DOCSLIB.ORG

A Silvicultural Guide for the Tolerant Hardwood Forests in Ontario

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Silvicultural Guide for the Tolerant Hardwood Forests in Ontario A Silvicultural Guide for the Tolerant Hardwood Forest in Ontario Version 1.1 Cette publication technique nÕest disponible quÕen anglais. © 1998, QueenÕs Printer for Ontario Printed in Ontario, Canada Single copies of this publication are available for $27.50 from the address noted below: Natural Resources Information Centre 300 Water Street P.O. Box 7000 Peterborough, ON K9J 8M5 Current publications of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, and price lists, are also available from this office. Telephone inquiries about ministry programs and services should be directed to the Natural Resources Information Centre: Peterborough General Inquiry 1-800-667-1940 Renseignements en fran•ais 1-800-667-1840 FAX (705) 755-1677 Other government publications are available from Publications Ontario, Main Floor, 880 Bay St., Toronto. For mail orders write publications Ontario, 50 Grosvenor St., Toronto, Ontario M7A 1N8 Cheques or money orders should be made payable to the Minister of Finance and payment must accompany order. This publication should be cited as: OMNR. 1998. A silvicultural guide for the tolerant hardwood forest in Ontario. Ont. Min. Nat. Resour. QueenÕs Printer for Ontario. Toronto. 500p. This paper contains recycled materials. A Silvicultural Guide for the Tolerant Hardwood Forest in Ontario CONTENTS List of Figures List of Tables Preface and Acknowledgments Statement of Environmental Values 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Range and Importance 2.1 Range 2.2 Commercial Importance 2.2.1 Supply 2.2.2 Consumption 2.2.3 Economic value 2.2.4 Significance to the forest industry 3.0 Site 3.1 Climate 3.2 Soils 3.3 Predominant Sites 3.4 Ecosite Classification 4.0 Silvics 4.1 Sugar maple 4.1.1 Habitat 4.1.2 Reproduction 4.1.3 Establishment 4.1.4 Development 4.1.5 Damaging Agents 4.2 American beech 4.2.1 Habitat 4.2.2 Reproduction 4.2.3 Establishment 4.2.4 Development 4.2.5 Damaging Agents 4.3 Yellow birch 4.3.1 Habitat 4.3.2 Reproduction 4.3.3 Establishment 4.3.4 Development 4.3.5 Damaging Agents 4.4 Red oak 4.4.1 Habitat 4.4.2 Reproduction 4.4.3 Establishment 4.4.4 Development 4.4.5 Damaging Agents 4.5 White ash 4.5.1 Habitat 4.5.2 Reproduction 4.5.3 Establishment 4.5.4 Development 4.5.5 Damaging Agents 4.6 Black cherry 4.6.1 Habitat 4.6.2 Reproduction 4.6.3 Establishment 4.6.4 Development 4.6.5 Damaging Agents 4.7 Basswood 4.7.1 Habitat 4.7.2 Reproduction 4.7.3 Establishment 4.7.4 Development 4.7.5 Damaging Agents 4.8 Critical Silvics of Other Commonly Associated Hardwood Species 5.0 Quality Development in Trees 5.1 Assessing Individual Tree Vigour Potential 5.2 Assessing Individual Tree Risk Potential 5.3 Assessing Individual Tree Quality Potential 6.0 Stand Stocking and Structure 6.1 Stand Stocking 6.1.1 Uneven-aged systems 6.1.2 Even-aged systems 6.2 Stand Structure 6.2.1 Uneven-aged systems 6.2.2 Even-aged systems 7.0 Stand Growth and Yield 7.1 Site Quality Assessment 7.2 Individual Tree Estimation 7.3 Forest Level Estimation and Forecasting 7.4 Simulation of Stand Development and Yield 7.5 Management Decision Support 8.0 Genetics 8.1 Genetic Conservation 8.2 Tree/Stand Improvement Strategies 8.2.1 Regeneration from sprouting species 8.2.2 Thinning 8.3 Artificial Regeneration 8.3.1 Potential breeding strategy 8.3.2 Planting improved stock 9.0 Ecological Foundations for Silviculture 9.1 Prescription Development 9.1.1 Silvicultural ground rules 9.1.2 Forest operations prescriptions 9.1.3 Stand analysis 9.1.4 Prescription setting 9.1.5 Tree marking 9.2 Silvicultural Systems 9.2.1 Selection system 9.2.2 Shelterwood system 9.2.3 Clearcut system 9.3 Implementation of the Silvicultural Systems 9.3.1 Selection system 9.3.1.1 Single-tree selection 9.3.1.2 Group selection 9.3.2 Shelterwood system 9.3.3 Clearcut system 9.3.4 Silvicultural system modification by species 9.4 Site Preparation 9.4.1 Mechanical site preparation 9.4.2 Prescribed fire 9.4.3 Chemical site preparation 9.5 Artificial Regeneration 9.5.1 Direct seeding 9.5.2 Planting 9.5.3 Conversion to/from tolerant hardwood working group 9.6 Stand Maintenance 9.6.1 Tending 9.6.1.1 Uneven-aged stands 9.6.1.2 Even-aged stands 9.6.1.3 Converting even-aged to uneven-aged stands 9.6.1.4 Hemlock-hardwood stands 9.6.1.5 Pruning 9.6.1.6 Stump sprouts 9.6.2 Forest Protection 10.0 Habitat Management Considerations 10.1 The Coarse Filter 10.1.1 Landscape scale 10.1.2 Stand scale 10.1.3 Site scale 10.2 The Fine Filter 10.2.1 White-tailed deer 10.2.2 Moose 10.2.3 Pileated woodpecker 10.2.4 American marten 10.2.5 Eagles, ospreys, herons and forest-nesting raptors 11.0 Harvesting Considerations 11.1 Management Implications 11.1.1 Bole wounds caused by bark scraping or peeling 11.1.2 Root breakage 11.1.3 Crown damage resulting from branch breakage 11.1.4 Stem breakage/bending or tilting of trees 11.1.5 Soil/site damage 11.2 Careful Logging Practices 12.0 Management Standards 12.1 Attributes for which Standards are Required 12.1.1 Maintenance of stand development potential 12.1.2 Maintenance of biodiversity 12.1.3 Maintenance of productivity Literature Cited APPENDICIES Glossary of Technical Terms Glossary of Scientific Names List of Figures Figure Title Sectio Page n 2.1.1 Forest regions and sections of Ontario associated with the 2.1 2 tolerant hardwood forest 2.1.2 Botanical ranges of species in the tolerant hardwood forest in 2.1 3-4 Ontario 3.0.1 Precipitation for the 3-month period prior to the start of the 3.1 2 growing season. 3.0.2 Mean temperature of the coldest month of the year 3.1 2 3.0.3 Growing degrees days per year 3.1 3 3.0.4 Site regions of Ontario that support species of the tolerant 3.1 4 hardwoods working group 3.0.5 Bedrock geology of southern Ontario 3.2 6 3.0.6 Ordination diagrams for tolerant hardwood ecosites in 3 regions 3.4 11 of Ontario 4.0.1 Mean per cent cover of sugar maple canopy trees by ecosite 4.1 2 and in relation to soil moisture and fertility based on FEC plots sampled in Ontario 4.0.2 Frequency and per cent cover of sugar maple>10m tall from 4.1 3 FEC plots in Central Ontario by soil texture class 4.0.3 Mean per cent cover of beech canopy trees by ecosite and in 4.2 8 relation to soil moisture and fertility from FEC plots in Central Ontario 4.0.4 Frequency and per cent cover of American beech >10m tall 4.2 9 from FEC plots in Central Ontario by soil texture class 4.0.5 Mean per cent cover of yellow birch canopy trees by ecosite 4.3 12 and in relation to soil moisture and fertility from FEC plots samples in Ontario 4.0.6 Frequency and per cent cover of yellow birch >10m tall from 4.3 13 FEC plots in Central Ontario by soil texture class 4.0.7 Mean per cent cover of red oak canopy trees by ecosite and in 4.4 17 relation to soil moisture and fertility from FEC plots in Central Ontario 4.0.8 Frequency and per cent cover of red oak >10m tall from FEC 4.4 18 plots in Central Ontario by soil texture class. 4.0.9 Mean per cent cover of white ash canopy trees by ecosite and 4.5 21 in relation to soil moisture and fertility from FEC plots samples in Ontario. List of Figures (continued) Figure Title Sectio Page n 4.0.10 Frequency and per cent cover of white ash >10m tall from FEC 4.5 22 plots in Central Ontario by soil texture class 4.0.11 Mean per cent cover of black cherry canopy trees by ecosite 4.6 25 and in relation to soil moisture and fertility from FEC plots sampled in Ontario 4.0.12 Frequency and per cent cover of black cherry >10m tall from 4.6 26 FEC plots in Central Ontario by soil texture class 4.0.13 Mean per cent cover of basswood canopy trees by ecosite and 4.7 29 in relation to soil moisture and fertility from FEC plots sampled in Ontario 4.0.14 Frequency and per cent cover of basswood >10m tall from FEC 4.7 30 plots in Central Ontario by soil texture class 5.0.1 Relationships among two-, four- and six-class tree quality 5.3 6 classification systems 5.0.2 Relationship between interest rate earned and lumber value 5.3 7 increase (1968$) for crop-quality hard maple growing five cm. DBH in ten years 6.0.1 Basal area growth of tolerant hardwoods in Algonquin Park 6.1 3 related to residual stocking 6.0.2 Stand and stocking structure targets recommended for selection 6.2 7 management in Algonquin Region 6.0.3 Comparison of stand structures recommended for selection 6.2 9 management of tolerant hardwoods in Algonquin Region and in the Lake States 6.0.4 Stand- and forest structure developed under regulated even-aged 6.2 10 system 7.0.1 Growth and yield prediction 7.0 2 7.0.2 Simplified example of a stocking guide 7.5 19 9.1.1 Decision pathways for prescribing silvicultural treatments in 9.1 7 tolerant hardwood stands 9.6.1 A decision model to assess maintenance requirements of 9.6 1 developing hardwood stands 10.1.1 Ordination of central Ontario ecosites based on principal 10.1 4 components analysis of wildlife communities List of Figures (continued) Figure Title Sectio Page n 10.1.2 Comparison of the area of hard maple (Mh), yellow birch (By), 10.1 5 other hardwood (Oh), intolerant hardwood (Po/Bw), and conifer dominated forest in the late 1800Õs and in 1990 in 10 townships from central Ontario 10.1.3 Theoretical age class distribution predicted for the mesic 10.1 7 tolerant hardwood forest based on the negative exponential model 10.1.4 Relative basal area of hard maple (Mh), yellow birch (By), 10.1 10 American beech (Be), conifers, and other species in the late 1800s and in 1990 maple dominated forest for the area described in FIGURE 10.1.2 10.1.5 Relationship between the abundance of blackburnian warblers 10.1 13 (BLWA), black throated-green warblers (BTGW),
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Shifts in Forest Composition in the Eastern United States T ⁎ Jonathan A
    Forest Ecology and Management 433 (2019) 176–183 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Forest Ecology and Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foreco Shifts in forest composition in the eastern United States T ⁎ Jonathan A. Knotta, Johanna M. Despreza, Christopher M. Oswaltb, Songlin Feia, a Purdue University, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Lafayette, IN 47906, United States b USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station, Knoxville, TN 37919, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Forest ecosystems in the United States (U.S.) are facing major challenges such as climate change, exotic species Forest dynamics invasions, and landscape fragmentation. It is widely believed that forest composition in the eastern U.S. is Fire tolerance transitioning from shade-intolerant, fire-tolerant species to shade-tolerant, fire-intolerant species, but most Shade tolerance evidence is anecdotal or localized. No comprehensive studies exist to quantify the shifts in forest composition Mesophication across multiple genera at a regional scale. Here, we examined the genus-level compositional changes in eastern Quercus U.S. forests to: (1) quantify the extent and magnitude of this transition, and (2) assess the influence of shade and Acer fire tolerance traits on abundance change. Genus-level data were compiled from the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) database across 37 states in the eastern U.S. for the last three decades. We analyzed shifts in forest composition with three metrics—stem density, basal area, and importance value—for 10 of the most abundant genera (Acer, Betula, Carya, Fraxinus, Nyssa, Pinus, Populus, Prunus, Quercus, and Ulmus). In addition, we esti- mated density-weighted fire and shade tolerances for each genus using species-level published data, assessed the shifts in spatial patterns of these traits, and analyzed the associations between these traits and county-level abundance changes.
    [Show full text]
  • Silviculture and Forest Management
    Working with your forest to meet your needs: Silviculture and Forest Management Susan L. Stout US Forest Service, Northern Research Station Warren, PA Silvi • Silviculture is certainly about trees, and specifically about trees in forests …culture • The totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought • www.thefreedictionary.com/culture …culture • the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, etc dictionary.reference.com/ browse/culture Silviculture • “Silviculture is the art & science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of forests & woodlands to meet the diverse needs & values of landowners & society on a sustainable basis.” Society of American Foresters 1994 Knowledge needed to practice good silviculture • Site quality and characteristics • Character of surrounding landscape • Age classes found in and around this forest stand • History of the forest • Silvics of species in the stand Site quality • Sometimes measured by the height of leading trees at a certain age, figured out by taking tree cores (if the tallest trees were removed, or the stand is uneven-aged, this may not work) • Concept integrates landscape position, many soil characteristics, dry/moist conditions, and nutrients Landscape Context Age classes of your forest Uneven-aged Even-aged Age classes of your forest Uneven-aged Even-aged • Activities planned for the
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Fire Knowledge in Two Chestnut Forest Ecosystems of the Iberian Peninsula and Its Implications
    Land Use Policy 47 (2015) 130–144 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Land Use Policy jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/landusepol Forgetting fire: Traditional fire knowledge in two chestnut forest ecosystems of the Iberian Peninsula and its implications for European fire management policy a,∗ b c a,b,c Francisco Seijo , James D.A. Millington , Robert Gray , Verónica Sanz , d e f Jorge Lozano , Francisco García-Serrano , Gabriel Sangüesa-Barreda , f Jesús Julio Camarero a Middlebury College C.V. Starr School in Spain, Madrid, Spain b Department of Geography, King’s College London, London, UK c RW Gray Consulting Ltd, Chilliwack, BC, Canada d Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Sección de Biología Básica y Aplicada, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, C/París s/n., Loja 1101608, Ecuador e Saint Louis University, Madrid, Spain f Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia-CSICAvda. Monta˜nana, 1005. 50059 Zaragoza, Spain a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Human beings have used fire as an ecosystem management tool for thousands of years. In the context of Received 6 October 2014 the scientific and policy debate surrounding potential climate change adaptation and mitigation strate- Received in revised form 25 February 2015 gies, the importance of the impact of relatively recent state fire-exclusion policies on fire regimes has Accepted 14 March 2015 been debated. To provide empirical evidence to this ongoing debate we examine the impacts of state fire-exclusion policies in the chestnut forest ecosystems of two geographically neighbouring municipal- Keywords: ities in central Spain, Casillas and Rozas de Puerto Real.
    [Show full text]
  • Tree Growth and Mortality , Reproductive Patterns, and Soil Characteristics in a 27 Year-Old Maple-Basswood Forest Restoration Project
    St. Olaf College Local Ecology Research Papers Tree growth and mortality , reproductive patterns, and soil characteristics in a 27 year-old maple-basswood forest restoration project Robby Holmes 2017 © Robby Holmes, 2017 “​Tree growth and mortality, reproductive patterns, and soil characteristics in a 27 year-old maple-basswood forest restoration project​” by Robby Holmes is licensed under a ​Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License​. Holmes 1 Tree growth and mortality, reproductive patterns, and soil characteristics in a 27 year-old maple-basswood forest restoration project Robby Holmes Advisor: Dr. Kathleen Shea Biology Department, St. Olaf College Northfield MN, 55057 Fall 2017 Holmes 2 Abstract Forests have been on the decline since the rise of agriculture and urbanization in the last few centuries. The maple-basswood forest, a unique forest type found in southeastern Minnesota, is no exception. Keeping these forests healthy, or restoring them to health, is important in order to preserve high levels of biodiversity to facilitate ecosystem resilience. In this study, we measured over 2000 trees at St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota, to assess their health and compare tree growth among four sections in two adjacent fields. We also gathered seedling and sapling data as well as soil data to assess the overall health and growth of the forests. The restoration project is dominated by white ash, with black walnut, maples, and oaks being the next most common. Sections one and two had the trees with the largest diameter, lead by red oak, white oak, and basswood, while sections three and four had higher levels of moisture and organic matter.
    [Show full text]
  • FOREST Condition Assessment Brochure, Pg
    Reference TIPS FOREST Condition Assessment brochure, pg. 9 With proper management, you can maintain healthy forest land. All forests can be managed for a single use, such as timber production, or for multiple uses, such as wildlife habitat, recreation, livestock grazing and/or timber production. To help you Worksheet manage your forest land, you need to decide which of these uses are important to you. You likely have a primary use planned that will guide your overall management and decision-making processes. If secondary and tertiary uses are also important to you, allow these to guide your decisions as well. This worksheet will help you ensure that the vegetation and ecosystems on your forest land function properly for the land uses you have identified. In a healthy forest, the larger overstory trees, smaller understory trees, and ground vegetation are all in good condition. The distribution of vegetation and the number of trees per acre will differ depending upon where your property is located within the state. Soil type, precipitation, temperature, tree species, and your land use objectives are also factors that affect the density and distribution of vegetation on your forest land. Instructions: Conduct a basic assessment of your forest land by answering the following questions. Suggestions to help you address specific management issues are listed directly under each section. If you identify management needs and issues that may require professional assistance, refer to the last page of this Forest Condition Assessment for a list of resources. Site Date 1. Identify the tree species on your forest land. Select all that are present: Others: □ Douglas fi r □ Western larch □ Ponderosa pine □ Bigleaf maple □ Grand fi r □ Red alder □ White fi r □ Sitka spruce □ Western hemlock □ Oregon white oak There are many references to help you identify the tree species present in Oregon.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Are Evergreen Leaves So Contrary About Shade?
    Opinion Why are evergreen leaves so contrary about shade? Christopher H. Lusk1*, Peter B. Reich2*, Rebecca A. Montgomery2, David D. Ackerly3 and Jeannine Cavender-Bares4 1 Department of Biological Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia 2 Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA 3 Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 4 Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA Leaf mass per area (LMA) is one of the most widely spectrum (low photosynthetic capacity and respiration measured of all plant functional traits. In deciduous rates, low nitrogen concentrations and long leaf lifespan) forests, there is similarity between plastic and evolution- are not only found in inherently slow-growing species (e.g. ary responses of LMA to light gradients. In evergreens, many evergreen conifers such as Podocarpus and Picea) however, LMA is lower in shaded than sunlit individuals [7,9,10] but are often also expressed within species when of the same species, whereas shade-tolerant evergreens grown in environments unfavorable for rapid growth have higher LMA than light-demanders grown under the [10,11]. For example, leaf lifespan is often longer in shaded same conditions. We suggest that this pattern of ‘coun- individuals than in those grown in brighter light [12,13], ter-gradient variation’ results from some combination of just as it tends to be longer in shade-tolerant species (i) close evolutionary coordination of LMA with leaf adapted to late-successional habitats than in light- lifespan, (ii) selection for different leaf constitutions demanding species, which normally establish under open (relative investment in cell walls versus cell contents) conditions [11,14,15].
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Carbon and Greenhouse Gas Balance of Forests in Britain
    Research Report Understanding the carbon and greenhouse gas balance of forests in Britain Research Report Understanding the carbon and greenhouse gas balance of forests in Britain James Morison, Robert Matthews, Gemma Miller, Mike Perks, Tim Randle, Elena Vanguelova, Miriam White and Sirwan Yamulki Forestry Commission: Edinburgh © Crown Copyright 2012 You may re-use this information (not including logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence. To view this licence, visit: www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or e-mail: [email protected]. First published in 2012 by Forestry Commission, Silvan House, 231 Corstorphine Road, Edinburgh EH12 7AT. ISBN 978-0-85538-855-3 Morison, J., Matthews, R., Miller, G., Perks, M., Randle, T., Vanguelova, E., White, M. and Yamulki, S. (2012). Understanding the carbon and greenhouse gas balance of forests in Britain. Forestry Commission Research Report. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh. i–vi + 1–149 pp. Keywords: Forest carbon; carbon stocks; soil carbon; greenhouse gas balance; mitigation; fossil fuel substitution; forest management. FCRP018/FC-GB(STUDIO9)/0K/MAR12 Enquiries relating to this publication should be addressed to: Forestry Commission 231 Corstorphine Road Edinburgh Scotland, EH12 7AT T: 0131 334 0303 E: [email protected] The Forestry Commission will consider all requests to make the content of publications available in alternative formats. Please direct requests to the Forestry Commission Diversity Team at the above address, or by email at [email protected] or by phone on 0131 314 6575.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Disturbance and Stand Development Principles for Ecological Forestry
    United States Department of Agriculture Natural Disturbance and Forest Service Stand Development Principles Northern Research Station for Ecological Forestry General Technical Report NRS-19 Jerry F. Franklin Robert J. Mitchell Brian J. Palik Abstract Foresters use natural disturbances and stand development processes as models for silvicultural practices in broad conceptual ways. Incorporating an understanding of natural disturbance and stand development processes more fully into silvicultural practice is the basis for an ecological forestry approach. Such an approach must include 1) understanding the importance of biological legacies created by a tree regenerating disturbance and incorporating legacy management into harvesting prescriptions; 2) recognizing the role of stand development processes, particularly individual tree mortality, in generating structural and compositional heterogeneity in stands and implementing thinning prescriptions that enhance this heterogeneity; and 3) appreciating the role of recovery periods between disturbance events in the development of stand complexity. We label these concepts, when incorporated into a comprehensive silvicultural approach, the “three-legged stool” of ecological forestry. Our goal in this report is to review the scientific basis for the three-legged stool of ecological forestry to provide a conceptual foundation for its wide implementation. Manuscript received for publication 1 May 2007 Published by: For additional copies: USDA FOREST SERVICE USDA Forest Service 11 CAMPUS BLVD SUITE 200 Publications Distribution NEWTOWN SQUARE PA 19073-3294 359 Main Road Delaware, OH 43015-8640 November 2007 Fax: (740)368-0152 Visit our homepage at: http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/ INTRODUCTION Foresters use natural disturbances and stand development processes as models for silvicultural practices in broad conceptual ways.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Stand Delineation
    City of Dallas Landscape and Tree Manual APPENDIX G Forest Stand Delineation Steps for Assessment Tree survey Sampling methods Tree canopy cover assessment methods Forest Stand Delineation procedures 1. Old-field succession assessment 2. Tree canopy cover credit for single-family and duplex uses 3. Tree canopy cover assessment of development impact area in conjunction with Sustainable Development Incentives (Review Appendix F) 4. Tree canopy cover assessment on properties five acres or larger with institutional and community service uses or recreation uses 5. Forest analysis for baseline documentation to create a conservation easement 6. Tree canopy cover assessment where trees are removed without authorization (10.137) The forest stand delineation is a form of site assessment prescribed for its function to evaluate for tree species size, distribution, location, and age and may be used to March 14, 2019 Appendix G: Forest Stand Delineation 1 | Page City of Dallas Landscape and Tree Manual identify tree canopy coverage for the purposes of tree mitigation calculations. A forest canopy goal is typically sought instead of mandating a forest canopy requirement. Ordinance: (22) FOREST STAND DELINEATION (“FSD”) means a comprehensive assessment of the conditions of a property using multiple types of information, including, but not limited to, a tree survey, aerial imagery collected from private or public sources, natural resources assessments, topographic maps, management plans, a map of conservation areas, land use maps, etc., to provide the required data to determine tree replacement requirements and forest conservation objectives. (B) A forest stand delineation (“FSD”) used for the purpose of calculating the total square footage of forest canopy coverage of building sites and providing an ecological assessment of a property.
    [Show full text]
  • A Shade Tolerance Index for Common Understory Species of Northeastern North America
    Ecological Indicators 7 (2007) 195–207 This article is also available online at: www.elsevier.com/locate/ecolind A shade tolerance index for common understory species of northeastern North America Lionel Humbert *, Daniel Gagnon, Daniel Kneeshaw, Christian Messier Groupe de Recherche en E´cologie Forestie`re Interuniversitaire (GREFi), De´partement des Sciences Biologiques, Universite´ du Que´bec a` Montre´al, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montre´al, Qc., Canada H3C 3P8 Received 12 June 2005; received in revised form 29 November 2005; accepted 2 December 2005 Abstract Since Baker’s [Baker, F.S., 1949. A revised tolerance table. J. For. 47, 179–181] classic contribution, shade tolerance indices have not been much modified for North American plant species. While many common tree and shrub species are included in the shade tolerance index, much less is known about this characteristic for the abundant and rich understory vascular and nonvascular plant layers. The classification of the shade tolerance is widely used to compare relative growth and survival among plant species under closed canopies and is also fundamental to an understanding of stand development following small and large scale disturbances. Although qualitative, it is frequently used both in research and management implications. Here we provide a significant revision to Baker’s shade tolerance table to include the most common forest understory plant species found in northeastern North America forests. Our index is based on: (1) the compilation of the opinions of five experts, (2) a comparison with Ellenberg’s index from Europe as well as, (3) information from current literature. For most of the 347 plant species investigated, a consistent and robust shade tolerance index, ranging between 1 (very tolerant) and 9 (very intolerant), was found.
    [Show full text]
  • Growth and Yield in Uneven-Aged Stands
    We can perhaps think of two main categories of growth and yield estimates: (1) estimates of current growth of existing stands, with projections for short periods into the future assuming continuation of current management practices; and (2) estimates of growth and yield under long term applica­ tion of possible management regimes, intended in part at least to identify options and provide a basis for choice among alternatives. The first usually comes from inventories of existing conditions. The second, from construction of some type of predictive model, often based on quite limited data from small experimental areas, since the stand conditions concerned may not as yet exist over the forest as a whole. Here, I am talking pri­ · marily about this second type of estimate. Basic Differences Between Even-aged and Uneven-aged Stands 1. Areal arrangement by age classes: By definition, an even-aged stand is composed of one main age class over an area large enough to be mappable and recognized as a distinct unit in management. An uneven-aged stand is anything else, and consists of two to many age classes in any areal arrangement from stemwise mixture to even­ aged groups of up to several acres each. 2. Diameter distributions: The- even-aged stand has the typical bell-shaped diameter distribution, while the uneven-aged stand--considered over any substantial area--has a more or less J-shaped distribution (which may be a summation of other distributions for numerous small areas) . 3. Height growth: Even-aged stands: Dominants have a well-defined and consistent sigmoid growth pattern characteristic of the site.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantifying Impacts of National-Scale Afforestation on Carbon Budgets In
    Article Quantifying Impacts of National-Scale Afforestation on Carbon Budgets in South Korea from 1961 to 2014 Moonil Kim 1,2, Florian Kraxner 2 , Yowhan Son 3, Seong Woo Jeon 3, Anatoly Shvidenko 2, Dmitry Schepaschenko 2 , Bo-Young Ham 1, Chul-Hee Lim 4 , Cholho Song 3 , Mina Hong 3 and Woo-Kyun Lee 3,* 1 Environmental GIS/RS Center, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea 2 Ecosystem Services and Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria 3 Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02481, Korea 4 Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul 02481, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-02-3290-3016 Received: 31 May 2019; Accepted: 9 July 2019; Published: 11 July 2019 Abstract: Forests play an important role in regulating the carbon (C) cycle. The main objective of this study was to quantify the effects of South Korean national reforestation programs on carbon budgets. We estimated the changes in C stocks and annual C sequestration in the years 1961–2014 using Korea-specific models, a forest cover map (FCM), national forest inventory (NFI) data, and climate data. Furthermore, we examined the differences in C budgets between Cool forests (forests at elevations above 700 m) and forests in lower-altitude areas. Simulations including the effects of climate conditions on forest dynamics showed that the C stocks of the total forest area increased from 6.65 Tg C in 1961 to 476.21 Tg C in 2014. The model developed here showed a high degree of spatiotemporal reliability.
    [Show full text]