a successful paradigm for leadership. Dr. White (aka. Dr. Jerko) volunteer transportation program. 6 pages. emphasizes individual responsibility for health and why “Healthy is not normal.”

Where to Send Order Form Fax your completed order form to 785/864-3199 or send it by mail to: Lending Library Request/Transit KUTC 1530 W. 15th Street, Room 2011 Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7609

Name Title

Agency Phone

Street Address

City State Zip + 4 Date Materials Needed

KTR ● April 2002 15 April 2002 Requested Return Service Lawrence, KS 66045-7609 1530 W. 15th Street, Room 2011 Kansas Trans Reporter Transportation Center University of Kansas

● The Kansas Trans Reporter is an educational publication published quarterly by the Kansas Vol 15, No. 1 University Transportation Center. The newsletter is distributed free to rural and specialized transit providers and others with an interest in rural and specialized service. The Kansas Trans Reporter is co-sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration under its Rural Transportation Assistance Program (RTAP) and the Kansas Department of Transpor- tation. The purposes of the program are to: 1) educate transit operators about the latest technologies in rural and specialized transit; 2) encourage their translation into practical application; and 3) to share information among operators. Reproduction of material appearing in the Kansas Trans Reporter requires written permis- sion. Copyright  2002, Kansas University Transportation Center. All rights reserved.

For a free subscription to the Kansas Trans Reporter or to contact one of our faculty or staff, call toll-free 800/248- 0350 (in Kansas) or 785/864-2595 (outside Kansas) or send a fax to 785/864-3199. Send correspondence to Kansas Trans Reporter, Kansas University Transportation Center, 1530 W. 15th Street, Room 2011, Lawrence, KS 66045. Send e-mail messages to Patricia Weaver at [email protected] or Lisa Harris at [email protected].

Please send us the inside form with corrected address information, or fax your changes to 785/864-3199.

In addition to publishing the Kansas Trans Reporter, the Kansas RTAP program offers a variety of other educational services. Following is a partial list of these services: ● Publication dissemination ● Technical assistance ● Computer database searches ● Telephone consultation ● Referral services ● Training development ● Video lending library ● Program planning assistance Assistance can be obtained by contacting a Kansas Trans Reporter staff person at the numbers or address above.

Project Director ...... Pat Weaver Editor ...... Lisa Harris Editorial Assistant ...... Ira Allen Student Writers ...... James Holland, Ira Allen, ...... Arin Gustafson, Matthew Kaufman

Lawrence, Kansas Route To Permit No. 65 U.S. Postage RR STD PRSRT

PAID Co-sponsored by

U.S. Department of Transportation Kansas Department of Transportation Federal Transit Administration Office of Public Transportation