H d/omaqqsPhilosophy of Love
Caroline F Corbin ------LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, --
@lprit. LZaj~rjrigfjt@a. .--
------.- - 1 Shelf I I UBITED STATES OF AXERICA. 1- - -- I
By CAROLINE F. CORBIN HIS MARRIAGE VOW
12mo. Cloth, $1.00; in paper cover, 50 cents.
LEE AND SHEPARD Publishers Boston
A WOMAN'S
CAROLINE F. CORBIN
Author of '< Rebecca," " His Marriage Vow," " Letters from a Chimney Corner," etc.
I lotc: Love. Truth's no cleaner th~ngthan Love. ELIL\BETH BARKETTBKOWXING I Faith, Hope, Love, these three; but the greatest of these is Love. ST. PAUL
La philosophie est une clef, qui ouvre tout, mais par dessus tout, qui ouvre l'esprit lui n12rne; qui lui donne une ~nethodepour arriver i la verit6; et par 1;i pr:~tique dc cette methodc, 1;~raison apprend i se separer cles impressions, le jusemcnt B s'eserccr i la lurniere des principes, et des lois. L'Pme tout entik~e,prend ainsi, une assiette solide. AusB DADOLLE
I
BOSTON -, -,,.- J!,i:.." . LEE AND SHEPARI) PUBLISHERS
I0 MILK STKEET '893
2. .- Copyright, IS+?, by 1.e~.\xu SIIEPARD
- -- A/I righls rrserz3ed
A ~VOMAN'SPI~ILO~OPHYOF 1.0~~
BOSTON TO
MY FOUR SONS
Ebipi IittIe bask ie uffereb
WITH A MOTHER'S LOVE
"A% ~WO~IAN'S PH~LOSOPHYOF LOVE" is the outcome of thirty-five years of thought, study, and experience. It is not a book for babes, nor possibly for persons of a dark- ened and prurient mind; but it is believed that there is, both in this country and elsewhere, a large and grow- ing class of cultivated and thoughtful people, who see in the relations between nlen and women, the elementary principle of all civil order, the keynote of all social progress, and who will welcome a thoughtful and dispas- sionate discussion of some of those vexed questions of right and priority, which are forcing themselves into every field of thought and labor in Christendom. Such a discussion, if it be at all thorough, must neces- sarily include some topics which it is difficult to present without offence ; but the author has at least conscien- tiously endeavored to do justice to the truth, without dis- regarding those principles of delicacy which are rightly recognized as the safeguards of society. The measure of her success, it must be left for the public to decide.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
BOOK 1
LOVE AS THE DI\-ISE LIFE C)F THE PSIVERSE
PAGE I. IS~~ROI)CC.TORT . I 11. THEGI:SESISOF I,(>\-E . 8 111. THE;\IOK.IL S.1~11-s OF LOVE . I9 I\-. THEI':VOT.U~IIOS(OF I .ov~ . 37 v. THEPK~ELEIZIOF TO-n.4~ . . 60
BOOK 11
IdOSTEAS E':31130UIEI) IS TIII: iii)l\IE
1-1. THESIGVIFIC.~CEOF SEX . 69 \.IT. hI.4~~001)- ITS ~'O\VI-KS ;\XI) THEIR I,I;\IITA- 'I'JOSS . 78 \'Ill. ~~AsHOOI)-ITS NEEI)~ASD THE SOURCESOF THEIR I,EGITI\I.A.IESUPPI.\‘ . 93 IX. HE ~\IEAKXI~SSOF \\'O\IEX . . 106 S. 'I'I~F. S.I.KF;S(:THor I\~O~I.~NHOOD. . 115 8.. Vlll TABLE OF CONTEXTS
PAGE
XI. THEJVORTHOF WO~IAS'SWORK . . 123 XII. TRUE-LOVERS'Lo\ E . . 136 XIII. XIV. XV.
XVI. XVII. XVIII.
BOOK 111
LOVE IN ITS \VOI xlx. THES~CI.-\I. K~~..~rrossOF \IES .-\XI) \VO\II.:S . 30S xx. \VOAIAN IS THE T\v~x.rlb:rt~ CESTURY . . 217 xxr. THEHT(;IESICKEI~WIOXS OF LOYE . 23.3 XXII. LOVEAS A F;\c?.oR IS CI~II.GO\EI:SAIES~.. I. 342 XXIII. LOVE.is A FALTORIN CIVII,GO~EKSAIESI.. 1I. z60 xxrv. THEIAIPORTASCE OF RACE CULTURE . 271 APPENDIX . . zg~ A WOMAN'S PHILOSOPHY OF LOVE ROOK I. A\S THE DIVINE LIFE OF THE UNIVERSE ROOK 11. AS EMBODIED IN THE HOME BOOK 111. IN ITS WORLD-WIDE RELATIONS I BOOK I LOVE AS THE DIVINE LIFE OF THE UNIVERSE ISTRODUCTOKY \J'rroso addresses himself to a discourse about love has a theme worthy the choiring of angels. It is \vide as the unirerse of God. old as the history of being. It is as deep as the heart of humanity, and in it lie hidden the springs of all delights, both of earth and of heaven. A411 grace and beauty have their source in it; all roillance and mystexy owe to it their char111 and lend to it their fasci~~ation.It is as luilliilous and pervasive as the sunlight, as subtle as the windiilgs of an Orieiital dream, as secret and incomprehen- sible as the counsels of the Almighty. From the cradle to the grave it is the sovereign of huillail destiny, which rises and falls to the voice of its melodies as inevitably as the sea rolls up its tides at the call of her mistress. It moos the infant to the bosoill of illotherhood ; its electric thrill flashes into the soul of the youth the strength, the joy, the inspira- tion, which are life ; it stays up the flagging energies of the adult upon whose shoulders rest the heavy burdens of human progress; it soothes the pathway of the aged to the tomb, and when the pearly gates swing open to the eillancipated spirit, what is the light, the joy, the glory, that ii revenled, but the divine atmosphere, the ineffable presence, of the Almighty, the Eternal Love ? From the earliest ages, all poetry, art, ancl philoso1)hy have been busy in celebrating the chnrnls, or strlclyingr the phe- nomena, or warning of the dangers of love. Eut from generation to generation the heart of hun~lnityh;ls ~)lungecl recklessly into this s~velling tide, which all its in>tincts proclaimed to be the tide of lice, only to be caught up on the wings of ecstasy one moment, ant1 1,lunged into the abyss of despair the next. l'hilosol~hy has contlen~netlthe passion, and .Art has satirize1.1 it, in vain. 'lhe ancients portrayed Venus as faithless :IS she was l)cautifill, an11 the blind boy-god expressed their notions of the fully of lo\-ing. Humanity accepted the boy-god for what he w,~s\vorth, 1)rlt knew all the while, in its o~ndeep lore, that not so shoultl the great principle of love be portrayed. ;\ spirit, strong, valiant, invincible, holding the keys of 1)eing in his grnslj, possessing the secrets of the mighty alchemy of lift: nntl death, of the suprrnle delights and the infinite eternal despairs of the hur.ia11 sorrl, r,tdiant with all thc glorici of the heavenly spheres, but with deeper shadows in his limning than human inlnginntion cnn conc:civc or x~ght but hunlan experience compass, and inclutling in hi.; mighty sway both the here and the herenfter,-this is the unin- carnate ide:ll of love which has tlominnted the human soul throughout all time. It is the spirit which brightens with unutterabie inspiration, or tlarkens mith a1)ysmal glooms, all epochs of human history. Infinite, mysterious, yet intinlate as the life of the soul itself, full of all celcstinl promise, yet replete also with the tlnrkest threatenings of fate, throughollt the history of the worlcl it has set at naught the ivistlolc INTRODUCTORY 3 of the philosophers, and proved itself the sphinx-riddle of the ages. Very bold, therefore, it would seem, must be the man or woman who in these later times should attempt to turn the key in the lock of this greatest of mysteries. Especially may it seem, at first glance, unpardonable temerity in a woman, to raise her voice as one who has caught a glimpse, by never so slight an angle, of that which is within the veil. Yet there is this to be said in behalf of such an one : No soul who has felt but the feeblest thrill of the divine inspiration of love but will confess at once to its dualistic nature. Call woman the weaker vessel if you will, thrust cal inferiority, -the one immutable fact remains that man can know nothing of either the joy or the beneficence of love without her. Let him send out the strong voice of his passion into all the earth, though there may be millions of his own sex within hearing, the world is a void to him, . if ~~omnndo not answer. He may despise her capacity for love even, may say that it is, as compared with his own, as nloonlight unto sunlight, as water unto wine," yet her re- sponse, such as it is, is all that the universe affords him. Go where he hill, through all the range of human experi- ence, he will find nothing human that is more perfect or more satisfying. That other half of him may be the better half or the weaker half, whichever he chooses to call it: true, it foIlows logically that by just so much as woman is diverse from man, must she be in possession of truth con- cerning this mutual experience, which man can never corn '1 .% \VO~I.~S'S J~HlI,OSOl1HYOF 1.0VE pass nor understand except as she reveal. it to him. 'I'hat other h,df of love which he kno\vs not, which al\vi~yshas beell and always will be, ill some sense, n mystery to hiin, is in her possession. She, aild she alone, can fit it to hi.; own experience, and make of the two a perfect sl)here of 'Through all the ages women have listcneti \\.it11 rapt aston- ishment, so~lleti~llesclrmliiiecl with less revcreilt .;enti~nents, to the floods of elocluence nhich IIICII have 1)o11rctl forth co~lcer~lingthe ])assion of love as seen from their stanil1)c)int. r.1heir ow~le~notioils and ~~hilo~opliiihave I~ecnkc'l~t for the 111ost part to theillselve.;, or confitlccl only to the 1)eing who was at once the source ant1 the object of them. Yet not the less have n-omen thought, ~)octized,nncl even hilo lo so- phized concerning this inefjl)lc experience, \vhich is, up or^ the word of a masculine poet, - " Of man's lifc a thing al)art : 'ti5 n-oi11:xn's\tllulc ciiitence; '' while the suin c,f n-hat she has sufferetl ir~the xa,:rc.tl Il.iinc of love is he!-onrl hurniin coml~utc~tio~~.Sor as, ill thc 11ro- cesses of evoiution, women come morc ,i11tl Inore to thc fore; can they 1)e exl)ectctl al\vays to kecl~silent allc1 ;ic.ccl~twith- out criticism m.~n'sintc.rl~retntion of thohe thiilg, ~vhich,1)) his own c,onfessio~l,nh in the lilrc al~ove cl~iotclcl, ;Ire oi deeper iml)ort, of gra~ltlersignific.,~nc:e, to her thnrl to him. In these Inter dxy.;, also, the iml)ort;u~t,eof love as the ru:ing principle of human tlestiny is coming to 11c felt as it, never 111s been l~cfore. " I,'orcc ruics the \\-orl,l still, Has rulc(1 it, siinll I-!I~<.it. 1leel.ne~sis \\-cal,l~i3.. Strength i. triutnl~ll:u~t," is the scntime~~tof the past. It belongs to the olcl dis- 1)ens~tion. 'The seers of to-day are saying : '. Icre long a fairer inorn shall rise, \\'ith purer air and brighter skies, IYhen Force s1ia11 lay his sceptre down, .\n(I Strength shall abdicate his cro\vn, .\ii~lLove incarnate s\\-ay the race, \Vith wisest power and tenderrst grr.ce." In such an era as is thus foretold, it is iinposs~ble that woman, who is I)!. her native constitution the highest human exponent of love, should not take a inore elevated rank than has been possible to her in the forceful and rudimentary past. Since she has been fro111 tinle imnlenlorial the ac- knowledged clueen in the courts of love, it follo\vs, does it not, that when her realm, which has hitherto been but a province in the government of the world, comes to be, by rightful expansion and development, in possession of the grand empire of huinan affairs, sh,: herself is in the direct line of promotion, and is likely to meet with some such change in rank as that which calls the heir apparent of the throne to the throne itself? At least, to drop metaphor. it seenls evident that in the l~&gressive advances of the civiliz- ing and humanizing elenlents of life, and the subsidence of the old militant ideas, the traditional sphere of woman must sonlehow be enlarged to meet the deinnnds of the new time. As a matter of fact, this process has actually been going on, in the most mlexnmpled and brilliant manner, during the past quxter of a century. l'he change has been accom- panied, as all such changes inust be, by nlore or less of disa- greeable noise and friction, but the results are beneficial and may be safely left to take care of themselves. Nnture hzs 6 A \VC)~IAS'SPHILOSOPHY OF LOVE made it forever impossible that women should attain to forceful rule, but when forceful rule shall be relegated to the past and a gentler and lllore beneficent sway extended over the race, the area of woman's influence and usefulness must be widely extended also. It is this new relation to the world and its affairs which gives her the right - nay, imposes upon her the duty -to bring forth the treasures of love-lore which the ages have been pouring into her lap, and make them an offering upon the altar of the comnlon weal. 111 the seclusion of home- life and the experience of those offices and duties which have been imposed upon ht~rby love, she has hat1 both the time and the opportunity for such stutly of this ~~rimal element of human life, al?tl its bearing upon the conduct of human affnirs, as cou!d not possibly come to man in his life of out-tloor striving and accom~ilishment. It would allnost seem to the thoughtful and obsen-ant mind, as though her long discipline in the hard school of do- mestic subserviency had hat1 for its entl ant1 ~irnher prep- aration for this vcry time, ~vhen the world shoul(i have need of a tleepcr ant1 nlore intinlate kno\vletlge of the principles of love, 2nd of the ~nethotls1)y which they may be embotlictl in hulllan institutions, than has ever 1)cen recluired before. And lastl\, I beg leave to protest in at1v:lnce against such adverse criticism as mny I)e baseti ul~on:lny tIcl)arture, real or fancietl, froni the tratlitionnl ant1 conventional standards which have been fashioned by men in the past. It is not their golden sitle of the shieltl alone which I an1 trying to portray, but that silr-ern sidc, as ~vell,which, in pain ant1 tears and mearineas, through entlless bnffetings nncl vigils of tlesl~air, not lcss than through the tender experiences of the eyes of women. It is for sisterhood that I speak, and in their llalne I ask for the "tho~~ghtfuland con- siderate ji~dgment of mankind" upon this -A \Voa~m's PHILOSOPHYOF I,OVE. I1 THE GESESIS OF LOVE THEegotism and v.iinglory of youth, in that season when with the advent of manhootl the tides of love first siveep through the chnnneis of consciousness, have been remarked in all ages. The sense of himself, of his poiver, his sover- eignty, isstrong in the yomng man. Ily virtue of thnt thrilling life which rushes through all his ~.eins,he feel.; hin~selfequn! to all things. If he be of the ruder sort, this strange nelr polver inallifests itself in exhibitions of brute force. He can run, leap, vault, wrestle, contend, as never before. If he is strongest 111'011 the intcllec:tll.ll plane, he feels the whole realin of milid 2nd 1)eing within his gr,lsp. He yenrns to pit himself against the forces of naturc, to match his pon7ers ~viththose of his fcllo~v-men. Ile feels hiinself equal to the searching of all mysteries, the sol\-ing of all problems. From the inmost recesses of his tlirol)l~ing heart to his tingling finger-tips, he is alive with polver to achieve, to create. If he has a poet's sol11 \vitlnin him, ~vho shall tell ~vliatvisio~~s of beauty, of glory, of immortality, cn- trance his vision, fire his ambition, and glen. in his song ! It is an intosicntion, brief but salutary. 'I'hc madness wears away as contact with the world dispels its illusions ; but certain distinct tide-marks of it rennnin. ']'he muscles never quite lose the tension which they g:~incd in those contests; THE GENESIS OF LOVE 9 the heart never quite forgets the thrill of those dreams ; and deep within the soul of the youth lies the consciousness of a surely attainable heaven, such as he could never have conlpasred by means of any other experience. All through life the memories of his early loves are his strongest in- spiration, and even in old age those glowing lights from the hilltops of his youth awake the tenderest and most regret- ful sighs in his heart, and carry hiin forward with the surest hope and inspiration to a world where love that has no limitation shall be the transcendent condition of being. Perhaps the lnost curious feature of this brief madness is that each victim in turn fancies that the experience belongs to hinl alone, and distinguishes him in some sort from his fellows. Ko other man ever felt such strength along his corded muscles, such grasp in all his mental processes, such fire and rigor in his innlost soul. As for women, it is something utterly beyond their limitations, a matter of which they can have neither experience nor compre- hension. Kot indeed that women are to be wholly despised upon this account. They are weak where he is strong ; they are foolish where he is wise. The -:;orld would go to pieces speedily if only their strength upheld it; while he -he could carry, not one, but several worlds upon his shoulders, and only feel his loins grow stronger in the effort ! And yet that feeble and foolish creature has a charm about her which he cannot, nay would not for worlds, gain- say. In what that charm consists -that is one of the mys- teries which he will solve some day; just now it is a little beyond him. Why has his mother's smile always seemed to him sweeter than any light that ever was on sea or land? JVhy has his sister, frail, feeble creature that she is, always had such provoking ways of superiority? Light, airy, im- pnlI~xble,as compared \vit11 his Imte forcefr~lnc.i, w!ly yet (lid in their chi!(lhootl nln.nyi get the 1)etti.r of him 1)). \ynys that he conltl ncl-er u~ltlcr.t,iil(i? .In(! th:lt otiler, neither mother nor hiiter, \vlli, sllinc.; :~f,lrupon hi> hori~on, scft, gloriou.;, el~tr~l~nci~ly,why tlf!ci hii l)lo:~tlrun fire nntl his strength become ai mcltCtl \vaz ill her l)re.;encc? \Vhy sho:~ld the thought of her lift hi~uor~t of hilntcif, sh llnr: hi.; toil:;, his h:ittles, his 1-ictoriei vvcn, ant1 ~n,il;e 11iu1 feel thnt a heaven of joy lies within tlic colrlI,is\ of hc,r -1ni1~.- n I)liii higher n11tl 1111rc.rthan it11 other e.irtl~l!- 1)lc~;in;~in the 1)enili of her lot-i.-lixhtt,tl eyes? r.I hese are tlucstio~l.;\vh;cli in hii y11tI1 he cLinnot;in~n-er which mitltlle age only t:eel)en.; nn(l inti':~*iilei: 31111n.hic:h, in 0111 age, he is content to c,lrry over nit11 11i1n- ;li)eit Ily this tirue they :Ire c~o~~ll)lii:atc~tlI)? 111 in! cli)ril)t; :~n(lclii:~p- pointnients- into t!le co~intryl)c~!-o~l~l tllc ri~.t'r,where h.i[)ly a soll~tic~nn\v,~it,hiln ill the Ii~htof thC i)~.ttt.rtl.i!.. But let us go i1,ic.k to tIi,lt str;ulge i~lf.rt~l:ition11y \rhic-h the yo11t11 ii rn:ti:c to 11eIievc tl~nt this \viltlc~.t of 1)Il II~~.I~I~I~, this moht ~trll~i)clrnof rc;llitics -low - i, in onie scli.;e his onn i11lli\ itl:i.~l ~)oi.c>.;ioll, nn czl>critxnc-e ncvcr 1)cforc vouch.;nf~%~lin fiiIIc>t unc,l>lirc to any otilvr lu~tiliunself. In nature :111 tllin~iloit. thc.ir j11.t ~,rol~)rtiotlI)? I~cin': lleltl too close to \-irn.. I,et 11s in tiii.; c..i\c. gi\-c o~~r.,~.I\-chthe bcnelit of n little ~~cr~l~ec~tive,ant1 we s11,ilI .;c~* th~tthis miracle of l,)ve is 11ot tlic ~)os.;c.;sion 101~,1yof the hr1111an rxc el-en -th:it the ~nvstcrv. . c-an ollly 1)e sol\-c'tl 11)-t.:~rryiil:,l the scope of'the inve.;tig:ltion f.ir I>t.!.onrl tllc Ij~r~it.;of 1111mar1 experience. Since tht, when Sewton, lying ,~this cnsc in thc shatle of :ul :lp]i;c.-tree, rcceivctl from thc f,ill of :ill :~l,l)lcthiit inner cuncl sl)irit~l'~limp~~lse to hi5 tliol~gl~t~v1lic.h rc,l~ltctl in the THE GESESIS OF LOVE I I discovery of the law of gravitation, it has been an open secret to science that the central lam of the universe is attraction. Every~vherein nature is found a power, one in essence, but dualistic in character and operation, acting upon the one side cohesively, drawing together alike atoms and worlds by a strong unifying principle, which of itself is for- ever opposed to disintegrntion and chaos; and upon the other, outwardly or centrifugally, urging to onward motion, and resisting unccasiilgly th~tpower by which all things tend to a common centre. It is to the action of these two op- posinz forces, which are yet essentially one, upon the great totality of matter that the spheric form and curved motion, which everywhere prevail, throughout a11 the worlds and systems of worlds known to the ken of science, are to be attributed. The primal spirit or essence of the universe, therefore, as nlanifestecl in its first great intelligent and un- varying law, is dual, and possesses in infinite scope and out- line certain distinguishiilg properties, which are known to us familiarly and humaniy as the attributes of sexhood. It represents an in~vard-working,conservative life or power, acting in closely interlocked relationship with an outward- working or progressive force, the one as necessary as the other to the true order aiid harmony of the universe. Reasoning fro111 what is already known to science concern- ing the correlation of forces in nature, we might naturally expect that so bold and pervasive a type or law, so priinal in rank, so integral to all material structure and manifestation, must reappear elsewhere in higher forms, as the condition of life and action, carrying with it also the inference of identity in essence or moving force ; and that is precisely what we find to be true. The world of what me call de~dmatter is instinct with forces -1ikc that of inoleculnr 12 attraction--which is cognate to our tlieme, hut too much involved for ixlrposes of illustration -tli~tto the eye of the student seen1 truly allied to tlie i~ifi~~itecre3tii.e force (,f the universe, and full of the most sig~lific;ll~tintim.ltions of bi the divine presence and power but n step bcyo~ltltht% in [ the very vestibule of that mysterious element c~lledliic., n.: I 11l;ty well puse to note n fiew ~n:l~iifc.;t:~tionin the 1)1-ogI.c\ sire de\-elopment of being -the electric: agency : ;I prillci- ple coestensi\-e w~thlxntter, ivhich i-; not life, yet UIIOII which ,111 life del)ends. Occult ;la ;ire it3 comings rind going.; to our ns yet \jut l~xrtinllyetluc,tted visio~l,one thillg is clenr an11 inclisl~ut.il)lt~ about it, a11d tht is tilt it ij clr1.11 ill its ~i~lt~~i.~.:its 1)ositivc and neg;iti\-e forces nln-sy~eclu:ll though n1\vciy5t1istinc.t fro111 each other, \velcletl in one by nn attr,ic.tion kern ns the liglltnins, forceful as fate, :~11([togetlicr n.orFti11g out, in strangely t;l~>gled :~ndmydcriou, \vnyi, \..ist 1)roblem.; of groivth mtl progress, ::nd presidiny ever 21x1 al~vnysat tlie birth of sentient and intelligent life. ;i~ltl this tluiility also suggchts in sollie shadowy j.et impressive manner the tli>tinctivc differences bet-xeen the mnsculine nut1 feminine tyl>cs of cli;u.~t'ter. It is no pnrt of our ])resent 11nr1,osc to (leal n-ith n1)struse probicms of biology. If we (live into tlie f,lrtliest del)tlis of ~~otoplLlsm,\ve only fintl t11;lt \vlic~i nature wts hcrself to prodrlce the ~jl~eiiome~inof self-l,erl)ctuati~ig nncl l)rogressivc life ul)on this pl,l~ict,she does indcetl essay sonic obscure ~l~ethotisof reprocluction, in which the frrrlc.tion of scsl~ood is not apparent ; but so irnl)erfect nn(l in r~lccln,tte ;Ire thcy that it woultl seem tlint thcy \Yere i~itro,l~~c.e(lmi!. to lnake the lcsso~lplnincr 1)y contr,~st,tIi.it tiicrc (.,In I)c no 1)crft.rt flllcl 1ogic:rl gcnc>is of lifc., cxcc3l)ttliro11~1i tlie rnc.:ln.; alrently exeml)lificil in the dcvclupment of ortler out of c.h,io.;, n:t~iicly, THE GESESIS OF LOVE '3 the intimate attrL1ction and coalescing of two forces or ele~lleilts diverse in special characteristics, but essentially one in type, to forin a new creation; and it is evidently the iilttilt of this pIa11, perceptibly realized in the long run, that the new life \hall be an advance upon the types or conditions which have preceded it. In the process of reproduction, therefore, is ~nvolved the germ of biological progress. In the proble~xof the evolution of I~fe,not the father and the mother only, but the child, 25 well, is a necessary factor. Throughout all nature thfre is, speaking in general terms, no conlplete exhibition of progressive life which does not in- clude these three zle~llents: the masculine, the feminine, and the product of the combii~ed nctioil of these two; and these three factors or personalities, combined, alone form the unit of life. It is to be observ-d also that this triune principle of life is progressive in its manifestation ; the higher the type of being, the more distinct is its exhibition; so that, although it has been clearly foreshadowed and outlined in the earlier stages of existence, it is not until we reach the highest type of created beings, man, that it finds its full epiphany. The same principle which was the potent factor at the birth of worlds presides over the inception of i~llrnortalbeings. It is still the outgoing father-instinct acting upon the receptive mother-nature which produces the divine child. The sub- ject is full of mystery, and the finite ~lliildcan never wholly coml~rehenda problem in which so illuch that is infinite and insoluble is involved; yet the fragnlent of it which we can ciecipher, helps to make plain to us the ~vonderfulfact which dogllla has i~l~perfectlyconstrued since the world was - that all life, h~u~l~anor divine, so far as it is appreciable by our powers, is triune. God, nature, humanity; glorious I4 .I 1~011.4~'~I~~lll,~.~S~~l~~lY OF LOVE one in three 1 Father, mother, chiltl : these three are one. ..is no formuln of the universe ii c.olnplete which omit.; either personality of the first trio, so no presentation of the genus hotno is perfect if either element of the latter trio is wanting. 'l'here cannot be a fxtlrer without 3 noth her and n child, nor a nlother ivithot~ta father and a child, and no child is possible without a fxther and 3 mother. It is thus that the creative force of the universe ~nanifests itself to us: :IS 3 1)rinc~il)leone in purpose wntl lxing, 1)ut threefolcl in manifc.;tntic,n ; :~nelthe attraction 1)y means of which its 1-nst purpose5 arc c.~rrictlon corrcsl~oncls to that force which, in our !lumnn eui~crience,l~ind.; together the creative factors of the race, :lntl n.hich ~vec:lIl love. Thnt this vie\!- is amply rciinforccecl ly scientific: research, one need only read the Intest pul)lic:.ltioni on the sul)ject to be aware. Slowly l~tsrlrely it ii tlCl\vning upon the sci- entific nlintl t!lat "love i-; the nnivcrsnl tlyn.~nlit.," anti it is with surprisetl ant1 enrnl~turetlenrs thnt the in\-estigator of material pheno~ncnI, even, li,teni to " th:~t ~)erl)etl~nl hymn of love which tlie \vl~ole of nnturc sing>." .\(I- vnncetl !)iologists and ,tr~clcnts of hcre(lity also find in " sesu:ll reprotlrlction thc chief if not tile sole source of progreh>ive ch.tnge," ' :ind cli,cover in c.onjug.11 ant1 pnrentnl love not only the origin of life, 1)rlt the inf,rllil)le promise of its perfectibility. It aot~ltlseem, therefore, that revelation ivns si~uplynnte- dating science, ant1 atltlressing to the hamnn mine1 a state- ment of which it wns as yet inc.:ll,:ii~le of (-oml~reh~ntling the fountlation or proofs, when it cleclnres a triune (;otl, .-- ~ ' See Gcddes ,t l'hr,~np.;or~'s'*Evrllrition nf Scx," 11. 126; :llw I)r. \i-ciss- man's " Ess:l)-s on Ilere 11-c t.l!ie, then, :IS I 11:r st,~rti~~c.-l)oi~it,ill t11i.; invc\tigi.,ltic)~lof the llnture tlntl ol~cr:itio~lof the principle of love in 111i.nIn THE GENESIS OF LOVE I7 affairs, this proposition -that through whatever distorted medium men in general may regard it, it is in itself of divine origin and immacu!ate holiness ; that if foulness and impurity are associated with it in actual experience, it is because of the rudimentary state of our knowledge con- cerning it, and the proneness of mankind, through ignorance and the strength of natural and illherent desire, to run to excessive and riotous self-indulgence. The problem of the introduction of evil into the world is one which at present we need not collczrn ourselves with ; but that its evolution out of the \\odd depends, humanly speaking, upon the repro- ductive power of human life, which, by adding to each suc- cessi1-e generation a definite increase of the divine florce, tends to a perpetual upward progress, is a truth which reveals itself clearly to the seeker, and becomes not only the basis of his best hope for the future, but the groulld of his patient and loving toleration of whatever seems 1110st destructive and disheartening in the present. It leads hill1 to cherish a deep and true reverence for love, in whatever low and undeveloped form it may lllarlifest itself, sure that the God- life in it will one day be redeenlecl from its captivity to the flesh, and illanifest itself in all its divine, superllal beauty. Sor has this idea any claim to originality. The germ of it is as old as the recorded history of the human mind. Not only rlssyria, Egypt, Greece, Kome, but the prehistoric races of the \I7estern Conti~lelltas well, had their mysteriolrs religious rites in which divine honors \\-ere paid to the creative power of love, and degenerate renlnallts of this early worship exist to-day throughout the far Orient. Originally these ideas seem to have been simple and natural, devoid entirely of the low, base associations which in later times, as self-indulgence and luxury debased thc moral character of thc ilntions, came to be corlllected 1~:ith them. The world was not yet rille for the Iilll al1l1reci;ltion of the divine polver and excellence of lo\.c, I)~:t.;iu~eit 11,111 not yet learned that tmth n-hich in>liiration fir.t, ~111111.itc.r sc,i- ence, are slowly impres$,ing upon the hl11n.ln mint1 ; n:iinvly, that there is no power in all tile ~~ni\.er>c,~vli:~tc\-c,r the might or the majesty of it, \vli~c,hc,ln riie to the i11l1e\ljrvs- sion of its inherent gre:ltlie~;, until it i\; 1ir.t -111)jcc.tt.tlto tlle law of its own 1)eing. k'roril tliv 111iio11111- 101.e :in(I IJ\V spring a tlivine progeny -- all the virtl~t.,~,:he gr;lt.c,y, the beatitutles, of human life. So throrlghout the age.;, while p)et<, '.1gc\. :i~itlil1iilo~- ophers hnve nil been ii~:\y t:elvl)r.liing tilt, ~liiin^> I li.~r~ii~,:inll be,ltific 1,lzssings of lo;.e, thcrc h.ii c3\.c.rii. c.n ,in 11:111t:rtonc.of sndne,s in their soligi, n lvlil of li~..:rtll~.r.:liill t11(. nir.iin of them : 11ec:ulse. divillc ;I, thi, nol,lc,.t of p.r-ion\ \c~c.~netl in the itleo, prncti,::rlly it \\-.I.; l)c~.t11y rIitii(.trltic~~~1it1 (1 111gcrs ancl despairs, in~ont:ei\-~il~lcl)rkorclla~l(l :in11 ~~n~~ttl,r:il~lcin experience. 11 niy\tc1ry, :I i~ar:~~lo\, i11finittt I I\I!.I-~II~II of very renl :intl t:111gil1lcp~iin, in I\ 11i1 11 tht, jil~.i,llrc,. \I c.r-c. ~l~o,tly ic1e:ll ancl v~rii~liing,- thi5 is \vll,~t tiic ,111,l yo~-ro~\-i~ig heart of 1iurn;lnity h.1.; filr t11c Ino,t Ij,rrt ti)1111,lin Io\t.. JVho sh:rll I)e I~ol~lcnor~gl~ to scxc.k to sol\-c*tlir ~ny,tcry of this ~)nmdox,to I~rcyc,nt;I t.len. to tl~cn-intling, of thi; Inbyrinth, to bring tliv c.le.lr bhinill,: of ;In ii~riilort;iI I-.I- clinnce in the plnce of all this t.li,i, )ti,. 1111lii1t;inti tl,~rknc~i~? If the ages haw f:liletl in the t:iik, m.ly n-c I I the.~ 1lrc~t.nt hop to he nlorc fortr~n:ltc? \.(,-. IIC.~.;III~~.ill tll~,Io~. c,\.Ol~ti0115Of the c~cntllric3snew liglit, sllint for ti,, nc,\\. \):)\~crsare 1)Iacetl like Ic\-erh in ~IIII-11~11l,l-,:i1i11 liic. ri,ltlic. 1i.hit.h a crrlel s11hins h,ii ~~ro~~r~i~~itlc~tlto all 011r iorc~l)~.;lr~. rutillessly tlevouring those ivho i,lil~~,lto rc;ltl it :irigllt, Iri ,!- hn~ll!~yicsltl to ~)atient,~~r.iy<,rtiil \tiltl!. a nt.n- ,1n11I,r-igii!~r render-ills In thc light of ,! 111~~1,.!l,.sii,,1 ti,i!.. THE JIOKAL W.A'ILS OF LOVE I9 III THE 310R4L S1:YI'CS OF LOVE INorder thoroughly to understand the immense and seem- ingly iiresponsible power of the passion of love in shaping the destinies of mankind, it is necessary to consider, not only its affinity with the creative power of the universe, but the fact also that it is the self-preservative instinct of the race, and represents that "first law of Nature," over which all human jurisdiction disclainls authority. When Nature set about evolving a perfect world from cosmic night, she was aware that it was a serious undertaking, and would require infinite persistence on the part of its crowning species, man. Before his appearance upon the scene, order after order of created beings had perished from off the face of the earth, to be succeeded by finer species. Rut man, the ultimate of creation, having in him the seed of the Godhead and des- tined to be the sovereign lord of all this material world, had come to stay. Through wars and earthquakes and pesti- lences, whole epochs and eras of destruction, the race of man must endure. "To increase and nlultiply upon the face of the earth was his imperative destiny. The solitudes of this roughly outlined world irere immense and awful. Society, there was none. Church, State, Commerce, Enterprise, all these were ideas still unconceived. The hills and valleys cried to God for life, human life, to occupy and possess thew, to cultiy:~tethem, nlltl m.1i;c tile. \vildcrl~c>>to l)ic~.;\onias the rose, So althougl~iron, the snrliczt tintes 111~.,clJi~h ~~~.ihcu- line insti~~ctbegan to outline some rutlc .cllc~rne of ioc,i.il ortler, on the whole license nncl irregulnrity prc\-,iilc.cl. \-ct, as fire eartl~i~unkrand \-olcnno iuitl \~-l~irl\vi~lclwere all necessary Loconform the crust of the cnrth to thost' .;hnpcs n.hich sllitc.cl the tlivinc l)urposcb, ::i111 na therefore nll thc3>c fe;irfnlly tlixorclnnt ngcnc.it.5 licit1 at lnt ihcir ~)erfcctant1 coml)lcte relation to tlie tlivinc harmony of the 1111i\-cr-;e,50 in a higher rca:;l~i~the clircf~~lirrc.guluritic.2, th~.tc~rri1)lc out- bursts of vio1~11cc:!ncl 11i;orcIc~r \vl1ic.h ex-tin yet 111 ]kc' tlie record5 of tli,~tc..~ri!- tii~icto glc~wwit11 n I~iricl nncl 'i\rfrll light, co~iic,frilly \\-itl)ill tl~cXCIIIC of tiir cli~ii~c~,II~]NIX. :111(1 agencies. It \vn; the, 1)i\.i:ie its~~lf\viiic:l~ t1111ihor~ght l?c'rl)ct- unlly, throi~gh 11hyiic.nl forln.;, union, h,lrrnc)ny, tiji. c\-oilition of nv\v lifc-gcriils il:ri>l~;Il thc c o:~lc-yc.ingof ol)i~c~~iii:,rforc.c?, the olxning c\.c.ryn.lil:re of g;lte\v,~l;sfor tlic ru.Ilil>g tiel~,sof the higl1c.r 1111onthc 11:n.cr lift." 'I'his licenw \\-:I\ llcri~>c.tlytrric. to it, tiinc, 11i1tthe rcsnlt of it \vas t11:1t, to !lie iii1111,it11rc,ii11rc.,i\i)11i11g so111 of III,III,it seemcci that this aupt 1):l.sion of lo\-c 1~~1s;In agt.i~t ii~!.,tc- riotis, 111inc-c.o~:ntnl)lc,irrchi,til)lc. .Is ~vitliT~IIICa1111171)ic~rva- tion thc ~vondt%rgrr\v, 1~)rthg,1\-c t11c.ir irncigin:itic)nfrcc rein concerning it, nntl esciggcratctl 1)oth it5 rny-tcy nntl its i~erioi~: ~~liilosol'hc.~-.;l~-s s~lrrt~ntlc~rc~tl in tlcil~:~ir l)c,fi~re the intric,n(.y of tl~cprol)lcmh n.liic.11 it ~rc~wntt~el,nncl tl1~ mass of m:inkincl :I(c'c.l~tc.tl it 3.; n 1)on-er ,tron,ccr tlnn htc. 2nd fortlme con~irinc>tl,2nd to \vhic.h t.o11lnlo11srnic nntl religion horc no rcl tio on n.h;~tc\cr. .\l\v.i\~i,in tlita hiitor) of The voice of the higher nature did indeed lnake itself heard proclailnillg a wrong, and the treinendous penalties which lay along the track of the victorious passion bore wit- ness to an outraged lam ; but for the evils thus made man- ifest, instinct and native reason had 110 better panacea to offer than asceticism, and asceticisill as a general remedy was plainly absurd. Apart from the fact that thr practice of it required a high and sustained courage which the race in general had not yet attained, there remained the certainty that all!-thing like a generally practised continence would Iny a deadly axe to the rout of the tree of life itself. To increase and lllultiply, to illcrease and multiply, - that was the reiterated coilllllnnd not uttered by the divine voice alo~le,but im~ressectwith divine energy upon the physical co11:ititution of m~lnkind,as it n.as not upon any lower order of beings ; and plninly if any class was to cpsse to regard it, it ought not, in the interest of illlproved species, to be that cl:iss in \ 1)e IIO tlo111,tlrl1t thi, n.,is thc true nll.;n.e.r for the time, but 1,rac[icn]]yit \~:ls \~]10!ly c.c]iuil to the emergellcy. The appeal of inspiration has ever been to faith, because in n state of uncleveloped kno\vledge Inany cluestions \Yere ca1>able of solulion upon no other grountls. 'I'he deali~lgof the unseen, eternal Father with his chiltlren in this respect is quite the counterpart of the dealing of huma~~parents nith their little ones. So mnny times they come to us with cluestions whose a11\\ver ij clear enough to our own minds, 1)ut to which we can forlnulntc no settlttl or certain reply which ~voultl1)e coml)rehensil)le to th-111. So many times \vc see their need of instruction or atlnlonition nhich \ve can- ]lot convey to their, n.; !-ct, untlevclopetl reason, but which must he gi\-en to them l),lrti,illy:ln%l ~lictori;llly, if at all. \\-e talk to thcln, therefore, in myth :inti i)nrable, ant1 give them certain definite cu~n~n,lntliirhic.11 tl~cyare to ol~cy\vith \In- reasoning subinis.;ion, till I:aply they shall grot\' to an i~ltellectual state ivhich t:o~~il)rehc.ntlnil our \vise nntl satisfactory reasons. I:ut this l~roc~cs~,n.hi,.h i.; tile best which the sitllation offers, has nc,\-crtht,lt.-s its tlr;iwl)ncks. Between those da)-.; of early ant1 Inore or It.,.; implicit faith and the fillness of 1:i;t.r knonletl:,.e there txolues n period of unsettled inte!ligcnc.e, when thc ~llin(lf,~ltcrs 1)ctn.cen the old and the new, ant1 is likely to lobe somc,thinx of it, early reverence for pnrcntnl authority, 1)ec:nuse it filil., :I.; yet, to conlprehentl that the new has grown out of the ohl. .\s the flower out of tht: c.nlys or the 1)uttt'rfly ol~tof the chryh:llis, so the wingetl truth ehc.apes at Inst from the gr111)-likepar- L~ltleor the 1)linci conuna!ltl. The lllost coml)rchensivc ant1 entlurin:,. of the ~noralcotl~i of the race is that of 3Ioses. I'rofcs.;ctlly given 1,y inspirn- tion, its claim is sup[~ortetlnntl ~natlc.cretlil)lc the fact THE lIOK.4L SI'.YI"US OF LOVE 23 the ethical necessities of human nature; a succinct setting forth of those moral obligations -couched in the form of commands, because in the infancy of the race their deep- lying logic could not be comprehended by the undeveloped intelligence of man -nlJon which alone human society could be built wilh any hope that it would be stable or en- during. For thirty-five hundred years that simple code has stood unshaken, and is to-day the foundation of all civilized law, not more by reason of its claim to inspiration than be- cause, inspired or not, it is, in its essence, so perfectly and coml~letelyadapted to human need that no other can pos- sibly take the place of it. It corers the whole ground and leaves no room for any rival. Human work is not apt to be so perfect and s~ enduring. Of th~ten cominandments of hloses, four have reference to man's domestic necessities; the fifth defining his duty as a child towards parents, the eighth and a part of the tenth (IefenSing his right to those material possessions which are necessary to the foundation of the home, and the seventh and part of the tenth to the individual restraint of the love instinct. These four commandments, then, have reference to the donlestic institutions of the race : 'l Honor thy father and thy mother, that thy days may bt: long in the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee." 'l'l'hou shalt not co~nnlitadultery." lLTho11 shalt not steal." Ant1 that the relation of this last co~nmandto the others may be evident, the tenth and last is a summary, in still deeper reaching and more emphatic language, of the seventh and eighth : "Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's house. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife, nor his man-servant, nor his lnaid-i;en-ant, llor hi.; ox, nor hi> a>., n,]r ;inything that i.; thy neighlmr's." Here then, at the outzct of Ci~rj.~ti;l~~e.i\.ili/.~lio~l. \\-iii(.h began \\-hell the seed of .\l)r,ili:un \vcs forln~,clinto :I llatioli, according to tlie loilg n~ltc.cetlc,nt~~roini~c of ]rho\.nh, ;inel as a part of it.; fi~ntl~imc.nt:llIJ\\-, \res h,i\~.;I bolitl ic~rinclntion laid for the institl~tioliof t1-i~.iiornc. ;in11 thc \\.cJr!i of r<,,tr.~in- ing thc lllost imperious of 1iurnn11 in~rinct.. the lo\c nature, committed to it.; c.hnrgc. rind this nns tile urn :i~itl-;iiI),t:l~ic~t.of iil\pirc>elte.ic liing co~lccrlli~lgthe I,l\r- of Io\c 11111-ingtlic ( )lei 'l'v.ta~ncnt eli,- pensation : not l)ec.L~~~\ethvrc \!-:is nc I 11iyllc.r -t:~ntl;~rtlof morn!.; ill thc I)i\-int. Slincl, i111t l)cc~,i~~>ctlii, Ilrivf I~.shon, put in the for111 of c.o~nrn,iiili., I\-~I, ;11l ;lilt1 ~nc~rc.th.ln tlic rl~di~nentnryintel1igenc.e or' m.lnkin11 \\,I, liliel!. to m.lbtcr ; and because, also, out of tliiy \vo11111lie. >\ire to groiv, ;I, tlie race progressetl, coroll,~rie>:incl c.1 ~nwliivnts I\ l1ic.h \\-olll(l, little by little, climl~Lo tlic cli\ine\t llc.iglit,. 'l'h115, ill tllos~elrier tlnic.a, Ill;in!. rc..\tri(.tionr ~vliic.linow we hold iniper:iti\-e \\-ere not clrc,~~nv~lof. .\ Inan \\-;I.; free to take to himhelf ;is 111:iny\\.i\-c> ;I> he c.e)ulel il~ly)ort hc might e\-en t:rki. his 0x1-n sistc.r to \vifc if lie c.ho.;e. Ili.; l)o\ver o\-cr his I\-ife \v:I.; nl)soll~tc,e\c.ial~ttli.~t lie might not 1~1ther an.ly, th115 elcl~ri\-ingher of ;in!. nle,ln\ of hul~l~e~rt, without sollie f1.1-m of In\\-: 1)iit hc luight I)c\ton. 11er ulmn another nlnn if lie so \villcil. If :I \\-IIII~:II~ (.IIII,~ to 111lther- self olltside the pale of tlir hoinr nnel Ic..rtl .l lift, (I( lit cn.;L% ant1 irregr~l:irity,as m.iny clicl, tllcrc n-,i.; .il~~~~ir~t~~l!~nc, r<.- pro~c'hfur the ~i~l~~l~irl.ictlIn:ill n-11o fi~Ilo\\-c.clo~it liih n;itl~r:iI instincts 1)y nssocinting n.itli her, \-el-\.little {or tIlc 112- trinrch. Yet this alq):irent frvetle~~nfi-o~n rcstr-.lint n.n\ not n mark of the strength ;inel real fl-eeclonn oi Incn ; it silnl)Iy THE JIOIWL ST.41CS OF I.OVE 25 nleasured the strength of their undisciplined propensities, the low order of developme~ltto which they had as yet at- tained. These misdemeanors, in the expressive language of Scripture, " because of their ignorance, God winked at," just as we overlook the wrongdoing of a child for whom the mother's lore pleads that '' he doesn't know any better," with the im!)lication also that he is not yet old enough to be taught better things. Gut slo\~-ly,as generation after grneration of nlen absorbed through natural processes nlore and more of the divine love, a higher degree of enlighte~:ment arrived. Little by little the fanlily came to 1)e organized upon principles of a stricter morsity, and in the fifteen hundred pears n-hich elapsed be- t~veenthe 1~:omulgation of the Mosaic law and the advent of Cbiist very perceptible progress had been made. him- ogan~icmarriage \v3s by this time recognized as an advacce upon l~olygamy,marriages within certain linlits of relatioa- ship weTe very uncommon, and a distinct notion of chastity as one of the I-irtues had grown up in the human mind, had the sanction of religion and the advocacy of certain strong leaders anti sects. In the gentile world, also, a sinlilar though less distinctive ad\-ance had been going on. Koxvhere else had religious inspiration the character and authority tilit it obtained in Jlidea, and 11artly for this reason the deep and stern si~nplicityof the Je~visllf'xith and practice were unique among the ancients. Something of this result \$-as, no doubt, due to the inborn characteristics of the Semitic races; but to concede that the power and authority of Jehovah were wholly the creation of the Jewish imagination, and had no objective existence outside of it, n-o11ld be to set the Jewish people upon a pinnacle of spiritual achievement in a way that no other fact in their bistory ~vo~ildgive the slightest A \V011.4~'5 1~~lIl.l1% )l'Fiv 111' 1.1 1i-K color to. It is conceiv:lble that the (;reeks 2nd Romany may themselves haye matle their innulnernble deities hc:lrct.l\. higher above their own follies :inti (~n,sioni than the tree- tops, but the Jews their gent I .X>I -never. The orgnllizntion of the It.\\-i.;h State, as ortlninetl 1)). thi.5 vitlual recognized a.; the unit of the race. Stsither fL1thc.r nor noth her nor child alone con,titt~tetl the i;truc.tiir of the oneness of the three rlemcnti i~fhri~n~lnity,f.ither, mother, cllilt!, ant1 the home ns the foun~l.lti~)nof ;ill lluni,~ii hnl~l~inrsz untl j)rogress. So f:~rin the rutlirnents of 1nor:lli hat1 the ~vorltla~lvaliccetl, when the greatest event of rec,ortletl history oc,c.i~rretl. The elementary leihon c.ont.erni~~gthc (;otlhc:~tlIiatl I)i.e~i its unity. There arc not gods rniury nntl lord.; 1:1.111!., l~utone I . Ihit tile fulncs.; of time 11;11l arrivc~l,ant1 t11c' three- fold personality of thc 1)ivinc Iieing n.;is to 1)e rcvenlrtl 1)y the visible inc,nrn,ttion. not of tile .\ln~i~htyI:,ltht'r, nor yet of the universal I'nrnclete, the gr.rc.iori.; ('onnfi~rtc,r, 1)11tof THE MORAL STATL'S OF LOVE 27 with Him ; the Son of God, yet mholly divine. He, in His spotless purity, came down to us in our ignorance and low estate, to proclaim to us that we also were the children of God, His brethren after the flesh, and to open up a highway through the divine love, whereby we might the more swiftly clinlb to diline and healenly heights. Our dear elder Brother, bound with us in the bonds of actual kinship, and willing to share our pains, our infirmities, and to pass for our sake through the dre~dfulgate of a shanleful and ignomin- ious death, that He might lead us also, follo~ving in His loling footsteps, to share with H1n1 the glory that He had with the Father since before the world was. This great event, which we have called, not without deliberation, the greatest of recorded history, is many- sided, and cannot be understood unless viewed from many standpoints. Hitherto, in the history of the race, the mas- culine elenlent has had the great preponderance. Now for the first time, unless one accepts the mythical Eve as an historical character, a woman is placed in the foreground of a supreme historical event. Let us go back a little, there- fore, and study the history of the feminine element of hu- manity, borrowing a leaf from the book of science for the purpose, and placing it side by side with the biblical nar- rative. If we accept as true the theory of the evolutionary descent of man, then there must be somewhere in his history a point shadon~y, it may be, and indefinable to our ejes, but well marked to the vision of the infinite Creator, when man ceased to be the nlor'dly irresponsible brute and became the accountable rnorsi agent. Let us for the purposes of this cha~~terplxe that period at the point in his career when, raising himself from the order quadrumans to stnntl i~11oliy1111on 1n.o feet, he \mS 1)ron;ht into 11cn. rel:itiolr.; ~vithtlic e;;l-th aronlld an11 the h1;y nl)o\-c hill) -\r.herl he cen.;ccl tg~1)c 1,rllte. nn(l 11c1.~11nc.111.111. It 111~1st li:~\.c ~ICTVII 111c 51 nv ~lc~~~lo~~~i~c~~tof hi> fr1111t:1! allti top l~rzirl\vhicl~ 11rought thii c.ll:~ngc. It \\..I.; thcrcfore cl~nrL~cterizcrlI)? :In i~~c.rc~n.;~:tll~c.rc~r11tion ill loil nnll c\-il, nlltI il~crc;:>c~ltlt,.;irc> ;;]r l;norvli~tl;c in tiiih tlircrtioi~. ..1ntl this tie\-cIvjimi.nt, ii it clitl liot c.o~l.;tit~~tc.tile i,rc,ltion of :I Iivi~igqo111 ~vitliiri I~irii,~~i:lr!it,il\c,ry llr~~l~c~-ly:I 1~11i1it ~~herchc might \vcll 1)c c\l~,1tc.11 to c.rllnc into ~1c1vrc1,ltion.; 11-it11 hi.; C'rc:~tor. It \\- the I~r;i~lr~ir~gof ;I lic.\v cr<~,;I 11111r,11 epoch, in hii life. ljt~t~IItllv 1111\\.,1ril(,~irc<.r tlic,re i, 110 g:ii11 \vitlio~itappnrc~~t Iohs: ;ilicl tilt. fir..t c.onilitio11\vlii( 11 ~n.~rk.; the chnngt. oi the ;inim.!l to tllc ni.in, ir.,~n~the i~nit~tc,Iligc,nt brute to the r~-t.,itlireIii,forc \\-110111 itrct(.!ic.-; :I 11111g (..II-c,<.T of intelIc-ct~i;~lan11 mor.:il ;ii.liic\-c~n~~i~t,i; tilt. rlc.c.r-.it!. oi I:lb?r. '1'11~ l)r~~tet\~r,~-~\-l.., 31111 III-v!.~,;111il 1111i1115hi.; ll11-11y. or !lii rn\-e-like (I\\-clling, 111it Ilc 110ci not in :In!- v..n.t. " sul)tlue the enrth." Iic tl~.v~lol~.;ncinc oi it, rV,orlr( r.;, sti~l~~~l:~t~:s11i1 IIC\V gri~\vtli III),II~ it, 21 < 111~ii1it- I!i~i~.t,li~vitli none nf it.; oc.1.111tII\\-., ;i111l >oar> ~ntonil rt.gii~nof in- xgi11a:ioll or slli~-it!~,il11r.:11ty. .Ill ~IIL,L% :IIlii~~~t~~iir~it~ 1111iv lily ill tlic il~tur~of III;III~1~11t1;c 111-i(x,oi t11~111\v,!, tl!~It155 of tllc oiil liriitc frcctlnln ::rill irrc,~l~on.iI~ility,;in11 tlic ncc.t<.;- sit!, in.;tr;iil of liar11 :iiiil ~~.iinfirltoil. lb111 tllc, \\vc.,it of thy fi1c.c shalt tliciii e,it l~i-~~.~tl." l:rit, f~lrti~crthCin tl~i\,tl~c nc>\v c.onlIitic~n>~III~I~I.~,I~ Iljl,rn I I : I r ~ ili11-,11t1,i I 11 \vr~.c t1ircc.t result of tlic illlri:l~t ;ittitil(lV. l~,..lring~of gr:1\-itntion 1111onhi, \l~in.ilc.oIiinin, l~i,\-.ill cI~,.h IIIIIOII-\-~,~~~I~, n11d the ~v~ill.;of hi> :I~)~~III~I~II,\vCr~;ill ll,lllgt~~\ f,l( t \villi ll c~~t~iile~lII~IOI~hi111 l~l~y~~i(~;~l\~-L,:I',c~I~,.~,,, l1 it i, i.t,rt;lil, as any other inference of science, he has not yet outgroil-n, and the effect5 of nhich are seen in the weak b~k,the easily cli>turl,ed c ~rcnlation,and the frecluent hernia of the race. shall ne say of the change n-rought I)y tlie new conditioil upon the ~)hysicalconstitution of his child-bearing com- panion? In the brute state maternity, coilling usually only at stnted periods, hat1 not been so severe a tax upon the fern.lle as gently to invaiiclnte her claim to physical equality with the luale of hcr species. Her ftiilctions were different her maternal per~odmore so, io that on the whole there was no ton~iticrable diicrepancy betxeen the~n. But now let n\ rcntl tile ancient seiltence pronounced upon her. ;'I She ]nust bear nlore chil(1ren at greater cost. She nlust be ~liL~cr!,ssubject to the inlpulse of her companion in this re- spec:t, that tlie world might be peopled. So day or hour of her life in n-liich this burden might not be imposed upon her. ?'he pithos of that decree only women know. No hen\-ier cross \vns e\-~,rIaitl ul~onhumnn shoul(!~rs than that. The old fi-eetlo~nand ease of runter~~itywere exchnnged f~r new pains and disabilitics. The spianl column mnht besr heal-ier and inore frecluent hllrtle~ls,ancl nndcr greater dis- atlvmltnges, than ever before. 'I'he circulatory system, alread~~ more severely taxed than man's, must now lneet the demands npon it unclcr vastly nore nnf'~vor:~'L)leco~ltlitionsthan ever before. Her abtlomi~lal11-alls must bear a greater strain, a11t1 thc henring \\-oultl fall in new ailcl weaker places. The consequence of all this orer-burciening in the <~~liilmentof her natural functions \voultl 1)e that she ~vo\~ltll)c f.lr more dependent up011 her compnnion for protec~tionant1 hell) ; for goocl or evil fnr more untler his ~)o\ver. " 'fhy desire shrill be to thy husl);intl, 2nd he 5h:lll r111e over thee." 'I'hus the l~o~r-ingof in:in's neck to thc yoke of labor, untler new ant1 l,xinfill, aiic1 scc~i~inglyIII~I~;I~~IS;I~, co~l(litir)~ls, ant1 the subjection of \\-oninn to the will of nlnn, ant1 to new and agonizing trials of ~nnternity,xere contlition.; of that phase of clevclopment \rhic:h I)ritli.c~tlthe ch,~>mI)et\vcen the brute ancl the man. \i'!lnt llo\ver cli~.iilctoultl convince the ne~vbornilll~llortnl that such n chmlge \v:is n riyc and not a hll? Suffic%ient if he coultl I)u ~ll~~rlrto ~~ntlerht:~ntlthe duties which the nc:v life iml)ohed, col~ltl~IC tnught to yitle his feet with soxething of \vi.;tloln and foresight over the stony ~jath\vn!. of progrcbs ant1 tie\-elol~ment. 1:11t the love of the Fnthcr (!ill not the overl>urtlcnctl wonlnn in th~t evil time. '!o 1111tig.itz th~tt.i~ori oi tlli5 hollr, \~hci\llis hand secn1i.d hcu\-y upon her, kIe :,.~\-eto her n stnr-like proniise, :o shetl it.; f.lint 11r1t c.clc-ti;il rntIiance over her f~iturepathwny. It \vn lot the man who \vns to \)e at en~nitywith the jlo\vcri; of ci-il .;o miltrli ;I, the \~IIIII~III. " I wil[ put emnity 1)etn.ccn theu :111tl tile \vo111:111:I)cltn-cen thy sect1 nntl her scctl : it \li.ill l~r-r~iyc.th!. Ii~:itl,;tntl tl~t~ushnlt bruise his heel." 111 the n.oln:ln, fro~uthe l~c'gin~ling,\vas lotlgc~lthe retle~nptivv Ilower of tht. ivorltl, :in11 to the scecl of the noninn, not of tile inan, n.~.;tile pro~lliwui tllc- fiil~l ~ictoryovc: tllLlt oct~~ltnntl m;~lign:lgent.v wllic:ii, in the tlnivii of the new thy, sccluctl to ho\-cr ivith nl,ilevolent tlesign over the f'ilrcring foot>teps; of the r,it.e. ;\ntl llcrc 1)crllnl).;\vc have re:lc,hetl n 1)oint ivhcrc \re Inn!. 1"ofit:ll)ly 1)xuw to iincluire conc:c>rning the n:rtr~rc ;rntl or~gin of that evil il1ll11t.nc.c..\vI~i~.l\ rcusjn :inti rcl-elntioll tnkc THE !JOKAT. S?'I\?TS Of' LOVE 3 I cognizailce of, as attending from first to last the career of humanity. \Ye haye see11 that :vhen man emerged from his brutal to his human condition, and entered upon the pathway of in- tellectual a11d moral progress, the first task assigned him was to nccluaint himself \vith the inaterial n-orld, its forces and its laws, and make them subsenient to his welfare and 11.1ppiness. 111 some rudely illustrative may, it was as if one . should take a boy of tel? years and put hi111 into a vast work- shop, filled with illgenious and beautiful mechanism, operated by a polverful and perpetunlly renewed force, such for in- stance RS th:lt of ~tealll,and tell him that the business of his !ife was to find out the intentioil of this machinery, and put it to its proper use : that his life itself and the means of living depended upon his success. However well-intentioned the boy might be, there tvould be likely to be a great clash- lng of levers ant1 bursting of bands and wheels, with many sad consequences to the boy himself, before he had mastered his lesson. He would probnblj~be a firm convert to the doctrine of a personal devil, long before the end was reached. Iiut if the boy had an eternity of life and progress before him, and if the lnachillery tvns constant and unvary- ing in its I;~\vs,little by little he ~vouldgain a knowledge of it, would define its powers: 311d his own, WOLII~ascertain the principies which conditiolled its construction, and at last come to have some intimate and satisfying knowledge of the plans and purposes of the great mechanician who de- signed and constructed it. .Ind then he would perceive that it was not nlalignity on the part of the machinery or its author, but his 0w11 ignorance and want of discipline, that thoroughly trninetl po~vcrsnli,l cnpnc.itica, nn~lthe clc~itliof Ixacticnl insig]lt :iriil apl~rc~lleilsiollof tilt? ].I\\.; Of nlt~1~~1:lllic:s nncl 1>0\ver5of ~.:irth:inti ,iir \\-lii~,llhc. Ii.1~1ol~t;linc~l. I hn\-e xaitl notllill: 1ivr1. of tliv f,itlic~-lyc..irc :~ntlg11icl:lnce nlltl 01-eriight \\-lii~.i~1nig1it l~i:h~ljl]~i~\c,cl to :rttvn~lth~' I)<)!. (luring sc.1-ere nl~lirc~ltic.i~~!iij~.11i.1, 111,c :I c,onhitlc.r.~tionof that ~jli:i.;e of tl~~,.;ul)jc.t.t 1.011li.i 1.it:r ill olir inrl1ii1-y. .\t 1ume11t it i, o1l1y clcsig,l~~lto -lit)\\. tli.it the contlic,t of I~~:III'sli~itric~~l l)i>\vcri \\it11 the iilfillitc :IIIII III~\-.II-~~I~~force5 of 11 ltrire, in tlic ;ittl-.lnl~t ~ I Jn-i.crtk1ili ;1n11~.o~lii!. their Inn.-; :In11 ~n;~kzIii; (I\\-n c.oniluc t xul)-c*r-\ic~it to tlicm, is s~~ftic:ic>iltto ac.c.oIlnt for :L l.ir:c. >Il,i~-i.of tl111.c ~riy-tc~-iou\ 21iiI 1ryi11g ~,I~cI~~JII~~.II,I\vlii~ I1 KC ,i~trili~~tvto tlic i1111t1c11ce of evil. Ih:t tlicrc i~ ?nothc>r i.11 tor ,it ~vol-kin till, ~~rol~lv~n.Sot c111ly lii, i~it~~llt:~~t~i,.lIIII: Iiij ~iior,iI II.I~II~L>III~I-t l!r ,(il~jc,(tc(l to cli~c~i1!li1ic~.111 lii, 1~r11t~il,t'~\c,, ill1 hi, ]11\-io1i-<111il ;1111)~- titch ii~\-ci1c.t.11 cgi)ti,tic.,ll. 1,'or tlic ~~vrf~.c-tionof lii3 Iil.in- hoot1 thcy n1n.t 11c. tr thc ho111c. It ih the gol~lcliIiirf \vliic.l~ 11in(l>tl~c llc.:~~-ts of fc~tlies,nlothvr, c.liiltl, in oiic tril,lc' c\-iytcnc.c., n.liic.11 is tlic i~liagcnut1 c.ol)y of tlic triiinc (;otl ;rl~o\r.j ;in11 iri c.:ic.Ii 1111- m:ln 1ienl.t it i, the onc 1)11rctlrol~ of tli\ init!. inlicritctl fro~n vur hcn\.cnly I;;~t!ic~-,irn(1 or~l.iin<,tlI)!. Itiui ~II11c the. s.~ncti- fying ant1 ul~liftingc'lc~ii~~~nt c~foiir 11un1.1nli\-cs~;a 11ljis so siveet ant1 1)11rc. th:lt it sli,~lil)i, tlic cvcr--1ivi1ig for~t,~,tcuf that heaven from \vhit.li \vc, (XIII~C.,:11ic1 t:~\\.liic 11, \vlicn oul- lives arc pc~rfcctly c.onfor1n~t1t~) tli~. tli\ inc in~l~ir.~tioiiof loi.e, \ve ~1i;~lla*<~ri111 rctt~r~i. IV THE: EI-OI.YT1I)I OF LOVE NOTHISC else gi~-esone so clear a conception of eternity as the slon gro~thof f~uldamerialideas. God never hurries his best work. 'I'he creature of n ti:? niust fulfil his task between slln :llld ~1111. He IT-ho holtls tht. eterllal ages in the hollow of his liand has no such need to hasten; but the slo\vness of cvolntio11 is not, after dl, so amazing ns the im- men52 cost of it. It is not tiine only ~vhicliis consuilled in the development of man fro111 the cave-dweller to the shep- herd of the .\ryan plain> ; from this ;iastoried llo~ilnd with his p~storallife and his siniple arts, through the I'eriian, . . the Greek, the Roman, to the Christian civiliz::tion, -it 1s coulitless generatioas of hu~llanlives ; myriads of human hei~igs living in coml~arative igllora~lce anii unenlighten- ment, given over to distorted itleals of pleasure, illusory and deceptive pursuits of hnppiaess, anti the \vorship of false and degrading tieities, t1l;it a purer rtnc! inore spiritnnl collceptioil of hum:ln life may grow out of them, al~sorbiilg their best and sloughing off their error alitl tlec I!., as the perfect rose absorbs the life of the ~illcIt.i-groi~ntlroot ant1 the thorny stalk. l'lle root nild the >talk are sonl!ess m:ltter, but it is hunnan lixs by ~lnconntcdli~illions n-liicll have 1)een offered up, a limitless sacrifice, for the purcha.;e of the civilization of these later tiines ; and the process is still going on. 'The terrors of the Calviniztic tloctrillzs of election ailtl fore- ordinntion are discountecl n tho~lsnntl-fold1)y this enormous vicarious sncrifice for the tlevelol)n~ent of n chosen few, which science ~nltl history sl)rentl out 1)cfore u.;, not ns theorit..; or sl)eculntion.;, not even ns cloctrines In\-ing only faith for their l)n.;is, but 25 f~lctshltrd :is nclnm;unt ant1 entlur- ing asthe gr;unite of the everlasting hills. \\.hLlt the fiite of all those myriads of su~~lsmay have been in mother ivorltl we cannot even concei\.e. It is as filr beyon11 our finite ~~o'versasthe crelition of origi11:ll \vorl(ls ~vo11ld1)e. \Ye ma!- console our sympclthctic soulj 11y snying with the poet, - 11ut the reply is n.11olIy inatlctlu:~tc to the 1-nstness of the query. 'I'hcre iillist 11e n.orltl.; ul~nnI\-orltl.; c.c~~npensntoryto this, destiny 11cyo:ltl ctestiny of tlcvclt)l~~nentnncl fo\vcring, till our so~ilsnt~lit: with the immensity of them, if all thc.~ i~leclunlitie.;of bte nn11 cloom are ever to 11e ~natleans\ver:~I)lc to ml!- st:ln11.1:-11of jrt\tic.e con~~ci~-:ll~leI,!. the hrim;ln mintl. .I hnlf-h<)~ir'>contcm1)l;~tionof the ~)rol)lclnwill give to nny thot~plltt'.tl ho111 ;I 1-ivitl sc2nse of the motlcruteness of the tlecl,lrntion thilt " n, the heaven.; :ire high n11o~-ethe earth, so are IIi:, n.:ry.; higher thiin OII~~viiyi,I lis th~~lightst1i;in our thol~gIit>." I hnve ~~nlsctifor this moment;iry \-iew of :I single one of the n\vful nlysteric.; \vhic.h arc involvetl in tile tli<>oryof cvo- Intion, I~ecnuseI \rish to bring c.lc:lrl!. l~cforethe inind of the rcat1c.r the thonght of love on its hrim;in sitlc, nntl to ollr finite vibion, as not n btiltionnry, I)ut n ~)rogreshivc,power or ~~rincil~le;tlivinc, inclcetl. in its 1)rini:ll ant1 11nc.h;lnging e\.;cnc:t:, yet el-ol~ingith n~nnifestationfro~il thc lo\vcst forni.; of life, through infinite spaces of time, at infinite cost of error and downfall and suffering ;of human hearts broken, of human lives wrecked, of human souls degraded to the lowest depths which human souls may ever reach, -yet ever rising '' on stepping stones of thezl- d ! he only knows by fxiih,- tlie slreet implicit fL1ithof parent- I( hood, n.hich lllnkes the re;~lizntion of the he:l\-ci~lyFather's I 1 : ' love so credible. so reasonable, io true. 1 1 Per11:lps the \.cry tir,t, 1.ert.iinly the liighe~t.~nti I~urcst, c.i- ercise of f,litll of \vhicli the rutlirn~nt~lryman is cul)nblc, is ! I that \tliicll he fc,el.; in the mother of hi, child. '1'11~ \-cry i f~ctof his f;ltherhoo,l rests on liis f,iitll in her. IIe never 1 c2n nb.sol,ltciy knot. til.it SI.)III~. other 111.1). not 11.11-e jtolc~l I ilis: croi~ll:\,,I: lie I)clic,\.c> nnti ii 1)lcbt irl bi.lic\-i~~g,since every (louht I~lncke~lihi.; o\vn honor. 'I'he 11xthos of it ii i ! correlutive to thnt oi the dcl)cntlcr~t:c II~\vt~m.inhoocl.ant1 c.rcates a~lotherstrung link in the tic \vhic I1 I~inllithe ?it-o together. , 'l'hat a fleep, abiding faith iii \vom,ln, ;l wil1irl;ricss to be 1 let1 !)y hcr in all ~iintt'rs of Oith ;inti mor.113, i, .i 11rinl~l:III~ instinctli-e endo\vment of tile ~n;lbc.ulinrnatrire, i> no\vhere more chnrmingl!- illu.;trate~ltlinn in tile r<,j~l!of .\tln~ii in Ede:i : (( ;\~ltl the 1,orti .i<~itl,. . . ' I i;r-t tliori c;itc.n of the tree tvhereof I com~n~indctlthee. that tlic~li~I~oiiltl~t not c:it?' ' ; Ancl the m:in w11."1'11~. \vc~~nnu\vlii~lu t1>111l g,rvc>t to i!c with me, shc gnve mc of thc trc.c ;in11 I tli(l c.1t.' " 1 i I ']'his i.; not the cxl)ression oi c.o\v,irrli~-c~IIII~ I ~f tli~.innoc.t>nt 1 ant1 nni\-e 1)clief th~t:unytlling 1vliic.11 tlii. Iovc.1y I~ring.irc.bll from (;ad's h;ilitl, ~)roliosc~l1nIi.t 1)c right, .IIII~, right or \vroiig, rnri.t 1)~. tlonc. It i, :l triiit 1vli11~1111,r~ I.OIIIV(IOKII in 11nl)rokcn c.ontinuil!- of in11t.rit;inc.c.to tlic' 1,itc.t- l~orl~uf .-\tlLi~m'sso~l.;. 'I'o this I.ibt tic( ~tlcof ll~cninctc.c.11r11 c.cntrlr!. of grace, the I!ohlC>t I~:III, tl~c.In.ril I\-ho \vill c~l~vc~ril~llybtc~r~~l ;I Inttcry or lcn~i.I for1t1l.n 11ol)c. i\ .I, 11c.ll)le~~;I, ;I ollilcl to resist when the woliznlz he loves commands. But woe to the woman who seeks to rule hiin by any other agency than love. And this is as it should be. It is God's premium upon love as the ruler of the world. It is the assurance to patient, suffering womanhood, that when lore collies to its own, her cro\vn will be waiting for her. Out of the fact that man's faith in woman is his first faith, and to the end of his career the strongest and most realistic that he ex-er knows, -for the illen are few who believe in God as they believe in good \voinen; God is so far away and dwabtful ; women are so near, so sure anti true, -springs a nloral obligation, which women on the whole have bravely recognized. .%s a inan is doubly a dastard who wrongs the weakness of a \VGlllall, so the woman is a creature of the foulest shanle who betrays the faith of her husband. It is in the perfect loyalty of each to each in these respects that the apotheosis of love is found. But oh ! the length of time and the sternness of discipline \~hichlay between the primal man and the realization of this ideal ! It is inevitable that rude and ignorant and selfconscious strength shall play the tyrant over ~veakness. In the brute conditions-coilditioiis from which man had scarcely yet begun to emerge -the selfish sentiments are overwhelmingly in preponderance. Altruism has as yet but the faintest fore- shadowing. The attraction of the male and female for each other is scarcely to be differentiated from self-love ; but mother-love, even in the animal world, sholvs a ~villingand intentional sacrifice of selfish ease and conlfort for the safety, protection, and even the increased happiness of offspring. This is the tiny bubble of leaven which is destined to leaven the whole lump; and here again is the scientific reassurance of the inspired promise, that in the nature of woman should be found the seed of redemption. l Here, then, at the outset, by the operation of natural I~TYS and conditions, were defined the differin. \.ocntions of man I shelter ancl protection to tile mother of the race, to find in her con~panionshiphis highcst joy, hi.; tentlerest realizution I of the divine love-clement uf life, 2nd by his union wit11 her to establish the progression and ~>zrl)ctucltio~nof mankind : / i to her, the quiet sec'll~sion of the lnon~e thw rnncle, in i I which, through her 11-ifcl!. anil niot11crI!~fi~rn(:ti<~rii, to (ICYC~OII ' ; I the gerln of love n;ltil it sholilti 1)rontic.n n~icl 1)lossom and fill the ivhole earth with it.; glory, ant1 to inspire ant1 cultivate , I the confidence of man in herself till, through that holy k~ith a in his own fat!ierhood, he shoultl 1)c 1)rought into fili;~lsp- I pathy wit11 tile grenl I'nthcr of .ill. '1'0 him phybicai 2nd inteilectunl Ieatlershil, : to her the sweet tlonlinion of love j anti the i,iith th;it il~ring, froun luvc. But the love sitlr of our nature is the si(le which has I most r.ffinity with (;ocl. ;\rntl so it h;lp~)cns that \voman has alsvnys 1)cen a little nearer to tile 1:;ithcr's hcnrt thnn her com~)~union; A littlc sweeter the t.iste of IIis love 11po11her lips thnn UIICIII his. \\-it11 the thrill of lo\-c al\vnys comes 3 I inspiration, anti thlit i.; the renson that the intuitive and insltir:~tion;ll gifts ~i \volnnn h,lve nlwnyi been grater 1 than those of man. I'roru the conllitiort of his l~eing,the ! labor of his life is of the cnrth, c~rtlny,his cye is trained to 11icrc.e the secrets of n;lturc, ;11itl to 11l;iterj:lIistic soul-ces he turns for the supply of all his tvantx : \vliile her occul)ations are of the henvens, hen!-enly, nntl the light, the glolv, the , , radia11c.c of heaven are all ;il)out them. 'I'hc strength of love and not of cortlecl rniisc.les, the ten:lc.ity of Oith anti not of dogged ~'ersiistenc.e,are hcrx : \vhilc hcr cour,rgc is that of the I - ' THE EVOLCTIOS OF LOVE 43 1 I soul that looks deep into the heart of God and feels assured 1 of its infinite possibilities of succor and help. j Thus equipped and conditioned for the journey, the two 1 who were one, set out upon the toilsome march of human 1 i progress. And now began the world-old conflict between I unenlightened human propensity and the divine order and 1 method, as represented by that awful, mysterious, invisible, j I but immanent and inevitable, power which we call law; that I 1 law which St. Paul denoininates " our scllooln~asterto bring ,I us unto Christ " --who is Love. 'I'hrough darkness unto lig!:t, through law to love,- that is the pathway of all human ! evolution. And the pitifuln,zss of the woman's destiny TVLS that she, not less than the world about her, was a problem-even I by his own confession the greatest of all problems, that ! awaited solution by man. Rlore than this, the mystery involved in her being and fate must await the solxtion of all the mysteries of the material world, since not till this " man with a muck-rake," busy about mundane things, had conquered the world of matter, could he be expected to do more than occasionally lift eyes of wonder to the bright heaven of faith and love, wherein her destiny was set to shine as the stars forever, -which is the reason that the lot of wornan has thus far been one long waiting. Man has enjoyed her, adored her, tyrannized over and been in turn the victim of her blandishments, but he has never understood her. In rare and sympathetic mo~dsand moments, he may indeed have caught a glimpse of that land of Beulah which lies beyond his own horizon, and therein may have come to him a vision of this household necessity of his, this common, use- ful creature, frail in her physique and a little off her mental balance with dreams and fancies, sitting upon a throne of pver nntl I)enuty ant1 tIicl)t;~l>i~lgl~ie.;.;ing.; ;l. n tluecn : 1)ilt t11;lt nlio i.; n ]~hcno~iit:noli\vliic.l~ lic c:lnnor ~ill(lt>rhtrnltl. l 011e ~Ilillg11c 11i:ik~~,111-c ot' :it t11c OIII\L.I.- J5 >\Ire, at least, nz '1 strong arlii 1v~i1t..ln. -;111tltlint ih. tii:~~tl~i- other h:11i11illitn, thi, rilric~ii.; t.o~n])lcmcnt .:!I hi, (<.it ,;ncl some of hi, 111li~ItdvJir.it,nc,i~.. . .l~:;ll lie ~!llii~o\\n. It i, tile di\-ine l,~~-c,tii~i:~ll clo~s1101 ~IIOIVit, ~~l:i:lif~~.t~~~git~~lft11r011gli hi5 x>Ifi\ll ill,tillt,t>; ,:11cl :i-,~,ri~ll:ythL, ~I~~t~rec.of the' 11121e :11i(1 fctii::i,.> C.IYI~IL,;;~, ~IItlit:i~. ,grv,it \\-ark of (,;lrryllig OII, througli 11rog?(~t~\i\-e;c'(.ller,!tion\. tlic .c,liclllc oi th~.~~ni\-~ar.;e. 1h1t a5 !-ct the ,,l)irit11~11\ ibio:~ \\.11i~~11t~o11111tli~(~cr~l this f~(,t ih IIII~I~\-~I~I~JCII,;;1111 i1c !,,ii~~>lii, \\i Because the life of each individual is a type of the divine life, and represents certain cli~inelyinalienable prerogatives which, so self-vindicating is the C;oci element of humanity, can~lotbe tre~lchedupon without loss to the offender; as of old, when the holy il~ountainquaked with the presence of God, the man who profaned it was slain by his own temerity. And first and nlost imperative of these prerogatives is the right to physical selfhood. No lnan through malice can kill another but the blow reacts upon his own nature, and death enters to his own soul by the wound. hloreover, such an act, not being inspired by love, is evil, destructive, fatal; a shock that clisarranges and unsettles the firm, true order of the universe. Therefore, by the love of God, which is the life of (;ocl, tho11 shalt not take liie. 'I'his was the lesson, writ sm~i11,but in the legible, clear h.lnd oi the Father, in the story of .il,el and his l~rotherChin, alitl reenforcetl ~vithdivine commnnd in the tlec:ilugue. How has 111ui1:111ity learned it? \Vherever (:i1ri.;ti.l1iit!. got'.;, it reel1ac.t.; the l;iw : Ijr~t, alas l so iml~erfcc~tis our c.o~nl~rchen.;ionof it, \\it11 mnny limitations, ali(1 \vitll zigll,i! 1:1(,k of elli0r(.e111clit,of \vh:lt re- mains: 'l'l~e\)lint1 in\tilit,t oi the rare i\ htiil to tlebtroy: that c.:lrnal mnn n-Iiic.11 is ;it cn~nit! \\-itl; tlic tlivine lr,ve makes still to liim.;~licssc.~:5e- ior tl~hrc.y:ircling the tli\-ine c~ommalltl. \\.e Inny kill in hcli-tl~.icnt.c,h' s~y.;: that lnrl~t I)c. right : not nl)le, :IS !-et. to see tlint he \\-lio lays tlo\vn his liie ill obedience t,) tlie Ian. of lo\-e iorcvcr find5 it, rcstorctl to him in a higher. finvr i\)rm. \Vc In.iy kill ill tlefencc of tl~cComn~on\vc:nltl~ : iurcl!- that ii right. It 111.1)-Ile in wine lo\v, i~iil~erfect,e\-c.n II~~c~>,II!.5c11.t.. n.11t.n hulnall ;imit;l- tiolis art' t,lken into the nc.c.ount : I~rltthc seer of \-ihion.; discer~>sa time \illen the St:itc \\.ill filltl 1)ettcr ~isesior it.; 1)alic.; than to let the111 gro\v 111) to 1)c. ~nur~lc>rer.;or ~nnlef,ic,tors, and ;I 1)ctter 11.c for any Iu;in tli,in to h.lrlg or shoot him. It is a poor ant1 lotv n~omlity,the c~utgro\vthoi ;I \-cry iln1)cric.c.t tlc~-elop~!~entof tile tlivinc lift ~vithin II,, \vliic.li \\-ill do either. 1:nt the \v,irf;irc. oi n,~tion.;- tlint ii necc.\snrily tlc- structivc of life, nntl n-:ir has l~ec~i5incc thc \vorl(l n-as. Yes : 111it the e\.il 11c.gin5 to tlcvelol) ;I t.~ii-c from within its own I)osoln, iuntl in very 5eIi-(lcft~~ic~e~intio~is mu~t soon learn that arbitrament i.i Iwttcr tll:in \\-ar : to l~\-ceiit.11 other, better than to tlcstroy. ,lhese. are tlie csc.cjitions to thc la\v, to n-hich orlr im- perfect ci\-ilizxtion gi\-cs 1ic.c.n~~: 111it \vh:it shall \vc say of thc foul n-rolig.; \vhic.li r;oc.ic.t\- c.Iicri.;hcs in its l)o.;o111 in spitc that all men will \voncler that so reasonable ant1 inevitable n doctrine of the etern:ll love sho~~ldel-er have been c-loubtetl or disregar(2ed. 'I'he order in which the co~nn:~ntl~nt.ntsare gi\-en is the natr~ral2nd proper one ; but for our l~rese~ltconvenience let us change it n little, and inl:lilcle nntler one hend the eighth, ninth, ant1 tenth, all oi which mny be briefly SLIIII- marized in this : " Tho11 shalt not stcal." \\'hy? Uecause this di\-ine life of the r:lc:e ha.; its I~lun:~nin- ~estiture. It is n trea-:lre in an cartlien \-t.,,el, and has its enrthly ncetls. .\iltl thew neeel~arc xi s:ic,retl as life it.clf. I-:ach hu~nanbt.ing ha5 n right to fuocl, shelter, a chance to grow an(l elevelop the gernl of tlic tlisi~le~vithin him to its fullest l~rdl,ortion.;, el-cn to the itilnge of the divine. Ant1 c3t.h k,11111;1111)cing i.; of it, ci\vn type., ha.; ita own needs, nluht gro\v 11ftcr it.; on-11 I~nttcrn. \\-hat this inborn bent ancl trcntl vf the nature i;, only the so111 itself can kno\v; so it nui it have iti own in,livicli~al~~o;se.;.;ion.; with which to shape it? own inelivitl~~nlgro\\-th. Such a right n> thii is inherent in c\-cry c.rc:ltllre. 'I'he mensure of no tn.o soiili i, (lnite alike or icicntic.:ll ; I~utwhatever that nlensure is, el er!. ~:~IIIh,~a:i rixht to the ~nntcrinlbelongings which are nc.ct:bsary to it, till grcxvtll, tlevelopment, :~ntl enjoyment. 1';rery ~~IIIII;LIIYOUI i~ 1101-11 l~t,irto 211 ~~~~clivi~lc(l right in the hr~~unnini~trit:lnc.~ : ncithel., to the cl:lrifieel vi.;ion, hnsnlly 1)u~on;1 right to rncjrc t1i.in tlii- ji~>t~)roportion of m:~teri:ll things. 'l'he t.\-itlc.ncc of this I,\\\. Ilia!. 1)e secn in the fxt th~tthe l~ohses.;ionof 1nyrrn11c.11wealth l)cc.onlcs a curse ant1 not :I I)lchiing. Now it is evitlent that this cliviiion cannot 1)e rn;~ctc;~ftcr any nrb'trnry Inanncr, nor i, it tlesirnl\lc thnt it shonltl be. THE 1~:VOLL'IION OF LOVE 51 An arbitrary division \vould indeed defeat its own aim, be- cause it nould destroy the individual action upon which growth and tli-velopment depend, which activity is indeed more necessary to soul culture than any amount of inaterial belongings. It must be left to each one to make such gains as he m3y, according to his energy and the strength of his desires; but the law which should prevail is, that each should have equal access to the treasury, ~IIIZ' no one siroz~M ai~proj~i'inf('/)l/i/-e th~z/r/ti$ $~l@ortio~lof the spoil. Cnder these conditions, it is quite certain that substantial jnstice would be done. Rut to take what another has justly gained. or to carry off an excessive amount of the common tredsure, - that is forbidden. It is infringing upon the rights of other.;, nnrl is therefore a violation of the perfect law of love. Sor may frautl ~111~1chicanery be used i11 dealings between man and man. 'l'he ninth commandment especially enjoins honesty and fair-dealing in all individual and civic transac- tions. Izt us inquire what progress the world has made in apply- ing this lesson to the concluct of human life, considering first the larger aspects of the case. Co~nparing the nineteenth century with any previous epoch in history, it nlust be conceded that the nations of the earth, worn out by futile and destructive wars waged in the interests of frautl mtl injustice, are appreciating more and Illore the value of the colnmon weal as against any individual or selfish good. That your right is as sacred as my right, and must be as sacredly maintained if my right is to flourish, is a truth of which the early history of nations shoms no appreciation whatever; but at the present time it is quite generally recog~lized in conception, if not always 52 practically eiiihotlit.(I in actio~i. 'l'l~cidea is di>t~i~ctlya1)road that the highest statesmnnshil~i, that \vhich 11ut5 the coln- mon, worltl-\vide good, nl)o\-e tlir Inere riationnl encl or ail11 : indeeti, that the liigliest selflltiiitl of the nation c.nn only 1)c I reached through n no1)le c.oll.itleratio~l of hri~nan weal. 'Thus tliplomncy is not so 111ut.h the art of lying as it used to be. Ilonehty nntl f;~ir-(lealing,a reg:ird for the mutu:ll, ivorltl-~vitle stn~ltlnrtlof right, ]Ire\ ail to ;ill extent ullkno~v~~ I before in the hi.;tory of the \vorltl: nntl it nlrently seems credible that \vithout any \l,ecinl or inirnculou> intrrrention, the time lorig ~,rol?h"ictl i11.11.. .1.t.t :irri\e, \vllr,n ..iiic n::tii)n\ s!i.ill IC'irn war no ~norc.," I)r,c..ili.;e \r:ir i- I\-.igc.tl only from selfi511 ~notix-es,nntl the \\-,)rltl i, alo\~ly1v.11-11ing tli:it selfish- ne-s i.; scif-tlestroying. ::11(! tii~.foe ~ithe higlic,t Iir~mnn gootl. Cancer-ning thy crif;~~rsoi t olnllic,rc.e. l~it\rccn 111,111 n1ii1 nlnn, \ve are in a tr;in,iiio~i hi~te. Pi1.ai.y. l)rig;:~ldagc,a~itl th.lt picture.;tjr~e sy.tem of Iiish\v,iy rol)l)rry \vliic.l~ ?\.en n few huntlred !.c,;ir.; :~gc>\v;12 :I ~i~ilii-l.l\vfrilc..~Ili~ig c.;lii)o~ig our ancestor.;, nil[l hn(l its ncllnirel..; :lilt1 .~l~:)logi>t.;110th :1111011g the poets nntl t!ie colninon hel-tl, ;ire do~?e:i\v,iy n-ith. '1 hc. skull xltl c.roy,-l~oncs h:lve cli~,il~l~enretlfrom the se:i.;, nntl ('nptain I;i11<1 ;IIIII Iii, l)ol(l c.oin11cers h;i\-e onlj a ~~~~~~~~~~y I existe~~cc.. I 6L Thou shalt not colll~l~irclciultery." 53 \ II.O\IAS'S PHILOSOPHY 01.'LOVE Lb Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife." IVhy! Cecar~sethe honic is the earthly temple of the divine creative energy, the shrine of earthly purity, and the lo\-e \vhich d\vells therein is the motive power of a11 human Ixogress. Any sin therefore against it.; peace ant1 integrity nus st strike a dextlly l)lo\r at the \.er!. roots of the tree of life itself. '1'ht.l.c :Ire sins against (;otl and .;ins ngni~lstmnn, but :iny tr:lnsgre>zion ngninst the honle is a sin against both t Got1 allti man, bccClnseit is in the holy place of the ho~ne thnt the tlivine ant1 hun;:~n elc~i~e~ltsof humnnity meet and carry on their great \vo;Ii fur the u1)liftirlg and purifying of the race. .-I home is the eart!lly t!-lje of hent.en, the home life of the tli\.ine life, the hr~rn,lntrinity of tile divine 'l'rinity. .is God created 111~11,o ill the home i> the human rnce recreateti more or le.;s in the tlivinc i~n,ig~,;mtl the process is that 111)on which tlel)cntl~the c:oiltinrrity nncl I,rogrc\.; of the r;i(:e. lu the I~rutc~rc~rltl all tht: itlnc-tiun> ui prol1.1fiatio11re folintl, but \vithor~tthe org,ini~etlant1 cntlliring home. Continuity ant1 progrezs are \v.u~ti~~fito 11.rre1lt;llrel,itiuns; they are constantl!. chxngi~lg,Lilling ;lira! from the ste;itly cli.;cil)linetl fitlelity of the hornc illto 1~ro1lii5cuity.'l'hr~s there can I)c no conht:lut tr;uns~~ii\~ionof kno\vletlge an11 intcllijience, no steatly upl)l~iltling of char,lcter in virtue clntl faith. I'ro- miwc~ityis the si.lli>l~,untliscil~lint~tl, ;111(1 tlestructivt' :~t.tion of [he love nnturc ; tlie lo\-e of the houic is ortlerly, tii.;c.i- pline(l, courLlgcolls,nntl etlifyi~~~.SIornlly as well as phys- ic: 1Ht FVOLC1IOY Or LOVE 5 7 Beneficent as was its final intention, her doom descended upon her like a curse. She was made subservient in every way to the will of man. She bore alike the heaviness of his blolvs and the bitterness of his contempt. She was doonled to abject bondage where he was free. Her love for him was outraged by the slight regard in which it mas held, at the same time that the most brutal demands were made upon it. llotherhood, stronger in her than life itself, was made not only her shalne and reproach, but oftentinles the means uf a torture that xvmld have crushed out forever, the life of any but the ~xost enduring creature known to science. Her childrel: were made vile before her eyes. If they were boys they were taught to look do\vn upon her, almost before they had ceased to draw their life fro111 her veins. If they were girls, they reproached her for bringing them into being, and n.ere subjected to a bondage like unto her O\Vll. There was no earthly succor for this anguish. She must therefore, per force, seek an heavenly. .And the Father's promise did not fail her. " Lly presence shall go witt thee, and I will give thee rest." Looking ever ulxvai-d for help, feeling the perpetual inflo~vof the Father's love into her heart, she learned through the long sges, to he true when man was false ; to deny passion and appetite, not because of a reciprocal faith a~ldconstancy in man, for she kncw that this did not exist, 1)ut for the sake of her own womanhood and the Father's love. She trod the wine-press alone, but out of it issued the rich vintage of a love that is strong alld satisfy- ing, and yet pure and trne. And littie by little, through the slow processes of generation and motherhood, she has iml pressed some outline of her o\vn faith and constancy upon the soul of man. Generations of pure mothers will in time curb the strong inlpulses of their sons, and bring then1 to see that disci~~lineis better than license, the love that is strong in soulful eielllrnts nlore \\-orthy, more ennobling, more satisfying, even, than that which is based upon the senses alone. Aleantime this l)r.l\\-~iy,adolejcent ma11 is nll her own, and she 101-es him with a mother's luntlying love ; she be- lieves in him with n mother'.; uncl~ienchnble faith ; she knows with n mother's unerring intuition that his promise is glorior~.~,ant1 that \vhen he shall h,lr-e le;lr~led through n tliscil~line les.; hexre th:m her own has been, to be sovereign over his sense, to holtl hi.; pasiions and all- petites ns his sen.vits ant1 not ns hi, m~ster,the greatness of hi.; tlestiliy \\-ill \\-rearhe :In uni~~ctinghalo about her brows. Sorrowfl~las has 1)cen the path of \\.oman through the centl~ries,it h.is not been without its glca~usof l~rightness, its whispers of pro~ni.;e. 'l'hrill.; of II \vonderful power stro~lgerth:~n fxte h:ive sliiveretl ncros her heart-string.; ; flashes of supernnl light h:~vt.no\\- :ln(l ng:~in1e:lpecl fro111 the skies at her a!i ; nntl nlwnys, however tleep the tlegr,rtlntiou of her .;tory, ii shy coultl win the love of her tyr,int she hat1 her hour of trir~rll~jh.f Ier own love she might pour out, a libation of her hc.art's I)Iuotl, unheetlerl at hi> feet ; 11i1t if she ctrul(! wincl the toil.; her f~ticinationsitbout his heart, she corll(l Icntl hi111 \vhitheraocver she nilletl. If the ages hilve tlir~ght any onc thing c.lc.nrly concwning \voni;ln, it is that there is for her on earth no higher duty, no grLuitler destiny, th~un to m:~lieherwlf 1)elovctl of nncn I)!. 311 ,\veet anti p11re ancl gentle mt..in,, 'rritl then to Ic.rtl tlieln 1)y the cord.; of love to ht~ight~l)t~!.oritl 11lc~111,cIvc.i. Nor neetl she wish .i ho1it.r or lnc,rrl I~c.~\-t~rll!.c.;illing. It is one with that 'rt~l:foregoiii~ \-ie,\~i of love :I. tlic ili\-inc life of the unil-erhe, ni the oilc c.cl:~.i.tcnt ,i11(1 I\-i?c~le.;onicelelixent of h~~mnl~111; .incl lIrogrc,s, iia1.c 1)cc.n lre>rlltc(l nt wnc lengtli, not only I,i.c~:i~~.;cof tllcir inli~.rc.nt~iol)ili~!. ant1 trntli- fl:lni.--;? 1)ut l)cc.,~l~.etlii,y f,)r111tlli. I)i..ii of tile only r,~tionnl nnil hol1eii11outli)trk ullon tllc .ic~Liicl;\-lr,tl;ctl di,ortlt!r.; of our o:i I I tiI I I I t i y I ~ It i'i the l)rev;~lci~t~I~LTJ L~~~xo~~; 111 )r,~ii,t~tli~t ~t lc ill ccrt~i~i 1oxvc.r m.l~liie,t,itio~ii.i, tt, l)c ii~i~l;i.(lIllion :ii c-.,cxntinlly e\il ant1 \vo~-th!-only of the \c\-icrc,.t contlcmn.ition. .I'liii ii t!~e \icw of all n.;cc,ti.- liliilo~iij~ll!~,;inti of tli.it c,xtrtLnlc nsccti- ci.111 \\-iiic:h >o:nc,ti~nc.; L~\ti.~iiitic.lt; n filngiix of ln,liigii gro\vtl~,III)<)II ri.ligio11, .v,(c.tn.;. It i. ;I t!~col.!. \vliiclx in- ~olvc>it~cblf riicllc~~,i~ii~c~~l~i~tt~~lc~ici :11icl cn1ltr,i(1ii,ti(11is, nlltl 11c.t:rg- .in11 l~i,\~.iitli~,-,t!lL. ixiintl, ilntil .lny logic-.il nntl s;mc collc.111,ion- c.oii,.cr.~~~:i, 111r1>tII~~I,~11c -OIIIIII, I I ~l~i~l~t,le~~~ V~~~,III~;~L~I~IL~II~ :III!~cvor \Till rvs111t. I .c t 11, gri11111(lo~~r.>i,l\ i,., tiic~-t,ioi-i,, hri~ily II~IOII tlic ~~-olit)iitic-~i~tli.it It,\-' i.; i!i\-ini. ;incl not -;,lt,inic -tli;it \viicr- cvi,r fountl, 1111tlc.r \\I~:lr~\-c.rc..~rtl~l!. :11i11 rutli111~~11t:ilcoiltli- tion.;, it hn\ ill it tlic g:rt.run of a c.c.lr.--ti,ilniifi~ltling. :in(\ nectl.; only the c;lre ant1 ~:II~~III-~\\.l~ic.Il sc.ic,nc.c, i, ri..itl!- to iie\to\v nlxui tlic vil~.,t n-t,c.tl, ii it oif;,r-<~lromiic, of a fln\vcr, to Ilrove its heavenly parent:ige, and we shall find at once, not only that we have n i:)lid foundation under our feet, but that it is in true aligumznt with all thoie grand ~~riuciplesof gro\vth and de\-elopc~ent~vl~ich constitute the hIagna Charta of the universe. Such a po.;ition as this gives us command of the field at once, and if any class of purists or reformers assail it, their quarrel is with the alnlighty 1'~werthat nlade this marld ant1 n:>t with ally lover in it. Better the heart mhich is oper, to love ulna any terms, than the one in 11-llose cold morcility a tender impulse could never stir 3 lovi~~gdeed into being. L-pon no other cheory thml thih, can the tenderness of Christ for fill!eu women, for all that desl,ised class repre- sentetl hy " publicans and sinners," be explained. '' Scribes, phxisees, hypocrites," He did denounce in unsparing terms ; hut never had He any ,word 1)ut of tenderness for the Mag- dalen, the woman at the well. or the \voman taken in adulterv. teaching.;. He saw in the victiins of its persecutio:~~, humm hearts only too blindly gix-en over to the service cf that sanle di\-ine principle \vhich it was His niissioll on earth to exalt and glorify. It was never in the Divine heart "to denounce lo\-e in any form, but only to lift its we.lry feet out of the miry clay, and set then1 1111011 firin ground ; to brel~the upon itc tarnished wings till they ihonld glow with heavenly light and glory, and Lenr themi;ekes aloft into their native skies. He knew well that in the eroiution of truth there are many degrees, but no antagoilisnls ; and the nlost un- worthy love on the face of the footstool is only the lowest round of the ladder which reaches straight up to the heart of Gotl." \Vhen the moral status of love is thus logically and scien- tificnlly assured, ant1 the bul\\-arks of revelation are placed against it for its support ant1 stren~thening,the work of the l~~riticntiunof our social life, in>tecltl of 1)eing blind, and ci.~rk,2nd infinitely 2nd incstric'.ll)l!. iiii~olve1.1, 1)ci:omrs luci(l, hopefr~l,and enc.ourngi~lg. Yuri might a5 well try to turn SiL1garn I).lckn.nrcl in its tlou-, 2.; to turn from their pretles- tinecl channels the strong life-currents of the human heart. Their resistless ilnprilse is n f,~r-a\v~~j~\.il)rution of the divlne energy ; cintl if it coulkl ire acco~nl!lishetl,the result ~voulclbe, not a reform, 1)rit :I ruin. \\-hat cnn l)e (lone is to seek the tlii-ine 1x1~as written in the hum,~nconstitution, which is given for the contro! ant1 go\.crnment of this mighty force, nncl bring the tlvo into harmony. 'I'he itlen long incul(.;rtc.tl 1)y 110th 11hiloso1)hyancl religion, that love bet~vei.11Inan nntl ~r-(manis o~llethi~lg1)ase and an- mnl in its nature, a ~)rol)en~itynet~tbsnry intlred to humnn existence, 11rit fur >omc unc.xl)lai!lctl reAson to 1)e thrust out of sight ancl ~!~ulijgi~etlfi)r, is, thcre cnnnot I)? a cloul~t, answer:il)le for Innny c~o~gll,lic~.ttii,r~~in that sociLrl problem which is the tleip~~iralike of the st;ite:m111 nntl the philan- throl'iht. 'I'ht: tlilinc l~ri~lc,il)lc.tloc.; incl~c11wil itself from our eyes a.; it c.i-olt-c.; itwlf throrlgi~nc\v for111iof lift, 1)utwhen you ntt ~vhen?OLI hai~t 1~g11tthc !.el~~tl~ii~l01-the ;1(1i1Itnlinel that :I great :iIl-ljcrv:~\ii-e princ,i~!lc like lo\-c is c.>t.ntinlly et-il, to 11c incl~ilgetlonl!. in ic)rl)itltlc.n wnfi ;in11 l)l,lc.es, never to opt:nly recog~~izc.tl:I> ;I (;otl-gi,-cn c~ltloivmcut,:ultl hartlly to 1)e retlec~netlfrom it.; totnl tlrl)r.l\.ity 1)y I)cing si~rrormtletl with a11 the soleniniti~sof religion, ;ill tile snnc,tities of the ho~ne,!-i~u hnre inflic-tetl a wrong Illlon th:it sol11 w11ic.h \rill brerrl c.ountlcs won* thro~igh ill1 it.; earthly c.;rrct.r, anil cstcntl it.; 1)lighting inhr~rnc~cthr1111gli -,omc xons of eternity. This has been the almost universal teaching of the ages, and the result is a state of illorals which presents an utterly insoluble problem to the reformer who bases his efforts upon the old ideas. ;\[en, finding themselves endowed with strong, outward-working natures, whose primal and God- ordained 13n- it 1vas to be constantly generating and throwing off x-itnl force, have refused to accept a morality based upon the postulate of the total depra\ity of their ineradicable instincts, and hence have found themselves, for a reasoil as inexplicable to themselves as to anybody else, arrayed in open hostility of life and practice against that which they have after all recognized, at least ideally, as the gra.ndest possible co~zeptiouof the soul's relation to love; namely, the lalv of holy purity. The position of woman under this misrepresentation of moral truth has been scarcely less anomalous. Her nature is centripetal, conservative. Un- able to comprehend the apparently lawless and prodigal expenditure of her companion's love-forces, and taught to consider his propensities as entirely evil and animal, she has in her best estate set her whole soul to the test of subju- g~tingthem, breaking them do\vn, trampling them under foot as unholy and unclean. Rut it is plain to the eye of the thoughtful and ~~nprejudicedstudent that this course is scarcely less fraught with perilous consequences than the other. The unnatural repression of the emotional nature, the looking with hatred and contempt upon that which God has ordained to be the fountain of life, the source of all human love and joy and sweetness, blights and withers the soul's best energies, emasculates both the intellectual and the moral nature, breeds physical disease, and begets cross- gmined and abnormally passionate offs~~ri~lg.It was not by chance that the daughter of Jonnthnn Ed~vards,fill1 of the stern, cold, intellec-t;tsl I'uritnnism of the t~meand ~~l;ic't', 1)ec.ame the nlotl~erof Aaron lh~rr. Sntllrc \\.ill not 1)e c1efrciudt.d. She tlc~iiarltl~I~~i!-tncnt in ill11 fix el-ery inirnc- tioil uf l~crln\v. l:or ,111.11 rc.l~rc\,ion of the (;otl sitle, the love sitle, of hn;n.in n,itnre .I.; hnh been ~)r,~c,tiseclI)!- tile I:r,lli~ni~iicc.~xtc of Sc\v I.:ngl,l11tl for the 11~stt\vo hun- ~lretl,iritl hit!. !-e:lr., ,,l~ecle~n:i~~tl-norliii~gIt...; tIl,in ;I slu\\- extinc,tion, \\-it11 inc.i(lcnt.:l terror- of \\omc,n chi\-el': in,.ine ant1 mcll givc.11 o\-t,r to hli,irnclc~h; ;lntl ~~nnntural~~rol~eniities. Intellcc~t~~,~liul)rc,:n.it 30 g:iii~~>tli, tlc;lrly l)ouglit, nntl, though it m.l!. kc,r\-c2:I tc.~~il)o~-;~y1)~1r1~1,c? rc.x,tioll must co~-iic. 'l'11c.re (..in IIC no (.omljlctc:inti cntlnring c~~lti~rcthat is not holitliy I).!-rtl IIIJ~II'lit c,rc.nti\.c*, liie-gi\-ing forces - \rllic.li tloe.; nut in1 I\itle tli~ti111 ht,iture, tile r\-cll-ro~intle(l being. of tl?~. miin. 'l'lli~ \\~o~-Itl-t~ltljil.ol)Irm, ~i tlir trrle ncljl~~tun'ntoi the lo\-? nltul-c of ~iiinto 11ie tl~\inc. ~ncthocl niltl ortler of linm.!n l~rogrbh,i, one ti1.lt II~C.Y-C.; 1111,~ntile c.i\.iliz.ition of our 11.1y \\-it11 n fort.? krcL1ter tli.in t1l;it of all otiicr.; coin- l,inctl, 11cc.nlisc it incli~tlesall otl-icri. 'I'hc~re(.,in 1)e 110 51111- ject of tlcellcr, in or^, ~it.11or Ici.itiii~ntc intercbt tn thc stndent of soci~ii1)rol)lcrn. th.in tiii.; of the I.I~..; n.hic~li govern the (111:ilc.ol)xtitlition of tlic r,lc,es : 1;ln.s n-huse l~cnaltiei,rcishly ant1 often ig~lor.intlyin\-okttl, ii:ivc o\ c~-\vl~cl~iletlthe lvorld in tlcgratlLitio:l ;~n(livreti~lictl~lcx.;. 'I'ile hc,lrt gro\rs sick nit11 st~c'i:ig111c1l gi\-c>ii o\-cr to gro,blICi, s~y~~s~~;~lity,,111d self- ish 11rulx.11hity; \\-ollirn e\.e~-y\vhcrcl~cltl in l)ontl,i::c to their 01111rc>\or>,n11d I)e~o~ilillg,through inhr~itc,tin1)lrctitcs and thc contlitions of hl,~vcry,thcrn\clvc-; tlc~gr.itl~~ti.inti i~nlliirc; ~n;~rri.~:,.c~~ro,titl~tc.il, l~o~ncs mntlc c~I~ilcll(~~;tI1ro11g11 unnat- THE PKOBLE\I OF 7'0-IIAY 65 God against in~l~urity,desolating our homes, and corrupting the very fou~ltaillsof life, till the wonder is if there be any sound spot left. Verily, " God is not mocked : whatsoever a man solveth, that shall he also reap." 17et with all this pen-erted activity, never was,the world in such perishing need of love as to-day. The lnen of this century are bearing such burdens of enterprise, discovery, conquest ; they are achieving such exploits of commerce, engineerillg, invention, of scientific, philosophical, and ar- chrcological research, as no race of inen on the face of the earth ever achieved before. Such fires do not burn except the flnmrs are fed. Life force cannot he exl~endedso prodi- gally u~llessit is renewed, and there is no renewer of life but love. Men exhaust themselves in their mad determinxtion to unlock the secrets of matter, till they hare no longer the strength or the insight to co~llprehe~ldthe great principles of faith 311d love, which alone coald enable thein to hold their 1'~nes. in true balance. Like Charles Darwin, who in his old age acknowledged tha; the study of science had so absorbed all his faculties, that lie had beconle dead to the sweet in- flucnces of beauty, of sentiment, of faith, they sell their inestilllable birthright in spiritual things for a sodden mess of nlaterial gains and glories. Darwin had for his reward a bounty of inestimable truth; but how many men are break- ing do\vn in the harness, going mad with the \viltl esciteinent of struggles that are wholly vain and selfish, dying of heart- failure and collapse, without a ray of spiritual light or truth, or one warm pulse of true and tender love, to illunline their sad end. The world can~lotreel on at this nlad gait much longer without a total disruption of all those ties of civilizatioll which bind it together. The saving graces which it stands in crucial need of to-day, are love of, ancl kith in, Got1 and I good Jvoluen. a Oith like this can calm it.; tumult, I soothe its fever, .111(l l~e.;ton.upon it sanity nntl e~luilil~rium. j But the oltl ol~oiusi, out\vorn, say mnny me11 ant1 ivomen. I ' \\-e are slni-es no longer to the oltl idens of love or i,iith. , I , I ! 'I'here ~uu.;tbe a rccniting of soci.11 formi nn~lobligations, a re\-isiun of creed.;. 'I'he rel:ltion, I~~tiv~t.11(.;or1 nntl m.!n, and eclu:~ll!- betn.een men and \\-omen, mud 1)e of freer scol)e, of deeper meaning : nntl ~vherci.; the ~)rol!i~etor the seer !I!I who shall teach us the way of it? F,~ithbreecl.: s~~perstition; 1, love boi~ntl in chains of Inw, bcgct.; satiety : the love th~t ' 1 1 : owns no IJ\V has a pois~ntang to it, ant1 no Inore th.un the other abitle.;. \\-ho shnll revc.il to us the secret of i immortal love, n riel-er-dying, nn 111!lifting f.lith ? , I, The n11sn.t.r i.;: \\.hilt iz thc s<.icnc,e for \\-hic.li yo11 I1~1ve I ,I sold your ancient 1)irthright gootl fur, if it c:unnot tl~rt~\viollic ; i ii: glea~llof brightness 1111onyour sllirit~~~ill)ntl~n.,iy? For ~vl~~t i purpose em it.; elcc.tric I)e.~nll)c lightctl, mclre \\-ortlij. or 1 lnore grncic~~ithct~l to 11 111i.h ii~l)c~-,tition.III! -tt,ry, r~nclc.nn- I ness, fronn hrl~u,lr;he~irt.; ant1 lloiucs? If it (,,innot ;it IeLi.;t help to (lo this, it is of little irorth. 'I'he eltlcr prol111t.t.;:ire not afmicl of it.; ruc1innc.c. 'l'he!. knotv tl1.1t thy tr11tl1of (hc! ~vill1)e founci eclrl,il to nny test \\-l~ichthe IIII~\crx of (;ocI I , . c.in 1)ring to it, anti it i\ for trtitll alone th~tthey ;ire con- / i ctrnrtl. 'I'hey hnvc ;i,,ertctl that the tr11e I:l;v 01' lil~~n~ln I I lo\-e is that 1vhic.11 I)ilitlh it in the tics of ~)nrc~~t:rge,;IS the tlivinc love itself, fro111\vllic.h it hllri~ig-;,is 1)ountl ; that the true joy of love is the ~~n\clfi,h,holy joy \vl~ic.hevcntll,ites in chiltl-nnrtnre ant1 the I)rogres.; of the r.1c.e ; th;it tile lo\-e which seeks to ei-xle tlicse ties an,l ol)lig;~tionsforfeit.; the ! I c:hnrter of its 1)eing :inti ~)eri-hryin its r11cliulc.11tiry st:~te,n I blighted ant1 tlrLitll-stricken gtmn ; tliai the inztiti~tion of THE PROBLEN OF 1'0-D.4Y 6 7 the home is fountled upon the divine necessity of love to perpetuate the race, and that here, and not in the paths of license, must the true joy and perfection, the supreme de- light, of love be sought and found. Let us, then, borrow some scintillant ray of the torch of science, and by its help, try once more those institutions n;hich are said to be outworn, and see if their glory be really departed, or whether our eyes may have been blinded by the new lights which have burst upon them. Let us search the ancient oracle, and see if it be really dumb, or whether its voice has been clrovvned for a season by the clamor of outcry over new discoveries. Let us see if any sacred fire be left upon the old hearthsto~le,any lares and Penates still lurking In the shado~vsof the chimney-corner ; whether the home he, as some say, a moss-grown rum tottering to its fall, or n hether there still remains strength in its walls and sound- ness in its timbers. 1,et us see whether nlanhood and womanh.~od do not yet retain some of their distinctive world-old characteristics, and whether the sacred tie between them, of fond parental lore, have not yet a zest and savor. New times ar,d new developments (lo, indeed, ever demand a shifting of conditions, thozg'n principles remain forever the same ; and it may well be that some old-fashioned furniture of the home, in the way of notions and traditions, may have 1)ecome unessential to the needs of this later time. If so, let us remove it, and bring in the new and better appliances, the modern improvements suited to our modern wants; and abox-e all, since science is ever a deadly foe to superstition, let us search the clim and ancient corners for any vain and foolish fancies or unreasoning beliefs which may be tainting its atmosphere, as malaria poisons the air we breathe. In short, let us inaugurate one of those cataclysmal periods, so I , 4 1I I dear to the feminine l~e~irt,\vl~ich hha11 h.1nisi1 gliohts from the attics and ;iii.ihma from t11e c:ellarh, :~icI tloo(1 311 the I 8 I aml,le sp,ice.; l)ct\\-een \\.it11 light :111(1 c11ec1-and s\vc~etness. ! Ir miy 1)e that sll(.h :i 1,1-ocev\\,ill di~clowto ns certain I L ~ old ant1 rooted ~vrollg-;n.hic.11 it is for this gcnvration to set 1 1 I1 1 ; right: wiil rc\-t.nl to 11.;. aim, thc. 3hininp of ~len-and divine truths \vhic.h the' \\-orl(i li,~.;not ui~tilthi~ (1.1~. 1)een rcndy to receivc : \\.ill cl~lnrgcour 111int1, to take n 1)rontlc.r\-ie\v of the I right tli~ti~.;ant1 ol)ljg;itio~l~\\.hic.h lo\-c inll~ozes;and shaine I / uut of sight ant1 bring, so~uc.n.irro\\- nntl del~~isingjealousies 1 (i! allil fc:lrs. ! i 50 rcnov.~tecl:incl rc>~orrtl,the. nncicnt heritape of human- i ( tij. ity may 1~uveto I,t3,after ;]I/, not ulln-ortliy thc gr~~itlfane 1 1 1 ant1 tlc.stin!- of tiit. r.1c.t. : nntl tlic light of tlmt ,r~l)rrnal glory ; 1 ! \vhich al~l-ayih,is cnc.irt lc,tl it, nntl 1iic.h lini ever I,een 1 i morc of hc,,~\-e~~th~n of ',irth. -1i.iI1 >till bliine on across all / i ) ~vnstrsof 111111lali\\.I-c.tc1ic.dnc.x- :inti \vocLj till it sh,ill have g,ithcrctl ;~litlic, \\-e.ii-yaiiil t1i.c on,ol:itc> of th? cart11 into the ', f I i sheltering haven of its on.n pcL]c.e,'11ncl lnlrity, a11d love. BOOK I1 LO'r7E AS ElIBOUIEU IS THE HOVE THE SIGSIFICASCE OF Sk.X '1'0 the stlideilt who traces that dualislll which \Ire call sex frclm its mystical nduillbratiolls in the world of matter, through protoplasmic phases, to that dere!opment of pro- gressive life 2nd being which has its earthly culmillatio~l in the human race, n.hs iiilds in the 11111013 of lnale alld fem:ile to forin the new life, the key to all progress, the step- ping-stone fro111 generation to gelleratioll of that upmard pathway ~vhosegoal lies far beyond all hum:ln ken / and who adds to the results of these investigntions the testimony of revelation that the divine life itself is thus dual and parental, the character aild uses of this eternal, al!-embrac- ing ~rincipleseen1 to be n-orthy of the most profound and reverent ittidy. And the first thing which becomes evident about it is, that as life progresses frolll its lowest fornls up~vards the lines of sexhood steadily deepen, its expressiou becoilles of greater significance anti due. 'lhe first pure altruism visible anyivherc in nature is mother-love, \vhich long before the fondness of innte for mate beco~llesin nny true sense u~~jelfiih,sets love uf ufipring 1)efore any other conjiilcr,~- tion, ei-cn life itself. 1:ut in time the love of n1:llt.i shows tlistinctly altruistic ten(loncic.;, and ;IS the specinlizntioll of function goes on, ;und intIi\-idrill1 life rises in the scnlc of being, this rzalt.itio11 is everywhere indicnted ancl enlphu- sized I)y the enhnncctl value of the attril)i~teiof sex nncl l~xentagr, until in a general iv.~!. it m:ly be f-lirly ~ncl triithfully snicl that the hig11 ti(les of 1)eing nre everywhere registered by tile clesrcc of tic\-eloi)~nellt ;itt;line(i by 1n.lrit.11 and p.uen"t11 It~vc; tl1.1 t i., the more comt.int the nnim.ll in its love for m~te;inti oli;l~rir~g,the higher it.; status in the order of el-i)lution. l.:vcr!. t1v;rt.e of clcvclol)~nentntt;~ined in this res1~ct.t is n tcp ~\v.~yfro111 the earthy, and ill the direction of the clivine. Let us, then, c-o~iitlt~rtlic~e t\vo cleruents of the universal life in their scli,!r,lte cnl~.ic~itie.;,clctining as c1e;rrly ;IS 1ii.7y be with our impc.riec,t kn~~\vlctigc,the powers anti roperti ties of entli. :\ntl first let 115 nsl; \vli:it are the chnrnc:teristics of tli,lt po'iti\c, m;~sculi~lecl~-nit~ilt \vho.;c highest pr.lcticn1 exlxaGion ill the tyl)ic.al nl;ill ii only :I f,tint, tho11y:li in- rrc~~sing,siniilitr~~lc ()[ it.; highest i11e:tl esl~re.;sion,which is in the tlivine 1:ntlier of Illcn. St'itctl in the stronge5t tcrlni, ~r~casl~rctl11). t!ic we kncxv of it, it i.4 thih : ('rentive force; tile IJo\vcr ant1 will to bring from night ;111(1 1,h;los light nncl ortlcr ; to conc.ci\-e vast e1iter1)rises the r,scc,~ltionof \rliic.ll is yet stiltlictl tvith uncrri~lgn.i\tlolli to the minutest 11et~1il:to en.1c.t all itlenl systc~nof Inw ~vith ~~~llii~rnsant1 l)cn,iltics cu::c.tl!. g.iltgct1 to every emcrgcncy, anti rccirrri~lg \\.it11 inel-itable force allti precision; cun THE SIGSIC'ICASCE 01: SEX 7' I m infinite energy which urges straight onw~rdto its work, riding rough-shod over all obstacles, or scattering them froni its pathway as the rising sunbeams scatter the shadows of a mighty dynamic glow within, a mystical, incomprehensible fire of attraction and desire to which we give the name of love, but whose inner nature defies analysis ; a love that is omnipotent, insatiable ; that from eternity to eternity creates new worlds and systems of worlds out of its own exhaustless energy, only to desire still other systems, and to project the nebulz for their form:;tion; the lord ancl giver of law as of life ;inighty and majestic outside of la!%-, yet still more august and venerable when panoplied by it, it is still not law but love which is its ultimate destiny. Not as the Creator of the L7niverse does it stand upon its grandest, most unapproach- able height, but as the Father of Souls; for law at its uttermost of majesty is ever but the slave and minister of love. But grar,d and majestic as is nature's interpretation of the Vast, mysterious, elusive, the opposite pole of that creative force, the "1,ight be ! Light was ! " of the uziverse, it is yet equally pervasive and powerful. Aye, one may say more powerful, since greater is the power behind the throne than the throne itself. This grand, occult woman-soul sits at the centre of all things, and by its silent, inscrutable attraction bends the tangential lines of force into circles, reduces conflicting energies to harmony, opposes to the weariness of desire and strife, unfathoined lest and peace, offers to the insatiable instinct of life-giving, welcome, satis- faction, repose. Great indeed is force ; but not less sover- cign the silent in.;l~irerand (:ontroller of force. Great is the celltrifilgnl ~io\ver,1)iit it 11-ould cl~~ickly1o.e itself in the :irid wastes of since, if there \Yere no ccn~ril)etiilattractiori to hold it to the stcntiy orbit of nccoml)lishm~.nt. Direction, inspirntion, sl~iritualsolace, ant1 nzpentile, - these nre the contrihl~tion.;of tile grcat mother-heclrt to the sum of 111ii- vcrsnl dynamic.;. The glory of the 1:athcr is 111ntlc. ninnif~,.;tin sun and >tar, in fiery heat, in l~ligl~til~g(.oi(!. 111 ligllt~lillg, tclnl~est,nlltl thcnder, in tllc 11-n\.ci (IF tii~,-t<~rln-ri(lclellSKI,ill the etcr- rial rocl;-ribl,cd fastnr shes of tile hill>, in the rilhing J\-intis that sollntl t 11C.ir miglit!. tli,~l,.i,on ti~rol~gllthe orp:~~~-l)il)esof the i1li1uitnI)lc foreit, or ncro\.; the. .;llrgi~lg I)illo\vs of tlic 5tor111y III:I~II. 'Lhc g:r~t ~notlirri-oicc.. lit.r.-~lf in t~,~ltl~,rrrc,adenc:e.;. 'l'hc ~n!-3tery c,i tiic ni~llt,tllc, 1,1p~i11gof tile ~c.lon starlit sa11(1s, the ~n~lIo\v~':,I~:III(Y~ of t11c III:)CIII, ti~cIII\I~II~II~~I~~ night-willtls that n.,ii~cler tci ;inti fro, l)~,i~-insInessnzes of lo\.e, or tellder 1:.1jn, or >oI:ic.~~on tiii.ir \vi~ig,: the tintc(1 silverll c1011cls tl?.it s:~ilthron:,.h ,1';1(.", (l~-clli!~ii~gt1on.n their coolii~gnlitl i);llcficcllt shatlc~\v.. ;ill \\-circl ,riltl \vitcliing in- f111encc.s \vhich thrill the hc:irt of 111;111 ant1 \\-oo hiln nlviiy from tlie 1,nrremlei.; of >[rife, the rn~il.itl!. of un-,lti4ir.tl lo~lgi~~~,and lift hinl i~itorcgion5 1riglic.r t1i;in lli~nxclf,scr~lcs s\vcctcr runt1 1,urcr than ;lily cnc~i~;illt~nr~itc;irth cnn offcr, -these arc the carc5ic.s \vI~it.h the ~nothcr-llcartof (;otl l,csto\vs 111)oll hcr hu~linllc.hiltlrc~n. .\ntl thi.; I;lht i\ hcr esl)eci\il gift : to 1111iclrcllthe insight of hu~nn~lity,to lift liurblilltl c-yci nl)\\-n~-tlto tile goltlcn mystcry of ctcrn:~lsllhcrcs, to \tir in diill 1ic~;irtsthe senhe of inncr il~iritli.:l gloric-, tc? tci111.11c.oltl n~itlinert natures ~vitlitlic. fii-c ;rntl in>l)ir.~ticinof Io\.c, to m:ilic, real 2nd per- 1H1.2 SI(;SIFICASCE OF SEX 7 3 inanent to them the great throbbing, glolving heart of the I eterilal lo\e, and teach them their own kinship to it. A11 tender, spiritual insight, all knowledge that knows not ah), but sinlply knows, all fire and glow and fullless that 1 yet ministpr reit and peace, -these are truly feminine, the ema~iationsof the great Mother-soul that is one with the 1 Father, yet 15 not the Father : the eternal Spirit, the Para- clete, the Comforter. Such is sex in its ultimate apotheosis. In its human ex- pression it is scarcely less significant. In the early ages of the race, strength alone see~liedtruly tir~le; but the pro- cesses oi e\olution have ~onditioned the idea, till in these last days it begins tc be seen that beneficence must be joined to strength II the highest ideal is to be reached. As the old instinct of chivalry gets a new definition, an expan- sive force, and it is seen that not strength to prey, to destroy, 1 but strength to succor, to build up, is truly virile, man-like, God-like. Yet even so the eternal verities pronounce a fate 1 for lilan distinct from that of woman. hIzn beholds his destiny written on earth and air and ~ sky. He is born to a career. He goes forth froill the ~ honle nook wherein he was nurtured, conquering and to conquer. His consciousness warns hiill that for hiin defeat I is incriminating. So strong is this instinct in him that too often it leads hi111 to put all moral distinctions under his feet, if so he mav climb the shining heights of victory: his thnt grander aspiration which leads the way to spiritual achievennents. To keep him a\l-:lre of the ce1esti;ll portents, remindetl of his spiritunl destiny, and to mii1iz:cr to him the inspirntion and direction ivhich he neetls to give his career the uprvnrd trend, is the true nni.;sion of noman. It is hers to nttrLict,to warn, to cheer; to tencl thc he:~rthfire.; ant1 the altLir fires ; to catch the dil-ine s1)nrk from heaven, ant1 so nourish it fro111 her o\vn life that it shnll iinclle a s.lcretl glow :111 ahout her, to which men shall be clr~n-11for in.;l~irntion2nd refresh- Ing. ,. I he keynote of a woman's succes. in any career, I~utnnost of all in her olvn native spllerc, is ~~crionalattrxctive~ness. \\-hat strcngtln iz tu men, is beauty to \volnlen, ant1 the subjjcct is one of si~fii:icnt i111port:lntre to jristify n ~).lr.lgr;~pllby itself. c, Ihe love of \vom:;n for her orcn benilty h:ls l)een in all ages n mystery to :nan. :It his best he h,is scant sense of his o\r-11 comeliliess, ant1 pl:iccs little value npun it in the inventory of his ~)erson:llasset<. (;ive hi111 executive force, the 1)ouer to j.,lrln ;IIIC~to ac~0111~lisI1,ant1 if he must choose betnevn IIyi~erio~llultl the s,lt!.r, he \\-onltl ~)reicrulmn the whole, the oi~tcr:lsl)vc.t of the s:ltyr. Ihlt the in~llostdesire of every wounnn is to I)c lic~tiitifr~l,to attr~ct. Ant1 the more one s:~itliei the nntilrc of tl~unancl n-oman, the Inure one observcs thnt thii t1ibtinc:tion is ilot thc ontc.onle of contlition ancl environment, 1)ut is innate in sex itself. It is one of those str~~trturalline> of differcnti~ition 1)). ~vhichscience marks the progress of cvolution. 1,ct the ~)renc:hers preach and the reformers refurin to the fill1 exteilt of their c:alling, it wiil still remxin true that the Inore tvo111,inly a rvomiul is, that is the lllore she coilforlns through evolutionary processes THE SI(:NIFIChNCE OF SEX 75 to that primal type of womanhood which is an element of the divine life and which nature reveals to us, the greater will be not only her pomer, but her desire, to attract, to bring within reach of the saving graces of her pure spiritu- ality, the aggressive and forceful natures of men. This is her highest mission, her most queenly prerogative. By it she wins her strongest vantage-ground in practical life ; by it she bends to herself in closest and most salutary relationships the man of her choice and the babes of her bosom That physical beauty is a potent elelllent in the power of attraction there can be no doubt; but it is a great mistake to suppose that it is bv any means the strongest or most influential. ,4n Eastcrn proverb freely translated says, "If you love a woman for her beauty, that is for a year; if you love her f~rher mind, that is for ten years ; but if you love her for her winning ways, that is for life." And it is very true that what me sometiilles speak of as the fascinations of woman, the gleams of inner spiritn::! qualities which shine through the translucent vase of her physical attributes, constitute in reality the most potent charm known to feminity; and these are often found very perfectly de- veloped in women whose physical charms are by no means remarkable. It is a crude estimate which counts only physical attributes in the summing up of a woman's attractions ; and the woman who depends upon these alone for her power may indeed allure a succession of lovers to her shrine, but she will never be able to exercise that enduring dominion which is the true test of power. It is the woman who can turn her lovers into friends, and retain their homage so long as life shall last, who is the true queen among women. It is she who possesses the power not to devastate and destroy with her I bexut!., niter the f:iihion of the. flirt allel tl1t. c,e)I~rtcsnn,but to spiritu,llize, to 111)lift. It is this Ilo\vcr of \voman to attr,ic.t. \vhicll i:, greater than the clnl~ireof king.; or the tlo~ninionof armies. llnny n timc a~ldoft in hi-tor!-, it hn, o~ertl~ro\\-neml~ire.; ant1 con- qut~edco~lcl~~crurh.'l'he :,.rc.,~t~..tof 111~11 11'ne io1111d it stronger than fi~tc nn(l iortl~ilc co!nl~inc~l,nncl there is scnrc~el!- n \voln;ln so ~venk.if :,lie l)r 111it l~c,iletrate(lI)? the hpirit of n trllc' \vonlnnlioo~l,that .licx c,.lni>ot cscre-ise some 11otciit fr un\vorthy tlt~c.~~l~tic)i~.,Is!- \vllic.ll Ion-~rn:~trlrcs htri\-c to 1-cil thern:,cl\-e, in tile >e~~li~ln~lc.cof th~ 11igIle1. ]if<,,anel 1)y means of \vl~ic.ll III;~II~:I l~i+.i:~l)lc~\ic,ti111 ]]:I> 11ct.111111-c~l to :\ 11105t unl1~1111y (1~-tin?. It is tl~i,:~ttr,i(.ti\-c IIC)\~-CI. oi ivo~il~il~,rigl~tly excrcise(1, 1vhic.11 IIIOI-e' tIi:,~i:ill!. ot11<.1-,11111n.i111yhl)c.,~l VII 4 RYI Hoiv the ~nothcr'sIleart thrills as, n.e;tk and weary from tiic n~lgriiih of 111-ingin; hirn into the world, she takes hirn tilion i1t.r arm nntl oift.1-i 1lin1 tilt. white bounty of her l)r?.~ I' gotten a man fro111 the 1,ord." He has outgrown now the shelter of her loving arms, and must go forth to seek his fortune. He will carry his mother's tender sillile and the memory of her lo~ingcounsel in his heart ; but oh : how slender to her womanly fears seems the strength of her best efforts in his behalf 1 She has studied the chart of life for his sake, and she knorvs that perils beset his course, and she has only loye, and faith, and prayer, with collie of the syrens, and led captive to that duageo11-house which the passions and appetites keep ever yawning for their victims, ah ! whose heart shall sorrow for him then as his mother's heart? IVho shall so soften the tale of his errors, so understand the reason of his frailties and plead their es- tenuation? \Vho sh.111 so strengthen and uphold his failing virtue, and inspire him with fresh strength after every down- fall? And when the end colnes and he lies prone upon the earth, overboine of evil, the victim of his o\v11 sad doonl and the ternpier's \\,iles, who shall still hope, still pity, still bear him in the arms of an everlasting love beyond the shadows of this Oteful world, and conlnlend him to th:t brighter one whose portal is ~rcheilover with a rainbow of iminortal hope? Itrho, but God and his mstl~er? It is thus that the tender heart of lllotherhood yearns over men, and can never look out upon the stern and heavy coilflicts of their lives without a thrill of pure lllaternal sympathy and love. But the mother-heart, in its quiet, illeditative hours, asks itself some strange questions, turns over sonle deep proh- leins co~lcer~lingthe dangers and temptations to \vhich the objects of its love are exposetl. Let us go back to our young man in the first flush of his manhood, fascinated with his new-born coilsciousness of power, his sense of sover- eignty over all material things. It is precisely this con- scio~s~lesswhich he feels is the grandest attribute of his manhood. It is this by which he is to clinlb all heights, to achieve all knolvledge, to wring every hidden secret from the universe, to esljlore life, to conquer destiny. It is a kind of power -of muscle, of br~in,of will -- which 113 other creature possesses in like measure, and he bows him- self before it in a rapture of self worship. But let us match him a little while as the snares of life, little and great, beset his untried feet. Possibly the very first te.;t which circum- stances will apply to this clcliqhtfill self-conxio~~snessis that si~btleIndian narcotic: so I)t.lo\-ed of the iu:l.;culine sense. His first trial of it {vorks :I .,1c1 o\-erthro\v of his bonted poocr of will. Sature givrs hill1 :I fl.ic~l~lly\v:1rlli11g that he is d~illyingnit11 an enem!-, ,111tl hi.; \vhite f.lcc, his 1.11 nluscie.;, nntl hi.; tcrri1)le ~ntcrn~~l\roc procl.~i~nthat he has Inct n I)o\vcr that i.; grc,itcr t11,in hi.; own. 1i11t no I he \rill not l)c so v,unclui-ht~cl. lie Ijcr,e\.cre,, c,oililut.ri, :in11 fi!~ally, ~vitllthe 1)onitful air 1.f oile \vho h.1- nc-liicvctl n gre,lt tri- uml)!1, he flourishe.; hi.; c,ig.rr nncl i.; nn ntlt.llt at \illol;ing. IIc hii 5c.orctl l~oi>~l)iyhi, fir-t con>c.ii~rl. \.I( tory olxr the po\vcr.; of nllture. 1;ut let 11, ln,lrk the bclll~cl. HJ.; IIC in rc~~~lit!-\-I~II~II~,~I~I~ the c\-il tlc~no~~\rho ~,.llc~tl hii 11oyisIl ,.llc~,~l,ai~tlr~l.;.i: i the tense ~nusc:lc-, of his ~r~ll-ki1itfr.1111c ? 11.15 hc 11c1t r :ihcr take11 tile s1i1)tlc fit.~lcl into hi, I)O.:II~I,.in11 them. His !)I~y-ic,i,~~il~ttrr, \\-or!l. of (, III~~O!~,t~ilk, to Iliiii of n smokcr's h~>,lrt,nil11 IlC rrljlic,s \\it11 !-cry rt><~lnnlicty nlltl evc11 fcnr, .. 1 \rollit1 sivc 1111 h;llol;ing. ,loc:tor, - hilf 1 [-l?i/'t.'" \\.ho is the \ ivtor ~loir? \\.here i> the 5tl.t.ngrh of t11.1t will-power \vhic.Ii \vns to c.onrliicr the n-orltl? Or it m,iy I)e the \\.ine-c.r~l~\vhic.h 1~rcsc.11t.;thc (-l~:~ll~~ngeto his youthful poircrs. S!1n11 ht: \vho i.i so\-c.reigil of '111, ilce ilIASIIOOL) - I15 POWERS AXD lHEIR LII\IIT.4TIONS 83 from the danger which lurks in the flowing bowl? \Vine is so seductive a flatterer ! It warms a man's heart, it stirs the rapture of enlotion in his veins, kindles the latent poetry of his soul. It strikes all the random notes of youthful joy and pleasure into one full satisfying chord. Shall he resign such entrancing experiences, such lnelodies of a supersen- sun1 Elysium, because -because -there have been fools in the world who could not conllnand their own appetites? Sature has uttered lier warning, but what of that? Man is lcrd over nature. His will is the divine strength in human form, and sliall that which is God-like yield to so base a thing as fear ? But again -and oh ! how often has the experience been re- peated !-the motner's anxious eye watches the boaster along the track of the years. Little by little, she marks the slow inroads of the destroyer upon her darling's prerogatives of nlanly strength. His eye becomes bleared; his voice loses its pure resonance ; his step becomes unsteady. \Verse than this, the manly qualities of his soul are blighted ; his brain falters beneath its wonted task; he responds less readily to the gentle overtures of affection or the strong appeal of truth. Physicaliy, mentally, morally, his power has departed, and he has beconle a wreck. His inanly strength had indeed been God-like, but in a single contest with the law of the universe it has been slain forever. \Vith a charm that is all its own, the niystery of love assails him. He means to have a home of his own some day. Oh, yes ! and the wife and babes who are to be enshrined as its divinities shine down into his dreams out of their celestial halo, the purest, sweetest vision that his imagination knows. But meantime -the world is so full of syrens ; they beckon him from every side. To yield is so much easier than to ;111~t:iili: ;IIIII 5!1r~>Iy;I 111~111111l.t 1,1111~lucrthis lll!.>iery l~cfore he ii ill c.om~unntl of nll hi, l)o\vcr.;. Intlcetl, until he kno\v> \\.illntyn, ho\\- sI1.1ll lit clioosc .I jviie? nntl the c,hoic.e is \\.it11 hi~n. .\lit1 11.1~in; (.IIII~L,I~lit.:., if he 1)c not i,~-~~c.ti.e,l in 1n:lking ntl\-L~ilc.c,,ho\v sh,1Il 11v \\-in her? It is :l nio.;t l)l,iil,il,lc an11 ili>itliun.; tic\-il \vI~o1,lc:ids. 'l'llc i~ul~liedde- ii,\!ice of tl~t.uior.iliiit~~, tile it.,.rt.c,y, the 1liilrl:lnt sense of I I I I I I I i t I I ~ t 5.1 .he sills o little of the 1)oi>oiie(I ~111)liere, lie ~ii,il\c\clcvl~ lil~~ltions there : froill .In v,~,!. :ic.c t.;~t.i~ic,eof overture.; i1c :~tl\-:iric,esto scllclll~~~fur ~el~-ill,!~,ll~clll~L~ : ;11-,,l11y il11,l lly, ill .;0111v lliolll~llt 7~~c.lx:,\ in tiica tl,~!, I ~f lli. (,,[I!( I~VV~)II~II11c lie\ vr :i~itiril~,~te,i, lie llel~olliL~>the lll.tr,!!-LT of illllol~clll~t~.fft: ll 1011s. Ii\ ,Ii\-i~~itiv\IT^, 110t ~ic~~rly~li\-i~iv 111 we~i~i~~g. Hi> CI\\-I~ he~ihil~iiiti~.~.to IIII~L~:~ii~.l,tio~~ iilitl I-~I~~LII~.IIc~ijo!- 1ile11t ;irt. ~i~1?1it~~1~.1 re~l!~i~-c~ !i~,t.ll~,r>ti11li11,1llt~ t1l:lli tile ~L>:ICC~III j!)!.., t11c IICIIII~. :1ifo1-11,,III~Iliiy lli~\vrrto rc.\ist tcml)t;ltic~uih iilcrvtiil~l!- \\-~~,ikcne~l.Ilc i, no 101i;c1- nt ,111 ~llr' tli,1.t lit.! I.,III (.,lrrv tiiv rc.~l~o:~~il~ilitic\I I \\-c~l(ir~l~ lift* stc:~(lily. .\( I.II.!OIII: 11 11) I II,III;I>, III~, c~i~i\t:i~i(,yof \.ir~ue \\-o111(1v(,ry lik~,l! li,1!1 IIII~III liilii. \lorc~i\(,r,tli,~t \t1-011g crc,.ltivt. ~OI-1.t-\vi!hi~i Iii111, IIIIOI~\\-liic.li I~IOI-e111.111 :i~i!.~lli~~g rise lic rcht~,~l (.I,I~III to bo\-t,r~,ig~~111IIIIIOOII, i\ 11c~tIIO~V, \ ~~rylikely. tiic li:ircL vJi1rc.r of lift.-xi\ ill; ih.rt it n.'~-. I IL. inclri~~-c>\\.it11 ionic :ili\ivty n-lietIi;.rlii, I li1It11-t.nLire likely ttl llc 111,lt t]lL'! Oll;!l~ t his youth. He knoivs \!re11 thnt he has galllbled aivay his prim;il Ilcpes, and that his wedded life, at tile best, ~villbe vastly different from what in the day of his illllocellce he ~ictl~redit. So mi~c:h of purity, of peace, of capacity for true joy and right livi~lg;, have gone fro111 him, never to IHe has had his fling, but it has cost hiin more than he a:lticip~tetl. The eternal law hid in it nil a\-engiag power of \vhich he llatl never drenmeti, and another such victory as this which he has achieved over it, would be his utter ruin. " Rejoice, 0 young man, 111 thy youth," snith the wise m:u, "and let thy 11e:irt cheer thee in the days of thy y.~uth, and walk in the \\-ay-, of thine heart mld in the sight of thine eyes : 1)ut Irnon. thou, that fol. all these t!lings God ill bring thee into judgixcllt," not by the far-off burnings of the eter- i llai \\-orld, but I)!- the swift ailti sure penalties of the eternal I Ian, inflictcd here nilcl no\\-. Another tempt,ltion which a Illall ellcou~ltersn.he11 he cuts himself loose fro111 his mother's aproil-strings, and fares forth to test his on-11 po\rc.rs ag;linst that of the unirerse, is to make m:iterial things foremost, and relegate spiritual affairs to an after, :,nrl \\-holly incidents!, consideration This inc1in;:tion is in soi:lr sense il:tturnl to hi:ll, since it is in the world of tempor-nl and lllliterial things that his pro\-ii:ce lies. His phyiical nix1 i:itc.llectual pan-ers rtre undoithteclly gre.itt.r than those of tlie \\-omClnr,t k.is sitlc. I-Ier gron-th in ljotll these directions is nntumlly alltl necessar-ilj- dir-:-nrfeci I>)- her office of child-?)i,:iring, 2nd being a\\-:ire of this, the mrin, especiaily the y,~ungm:in, prides 1ii:nself greatly 11pon his supermrit~-to her. Iht there is this dra~vl~ackto his pre- eminence. Those 131:ysical and illtellectunl powers which are hii 1)i)ast 1)i-illg hi111 i11t3 (!irect ~ildi!lti:llL1te relation with ti~ca-\irl(i cf clatter, :inti t!::it norid i:f inducti\-e knolvl- etlgt' \vhic.h 5l)ring.i fro111 our !ino\vn relation with thehe materi,~lthing-. It i, iii this hllhere a11(1 this 0111~that his giits ~ivelliln the 1)rt.l1ontlernnc.c. .\griclilturc, c,ommerce, III~~I~II~.I(,~LI~~\,i~i\-e~iti(~ll,e~lgirlcertiig,ur~itur!., j~~riq~r~~(lence, go\-ermuent, n-.ir-111.:king,- ~11these l~ecomehis n;itur,ll and n1)sorl)ing oc~.~~l~.itic~n.;.1f i.; u:entiil o~)er.ltion>,therefore, spring iron1 tlic nt.c.t.s,itics oi the 0utc.r lift', an(l rirc ;il~>or\)ed to n greLlt extcnt 11y thcnl. 'l'lie pwvcr to reLic.1i into the skies, to see, to tli\-int', to ac.~j~iii.t>knoivlt~dge 1,y int~~itive ~I~x~~~~~~,-,IIItlii, i.; k)rt.ig~lto tlie work he 112.; in 1i:inel. 1,t't tl~c~VOI~ICI~ II~C,IIII (lrc%,i~li,,,11it1 5t.c \-ihiol~s,a1111 pi11 their f,i~thto .;tr,ili,:c 1lis.in111g~:111.11 i, their pro\inct', they kllo\v no :)ctte~-. lie ii.1.; cnoi!;Ii to 110 to 11in11~gethc) seen anel te~ill)or~~I: the IIIIY~.L.I~,111cl 511irit11~1I11i11\t iv~lit his Ieis~lrti. ~\.IICIIlie IIJ> YIIIIIIII~.(\,11111 IYIII~IIICI-CI~tlii> \\-orI(l, he \vill, 11crh.111-,I)ts>t~,\v soll:t' tlic~iiglitullon tlie c~tlier-- if there I)e rlnothcr. 'l'l-iert for<,,n-lit n lit. I c,i-c, to Ilr.iy t11v l~r:i!.cr his ~iiotlier t,inglit Iiiln. lic \-c.r!. li!it,l\- c.e:~~e~.;to Ilr;ly ;it ;ill. \\-IICII IIC ~io1~11iqt~ry~~~.it:r, Iii11i~~lt- to I)., >ct11,il)ly 11or11e 111) II~)I)I~tht' wing.; of Ilcr f.iitli lic iiiilii.. lirtlc e!i;)rt to ri>e at nil, nntl alll)e:ist., tiit, i;~itivl~-t!I 11 ~rtot hi, n 1h1t tlic III~~.III-~IIIIJ~~r1,\111t ,I< tliiy li,1111Iy;!rrLi~i:c,i~ic*~it i-, t11:tt tlic motIic>r grt~tlic~ .~~i~I-~rc~n-tli:tilt1 clisc il)lini, \vliic.h ;Ire tlie out(-on~t*of Ill-.lyi,r, il~.;t<>itlot' the. .;OII. .\I1 tlirc~righthe :tgcs, t'\-(,r ~i~ii~t.\YO:II 111 11~5c\i\tt~11'15 JVOIII:~I~,ill 1,(011tr:i- tli,tinc.tio~i to tli;. i,,iri111.. I)riitc~,.;lit, 11 is l)ee~i11111Icrg11illg n tli.;r.i;~iini: c~fI1c.r ILI~~Ii.itllri., .;III.II ns Ill,in has Ixtver hIASHOOU - ITS POWERS AND THEIK LlhIlThlIOXS 87 known; and by the relegation to her of the man's spiritual duties and functions she falls heir to a spiritual discipline, also, which is far more searching than any which he will take upon himself. 'The world has talked for ages of the weakness of women, not often realizing, however, that rnan has also a weakness quite as distinctive and disqualifying as her own, and that is the weakness of self-indulgence. The kruth is, that this superior creature, panoplied in boasts and prerogatiles, has a cowardly shrinking from self-sacrifice ; he will not willingly brar pain, either physical or spiritual. But in a world where you cannot even cut a tooth without an agony, it is absurd to think of growing a soul without pain. ;\nd the consequence is, that if woman is weak on the physical and intellectual side of life, man is not less so in the spiritual realm; and the question of superiority, if there be such a question, must finally turn upon which of these two departments of life is of the greater importance, the more enduring worth. Let us consider for a moment the result upon character of this shrinking upon the part of men, from the pain and self-sacrifice which are the necessary conconlitants of soul- growth. l'he feeling itself is part of that sense oi un- trammelled power and privilege to which a man seems born, as to an immemorial and inalienable heritage. It appears to hirn that to bear pain, to accept self-sacrifice, is to subject his manhood to the yoke of bondage, to abridge that God- given prerogative which constitutes him the lord of nature and destiny. His own experience teaches him that disci- pline is necessary in athletic training, business enterprises, or an intellectual career j but to bear actual pain for the sake of a spiritual good, to accept self-sacrifice with only the offered reward of a gain which is opposed to sense and cannot be :ic.c.l~rately g~ligedby rca,on, - at this he rc\)els. It is herc th~thc tlr:l\\-.; the line. He is ciuitt. ivilling, ho\vcver, to iinl~o>ethis tliscil~line upon \\.omen. Chastity, he c~o1nl11,lccntIy tells us, is a virtlie for ~vomenand not for inen. Sat~~rch:i.; of her own inscrut.:l)le will hn~nperctl1vo1nn1l's intlulgrnce of the love j~~,tii~cts\\-it11 c.ertnin ine\.it.lblc tli~tit..; :i!i~l con.;t.llucnce~, which of coursc in,il.li her as 11 l~einguntler 11n11,2nd n.hic11 she must lic.ir 3.; \vt.ll n.; she i. ;i1,1~. 'l'o him nu such (.on- secluc~~ccc3cccre. It i> tlic,rcf:)r~.ciuite evitlcnt thcit n I I'.ls.i,,rl:ttc!? I~clr~xvi!irr S[~cl~:~el.\nurlo, nh,,. ~iyiItu-kin, :ilir;~ysre- ~rcttc~ltl~.itirl t1,c holtr r,f 11cr > iti-fictl, I?~, !oil :iii;il;, tli :t it i. the l)c,it 11o.\illlc t)~lr.oln<~Of !111ir (;0(1-?ik~%t:n~lo\\~iic nt of i-(,I-on,the ~vtlrtiiivzt(.on( c.i:-- :111ie I.I:\;II~I~,~~~IIIIof >C)III- i1ii11c,ri~iI:ill11 ~livi~ic,l!-I)c.~tc~\vctl I'FRHPS the first need ~vhichthe young nlan is conscious of, as he !caves the maternal embrace an11 faces his future deqtin): for better, for Jvorse, is the need of knowing the n,orl(l. Ah ! that "tree of the knowledge of good and evil " -11on- perei~nial,how world-wide, is its growth 1 The tem~t'ltiollmltl the fall -how are they reenacted before our eyes ill the setting forth of each new generation upon the journey of life ! It is a fact which must touch the infinite pity of God to iti ~irofon~~clcstdepths, a f~ctwhich makes Hi? 211-enlbraciilp Inercy seem reasonable an(1 just, that inore frequently th311 other\\-ise, young lllell are left to fi~rm~III- aitlcd the habits of their lives, to cast the die which settles all their future fate, during that period when the dazzle of the world's allurelllents and the glarnour of youthftll hope a1:d fcl~lncycombiae to bewil~ler the sense, and co~lfou~ldthe ;l:;scent jlidgment. Pc~rentallove and n-istio~nought indeed to do much to bridge ox-er this dangerous period between the home novi- tiate and the settled experience of riper years; but as a illntter of f:~ct, intlifference, procr~stination,the rr7ant of a realizing sense of the danger, and sf a thorough and inti- mate sympathy between parents and children, too often operate to check the sweet tlow of mutn:~l love and confi- dence bet\\-etxn the111 : nnd beF)re the Inrent is aware, or the youth himirlf clrenms of tl:un;rer, he has rn:~de the choices \vllic.il are irrevoc.il)le, committetl himwlf to those course.; in life \vhicIl \\-ill l~enr him whithersoe\.er tilt.? ill lIcnceforth he is not thc master of his clestiny, but its slnve. 'I'his first nectl of the young man, " to knotr. gout1 ant1 evil," may I)e left to :I tliffcrcnt conncc,tiotl. .\t l~rt..ellt it ii (lcsignctl to slleak rather of the ncctl of ;iilult 1ll.lnhoot1, thnt stre,bfill, itorlnf~~ltitnr. wllich c:ol~ie\ to eni.11 generution of men w!lcn thcy are, in ilunint arltl i,lnlilinr 111lr,l~e," 1)enring the 1)urtlen ant1 heat of the clay." 'l'he Inor<.clcel~ly and enrncstly one stuclics wt-in1 ~)rol)lclns in the light of hc icncc on the onc l~:lnel,:1nc1 of tli\-int, cIlLiri~v on the other, thy Inori. l~t~~i~,nnil,it ~~IIJI~.I~S to Int, 1)ecotnt.i the i.o~ivic.tiont11,:t ~i1i.11c\-ii. ;I\ intc,~l~l~cr.in(.c..~ntlilnl~iirit!-- \vorIi1-\viilc~.SCC,III~II?~~itl~,~-,~~lic ,IIJIc,, dt1(1 IIO[)~~IC~~~~!~c~~t,~~~glt'il it1 all ollr 111or,[l~.\IIC,, - .~~ril~g1101 \I) IIIII(~~Ifro111 i1111,1tc! (1~- pr.~\.it\.,:li fro^^> ,o111r eI:~e~l~-l!ill:; ;111(1 o111y ]1;1rti,illy iit~tler- htoo(1 nvvcl of tl~cIIIIII~;III ( ol~,ti:tltiot~. ( )IIC IILIV i,,lrvf~~ily cstini,ltc 11un- tlir1c.11 of c.ri~nili:il sclf-i~lcli~l;c,~~i~~~in the>e rv- slJrct.; i.; tlii~.to in~,\~x.~-ie.~l(c., i;ni~r,ille c of c.onsrcl~~enc.e.;, s(~c.i~:lL~II~~I~~I~~IJII~.;ill(\ II.LLII~II~\111t~ti~c it1 it, ~lortll:~ie.oliiii- tion ; onc un.iy ~.\c,n.ill11 ti) t11i-, lllc ilc,i)r.~\.ity\\-l~ic.h itllcnc\.i ;lntl li~suryI)~-~,;il, ktl~tl tlx. ;~\\fi~lIJO\V~.I-of 11:iltit o\-cr the ~III~I,II~\\.illj ,11111 tllctl-c \till I-~'I~I.I~I~G:I g~-,..~t rc,,icl:ti~~ll of ill)- 11 wcs:~tly inc.r.~tlic.:il~Ie~~rol)t.~~~i!!., n.I>ie11 tl~cortliniiry social ~~liil~~sc~~~l~!~i, r~ttc.rly;~t ;I lo\- to ;ic.c.otlnt for, \r.hirh thec~logy c~:lnoniy c.ovcr n-it11 tlil, c.c,n\v~li{,tittn.i~ltlt, of tot :IIIII ill 'it I 11ri1.111e \villi ilil~r~c,l~t1,1\v, ~II:I \ve~ri(l\vl~cre :I\] (ICII):III,I,\vcrc 11r1111crlyrc,;i~I~t~~il,s~l\v,;!.- i111lyto lncet, :111(1 nevt,r tc~o\-cr111..; tilt. li~niiof hi- norlnil .trc,n;th :~ntl en- (III~,II~(~~~~IIIL.I~ life f~~rtI1,;t III,;:~\\OIIIII IIC \vhcrt. 11c. ~i11111~~~\I( \vt.,lk, ~;11111~,111t of \vIl.lt hi.; l~c'btll~l\\-t'~h i111111!., JIIII ~III~\-t,,~i~illy,l\\-,lrL, of the ~~~~III,II~~~.;of 111s \voriIiy onr,. .\lirl lrllrm this \vt.,ik, irnl~erfc~ct In,in i.; I.iit1 ;t !111rilt.11t:~\\ 11i1 11 oniy gig,111t1(.bt1-t,11;tl1 i.; f~illy;II~~Y~II,I~~. SII~II~IIIII,:tl)~.e,irtI~! - tli1111yl1tl~~t i11111Iir~ t11e i~ifi~iite~1.1 11i11,ii111 11y 1, ili(.~it,:I;~,-IOII~ t11iI :1111l e.111111rt~of I~,I~III-~,'Y \II-~II~I~I,~I\\-~~~, oi 11ri11111i ti!111, (lt.11i11; elt,cl~into the 11e;lrt of c,,~rtl~to t.xl~le~rc,:11111 11ri11~fo~ 111 11t.r liiclil~~~~trc%:ii~~rc~s vf I I 11i1r1l:11 I ~ r i I i I c.on\.ertii~g tl1~\111i11t0 t!~i~i;,oi joy ;111i\ 11ts~11ty. tl~c~ 1.1111trol of \\-i~i(lh:111(1 \\-.,v~,,,:11iil iIi(. ~II.II~I~:I~~\\-it11 llt,<.t,liil~- of i)1 e..111 I(.c'r : the 11 II-III,,-~II: oi \tt,,1111\\-1t11it, tit,111i(.~III-VL->; tlit, (.,1lltIlrc of tlie II;~:II:II~"I~III~ tilt' i !01:11~,\\it11 ,111 its 11i!.\ti(. fir? .rntl cncrgy, anel 1ti.iLi11g it ~1111~t~1-\1(,11t to tli~'111oit (.OIIII~IIII~~)~.I(.C iist'~; commerce, enterprise, nlunufacture, all that science, all that research, czn iml)ose uuon him, -this is but the snlall and rud~ment'lrybeginning of his work. 'The forces of matter are p11:stic and unresisting beside those forces of human in- telligence and \\.ill which nlust be nloulded to the higher purposes of an ever-increasing civilization. 'I'he develop- ment and training of the hunian nlind and will, law-making, civil government, diplonlacy, the building and tearing down of nations, the slv~yingof the outer destinies of the great, increasing, tumultuous hcrdes of humanity, -all these are burdens which Inen :nust carry unceasingly, 2nd with such poise ant1 halance as they can achieve, upon their shoulders. alnd because there is for the most part a selfish element involved in the work, it becomes the inore wearying, the more consunling to the \.ital forces. Is it therefore ally wonder that 11la11 is co~lstantlyathirst, co~lstantlyeshauzted, -that his nature unceasingly cries out for some renewing, energizi~lgforce outside of himself, to restore his fainting p\ve;s and fill him with nenr iife, and vigor, and joyousness? Tht: ca~llelthat has m:lrched for days without mter under the l~irilessI!urning of the desert sun falli prone beside the s!imiest pool, nncl drinks with frantic greed the vilest flllids. The thirst is not blame\vorthy- the pit)- of it is, that the sul)l>ly is so wretchedly poor and inndecy.iate. For mcn, consumed with the bitter, burning thirst of life, exh.iustec1 bj- its hard, unnatural conditions, fly for succor to the intoxicati~~gbo~vl or to the enticing exl~il~~rationof love. Strnnge and f.~t!I nlistake : It is rest, repose, they need. In the one case they gain the lethe of drunkenness. In the other -what is it, ~vhichthey seek and gain? JVe have traced the course of love as the universal life- giver. It reillains to specialize its fu~lctionsin hu~nanaffairs. These are distinctly two. Yet these two are often so inex- tricably blendetl ns to seem insep.ir,tblc ; but if n.e keep con- stantly in view the f~ctthat they trre two, ancl not one, the case is simpler. 'I'he first of thew ofices or functions is the rq)roduction of physical life, wit11 the spirit~ialgcrm enclosctl in it. 'I'he second is the restoration of the 1-it,il f0rc.e which has been expended in the In1)or nntl c\!i :ustion of life. '1'0 the first of these offices iphsit.nl union is nclwsnry ; to the sec.ont1, where there is nlrcatly n tlc~clol)lne~itof the higher po\ver, union upon the lon.cr plnne, though it inay bc the readier and more av,lil,~l)lesource of sl~l~l~ly,is not intli~pens.lhle, nor does it afforcl the Inore beneficent or the more Inding results. 1,et 11s ol)~er\-t~the grolvtli of lo\-c, it.; ~)rogr~.zsionfrom stage to stage in a hxlq~yn~:;rriell ~~nioii..\I1 111cn and mo~t women clre f.uniliar with its initial cIc~-clo~~lr~c~~it: the fc\-rr, the unrest, the sighs, the moonins (I,iy\, the >l~c'jil~sinights, which 1)eset the trtie I(\\-cr in the early >t,!ge.; of this cs1)c.l.i- ence. .\t this ~~crioc!it nny triily I)c sLiicl th.it " I,ovc is 3 ft,vcr in the vcins." I~LI~to the \vorr!- ;III(I \VC~,IS cif (.nt~rt~lii[~ suc-c.ectls 1)osscssicin 111 >ismontlis 1)clioltl ho\\. \vonclcrfril a ch~inge1 'l'lie n?an \rho cr.t\\-I~ilt~\\-,I.; knccling nntl grc~aning, devouring his sweethc~.irt'~Ii riitls with ki.hcs ;1n11 uttering voivs ant1 ~~rotestntions\vlii( il ninclc' nttt'n(1ant :~ngcl.; sniile antl t~rrn ;i\vay their hc.itl,, Iorl~ijics now in hii s~noking- i.lrket ;111(1slil)l)eri, realls thc 11,rl)cr :it l~r~';lkf,i.;t,hnlipy ant1 h:lti.;fit.tl as n lor(1 of c.rcution shotiltl 1)e ; ~ierfec:tly 1 ontcnt that his wife, in ;I lovely neglig6, i, \cntc(l 1)eliintl thc c.oifce- Iirn :In11 c.c>ncoc,ts tl?c fr:igr;;nt ~111)in n n.:iy t11:it s~lit, his tlninty 11;1l,lteto n nit-t.ty. So th011~1ltnow of voivs or sighs or ~~mtc~~t~~ticjii-;,;!ntl the kisses arc ~il,,~tc:ilitl serene. \IITHOOD - 11S SEEDS 99 Is the mall less happy than he was? By no means. He will tell you, with his hand upon his heart, that he never be- fore knew what happiness meant. He has simply progressed from thefezley to the ;1-epuse of love. The honied joys with which nature urged him on to union with his beloved, were simply the bait by which she lured hii~i,the trap in which she caught him ; drew him away from the multitude, for the purpose of teaching him hqw to rest himself, so as to be strong for every fresh onset of life's exhausting battle. It is not the man whose dnys and nigh:< are collsumed in fresh experiences of the fever of love, but he whose vital powers are perennially restored by its reposeful hours, who is the strongest man, the man best fitted to pluck from the shock and the warfare of iife its proudest victories. I:I:~let us follow the experience of our happy and satisfied :iiarried man. Children are born to him, of course, -that is what Zature meant in the first place by that terrific force of attraction ; and now, if he is true to the love of his home, and yields himself to the upward trer.2 and growth of his love nature, he has heart and hands full of cares and joys and new surprises of love, which little by little wean him away from the delights of his senses. Year by year they grow less absorbing, ancl his love nature flowers out in refined and spiritual expressions, such as he never before dreamed of. His pride in his bnhy boy ; his exquisite anrl reverent tenderness for the wee woman who winds about his heart such toils as even her mother never knew the secret of; the fresh accession of tenderness ancl sympathy for his wife which comes with every new maternal experience, -all these ex- pand and exalt his nature. He grows reverent towards woman- hood, tender and pitiful towards all weak and helpless things. 'I'hat ~rhich is seen and temporal, from possessing him ~ttrI . o I I I I t C t I ~ ~~rti~ti~.'l'he UI~WC~I~:11it1 ~1tiritil~:I,tl~rol~~l~ lotc of wife :it111 I),I;)L,..,gro\v> rcal and irnln.il~c;it,,t11t1 1ic lift, the t~,t:l~l~.fcc.1c.r.; I I hii~ tiit11 ant1 Ionsin; tr~\v~irtl,it. '1'11~.fc\[,~- 111,~ii dyi:lg ol~t,:111(1 the snn: nil \vl1ole-,oilie repost. I I lo\.-~ riil- ~iliii, ti iy, \vih h\veetnc.y, rryt, ant1 ]K:ICC. St.\-cr it1 tile t.;irl!- cxl~rrtvncL.> Iov~.\\..I\ 111, \\.ire h:lli so tlec~rto him, so nc.c.tL.\:iry to Iiini. :~ino\v. lfi, longin: for I I I c~r~~ril,I r r 11it i . Sow it i siri~l,111t11i1, ctct~~i.IIc tloci not \o often t,1ktx n little no\\. it ni.ly IIL.,the ~or1111lof lirr voic I*, yoit \\it11 tile acrcnt. of Ir~ll,ll~ic.~.\mi I I-,itiIc -city-, tile. ~II-L.c~i li~r nc,.ir- nc,i ,?tic1 her lo\.(., fill liitn \tit11 :I >c,rc.lic..it11l li,~llo\vctlc,oli- tent, ;:' clif~>rciltfro111 111:' r.:l~ti:~-~.~11i hi, !o1111i ,I> tilt. illfinitc i.; inore, th.i~itile fiiiitr, Ilr tl~:.~le,c,ting,~~IIII-C~IL,II:.; of tliii lr,llI-ltory iif~,,~rt. lc\y tIli11 the ~vrctic :111{l c,t~~r~~~iI permitted freely to expand itself into the regions of the im- mortal, the divine. It is on!;- as !ittle by little in the pro- cesses of growth, it rises above its rooting in the nlortal clay, and bears itelf nloft into the sunshine a:~dfree air of hesven, that it can put forth the sl~pernalflower and crown of its destiny. For let us, pure!!. in the interests of philosophy, without any bias fro111 either mora!.; or religion, consider the results of attempting to meet the legitimate needs of the love nature upon the plane of the senses only-- 13indulging, that is, in the fever, without ever reaching that stage which we have called the repose, of love. The lnan beginning to feel. [he stress and strain oflife upon him turns instinctively :.ilrl n:~turally to woman for rest and refreshing. He fi11d.j in her colnpany a strong reaction from the physical ai:,i intellectual activity of his life, a setting of all the c-urre~lts of hi.< being in a new direction, which in itsc-it; apart fro111 the suprenle delight of it, gives him a sense of rest a:ld refreshing, just as an athletic: exercise while it tires stil! restores him. But in the fornler case, there is a subtler influe~lce at n-ork than he has counted on. That sense of pleasure in which he re~elsis a keen stimulant. It exhilarates like wine ; like mine it prolilises a thoussnd-fold Illore than it call perform. He goes his way satisfied for the time, ljnt the want recurs and is met again in the sallle \ray. His :ippetite increases ~viththat it feeds on, :ind just pre- cisely as alcoholic drinks foster in him a desire for stimu- lants 11-hich nil1 ncit be appeased, 3llrl forge the chains of a tyrannic:tl hallit ~tbouthim, so iiltlu!gince in the stimulating effects of love beco~llrsan ineradicable habit, which pxys at last ui,o11 nli the better clllalities of his nature. The illoral and spiritual instincts c-hich he 113.; chcstec! of their true .\ \\I 1 102 111 ls'h ~~llll.~1~ol~ll~01. 1.1 )\'I,: ' I ! growth, revenge tl~~nisr!~.esupon him, :ultl hc is ~loolncclto i be :t cnpti\-t. to hi.; senses ~111his life. ' It 11c th~tIlc ~u.irri~.;\r-ithout an idea of hat true mar- i 1 . . ' 1 rl;~geI<, or 11o~it hhoillil r\-cntu.itc>: very likely neither he nor hi.; c-o~nl).i~iion11 li thr .li;lltc,st i(lt.~~of nny fr~nctionof love 'jj th,rt is 11ot in~l~licl!ill ~,il!.,ii:.il nnig~n:ant! ivl~~n,in the nnt- uriil c.c111r>eof t\.c.llt<, this I~cgin.;~II l)c~ll1111onhim, ht. I-rics o11t tii.;t l~iiIoi-c, i, .I 111i5t lk,,, that l~,~:irri.igeis :z fLii!1~rt,,c ~ ~ ~ ~ l I r\~>!l~,j,I!.( (rt1111 tilt% IIO:II~II\)OII \VII~(,~~-~IO:I~III\III :-I]? fct,~i I1 th.lt a I~lig!it ii~sicillt.n, t,) ri.Il;,it tiit. c\i.itiii; esjrrric~nc.~~ ji of IIII.L> \vIiii,ll \\-crLs si I ir c il k~~,,i\11 ti1 hi111 l)\.fore 111.:rri :gc7. SII(!I :I II~~III,l~~;,rric.il ill- I~I~I!I!rri<,,!. ii ;I rL\t'iv>,,1111\~iti~fic,~I, I fc~~t.ri,li,,rt.;tllrc. 'l'll~r~.i. ,! ~oiilin lii, ht,,;rt ivhic11 i5 , . j 1 nI\r-,~\.s1111>,1ti\fi~i1, :I c.7~ 111~)il lil).; to wI~i(,lllie fi11[1< r I I I I t ~ i r ) . [It' h.15 tli~-i,r(.c(l hilll.~lf trrllll i~i,.,lili :lllil .~iiit, 11igiic.r intrre\ts, n~lct 1)c~iii~ j i ;I nn iuliinort 11 c,rc,;itril-c n-itil ;I ,jt.rr!i ,)f thi. tli~-int,in him, he :/I I I I rco~iil~lt I I . IIc i< like the spirits in l).intc'a !~tli.-tlii, jlr-i,!. c~i ,,n111f~.rn,\1llrlr~-ic-,:l~c. t1i:it nt,vcxr i rc>t\, Ilrlrtli~ig tile> yl,~r~t,i)~l\v~ir~l in iti r,~l)i~~c,\tliirii~~; tIlc%~n j ro11i111:III(~\I!I~L~II;.' i I , \\-i,,it i, tht~i.rtrc cli tlli, \\-iiIc.-l~rc~,l(l:inti \v;isting cvil? 1 , { It i.; lir-t I trilv :11ii1gcncr,il c,11i1gl1tc,1lm<.ntof I)oth nicn i/,I :l~~(! II,L,+,thc i111111~1rt!i l~ltb~i~ig.;, of 1 i ;! ~VOIIIC,I~,!iti1 tht: (li~ I I 1 ' IOYC ; :[11c1,i(trr 111 ~t,,li~~~il,li~l,~. ,li-(.il~ii~it,.(l;,i ~IJIIIIL,..\Y in , r., c.v~,ry orhvr t'.',c', it i. thc lii--t st~,l)tii~t c,olirit.;. One-c ,qivt,l~:r \\-illin; .iliil il~lri~.;c.r~-c(!ol,cclicncl~ of the. Ilcnrt to i t!>il ,li\ ill{% I~IW, II~,III~C,(I~vitlii~~ IIY, ;111(1 JII t!~c re-ht, tho~~gh ! 11cit1,ctr <,,,,-? nor il~~\c~icIof [),1i11, II,I-, it5 t1-IIC: I 'l'/lLlt 11 i:\~r~\v\lii;l~ gives yoii ~ L IIII~<,~IJ tru~~l~le, \vii~e,h makes you willingly or unwillingly its slave or costs you half your vitality to keep it in subjection, needs not to be exterminated, but to be redeemed from its original paganism and brought under the operation of rational and divine lam. God has not left you without a way of escape. That deep fountain of life within you, the glory of your humanity, the measure of your divinity, has rllany uses. Out of it your inuscles are fed, your brain is nourished, your heart made strong for all deeds of high endeavor or emprise. It is not much labor, but selfish and ~illovingiabor, which breaks men do~-n. Intellectual activity is only destructive to the bodiiy tissue when it is unfed from the fountain within. It is a fact which science demonstrates, that the man who 1~-orksfor those he loves accon~plishesmore, with less exhaustion, greater power of endurance, than the man \:-hose labor is unstimulated by the warm throbbing of his heart; and the man whose activities are thus engaged has :ittle trouble to control his sensuous nature. .\nd n-hat if stripes are ;:iicl upon us? Pain is, after all, only the effort of the ind-,veiling divine to set itself right with nature; it is the touch of God's hand upon our im- perfections, so strong, so vitalizing, that the life currents which rush to answer it thrill us with remedial anguish. But if we let that almighty Hand stay long enough upon our hurts and weaknesses, the pain will go away, and ill iis place will come a divine immortal strength which will make us sound and whole. Thus too, men, who are in general so orphaned of the Father's love, will come to know more intimately His dear and tencler face. For He never meant that we should bear the heavy burdens which the very divinity of our love inl~~osesupon us, without His loving help. " Child of Iny luve, lean hnrtl; ...... I I;no\v thy burden, child. I cha1)crl if, I'ui,ccl it i11 My own hnn,l, nlaiie no propor~i<~n 111it.; \veigl~ttu thine uliaitlstl strength ; 1:ur cvc11 as I Init\ it ~IOI\II 1s.~i(l, 1 k11.111 Ire near, 31111 i\lljlc 1112 1~2115till ?Ic The I~urdclisl!.11l I8c Zline, not liia. So .;ha11 I l,sel~Z1y cllilil within thc circling arms (If \I!. u\vn luve." c;otl is i~~cict>tlthe gent nlnlighty ],over of the universe, hilt it i.; not in this chnr.icter :hat lie offers 1-Iimself to His sons in the 11t..11 for their cxnml)le. It ib in the far grander and luore t:oml)lt.tc ty1)e of cI~:u~ictu,the F.1thc.r. \Vh.it 11i~ijestyi.; in tilit phr,ist<,*. (.)ur I:.ithcr in he:tven" I \\-hat n ~~ic.tureit brings 1)cfore thc 111i1l(lof (;od ;IS the 1)atri:lrc:h of the llilmnn race, the grcnt hentl of the hn~nan family I -sitting 11l)o11His tl~rc~ncin Iiigllest hen\ I-n ; extend- in2 Iiis \vntchfill, L)I-ootlingc,irc: 01-1.r nil the c.hilt1re11 of men ; rejoicing in their htrc~ngth nntl n-i~tlom,their I~kenessto Eiimsclf : horro\\-i1ig over ti~cirsin., their \vnn~lering.;,their oft-rcl~c,itc~lgc:~ngi-;istr,ly: lii, jtitIgmc.nt.;, like those of n wise f:~tlic%r,II~ 1-cr fSiilil1g to \y.lrn ~111elil~ti~i~itl~itrthe erri11g ; His hc.:lrt of love :lln.,~y.;ol~cn to the ~ve~lkestan(l lil~~~ll)l<'yt of tlic~w \\-l~olift to llim ;in eye of entreaty : His infinite wi.;ciom ever nt ollr c.o~~i~n.unl: I Ii.5 :irin of strong 11 irc.ntcll love cvcsr :lI~out n.; : Ilis yc.,irning, ~~nbsionntcLrtht,r-licnrt cvcr cntrcnting 11.; to kcel) nc:ir Ifi.; sicl~,to tlrilrk (Ic,ci~lyof the fo111it:1i11of 111, 1'11L,, t(t (II-,I\~011 1ji111i~~fi~~i!cIy-i~~fi~~itcly- for strc.ngt1r ;illtl \\.~~ilo~ri,inel t<.i1tlernch.;, all tI1:it n.c. can 1,os- sjl,]y net,cl to ~nalie11.; \vorthy of ol~rI).lrcllt,igc in Him, to ac1iic.i-c. for c,ur.c.lvc.i the high tlehtiny \vhic.l~tJc tlt~sigliedUS to fulfil : namely, that through all hindrances, the strong tribulations of the flesh and the spirit, we lnay rise at length to be, not the subjects or servants, but, in true filial obedi- ence and loyalty, and in the divine inheritance of His nature and power, the soni and daughters of the omnipotent, the everlasting God. TIIE \VF: \KTF'.S I )F \VO\IF.S A \voxas writing \\.it11 pilre intent concerning the mystcries of \vonlmihootl (:an sc.lrcely rel,rc>z. tlie feelins th.it hlic is elltitletl to that courtesy from the rn.~hciiline\vorltl \\.liic.l~\vns gr,~ntctlto the I.;111y (;otli\.n. Yt,t tile i:il,ject i, onc of tleep 31id lc'giti11i:lte i~itt'rcst tu 111~11,;111(1 its true cIi~c.i(l~itioncall come to tlicni from no othcr soilrc:e l~rit\\-om,iii llcr,elf. T.et us hupt., tllcref(ire, th,it if their eyes ;ire t11rnc11llither\mrtl for enlightenn~ellt,it III~I!. 11c ~vitllso cnrlii'>t 11 dciire for the trutll in %ill its heavenly ~)ilrit!., t11.lt they nlny \vholly e.; .I])" the fiitc \vliic.li 11~15 gi\c~lto I'cepi~lgToms of C:ove~lt~yao undczir,rl)!e 1111 illllliortnlity. :\ \vt.nln~l's \vc'\l;ness I F'ro~nngc to age, ti~ue ollt of minll, t.11~ ~lIir,~\c11~1.; 1,cc.n h:lntlecl clorr.11, till the \vortls have co111e to li.i\.c an iniel,,lrnl)lc ahsociation ivitli each other, I\-hic11 i.i rcc.ognizctl 1)). nll nlen, nntl f~,it\vitll n tleep, un- sl~~kcu,l~crli~l)\ II~.;~JC.~I;.I~~I~, sense of sh,iulc 1)). all nornen. It 11.1.; I~ct*11tittcrc(1 1)). the ages ill every co~iceiv,ll~letone \vitIlin the r.iilgL. (of pity :un(l c.ontelnl,t. It h.is I)een mnde to st.intl, n11t ;rlo~lcfor ~)liy~it.cllshortt.olningi, In~tit.; sign~f- ici111c.c h,l5 IICcn csl~nntletl to c.o\cr tlic repro,lt.ll of isno- r;lncc., folly, shnnie, in,inct.rity, nut1 im~iiorality. 'L'iie poets ant1 tllc ~,liilosol~l~c.rs11.1vc vi~ltl\vith cac:il othcr ill c\-pressing tlic sc'orll of 111;1111io0(1for the fr,iilty, the clisnl~ility,the 11tter THE WEAKNESS OF WO.\IEN I07 incompetency, physical and moral, of this wretched other half of itself, till the wonder came at last to be, how so lloble and kingly a creature as man should be encumbered in the march of life with a creature so poverty-stricken in all that goes to make a human being respectable. There was only one solution of the mystery. IVoman was solnehow under a curse. The curse of God was all that could explain the deep abject reproach of her condition. Let us examine in the iight of science the physical founclation of the charge of accursed weakness as brought against woman. The physicnl ~lldintellectual inability of wonlan to com- pete with man upon fair 3r advantageous terms in the out- door work of the world arises, it is conceded upon all hands, fro111 the Inore than equal share which is laid upon her, of the great \vork of reproduction. It is not only that during the long and weary n~ol~thsof gestation, and to a less extent cluring the later period when she is givi~lgnourish- ment to her child, the greater part of her strength nlust of necessity be given to these employments, if she is to endow the new life with a vitality richly or even f'lirly adeql~ateto the denlands of its future career, leaving only a minor modicum for other uses, so that she becomes justly and rightfully dependent upon her compz,nion for help and succor out of the superabundance of his physical strength, that is n~adethe basis of the charge of physical inferiority. If this .sere all, the wonIan who couicl escape nlotherhood nligllt hope to rival man in strength and independence. But the f~ctis, though all women inay not become mothers, every woman has the physical constitution of a mother. Her disabilities are not functional alone : they are structural as well, and though she may remain in celibacy, tliough 1nothcrI1ootl 111.1y Ilea i.tr fi-0111 her tIio11:1it\ .in11 nlicn to ail l~rr(Ic~\ir~~-,llic. ]),,I ~~:i~~ritic>of 1:cr (.oii\t~tutioi~rrlnL1ii1. ! i t i 1 ii-l~riiiy:II~III~.I~ j tlic. (.III-';~,~i \voi~l;i~i's \vc,:lknvhi -if it 11c. n cur-\c - i-. -till ril,on IIL,I-. It is 11ot ~IIC oc.~..i~ioi~.~l~ii~iilrI!i~~c.c., of 1it.r 1111ysical econolny, cnu,etl II~;c.~t.;tion .i11(1 ~r.~rtilrition,th,it tcll Illore f.itnily 1111on il,,r l~re'tc:1,11~1~to .t~~iytli.In11 e1111311- iunty, ti) .n tl~c(.,1i1.t.int n1in:i- illi,I:iiit! ill Iicr v~lrl;ttion, \rl1i1.li i. rc~111-c~~r11tc~l111-t1:c. ~,IIt of 1i1,it ill1 I-~,,I,(,I~(,I?( ~~i,itory 1!o\vc'r \\!)ii.h xc.\tntir~n 11111;t.. 11c.1I,.-.ir\. L1~i~l\\-liit.Il, \vilc.ll it i< not ,;l.t~~allyc1~ii1111yi.,l in ~~,~IY,IIIIII,~~OII,IIIII-t IIC 11~0- \.i~lc,(lf8lr 11). ,111ot1i(,r;I~IJI~,--. \or i, t11c. .11,ti1.11 lo\> 11y this jl~oc.i.-. tlic, Il~,:l\ii.t itt.111 ill tJic ( 1inr;e.y \vl~ic.Iimotilcr- hooll 1,1!., 1:1)011 tlic. i!..tc,~t~. It i- r,ltllt.r tll.lt the' incrc>,~.;cci c,irc.lil,itor!. Ilo\\-c.r ni.ikt,- i OI~~II~II.~~~!.~ie~(.c~h~.~r-\. ;I grc.lter 11ro(l1l(,tioll ;IIII~c\;~II~I~I~I!!I~~. i~i~!11111,1tll('tic. ~lc.r\c-foi-(.c'. \rliic.l~ inc.~c,,~.c.\ in ;I lic..i\ \ r.itio tiit. ,c,n->iti\cnc,y\ ;in11 :Y- ( it'11)iiity of iivr 11~1111rt,. l:y -.!111i1~1t1)~:ti~~ 11~~rve-l-11r1~c \vc ;ire to ~~~i~Ic~i~~t,~i~il'I \lt,:I ~III~!IIIV.. l~ro~~c~,(Ii~i~not 11ir~~ctly fro111 tlie 11:,1iil. IIII~fl-!l111 tli,it ~II~VI-~III.,~y11111~1thcti(~ ~IL,~\-IIIIS ~yhtc111\\-l-,i1.11iy tiic, YIIII~I.~.oi \ it,11 ,.,1\111lvfor ,111 f11111:tio11,11 ;11111c~lllll~l!lli !I l1t-c~. It i5 :I ii~,t,ittc csrcltori 111. ,I \,l>t ;II)ILI~II~~of I~(,~\IIII,\e11~ii1il1ty to \rhic-h ~~otl~il):in tiic, 11i,11c,IIY~,!II~\III I c~ri1,~1)1111iI\. 'l'l~~~r~~i~~r~~ti,,(, II(I,,I~I~~- 111, 1t11e1.,I \vi,ll ;I\ tlic ;1rt11al motl~c,r,i.; :I ( rc,.lturc. c.ntirc!y cli!fc.r~.n1, - \\lii~tlic'r in ;In!. j11,t ,c,11~\vc<'ikc,~r 01- IIII~,\vc, >ll,~ll5c.c l,~trr,- in the, M:OI)C a11(1111,11iijc>\t,1tio17of l)(,r 1~,111~11~ity,{I-IIIII '111y III,II~. It is 1111 rc,c or-11 111 it ii1 :I ( on\v~~tic~~~of one of those reIigio\it 11i)tiil'h \\lilt 11 11.1ve xivvi~ noi1ic.n the. irc.e~!olu vous se~~sibilit!.,\vhereupon she found it necessary to go away into a corner of the church and restore her nervous cquilibril~m by a fit of weeping. It was a perfectly nitural and justifi;~blc thing for her to do, and illustrates perfectly, besides, the clifference between II~~I: and women. The reverend gentlenlen may very likely have raged 3 little inter- nally, ancl indulged in so:ile ernpllntic 1angu.q' under their brenth, but not one of them cried. It was thoroughly \vomnnl!- to cry : it \rould have been most unmanly, because for ::. mxn to have exhibited such sensitiveness \voul(l have intlicated an abnormal \veakness in his constitution. The same \~eakness in r, \voman was thoroughly normal and true. Sow just as the preponderance of n~ml'sstrength in bone and l~r:~\vnant1 brnin, indicates that his work is to be preemi- 11e;ltly physical ant1 intellectual, so the excess of sympathetic nervous sensil~ility011 the part of moi11:111 indicates the char- acter of tlie \vol-k assigned to her by n.~tui-e. Like man, indeetl like c\.ery creature in the yhole realm of nnimated existence, shc niil 11aturally and properly find her chief em- ~Aoymentin that \vhicl~nature has given her the capacity to do most ensily. One does not expect an elephant to fly, nor a bird to carry heavy burdens. It becomes, therefore, a question of deep interest, IVhut kinct of power or capacity does th:lt sort of nervous se~lsibility\vl~ich is derived from excessive actio~iof tlie sympathetic nervous system confer - tv11at so1.t of labor or usefulness does it intlicate ns that in which its possessor will be nlost at home, a~ldachie\-e the most satisfactor). and beneficin1 results? Let us see \\,hat nervous se~lsibilityas interpreted by biolngical science carries with it. .\ high st~teof nervous sensil~ility~~nl~lie.; fineness of fibre, dc.lic,rcy of perception, an(l when coml)inc~l,ns it is ~)reemi- nently ill \r.onl.m, with an esccss of circul2torp ~~o~ver,a fr~ll supl~lyof the vital fluiil, -wnrmth and sensitiveness of the e~uotiot~.llnntrlrc', jireLlt power of espression, great urgency in the vo~~l~l~l~~licatin~~of i~lens; a l)rrli~lnot l.lrge, but illlii.k, vivnciorls, nntl fill1 of electric fire, bones and 1nusc1t.s co~lil)nr:~tively.;lnL1!l ant1 Inckinz n ctxrt:iin strain of pl~y,ic.il entll~rr~nc.~,yet f11ll of grdce nntl tlesil)iIit~, which ~ndiestl~cm ndmir,~l)ly atlLlpteil ti, ;1 cert,lin r.lilFt. of ilelii,nte IIYC~,- n \v,lnt of ncl.il)t.~tionto tile rougl1 \i.(irk of tilt. 1rollt1, 5r1t ;I 11~ic.k~wr~'vl~tio!i nnil clcli,yl1t in \)c.~uty,nn intuitive ~)~,r(:t,l~tionof xpiritu.'l rclntio~lia1111 entitic..;, an11 n 1mvt.r of proj~>(.tin=thc s)1111:1)011 tl~cm.nntl tlcriving ~tr~ngth,wi.;tloln, ant1 Ilc!l~thcrcfro~:~, anil n cnpLic:ity fi)r tht Icing cnilur~?nceof labor or siiiferi~~gby Incnns of reli,incc. upon lIn.;t.cn sources of Ilcll). 'I'l~isi.; thc type t~f\~OI~~,~I~~OOII, nntl its ch:lrnctcristic~ are gri~lipc~lnroiiiiil 111s c'entr.11 f,ii,t thxt i~~itr~rclini I.iid tt[ion I~trthe cl:iei ant1 Ie,i~li~l,:p.lrt in tli' grc.lt work of the re- 11ruiliic,ti1,11of tile s11cc:ic.i-:I 1,111or to \vIlich all otlicr I,~l>ors \vor~ltl,it once cease to 1)e; \~itIl~)~lt\vlii~li, i1i(l~,c11, tlie 1n.1tc- ri.11 u~rivcrsc ithc.lf wol~ltl11.1~~' 110 rc;1wn for I~ci~lfi.Ant1 this, so f,~r;I.; (;,)il ;11i1ln.lt11rc nrc i-onc:ernctl, and :il),lrt from the finite rc,isoniny oi Inin, is tile c-ul->e,;1!11l all the cnrse, tknt is I,li~lrljlon \vom,rn. It is I~~tlcciI,or h.15 1)~1'111111rily the rritlimc11t.lry st:ltc of the r.~c-c,311cvil c:on~litioi~- tile cotldition of :I gentle n11d helpless creature at the 11lcrc-yof :I strong nntl ovcr1)enring 011: : of .t sc11sitivc :IIIII i111[i111~ii~c11 1ttlrcs l)roi~ghtin ( >,n>td~it THE TVEAKNFSS OF JVOAIEN III I and intimste contllct with one of ruder instincts and a colder logic ; of a spiritual seer under the rule of one born blind. Complica~ions, n~isunderstandings, nlutual incriininatiolls and reproaches, were inevitable. But marl; the result. Little by little, through the slow processes of generstion and motherhood, the finer nature of the woman has prevailed over tile ruder strength of the man, and the strong traits of the ins11 have been infiltrated through the charxcter of the woman, till both, withont at all losing their origiilal differences of type, have been elevated ; while the scale, \vhich hns so long tipped to the masculine side, appioaches equilibrium, with n possible prospect of the relationship between the two being, in some future time, emphatically reversed. All the ~rorldis nlore womanly to-day than it was even two thousand years ago; while the essentially masculine :le\.elopment of selfishness, greed, tymnny, war-making, are f.1ding away. In the light of these f~ctsit is a pertinent query, \i7hich is the stronger and inore enduring, the strength of the physical or the strength of the spiritual; the might of selfishness or the inight of love ; the doininioi~of those forces of ~vhichinanhoocl stands as the type and symbol, or of those sweeter, purer, nlore ethereal powrs which form the crow11 and halo of ~vomanhood? What, after all, are the choicest results of civilization, if not those blossomings of the spirit which are the fruit of the finer feminine sensibilities, acting under the inspiration of love? Vain would be its i i i / illventions, its discoveries, its vast comlllercial and civic I enterprises, if the hearth-fires burned no brighter, if the 1 1 I world-wide influences of amity and love were no sweeter and 'I purer, if the eyes of f~lithand longing were turned with no I farther-rezching perception to tile skies above us. :I Kellectioni I~kcthese must h~vethiir iil~lifting influe~lces IIIIOI~ the l~iryoi1.11 rel.?tions 11c.tn-ccsn liici1 nntl u.0rnc.n. In spite of all hi, ~~lisconccptio~i.;of \voln:in's true 1rc)sition :~ntltlc-tiny, mlii h~.; nl\v;:y.; I licri51~itl .it his henrt an in>til:cri\e rc\.L.renc.e for h~,r,or :it the \-e~yle,~ht n keen ~)ercclrtionc~f liih o\vn ncic~lof her. r111tl not lesi 11r1t Inore intcn,c 11cc.111~eof tile in!en.;ity of her nature ii the out- suing of \\.o~~l.iil'ilicnrt :o\v:lrcl.; mnn. It is tlii.; un~versal nttr.ic.tion, \\-i(l~~-renc.Ilin::g;Ii the ~ll~iliglit,a1111 ill itsilf 2s n,ltur.!l .\nil ~III~L.,n.hich con~tit~ltchtlic grc',it illfiliitc occa11 of 1i111ii.11ilo\<,. illto I\-liit 11 c,i1.11 ~iiirhty,0111 1- f,ii11 to (lip 111s ( 111) for thc ( croling of hi.; iivcr~.tllil).. I'urcb III\-L. i.; jrilrc I~cncilicsn!.c,. I~kcthe lu\.c oi (;od from \\.Iiic.h it hll~ing~.It 11.1s no tlio11:11t of heif. but tlo\rs forth to I~i-i~litc~n;!nti ',,li,~ :ill nl-oriiitl it. If hoc.i,il rel,~tion.;n-erc org.111i~ii1:It.( ortiin; ti1 the llisl~c,~titlc.11, if all men I\-,:re nol)le nnil lii~Ii-~nintlt.il,;ill \\-OII~CIIc.ii.l\te :~ntlpure, nc~1n.m nnll \voin,ln \v0111tl c\.cr mcit, for 50 1niit.11 2.; the gl.lnc>e uf 211 c!-c, n I~nnil-~i~.ike,or tile si~nlrlcst xali~tntion,Init some tlrol~of s\r~~ctl~~.\>1~o111tl l)i lcit in the (.11p of earl1 \vhich \v:l, II(,~ti~c'rclrcfi11-~3 : st1111c hl);irkI~, of tlic (Ii\-i~lelight \vlii(,li co111iionly c,cllnc fro111 the 111c.iting of t~vcr ol)l)osite currents: ;ill,l ~~~ll~~l~,ll~icst. l' This is a law which women as well as lllen too often fail to understand. Scanning closely the social world with an eye that pierces beneath the surf~ce-crustof conventionalism, one cannot fail to see that, notwithstanding the discipline which has made of ihe legions of good and pure women the advance guard of huinan illorals and ci\-ilization, there are too 111.1ny women who do not list: to this high concep- tion of duty and destiny. They are teinpters even more than they are tempted. Feeling within them the strong im- pulse of a woman's r~aturetom~1rds love, and fearing to brave the ban \vllich is laid upon the unchaste woman, they add to their frailty the deeper sin of hypocrisy. Tne pity of our God is infinite. '' He linoweth our frame, He re~nelllbereththr.t we are dust," and to none is His pity so tender, the \voncier of His love so all-embracing, as to those who go astrr,y through vvernluch of loving; yet are His admollitions searching, His peilalties without escape. It was Luca Signorelli, mall of the world as well as an artist of the old Florciltine school, who painted upon the walls of the chapel of San Brizio, in the cathedral of Orvieto, a Last Judgment, one scene of which deserves to live forever in the me:llory of women who find in selfish and unholy love a strong temptation. .Imong those nrhose part is in the second resur- rection are elegant women of the world who have beell un- chaste wives and mothers. For these, leering devils xvait, and seizing each his prey, swings her upon his back, and flies alt7ay with her to sonle infernal trysting-place. The horror expressed upon the faces of these dainty, well-bred xvomen, as the irreverent denlolls touch the111 with ullclean fingers, or slllile a lecherous snlile into their faces, is a wholesome spectacle for tempted souls. It is a bit of lliddle Age realism, but its lesson is one 114 A \\U\~\\'Sl'klll O\lll~fI~Of IO\E which el en in the Slncteentli Centnrv m,ly \\ell 1)c ln~dto heart. There are other (lei 11> than tlio>e of hgnorelli > pit, with \\horn f~itlilc~s\\omen mu-t 1)erforcc ni~lieior- rowing ncclunintance ; ant1 I)trl~11)i the ~Ii.~rl)eztstlng of the~rrcmor>e \\lli be the re,lll/ rtlon, In the ( lenr I~ghtof some future tline, tIi,~t thcy !I,\? 11iccl unirorthy of the ~lol~lrst,\tronge,t, .\I<< t~.t ,It ,tinv ti1 it :i t\ TIT-ocurious fxts about women have been discovered and are attested by the scientific men. The first is, that vcomen can endure both ~~hysicnlpain and the stress of fortune with more fortitude and ec,uanimity than men, will actually live through more of either, ancl come out less exhausted iil the end. The second is, that of 311 human creatures, mother.; are the Il~ngest-lit-ed. It is a strmge anonlaiy that the so-called weaker sex should not only show the greater power of resist- ance to both physical and moral evils, but should actual1;r be possessed of strength and endur.~ulce which enables it to hurl a Illore potent defiance to the arch enemy of mankind, than the so-called stronger sex. This is a peculiar stzte of things indeed, and one which is calculated to provoke inquiry in the philosophic mind. 1,ct us go back to that dimly discovered epoch when man and woman awoke to the &~ctthat they were no longer brute, but human. The Spirit of God through unnunlbered ages had been descending upon the enhancing type, and man had become at last a living soul. Cast distances stretched between him and the time when had commenced that specialization of fullctio~lwhich is the first law of develop- ment, and already the functions 2nd oftices which belonged to either sex Irere well defined. Already the outjvard work- th,:t 11.1rt ui tli:,ir lIt.~tin!. \vliil 11 \\-.I.; to 111. \vI-oII~!~~out 11). tli~,-\\c,,:t of tl~t,irI)~II\v 111 tlic i!.liIy 111;tcri~lllift, : 11l:i. tlic, nearer and closer union than it had bee11 possible to con- ceive cf before, made clear. They could not as yet possibly understand that this union in the close ties of p~reiltaland filial relationship was the patent of the new-born soul's divinity. But while woman thus bec:~me a depeildent upon man's bounty, it was not the divine intent that she shou:d be left without a conlpensating privilege. That fineness of organiza- tion which was the concomitant of the excessive nervous sen- sibility involved in motherhood, fitted her to be the medium of communicntion between the seen and unseen worlds. She was spiritualiy im1)ressible froin the first, ~vhile man, because of the coarser and stronger fibre of his nature, was by comparison insensate and unres110nsive to the divine iiiflo\~. \Pomsn becanle therefore s battery jtored with spiritual force for the supply of the race. The great reser- wir of physical and intellectual power was with lr.an, but the finer and subtler elell~entsof the spirit were the inheritance of woman. Sow upon the inexperiellced and uneducated sense physical force inakes the first and strongest impressioi~. It is reserved for the cultivated perceptio11 to realize thst the unseen and spiritusl forces are not only filler, but also stronger and inore enduring. The drix-ing-wheel is no doubt a tremenclous cigency, ant1 to the uneducnted Indian of the p1:iins represents the u1tim:ite of incnlculable force ; 11,it the engineer knolvs thnt the real power is aupplied by the unseen and intangible 1-apor, the steam. Kow what the ste~ilil is to the engine, woman h3s been to the race since history began. Bunyan's pilgrim in the House of the Iilterpreter saw n fire 11-hich burned the more, the more water mas l>oureclupon it. 'The mystery \V~Sesplaiaed when he fu111itI tli;lt 1)ehintl the scenes n ninn was sup- 1~1!.iilg it col)iously with oil. 'l'hut has been the office of 1vo111;111 sitice ever tv(1tiiet1 tvere, to si1l)l)ly unseen, those vitnl forces which men must h from her. There have been A~nazonsin plenty, women law- I givers and diplomats, and queens and empresses, actual and i regnant as ally king, but into the vast and varied sovereignty of Motherhood no man can ever enter. And just here I wish to note a cominon error of women, and one to which is traceable a vast amount of unhappiness in marriage. When the stress and strain of life come upon women, and they find their strength inadequate and their energies exhausted, they are apt to feel that it is to Inan that they must look for a renewal of their supplies. It is an error, and one of vital moment. In illail is no such reser- voir of strength as their condition calls for. A certain phys- ical support and championship he may and truly ought to render; but when it is the spiritual fountain which is ex- hausted, there is no recourse but to the heavens, and the woman who leans upon ziiy man in such a case will find in him a broken reed. It is God alone who is equal to her ! wants ; and if she cannot bring her soul into direct relation- 1 ship with the divine Source of life, she will be pushed to the wall, she will perish untimely and ignominiously. But let her cease her blind repinings because the man on whom she leans has seemed to fail her, let her look upward for those supplies which shall suffice her needs and his own, and she will find her power exhaustless, her position impregnable. The strength of the Omnipotent will enter into her soul, and she will endure and conquer with its silent, indo~nitablepa- tience. It is the dirine order by which the Mother-soul of the universe reveals herself to her children, as an imperative necessity to them in the deepest needs, the inost momentous crises of their lives. It is because women in 311 ages have instinctively felt and follon.ed this precept, thst the strength of woman has always proved to be more enduring than the strength of man. It is in this instinctive looking up\v.lrtl for help also, quite as much :IS in their e,lrly h.11)its of nl,~ternnl protection, to which scientists nttril,ute it, thnt the foun(1ntion of \voman's intuition is Inid. 'l'hosc swift ~~ercel~tionsand conclusions which put to d1.1111e the slower neth hods of mnn's reason are lnorc of the spirit t11:in of the flexh. 'I'hey come to wornan cllong the line of her finer sensit~ilityto the smect voices of nnture, her truer :itlj~~stlncntto 211 th:it is refinctl, 2nd tender, a o i I I I religi~.Her vision is not so 1l1uc.11 truer as it is ktt~.nt.rthan m.ln's, su11tlt.r and f.~rther-reaching into thc>,e rc;'i,~i~sth~t olltlie the sc~lht~,;111(1trench ul~onthe trr~etlo~n.ii~lof the SIIII~.SIIC jr~tlgcsof an intlivitln:~lnot so 1nr1c111)y \v!~~the li,l<.i nb 11).\vh:lt he i.i, knojving th;~tcertnin tr:lits \\.ill c\.entu.ite in likc action.;, jr~\tas cert:iin roots n.111 ~)ro~lr~c-c.cert;rin tioivc~r.;: nhilc nl.ln \\.~iit.;t~) see the or~trolne I~cfi~rche jr111cc.s. 'l'l~iibiltll senv of intuition also renc-hcs l>~c)-oi~tlthe hr~lu,i~lillto the ~ril~c~rhi~rn,in.It rc.1-cnls things ab;\~ll~telyunknn\vn to mort.11 kt,n. It l~rings(Ion-n fire froin thr he,~\-cniy;~it.lr.;, truth froin tile c-elesti:~l nrc.,inn. It be- ( nlncs ;In elelncnt of btrc,ngtli in the chnr:lc.tcr of woman, ;rntl gi\-c.5 to her c\-rlrli\ite .i~ltltrcn11)ling sen.il)ilitici an [In- cxl)c~,tc(l~)oi,t',,I finc str,iin of el<~stic:ityan(l t.nt1r1ranc.e tll:tt is likc thc te~~~l~c,rcs(lstccl. .Is the trLrint>tl('irc.;is.;inn runner will oi~t-tire 111e st\-iftest 1ntli:rn in the (.h.l.;(s, so \voin,rn, tIisc,i~)linetlin n highcr :,.r:itle of ;ithlctic-s th:ui Inan, I~c>.irsInore of sl)iritu.il str,lin t11:in he, sr~c.t~ri~lll)sIeh~ rc,rtl~iy to t11.it ;'rc:rt conclllcror ivhohc' 1111gllting to11(:11 is I.licl ll1)on tlw 11c.\l1 :ilont>, 1)11t to \vhoun thc inner spirit triuunl)hantly olIl)o THE FORTH OF IVO~IAN'S WORK I IKthis chapter let us be neither impulsi~~e,enthusiastic, nor poetical. Let us at the risk of being prosy, stick close to plain logic and demonstrable fact. I In estimr.ting the wealth of nations, it is common for polit- 1 ical economists to say thzt it is derived from the labor of all the individuals con~posingthe nation. In reality the calcu- lation is usually based upon the labor, physical or mental, of I I/ the men of the nation, or at most, of all the men and of 11 such women 3s are employed in occupations which might as I i well be carried on by men. It is the purpose of the present chapter to consider the work of women as women,- that is, the work which can only be performed by women, or else can more properly be perforined by them thm by men,-- and to inquire what is the relation which such labor bears to the State, what are its values, its methods of exchange, and what is the relati~eimportance of its outcome. Let us first define the term ('labor" as used in political economy. It is, is it not, an expenditure of vital force for some useful or helpful object, or for the purpose of getting gain? It is primarily that which a man gives for what he gets. Physical labor is that which is perforlnecl by the bod- ily organs, the hands, the limbs, the muscles, ancl in part the eyes 2nd ears. Xlental labor eniploys the lliclltnl powers, as IKSI i.11tion~j~i~l;~n<.nt,c~:iIc~~i~.ition, fi~rcyight, ilnagillntion, nncl tiI , Sor <,.intile 11c.t \vork 11i. cloile \\.ithotit involving t11t. 11111r.il:111(i ,a~-ri,~,tio~l.~l~l~i,llit~t.h. ('o~ir~~g~,, :IIII~)~~~L)II, ell- (Ilir,!ll(~L~.I llll.l~:l~l1ll'lll.l1r~~, 'llierc Arc m.lny ki~itl. I I 11l)or.~ 110tl1 ~~liysic~.il;~ntl inentnl, for \vl~i,~I~the 11ri1.v11,1iiI ,lt~c~rlic,~solc,l! to the i~itcrcihtof the I,ii~orcr,;in(\ tho 5t.n.ice rcntlcrctl l\c.ncfiti, ;Inti \\-a,; iiitcndctl to l)enetit, solt.ly the. l)c.rholl who 1~1y.;for it. .\ 1111ntcrkill- :t tlccr :in11 sells it to his neighlmr, \\.ho eat.; it. It is n fi~~i\hc~ltr,~n\nc.tion, ant1 the 1)t~tlc~fitof it ns n co~n~nt~rci,~l :ic.t c~trn~l.;no fiirther than to tile I,c,r>on.; conc:ernctl in it. SIJ.I Incrc 11.lnt sells a piece of 2ootl.; ;I~II;inother IJII~S,and the 11e1:c.fit of tiit trr~n,,i~.tionis tli\i~lcvl l~t~tn-t~enthe two. '1'11~:1cti1111, t1ii111;li \vlii~llyl~rt~1lcr ;in11 ~.IIIII~III~~in itself, JVLIS THE WORTH OF \VOJIXS'S \VORK 127 purely selfish in motive, and has no benevolent intention i i Xvhntever. Even in those cases cited above, as the buildillg of 1 the Roman aqueducts and the composition of the '' Odyssey," ! where the service wrought has a perpetual value and passes from generation to generation, the inspiring motive may have been a selfish one, although oftener some moral force is involved in any enduring action. But beyond this there is a kind of labor, the inspiring motive of which is less a regard for personal benefits to be clerivec!, than a desire to promote the general good, to serve t!ie common weal. It nlly be the service of a man under contract, who, from pure desire to benefit some other person or psrty, gives a greater or different service from that called for in his contract; like thdi of a soldier who with willing heart leads a forlorn hope ; or it may be a purely voluiltary the leak in a Holland dyke throngh the long hours of a I j cold and dreary night, and so preserved the city from de- I I struction ; or like that of Horatius at the bridge. But whether under contract or without contract, this kind 1 i of volunt.~ryself-sacrificing service h~jnlw-xys been held to 1;I I be, by all mankind, the highest forin of service, and one senze of the relation between the individual and the State, adj~~clgedthe h~ghestrewards to those who served the Com- I m3nwealth in this hero~cway. AIoreover, the fxt ought not to be overlooked thlt even I purely phys~cal labor, which, as we have seen, is in itself so limited and peribhable a thing, may be so ennobled by an heroic motive, that it shall becorne immortal. 'I I " \Vlicl .i\ec\t.; n ruibn\ ns to (;utl's law \Inkc.i 111:ltnn~ithe nction line." :I1111 Sir f'hilill 5!1ln~.!-'i I:III) uf coIc1 \v,~ter~:in11 Florel~ce Sigl1ting.1le', .;\v~.ct\cr\-ic.' ill the (:ri~nc.i,h,~vc e,i,.I1 ,in iin- eri11II . It iy only 111. 511 all! ~ngit~lf~vithlligl~er ;11111 111~11-1.cihiliri~l; 111oti\.e. th.it j~hy.ic .~l1.11)01- (,;II~I)c: rc- ~lcclllcll i.1-11111 \lll;,l:ity ,111(l llc~~ltll. 'I I>II~lc1l)or III,I! 11cof tl~rce\ort~ or I ls~s~cb: 1111y\ic;11, \vliicll i, Io\vc*t ,1111lIc..i\t ,,1111urin~: int'Ilc.c.trt,~l, \vIli~.liih 11oI~lerthan \lily-ic.,il, I~ecCIII\C it c1111110y. liigl~er 11o\v~,r,;i11t1 i'i f I,ct 11, no\\. inlj~lirl.to \v11,1t cncl thc. 1.1l)orof n n.ltion Inay 11r11111-1 vb.ortilil!. (1II1~1.1c11 : t11,it i,, \vI~.it11roc111c.tof l.ti)or i.; of lll11.t \ 111~~to 111~. ~'~lllllllclll\\-~L~l~ll.~L~llC! llro~l~l~~t5of ]lll>-s- i~ '11 I ,l)or 1li1.fe1-in 1111T~~rc~11t1i,iti1111,. 'll~cst~11le of o11c CIIII~II-yIn iy 1)~.(.or-11. of :iliotI~c.r c.otton, of :~nothi~rc.,lttle or I~I~II~~,I~\or 111~IIII~II,~II~~,,.( )r :I 11~1tio11111,iyl)cl (Ii5ti11- g~!i~I~c~tlfor its irit1~1lc.1111.11 ~I~oI~III,~~,:IS (;rce~.cfor art ant1 111,itor!., ,111~ic.11~ li11111cfor or,~tory:II~II\t~~ic~~~i:i~l>l~il),;IIIII 1I I I I I .\i1 ~ I I L .;ire~ i~ro~lu(.t\of grcs,it \..rlue to tllc \\CII-IIL I lr;<,, ,11111 ii111c ;II~I~1,lI)or :1rc \voriI~ily ex- l~c,n~lc~lill 1 ,IOIIIII iil; tlit,111. Ik,yo1111tl~c\c, coliic. the lc~l)c~rs elf t11e 1110r~tli~t~or 1+1\.rrh of xc11111, \\-IIIJ,in lo\vly \~01k\l101)5,or i11 the, 1~,11111,,or(111 ~II(>tc11t~,(lfir.111, or 111 11~111sof jl~\ti~.e,orill ti.llljllc'h \\-11e1.c.tl1c' 1111111.111 r(.,ll.lll,, Ill1 to :11111 l.l>5 l1oI11 11!1011 tllr I )i\ illt., ~~\~c~r!~\\.l~c,rc~bc,t,k to l~c,~ic,ht 111,111ki11(1,to ~IICIIIC~I~C: ;ill11 \i11,11(.itc jii~ti~~c~,11111-ity, ;II~II IIJ~L,. Cut there ih yet one ])~-otl~tct gr:rnrlcr tIi;~n;~ll tllesc, the culmillation of all, that for which all exists, which crowns all, is king of all, -and that is man, the genus homo. For the creation and preservation of Illan the universe exists. For him the sun shines, the stars keep their courses, and all nature bourgeons and blooms. Let us now carefully con- sider how the labor of ~vomanstands related to this crowning product of the labor of the world. In which of the three great labor-classes does her office of illotherhood entitle her to be ranked ? Her physical constitution makes answer for her at once, that she is not adapted to the coarse and heavy requirements of out-door labor. Her bones are small, her iuuscles weak ; that is nature's intinlation that because of her higher powers and capabilities she is excused fro111 severe physical labor. She is too fine, too precious, to be put to sordid uses. Her brain also is not heavy and strong like the brain of a man; it is fine, delicate, perceptive, receptive. All ~tscharacter- istics indicate that it is better adapted to some other service than the wear and tear of exhaustive intellectual labor. In- deed, from her head to her feet, nature has everywhere given intinlation that she never intended this creature for a bread- winner or money-getter. She was born to lle supported 3lld protectecl by her stronger companion, and this not because of her inferiority, but because of her nobility. 'l'he fact be- tokens not her degradation, but her queendom. By means of that specialization of functio~lwhich is the first law of development, woman has been raised to the highest rank in the ivorid of lC~bor;and whoel-er requires of her severe llhysicnl, or even intellectuni exertion, reverses the law of hulllall progress, mid nlakes a puny effort to turn the nlarch of evolution backmard. For let us see ~vh:lt is comprehended in that mission which belongs 1)y an irreversible tlec:ree of nature to \vomnn nntl to ivo1n.m only. It is hers to take the infinitesim~ll gcrnl of nianhootl nntl l)c.;to\v ul)on it tht charnctcr 11-hich, for good or for evil, it i.; to l)ct.~rtliror~gl~ nn eternity. Cer- tain strong 1)aternal tr:lits 111.ly indutxtl l~eilnl~rcs,c.~l upon the . . ennbryo ; but the mou!tling, motliiyirlg, en(,rgl/.lng influence \vhich sh~llrn-ike thcsu trLlits ol)crLiti\.e for gootl or evil, comes fro111 the n~or~llinfluence cxerci,ecl ulmn it by the I)rc,ocling ~ilothcr-so111tliiring th.it long l~el-iodwhen the gwnl is feetling itself tl,lily ~uitli~orirl!- from the fou11t;tins of hcr i~fc. She 1n.l). :lt ~villiin11rc.s.; u11on that naicent sortl - nay, she inevit,~l~iy(lot..; to i1 cert.lin extent. tvhether she n-ill it or IIO -the ~;lt'nt,ll :in11 1nor.11 c~i~.ir:~c~tcristic~which it is to I)e;lr fur a lifct~me,an11 iv11ic.h In,l\ clec~itlcivliethcr it, 11.ltI1- way sllnll IJC ul)\r.lr~lto the li,ylit c;r tIo\vn\v~rtl to eternal tloom. :I :~IIII~.II~bo111 in tile I,I-t ;ill,iIy.is l~~)~~il~leto 51 ii.n~.u is co~nl~oyc~lof c.ert,l~n selcc.tc.tl tr.lit.; from it.; an, eitr! on cithcr siclc, nntl tiic 1,1\\. of tlli.; selection no ni;lrl kno\vs, 1~111.; thu rt~*ultsof cc.rt,lin in!lr~t.ncc.;c.~crc~i-ccl 11). tile ~nothc%r111lr- ing tile ;~ntc-nnt.11llcrii~~l. .\ntl ti~ewI,l~t :Ire. 11v f.11 tile n1o.t c:lsily re:lcl~ctl,controilc~l, :in11 ~~ntlcrst~)otl,:~n~l ili In,lny in>t,lnc.ci the muht cIirec.tly intlurnti.11,of 311 the f'lctors ivhich entcr into tile 11rol)l(.111. 'l'l1.1t so111i.; in tile ~llotiicr's 1i.ln1l to I)e i~nl~reyhe(lthis I or tlt1 tiI I ii I I I of I I . '1'11~' sheil h~iof 1.011rsc it, Ii~llit.~tion~,1)ut tile ~r;~v~llg-toc~lII.I<, ;ifter ail, n clcci,ivcl!- cle,tt~r~nining1)cln.i.r. 'I'lic rc.c.or-tl oi licr- tl.i!> .1n11nights, of Ilcr tc.llliJcr\, lii'r clisl~ositioni,her 111.111- ncrs, ;111c1 ht-r ~nor,~i,,\\.ill ,111 111, \\-ritten \v~tIlIllore or I<,.;.; of tli>tinc-tncs, upon tilc l~l~~stic.gcLrlll ; ant1 ycs:lrs :ifter the cliiltl ii,1s l~eenat ~vork ~~~,~!iinxor 111,lrrin: 11i~II\YII ~lc-tin\, hllc \v~litint1 crc.~c~\~o~itu ~,II.tu l~cr>ell;if >lie IJC tl~or~giltfril and observant, " He cannot be otherwise than that- I made him so. 'I'hat course of action is the fruit of the hour lvhen I gave way to an uncontrolled temper or longing, or of that other when I curbed an evil spirit and prayed for sustaining grace." " JVhen each comes forth from his mother's womb," said Emerson, "the gate of gifcs closes behind him; " and that deep seer into the depths of human nature never said a tmer word. JVhen mothers become trained scientific observers, so that their testimony shall be acceptable to the arbiters of scien- tific truth, I hazard the confident prediction that the truth will be established, that the apparently fortuitous variations from the average stnndard in the human individual will be found to be caused mainly by variations in the conditions of the mother during gestation. And I do this with a full knowledge that such eminent authorities as Dr. A. Weiss- Inan and others are of the opposite opinion. Illy own ex- perience in the bearing of a large family, and thirty years of close and careful observation, have produced in me this un,llterable conviction. When the child is once born into his mather's arms, his essential endowments, for good or for evil, are listed on the books of Fate, and there is no power but that of divine grace -if even that- which can add to or take from them. But to train, to cultivate, to mould, to modify, to substi- tute one law of development for another, to encourage here, 1 '.,\in:,' ~I~I~II~IIC~C\\llit.li o1i1y f,~itll nntl lo\c can \\i(.Itl,- nil thi; i, still ill tlic ~i~otlicr'hh.~ntl to (lo. It i, :L \\oi-Ii \r.liic.l~11i,gin? \r.Iic,il tliu I);il~!-cy<>h;irr fir.;t raisccl tu the inotl~cr'ieye., in tlic li~l~l~yrc,c,ognition which follu\\.; it.; fir-t s.iti.fctl \v,ilit, a1111 .Iior~lrl lic\cr ~I~IIII.ccs.;n- tiun till tl~c.!.outli it,i111l, 11cl;~rctlic \vc~rIci,tli.\(.lo;~c~l in all hi.; ~~~\r.c,rh,fittc.11 ill c.\cr! fil111.tion of hi, I~.I~III-L.for tlic \\-(Irk of lif(., kno~vin:,' gc~c~tlfroll~ c\ 11, iiot yi.t 11)-c\l~cri~.nc.c,, 1111t foren-,~rnctlI]!. ti]< \\.i.c ic~rc,*i;lit. tile lc~\ingii..i:,'.icit!.. of the ~notlicr. It i or tiI I for~iii~iIIII:III I , I iitting tliel~ifol- tlic :~ftc~~--~Ii~t~il~li~i~~I,( II(L.~ t11,it \\-IIII~,IIIi.; ~II~III\V~II tvitli tli,it ~.\1111i,itc~~crvc~i~. w11\111iIity \\-Iiic 11 i-. i~i\-ol\~~~tlili 1ic.r (.orl~c~rc,:~l>~rr~c.t~~r~.. 'llic 1l.intl tli.it I.,II~ic:ll the o,ik anel ri.nc: tli~.roi.k. iy too riitit ~ I Jtlc,.~l \\-it11 111~. t~:n~lcrrc- (l~lirc~i:~.~~t,of t111, I~II~+~III;. 'lli~,1)1-~:i!i tli,tt \c,t, itwlf to 5c~l~~,tlic i~it~-i,~tt, III\Y~(.I-ICY of ti),: ~~i,iti,ri,~l\vorltl. it, I.i\\-, to 111111i.11111i.t,11\, iy liot tiilk. c11o11;il 10 ~li.,iI11 it11 tllc tI~iic,it~~>11irit11,1111e,r1L,II~IIJII, tlii, IIIIIL~II~,: ]I-~I11i1 11 III~CI~IIIII- cn,i, \vlii~li .irc ill\-~~l\ctlill tiit. ;~-o\;tli of tlii. n.l.c,c,nt haul. 1;11t, 11-ic11I)! tlit, I-III~,. ~III-II~II~,I~~~I~ill IIIC, ope 1ii11; of ~lii,e,Ii,111- trr, \vlii~11 ~vorkII~!I\II)<, ~~~I~~~L~(\L~II11) I)(, tlic IIIO~L.\r.c~rtliy> tlic I~~II-(.(~nrl~iril:,:? 'l'lir \r.t11k of I~III~~,II~l~li!.~i~,,~l I,IIIIII- ~.I~I~III)ILYI:ITI(~ ,ill( titjt,11 11y \ , I I I - ,I I.II,;I~cl{..~ilit.~l11) it. ~c.1~.11.1t11rc.to li\i \r.liil~,c\t,r tlic, \t 'l'ii(, f~.!iio~iof tl~i,\vorl1111I--<,~:I ,IV;,[Y. 51 it,~i~,t,i, lic,iv 11or11, ;II~I~!,:i0\\-5 I~II~,I, vt.1 it, ov. ~ l t t,~it, ~ 111. ~It,-ti~ly,1111t t,iLt 11:l I'rotean shapes and puts forth conflicting claims fro111 ten. tury to ce11t:Iry -nay, fro111 decade to decade ;but the work of the mother, froill the begii~ilillgeven until nolv, has golle braveiy on, under the 1.1sh of coiltempt, under the whip of scorn, at every posjihie dis:cl\-antage, yet gaining slo~vlyill recognition, winlling little by little a better v:intage-ground, redeeming, by slow degrees and through the processes of love, generation ,ifter generatio11 to a higher st,~tusof being, a inore effective cirilization, until now in these later dzys tile reflex glory of that nioral and spiritual enlig!~tenmentwhich she has poured out her life and strengtll to foster, begins to settle, a glorious halo, about her o~vnbrows, and to redeem her own destiny from the darkness of slavery and op- pression. It is the oltl story oi the hare and the tortoise, with the tortoise fast \\-inlling the lead. But let 113 i~iasculineheart be dismayetl. 11-hate\-er honor or glory lnny accrue to woman, she is too unselfish to desire to keep i's benefits to herself alone. It will be joyfully laid, as all her hoilors aiid elllolullleilts ever have been, upon the altar of the col~llllo~l good, to be shared in equal heritage by all the socs and daughters of her love. Such is the place assigned to ~voman,by nature and reve- lation, among the workers of the norld. 'The supreme place, the crolvning honor, is hers bj- indefeasii~le right; and be- cause the greater includes the less, a11 things are lawful to her \\-llich are related and necessary to this higll office of sl,iritual light-bearer. The !;ibors of the household lllay lllillis;ter to, not overtax, her phy.;ical strength. Reading, study, may exl~antlher iliind and keel; her abreast of the best thoughts of the I\-or!d in ai! that pertnills -and there is little thlt aces not pertain - to her ejpeci~lfield of l'lhor- Slit 11e nrti.;t, tt::c-her, \~l~y>ic.i:in,nrlr.;e,:ul(l \vli.itever else \rill nt1t illt<.ri~.rt\\-it11 tile Ilrol)L3rtlcvelol,~lirnt ant1 h:irmolly of all lirr 110\\-zr.;;a1111 tlicir ilc.\-otion to the lligll ~IIL~~IO"of her lif~x. .\5 :I,:c ~~.ic.~>eiher from the ~)rcs,illg (luties of tlo~ne\:ic. litt, '!1c 111 I?l)c(:o~lletile 1111i\-er-;.ilmotlier, the tc.ac.licr. iri~i~tl,:IIXI ~tl\i\<,r,of tllo,c ol~thitleher own hullhe- 110111 IVIIO IICL>(~li,,r IOVC :111(1 \VI~(IOII~: :11111 \\-11:1t b\reetcr or ~IIICrc11o\-.itiiig i11tl11~~11t.ci, there in ,111 the \vorltl th:111 tIi And if this sweet experience is rounded out to fulness and swelling buds, and springing grasses, and apple blooms, and bird songs full of tender, rapturous cadences, are its fit and true accessories. It is as simple and spontaneous, also, as the coming of the May. It bubbles and gushes like a spring from the cooi rock, sparkling in the sunshine, and offering its pure refresh- ment without a thought of why or wherefore. If you love becaus~of anything, you do not love in this most exquisite sense at all. This sweet, divine, true-lovers' love, like the zephyr at evening, "bloweth where it listeth, and thou hear- est the sound thereof, but canst not tell whence it cometh !lor whither it goeth." It is a sparkle of sunshine caught and imprisoned in my love's blue eyes, but I know not how folded in my innermost soul till I seem perishing of the 111 sweet anguish of it, and yet should still more surely perish without it. It has also this divine anomaly in its nature : that it is the most real of all human things simply by virtue of being wholly and purely ideal. It has the signet of God upon it as His antidote to materialism, and He presents it to each human soul, saying, "Explain it if you can. Comprehend it by your reason if you are able. Analyze, classify, label it, and lay it upon the proper shelf in your cabinet, and when 1 you have done this, report to ME ! When by searching you have found out love, then by your reason you may hope to discover and certify to God ; for God is love." Yet in how many differing ways do human creatures re- I 138 i\ WOJI.IS'S PHILOSOPHY OF LOYE ceive this divine, pure gift ! 'I'here is a little bas-relief, -I know not whence it comes, I only know the pleasant way it came to me,-which represents Venus sitting by a wicker crate full of tender babes of Cupids, and with the assistance of her nymphs giving the111 out to all comers. One woman receives her love upon her knees, and holds him high above her head in joyful adoration. Another holds hers level with her heart, and kisses him full upon his mouth in tender trans- ports. A third seizes her Cupitlon by his delicate wings and holds him sternly down -poor trembling Cupidon -the full length of her determined arm, and walks away with drooping head-a melancholy ~ictor. A lnan sits bowed over in anguish and lamentation, while Love lords it upon his shoulder; and an aged one holds out his arms with pathetic entreaty, while Cupid flies heartlessly alvay from him, never, never to return. Rut this little bit of pl~sticclay, true as its allegory is, tells not a tithe of the story of how variously humanity exploits itself in the experience of love. Kor is it ours to supplement the artist's work. It is not with iutlividual experiences, be they of what sort they may, that a true ph~losophyhusies itself, so much as with the few clear, strong principles which underlie them all. First of all, therefore, let us say, that whatever our eyes may behold to the contrary in this world's Vanity Fair, it is certain that love is 1)y its heavenly nature allied not to folly, but to celestial wisdom. 'fhe foolishness of self-seeking and sensc-loving fools may, indeed too often does, rig the divine child out in its own tawdry and unclean rags, and set him to disport himself before our eyes as the hero of a beggar's com- edy, which has this tragic ending : that Love -at least the mortal pnrt of him -is slain at last by the beastliness of his surroundings, and buried under the rotting compost of sen- suality. Go where you will through all the vilest haunts of hunlan wretchedness, you will find no other tragedy so cruel as this, no blacker depth of shadow to set against the serene high lights of a love that makes heavenly wisdom its portion, and bears the soul it glorifies into those etherial atmospheres in which it had its birth, and where a sure patent of immor- tality awaits it. Neither is love the heritor of license. How could such a thing be possible, when the universe with one voice attests that universal law has its origin in the bosom of the eternal Love, and thxt in the loving union of these two the highest heavenly as well as earthly beatitude consists. It seems like announcing a self-evident fact, to say that true love is not selfish. And yet I question whether this proposition will not be combated more strenuously than any preceding one. Yet nothing is surer than that pure love is pure beneficence, and seeks only the good of the object beloved. Wher, the human heart cries out for selfish and exclusive possession of the beloved one, it is not love which speaks, but the opposite passion of the soul. I love and I , desire the exclusive possession of that which I love ; but it is not love which so desires. Love seeks only the happiness of the beloved one ; jealousy, selfishness, egoism, seek exclu- sive appropriation. It is a coarse and narrow-minded view of love, and one which contains in itself the seeds of love's extinction, which insists that because I love my love, my love shall love me to the exclusion of all else in the world. The true raisolz d'itre of constancy is far broader than any personal preference. It is to be found in the fact that nature recognizes in advance of all legislation, that when two are joined in the happy function of parentage, coilstancy is necessary to the proper fulfilment of that function, and is I40 A \\.O.\I.-\S'S I'HILOSOPHY OF LOVE therefore for their o\~nas \veil as for the general good. It is this instinct inherent in love which, when not properly understootl, nlakes infinite trouble. IYhen love does not involve the parental function, as often it does not, but exists rather for secondary purposes of ~nutualhelpfulness and en- deannent, then there rnn 1)c no arbitrary power of con- pulsion in the lover. 1Iy 1m.e must love me because I an1 attractive to him or do him good, not at all becallse I desire him to do so. So long as I c.rn keel) myself lovely in his eyes, he \\.ill continue to lo\-e 11112 : n.hc11 my attraction ceases, I have no right, ar.d if I truly love I sh:~ll have no desire, to keep him longer. It is very common in the grand religious pictures of the old masters to find attendant cherubs scattered here and there in the vncsnt spaces of the canvas; and so long as they do not interfc~rewith the princip,ll I~usinessof the pict- ure, the)- form pleasing ancl suggestive accessories. In a strong an,l noble love-life there are often Illany little 1ie11u- lous angels around the corners, and if they are s\veet and true, and kept in their place, they do no hann, but may lninistcr rn11c.h joy and refreshmcnt. Iht this cannot happen ~vhenlol-e is \vnnton and untfiscil~hncd. It is one of the sweet rewards which collie to self-poised and reverently obedient souls. And last, ancl best, and sweetest of all, 1,ove nlust be loved ! In whatever strange or c11rio11s travesty he comes arrayed, his divine nature and prerogatives mnst be rccognizetl, his cl~~i~nsto our allegiance joyfully eml)r,!ced. As the mother recognizes in the infant man ~vholirs in hcr lap, in all the innocent shamc of his tenc1t.r hell)lc~sncss,the future sowreign of the \r-orld, and treats hi111 with a loyalty due to his inlmrn mnk, so mtist J,ove, no matter what his present weaknesses or disabilities or shortconlings, receive from all true hearts the homage due to him as the lord by birthright of life and destiny. How different from this is the weak toleration, the open scorn, the blaspheillous denial, with which he is too often greeted, even by those who make great pretensions to mo- rality and decency. The heart aches to think of all the contumely which is heaped upon this dear, heavenly visitant, even in the honles where he should be honored ; how he is bought and sold like a slave in the market-place ; how he is thrust into the background and branded with shame in the vulgar presence of money, or rank, or social prestige ; how he is hidden from sight and disowned before the world by those who have sworn at the altar to give him the first place in their loyalty and holnage ; how even at that mystic shrine which is his own, he is betrayed, and crucified, and put to shamefril death. Oh ! if humanity could but for one hour tear off the vile habiliinents in which its own ignorance has arrayed him, the mock modesty, the false delicacy, the sham virtue, the musty and vile-odored conventionalism, the profjne contempt, under which Love has been smothered from time immemo- rial, and look for but once with sincere and reverent gaze upon his lovely lineaments, as in all the purity of nature he comes to us from the loving heart of God, how would its eyes be opened, how would its suffering heart be com- forted, how would its mortal hurts be healed, by the rare and radiant vision thus disclosed ! \tTith all the outcry that preva~lsagainst unlicensed love, all the raging of ungoverned passion which threatens the social fabric with destruction, it still remains true that the world is perishing for the want of love. Humanly speaking, *42 A \\;os~.Ix's PHILOSOPHY OF LOVE it has no other need so deep, so vital, so imperative, -the simple loyal binding of heart to heart in the sweet mutual offices which nature has ordained between men and wonlen to be the fountain of life, the consenator of strength, the source of fefreshment, the channel of heavenly inspiration. True-lovers' love I How simple and pure and wholesome it is ! IYith what healing it touches the soul, what balm it pours into every wound of life, \\.hat exquisite refreshing and repose it ministers ! How like the invisible presence of (;od does it soothe and uplift and glorify the longing heart, re- buking the vulgarity of exthly striving, stimulating the hope . \vhich looks ug\~--~rdto a celestial future, spreading its little foretaste of he.l\-'n about the e~lrth-wearyone, ant1 pointing with sera1)hic finger to that larger iuheritnnce with the saints i!l light of \vliich this is but a foret~lstc,wherein alone shall be found the realiz,ltion of the soul's s~veetestdreams, the perfection of its highest destiny, an infinite, eternal, all- satisfying love ! MARRIAGE, CHKlSTIAN ASD SECULAR BIARRIAGE, CHRISTIAS AND SECULAR THEneophyte in physical science is not far advanced in his studies,before he becomes aware of a great ulliversal sys- tem of law governing the entire material world, which, for vastness of scope, for minuteness of detail, for absolute precision in operation and unerring provision for every con- tingency, seeins to him to be the greatest marvel of concep- tion and execution ever offered to the conte~nplationof the human intellect. It is this great system of law, so profound, so far-reaching, so infinitely beyond the power of any human mind adequately to measure and comprehend, much less to have conceived beforehand, that has so impressed the minds of many scientists that they have been overawed by its grandeur, and have been ready to say at a certain stage of their investigations, "There can be nothing grander, more intelligent, more self-operative than this. This system of law, infinite, eternal, unvarying, the apotheosis of will and power, is no doubt God, since the human mind can con- ceive of nothing greater." But thele is something grander, more intricate, more incoinprehensible to human power4 of understanding, even than this, and that is the system of law which governs the spiritual universe. It is equally vast, far- reaching, and minute, at the same time that it is more subtle, reaches profountler depths, and is nlore occult, elusive, and ~ntangible. '1.0 a certain extent it seems to be founded ul)on,or to be a reflex or elaboration of the lower material system, to be governed by similar principles, to be built up along certain similar lines, -so much so, as to be clearly the nvork of the same master intellect ; yet it has its ~vitledepart- ures into unk~lo\r.n or only faintly comprehended realms, and anything 1)eyond the A, 13, C of its problems is a lesson too severe for the ripest hu~nan~ninds. Such is the scheme of law upon which the universe of matter and nlind which we inhabit, has been built. Now huluail law is something \-ery different froin this. It is the weak and tentative attempt of a finite intellige~lce and 3 rudimentary inoral nature, acting, moreover, under incompletely developed conditions, to search out and codify such principles of the tlivine law as are within its comprehen- sion, and make them opcrcttive upon hum:un life and it is this wide chasm of inadequ.~cybetween human acquirements and the perfect law of the universe, which the simple pre- cepts and commands of revelation are intended to bridge. 'I'he moral teachings of rt.vclcitic~ll,Ire co~nl~risedpractic.ally in thosr ten cummands given to PlIoses - \vhich, as we have already seen, have been consciously or ~mconsciouslyat the basis of all the enduring 1nor;ll legislation which the world has kno\vn -an(1 the utter:~nces of Christianity ; for, with no disposition to deny that sound moral teaching may have existed outside of Judaism or Christianity, it still remains true that these systems include substantinlly a11 of gooil which ally other system can lay claim to, with n111ch besides which no other religion teaches. Fro111 its own imperfect knowl- edge of natural law therefore, srlpplemented by the scriptural instrrictions nl~c,vc. indicnted, must h11m3n legislntion fxe- bfARRI.4(;E, CHRISI'IAT 4x1) SKCC'LAK I45 gather as it may, the endless strayings of human appetite and will, and bring them within such limits as the common weal requires. It is not strange, therefore, that laws and institutions so framed are full of imperfections, and, while answering in , some more or less satisfactory manner the common need, 1 bear hardly at times upon individual conditions, and fail f often of supplying individual demands. i Yet the experience of the race has plainly proved that the shortest w3y of arriving at the highest truth, is to follow patiently, sincerely, and unswervingly the light offered by a lower one ; since it is by orderly and consecutive steps that the great Intelligence which plans our pathway leads us onward and upward, and not by arbitrary or illogical processes. I I The law is our schoolmaster. The idea of progress is never for an instant left out of the Divine plan. The keeping of I lower instincts well in hand, in order that they may not interfere with the growth and development of higher ones, is an essential and integral part of the eternal scheme of i I illoral evolution ; and it is no more possible to make per- , illanent advancement in either happiiless or well-being by evading this provision of nature, than it is to get forward by going backward. But the question is always in order - in fact, it is the very stepping-stone of progress -Is the human law the nearest possible approach to the divine ideal? Is it as well suited as it possibly can be, to the human need? 1 Let us inquire in this chapter what are the teachings of ! embodied in the legislati011 of civilized nations. The history of the earliest relations between men and women is involved in much obscurity. JIodern research has, however, matle it tolerrtbly clear, that from the first some attempted tlefinition uf this relation has prev.liletl over entire pron~iscuity,and that almost cvery possible type of re- l.~tionshiphas been esperimentc~llyin vogue, at sume time or in some locality, among the r.lces of men. In their crude search after the true law of union, polyandry, pol!.gamy, the matriarchate, the pntriarch;lte, relntions restrictetl or free, life-long or ns inclination night tlecree, have all I~een tried, ant1 slo\t-1y through unnumbered ages, e\-en before the ad\-ent of Christianity, the plurL1l mnrriage, whether upor1 the mclle or female sicle, had been fount1 ~inproducti\-eof the highest state of civilization, the attempt to restrict mnrri:lge either within or without the tribal reintion h:~df.iiletl, and the mother-heatlshi~)of the family, if it ever really esistetl, hat1 given way, frtm natural causes such as have I~eenhere- tofore indicated, to ~)atriarchnlrule. In the foremost nations of the n.orltl this rule n-as firmly established, with, however, n more or lcss clear untlerstnndinp that it W~S1)nsetl upon the 1)ettt.r lJo\vcr of p!lysical pra- tection resitlent in the male, ant1 :~tie;lst a partial recogni- tion of the f:lct thr~tthii 1)hysic:;i superiority on the part of 111.111,\vns to a greater or less tlegree offset 1)y certain fenlinine I) ).*vers nntl c:~pncities, tlistinctiy belonging to women, ant1 of the highest importcunce to the nclf;~re of' the race. 'I'he Iltruscan women, the mothers of the Koln:un Kel~nl)lic,were recognizetl :is the ec1u:lls of their h~~sbantl.;,;IS the effigies on their tombs to-d:~y,bertr sweet though silent witncss ; 11ut the headship of the f:~mily wr~s n~~vert11clc.s~vestecl in the m.:n. 'This mas the cornerstone of the Kel)nblic, ant1 all Roman jurisprutlence nas fountled nl)on it. !Is firtc.rfiz~:~l'ii'~r.i the Korn:ln citizcn entere(l upon his civic career, at1 1:c Father's love to His chiltlren :il)sent iron1 Him ill the tlesh. It was I~roughtby the tlivine Son, our elder Iirother, the rnltetyl'e fro111 all eternity of our 11111nan sonship ; ant1 it was the office uf the maternal Spirit to ])resent Him to the world. Sot until this yre,it tr,~nsaction n.ns acc~o~nljlished,was it possible to teach nlankind the true idea of the trinity of the C;odhead, the triune nature of all intelligent, soulful life. Rut the lesson when it c:iille was full of parental life ant1 love, and the seal of divine or~li~l;ition\\.as set upon the family forever, as 3 IIIIII~:II~ institutioll. Hellcefortli bther, mother, chil(1, were one, in n sense which it h:ltl 1)ec.n in- l~ossibleto coml)rehentl l)c.fcore, :uld the falnily ivas, beyond power of 11mn.1ll al)rogation, the unit of 1111m:lnity. It recl~~iresrn11c.h hibtoricnl study and a persistent segrega- tion of one's self from the intl11enc.e~of modern times 1111d lxcju(lice~,thul.o~~ghly tu ~ll~tlerst;:~~d;dl the ~)mcticaldifi- cnlties n.hic11 beset the early Church in its struggle to em- bocly in ecc1esiastic:il In\\-s ant1 ortlinance.;, the (!;\-ine tniths which h;~tl1)c.en cwrn~ni~tedtu its c.11nrge. It ia to be re- ~nenlberetl that it hat1 not nt the outset the ;lit1 of the Sew 'I'estament. It hat1 only the oral te:iching> of C:hrist as (:om- rnitted to the apostles and taught 1)y them, and thnt these oral teachings were only ~)artinllyreported in the (;osl)els and Epistles there is ;ll)r~nd:untevit1enc:c in the Scri1)tures them- selves. 111 the first chapter of the .kt.;, it is recorded thnt Christ was sccn of the disciples for forty (lays after His resllrrectioll, ' doubt also the sayings, of Christ were infinitely beyond the power of His disciples to record ; and St. Paul ill the first letter to the Corinthians quotes, as a saying of Christ well known to the Church, that aphorism which contains the whole spirit and tenor of Christianity, "It is inore blessed to give than to receive," a saying of which there is no record i whatever in the Gospels. The New Testanlent, then, was not the foundation upon which the Church mas built, but histories and epistles written after the Church was already well established, for its iilstruction and edification. Yet these epistles no doubt contained the essence of the Church's teachings, if not the authority which belonged to thein ; and while they are conclusive testimony, so far as they go, it cannot logically be assulned that there is no authority outside them. A great many things inay have beell-nay, undoubt- edly were -committed to the apostles in trust for the Church, of which there is no written record. But one thing is very certain, both from Xew 'I'estament teaching and from ecclesiasticai history ; namely, that froin the first, Christianity placed the relation between inen and women upon a very different basis froin any which had been known before its time. The Orient11 nations had denied to woman a soul, had kept her in slavish subserviency. The I! Jews hnd never fully recognized her huinail equality with mnn, though their history was full of grand deeds and patriotic deliverances \vrought by her hand. Jew, Goth, 2nd Ronian 11~tf all held that a inan night for certain offences or under 1 certdiii circ~~ni~tancesdivorce his wife ; but neither Jew nor Iceman nor Goth had conceived the idea that a woman, too, I might have cause for divorce. But from the hour when Christ was born of a virgin the equality of woman's soul with the soul of illan became an established fact; and \vhen the Christian ordinance of marriage was instituted it recognize(1 this ecluniity I)! iml)osing no obligation upon the one sex \vitho~~tn correspontling obligation laid upon the other, and by exxcting the snme penalty fro111 both for nriy infraction of the 111nrri:lge vow. 'I'hese itleas were far in atlvance of all previous hn~nan conception.;, an11 to e~nl)otlythem in legislation, to pr~tthen1 in such form that they niight be defe~?decl,even at great cost and by constant vigilance, against the onslaught of the 1n;lterialibtic ant1 llagiun foes of the Church, against even the sensuoris inclinntions of its on.11 ~llenibersbut recently re- clnimetl fro111 paganism, n.:ls :In herculean task. 'I'h1.1s while Chribt h:itl, at least by implication, allo\ved divorce, by reason of the sin ag;linst marriage, the Church soon found th:it it \vns more l)racticnl)le to forbid it alto gether, except untler mrel!. occurring conditions. It was cnsier to lock the door anti put the lie!- in the 1)ontiff's pocket th,~nto lenve it nj:lr, while so mnny I)oltl ;111c1 irrever- ent hnntls were bent upcn throwing it n-iclc open. Sor is it easy to see how any other tlecision ~va.;11mc:tic:nl)le undcr the circumstances, if the teaching of a pure ant1 life-long union between one man an(1 one wo111a11, was to I)e heltl intact against the trementlor~sonbl;lughts of pagan ;u1t1 infitlel sen- sualism. Sacr:lmentnl authority was thronu ,il)out the ordi- nance for the sanle rcnson, as well as for the (leeper consider- ation of its essentially tlil-ine n:ltrtre ant1 origin : ant1 the fr~ll force of the Church so exertetl has 11ot 1)een too n111ch to i~l)holtland I)erl~ctt"ntethc auti~orityof 11irtrri:tge ns :I Chris- tian institution. It is a noI)le battlc for the true ant1 organ- izetl liberties of mnnkintl whic:h the Church has ttir~sfought, ancl only :in age pol-erty-strit:kcn in religious enthusiasm can Eli1 to alil)rcciatc the v,~lorant1 the glory of it. hlARKIAGE, CHRISTIAN AND SECULAR 151 With all its splendid organization and its unbounded en- thusiasm, it is doubtful, speaking from a purely philosophical standpoint, if the Church would have succeeded in its un- equal warfare of purity against pagan sensualism, if it had not been for the tremendous reenforcement which it received from the idea of a pure womanhood, as embodied in the venerated person and menlory of the virgin mother of our 1,ord. Mary of Nazareth is a woman unique throughout the ages. 'I'he fulfilment in her own person of the first and most mo- mentous prophecy given to mankind, the ransom, in her own flesh, of womanhood from the reproach of inequality and subserviency, the point of touch between heaven and earth in the sublimest transaction kno\vn to man, she became, in the hands of the energetic, devoted, and unfaltering propa- gandists of the Christian faith, the rallying-point of all the purest, tenderest, and most chivalric sentiment of the Church, and a treasury of spiritual power whose wealth is far beyond computation. It was not alone the glory, it was the strength as well, of the early Church, that, side by side with a manhood chaste, sincere, unslvayed by any or all of rhose profoundly worldly and material influences which wrought upon the nation of his time with a power that has scarcely ever been felt before or since, divinely heroic also 111 its majesty of self-sacrifice, it held up to the world's view and offered for its emulation a womanhood pure, exquisite, exalted, and brightened round about with a halo of supernal tenderness and love. Never before in the history of the world had men been so appealed to on the woman\vard side of their nature. They were thrilled through and through with a passion ~vhichscorned the flesh,- thui reacting with some severity upon the women, both Jewish and I'ngan, of their time, --ant1 raisetl thein upon celesti~l\vings into newly discovered realms of spirit. 'I'hey were f:iscin:lted by the experience ; and penances, f~stings, I mortifications, were courted and ~velcomed,if so they might be lxirified of their fleshly lusts, and made worthy to behold the queen of saints and angels in all her beauty. I believe it to be the secret in great measure, of the hold which the Catholic church keeps upon the nlen of her con]- mullion to-day, that side by side with the Father's watchful care she offers to them n tender, pure, and comforting i mother-love. \I-hatever the historic provocation may hnve been, Protestantisin discarded a granti and God-given ele- 1 ment of power, and lowered hy inany degrees its apprecia- tion of the pure and spiritual qualities of \vomanhood, and their benign and blessed influence over the ruder natures of men, when it divested itself of that reverence for the virgin mother of our Lord which the early Church certainly incul- cated. Humanly and philosophically speaking, it is impossible to account for the exquisite ideals of \vomanhood whnch are ! presented in the New Testament, without ailrr\ving for the influence of Mary of Kazareth and the \vonc!erft~l experiences I of her life, upon the minds and imnginntions of the early Christians. Search the cl;~s.;ic.sthrough, and you n-ill fintf no types or descriptions of wonlanhood so pnre, so noblt., so spiritual, yet so wholiy huinan and lovable, as those which are portrayed in the (;ospels and 1Cl)istles. JVhat was the marvellous power which brought this new 11h;:se of woman- , hood so suddenly into the foreground of hunlan life, if it was not the enthusiasm which sl)rang fro111 the belief that the Christ, Immanuel, the long-looketl-for \Iessiah, had been born of a woman, ant1 by that fact all \vom;~nhootI \vas MARRIAGE, CHRISTI.4N AND SECULAR I53 exalted to new spiritual heights, crowned with ilew glories of love and self-abnegation? Those men and wonlen who had looked into the very heart of Christ, had felt his actual presence thrilling their souls into new life, saw plainly a truth which the men and women of this age are losing sight of; namely, that physical and material prowess and achieve- ment are only the outer shell of power, the inner and priceless kernel of which is spiritual, unselfish, and lays hold upon the eternal verities. In power like this, the women of 1 the New Testament stand forth full-panoplied against all the aspersions of the ages. 1 And for ideals of marriage, human literature does not 1 contain the equal of St. Paul's simple, sincere, and impartial setting forth of the duties of husbands to their wives and of wives to their husbands, tinged though they may be, here and there, nith the coloring of his time. What can be more tender or more just than his injunction to husbands to love their wives as Christ loved the Church and gave Himself for l it? To rule over thein, indeed, but in all gentleness and courtesy and tender consideration. Nor did he hesitate to prescribe for wives a tender ministry of love, obedience, I humility, well knowing, from the grand example offered in the life of his divine blaster, that, whether for the life that now is, or for that which is to come, there are no powers more enduring or more certain of ultimate triumph than these. With those spiritual weapons which sufficed her Lord in His momentous conflict with the powers of evil lnust woman prevail, if she prevail at all; and with these her victory is secure. If all the husbands in Christendom were like St. Paul's ideal husband, there would be little outcry against marriage on the part of women; and if all wives were like his ideal I '54 A \VOJIAN'S PHII.0SOPHY OF LOVE wife, few men, I sadly fear, ~vouldcare to exchange the solid comforts of a human home for the somewhat more shadowy delights of a spiritual heaven. Christian love has never had a sweeter exposition than at the hand of this ~nalignecl apostle. I think of him with tears, wandering, persecuted, forlorn; his poor eyes half blinded by the glory of that light which fell upon him upon the way to Ilan~ascus; beaten I\-ith stripes, in perils often, his thin ancl aged for111 shivering in the cold of jails and dun- I I geons ; yet through it all pouring out of his tender, throbbing heart, which no stress of cnlnmity could ever cnlsh or imbitter, to those penerse Corinthians, whom he yet so yearned over, that purest, noblest lyric of love which human language ever conlpassed, antl which in song or deed has not its equal outside the life of Christ -the thirteenth chap- i ter of first Coriuthinns.' I cannot transcribe it all, antl it 1 can no Inore be broken than n crown jewel ; but the words , deserve to be written in letters of gold and hung in the mar- i riage chamber of every husbnnd and wife in Christendoni. ! Kor is it possible to do full justice to New Tzstanle~it te:~ching without a word concerning St. John, the beloved disciple, the apostle of lovc. It was to his care that our dying 1,ortl bequeathed His blessed mother. For fifteen years, tradition says, she abode in his home and was the object of his tenderest care; and during that time how I silent was his silver voice ! But when he came forth from that long seclusion, spent in intinlate and endearing conl- j panionship with the woman who had carried the infinite Son in her bosom, how was his soul surcharged with love . . and his voice attunetl to its noblest and purest melodies ! - -~ 1 See Revised Version Thr word "c11.1rity" in the version of King James is n nli~tr.l~~slali~~ll. MARRIAGE, CHRISTIAN AND SECULAR Little children, love one another," was ever the burden of his exhortations; and tradition adds that when he was so old and feeble that he could no longer walk, but was carried to the church in the arms of the faithful, he would lift up his voice with the burden of these words, and these alone. At last, one day, the brethren expostulated with him. He had seen the Christ -had reposed on His bosom ; he had been tenderly beloved of the mother of the Lord; had he not some word to add to this often-rehearsed message, for a gereration which had grown up since these beloved ones had passed away, and knew them not as he had done? But the aged saint lifted his eyes to heaven and mur- mured, L1 It is enough. Little children, love one another." And he came to the temple no more, for death took him from their sight. It is a love like this, Christ-like to the core, tender with self-sacrifice and chaste with the touch of sacramental chrism, which is the essential element, the heart and soul, of the ideal Christian marriage. Nor does it exist as an ideal only, for it has its human realization in thousands of happy homes aii over Christendom. SUCHis the ideal of marriage which originated with Chris- tianity, and which ms embodied in the legislation of the crly Church, mld with nrying degrees of perfection in the laws of those co~lntries where Christinnity l~re~rliled.At the least, the inviol:ll>ility and socramentnl character of the vorvs was aln-a!.; ilnpnrtially ~n:~intainetl. .I m.ln, no more than a wctman, might rcl~udi'~tethe rnarit~~lrelation, or sin ngninst it Ivithout penance ; m~tlwhile in mlltters of property I 311d authority over children the rights of the father nere still pxxmount, this \\-as only sl~c.h:I concession to physical force, as the crudc civilizntio~lof the times lnnde necessary ; ~vl~ile the moral eqn,~lityof \vomnn before the ecclesiastiial law was .iuch n 1)oon ns hat1 never been conferred upon her in human history 1)eforc. It raised hcr to n rmk which she had never llefore nttainetl, and the effect of this enhance- ment of hrr position 2nd tlignity, this new doctrine of the eq11d worth of n woman's so111, n.as to gi1-e her I)!. slow degrees a safe and honoretl lace l~othin the Clinrch an11 in society. 'I'he t1nn.n of n new day 1)rightened ovcr this despisetl creature, who until now hat1 been held to be the dependent and sla\-c of man, her hotly under ban, and the very doubtful possessor of n so111 nt all. For fifteen li!~n~lrc~lyew5 there was no dissent in Chris- I I .\IIRRIAGE, CHRISTIAN AND SECULAR tendom from this idea of ~narriage; but curiously enough the Protestant Keforn~ltionboth in England and in Germany operated directly and from the start to destroy the popular reverence for marriage, and change its character and au- thority. The quarrel of Henry VIII. was not with the Church at all, which had already bestowed upon him the much-prized title of Defender of the Faith, except as I the Church opposed him iil the inatter of divorce. The doctrine of sacramental and inviolable marriage crossed his fickle and sensual inclinations in a way that infuriated him, and while the Church might have condoned secret or even open i~nmorality, a public and flagrant profana- tion of her slcranlents it was impossible that she should brook. A considerable portion of the English nation was Protestant upon principle; another large part was bought by the grant of the lands and revenues of the religious orders to stand by Henry in his defiance of Rome, and the conse- quence was an open rupture between the two, the prime object of which on Henry's part was the overthrow of Christian nlarriage in England. He succeeded 01lly too well. 111 the c;cttleinent of ecclesiastical matters which fol- Iomed, an arrangement, partly ecclesiastical, partly secular, was p~tchedup, in which the equdity of husband and wife before the law was utterly abrogated. Divorce, which here- tofore had not been contemp!ated at all save in rare and exceptional cases, became possible to the husband, but not to the \!rife. The husband might violate his marriage vows with impunity, but for an ~mfaithfulwife all the terrors of the law Tvere invoked; and in rarious other ways the lllarriage law of England 1~3smade to bear the sacrilegious inarks of Henry 'l'udor's nrrognnce and tyranny. In (iernlany, also, Luther, who by his own confession found Is8 1 \\.O\I;\S'S PHILOSOPHY OF I.OVE that in leaving the r.lnk\ of n celibate clergy, he had left behind him the grace which had made celibacy possible to him, by his marriage with Knthnrinn von Born, a recusant nun, dealt a heavy blow to the sacramental character of mar- riage; antl in their theology the Reformers reduced it to a mere civil contract, to which it was indeed graceful and decent that spiritual sanction should be given. Rut with Christian authority withdrawn from it, Christian equality and impartiality soon disapl)enretl. 'I'hroughout Protestant Europe, mnrri,rge, robbet1 of its distinctively Christi,ln char- acter antl sanction, has fallen far below the enrl!? ant1 noble ideal of it, and h:ls become ximl~ly n secular institution, about which, ho\rrever, 3 certain degree of Christian sentiment still lingers. Retmeen Christian ailtl secular marriage the difference is world-wide. Christian marriage ns set forth in the New Testament is the union for life of one mnn antl one woman, by mutr~nl2nd impnrti~rlvows of 1oi.t. ant1 fictelity. It grunts no marits! privilege to one ~vliichi.; \rithheltl from the other, and it visits equal pennltirs ul~onLoth for infraction> of duty. The love, moreover, upon whic:h such a marriage is founded, is not whim, nor fancy, nor 1)nssion merely, but a sentiment sincere, profou~ltl, subject to such tliscil)line as all the other graces of the so111 ~ncst receive in order to reach their highest estute ; and it is held subservient, with unfalter- ing will, to dut!., to law, and to God. 1,east of 311, can such a marriage be contracted from motives of selfishness or sensuality. It is to 1)e regarded as the fountain of divine life, opened for the preservation and regeneration of the rncc, and so to be kept pure from all physical and moral cont~uninntion. It exists for the purpose of renewing the race thror~gh~)nrentnge, and the children 1)orn of it are to hIARRlAGE, CHRISTIAN ASD SECCLAR 159 be held as hostages of the Divine love, and to be trained in all noble and Christ-like service and duty; nor is its missioll I ended until they are given to the world thoroughly fitted and prepared for the duties of citizenship and the service I of mankind. The pleasures of such a nlarriage are to be enjoyed freely, yet chastely, and are to be regarded not as an end in themselves, but as a bounty bestowed by Divine love, for the self-sacrificing fulfilme~~tof this the most serious and most arduous duty of human life. 'This is Christian marriage. Secular marriage is a very different matter. It is a wild ~ine,compared with this culti- vated and nurtured stock. Deprived of that sacredness and authority with which Christianity irvests it, marriage becomes, i in reality, merely a civic contract between two persons of opposite sexes, for the gratification of desire and incidentally I 1 for the innintenance of a common abiding-place, and the I rearing of such children as a good or evil fortune may bestow up011 them. Such a basis as this accepted, a thousand ques- I tions arise at once. 'I'he love implied in such a marriage is a very fleshly im- I I pulse, and carries the seeds of its own dissolution with it. I hfust marriage, then, be for life, or when love dies, should the I relation be di.-solved? Various reasons for an affirmative answer to this latter question are urged, but they may all I be comprehended in this consideration : the marriage was i commenced from natural inclination only, and when this i ends, -as in most cases it will end, unless through careful nurture it is developed into a spiritual and reverentid love, -all ends, says our radical friend, or should end. But there arises at once the question, \Vhat is to become 1 of the children so orphaned? The whole attitude of secular lllnrringe towards childreil is deserving of study. A11 Christicul teaching and legislation lay great stress upon thc i~nportance of child-bearing and rearing. " Children are God's heritage," said the Hebrew Psalmist; "the fruit of the \~onlbis His reward. Blessed is the man who hath his cluiver full of them." Christ himself in more than one in- stance evinces the greatest interest in and tenderness for c:hiltlre11; and the I:l)istles are strenuous in their exhortatio~ls to carefulness in liarentnl duties and obligations. If \Ye turn to science for corroborative testimony concerning the im- port:lnce of the chiltl elenlent in the problem of human pro- I gression, we find n~nplesupport for this Christian teaching. Intleed, mnong the most ativanced students of this phase of science, the truth is 1)egirnling to be fully realized, not only that rel)ro(luction is the source of progress, but that the prolonged care of infancy, is not only a distinguishing mark of advanced species, but is in itself the means by which still further prog- ress is attained. 'I'hu.; the significance of the Psal~nist's tleclnration, that '' the fruit of the womb is God's reward," 1)ecomss plain. It is the assurance of success in the Divine ~1311of evolving, 11). the union of His own spirit with the cruc!e elements of matter, a species of advdnced beings, whose past we may trace, but whose future heights no man c,ln measure or coml~rehend. From the chnrming 2nd deeply interesting volume which is collaborated by l'rof. Patrick Cieddes and J. Arthur Thomp- son, entitled " The 1:volution of Sex," I quote a few para- [ graphs : " As \re have just seen, U7eismann finds in the intermin- gling of t\vo germ-plasmas, which is the essence of fertilization, the sole origin of variations of any account in the evolution of species. IVhether this be consistent with \i7eismann's theory of fertilization or not, is matter for debate ; but there MARRIAGE,CHRISTIAS ;\XU SE.CCLAK 161 is no doubt but his emphasis on the evolutionary value of sexual reproduction is a most important contribution to the general theory." "IVorthy of reiteration is the suggestion of Robert Chambers, . . . that environnlental influences acted with special power upon the generative system, and that the prolongation of gestation mas a liiaternal sacrifice which brought its own reward in the higher evolution of the off- spring. Miss Buckley, along a similar line of thought, has well pointed out how the increase of parental love was a factor in, as well as a result of, the general ascent ; how the success of birds and marnnlals especially must in part be interprcred in reference to the noteworthy deepening of parental affection, and strengthening of the organic and emotional links between inother and offspring. In empha- sizing the progressive value of prolonged infancy, especially in the evolution of the emotions, Fiske has also recognized the importance of the reproductive factor." Thus there is the warrant of science for saying that as, thrcugh the course of the evolution of lower animals, it has been demonstrated that the production of new varieties is always closely related to varying inciclents of the reproduc- tive process, so in the higher development of man it is still the fresh accession of love, through the fact of its peculiar function being carried on under fortunate circumstances, which increases the intellectual and spiritual forces of the race, and gives them predominance over the lower instincts. In this vicw the parental function comes to be of the utmost importance to the welfare of the race, the study of it of the deepest possible interest, and the care bestowed upon it a matter about which not only individuals, but the State itself, is in duty I>ound to feel the nlost studious and intelli- gent concern. 162 A \\.u\I.~s's I'HILOSOPHY OF LOVE Eut when marriage is regarded as a civil contract merely, to be continued for life, indeed, if agreeable to the parties thereto, but otherwise to be repudiated ;it will, child-bearing becomes in the first 1)lnce an incidcnt to be avoiclecl, as con- plicating the original ternls of the contract ; and if children are fortuitously born, then the obligation to care for them, in- stead of being welconled as the red end ancl aini for \vhic:h marriage exists, is lightly held, if not repudiated altogether. 'I'o the Christian ideal of ii~nrriagechilclren art: welcome and all-important ; from the secular point of view they are undesirable, because calculated to stand in the n~yof selfish gratification and the freeclonl to dissolve one union and for111 another at will. 'I'hus the advocates of secular marriclge are in perpetual trouble about the disposition to be made of children; and at the lnst outcome they propose that the State shall cnre for the child, leaving the parent free from all parental obl~gations. But the trouble \\.it11 communal rear- ing is, that it leaves out tlie elenlent of pnrental love alto- gether; and love, as we have seen, is the all-importnnt f~ictor, the element which abovc all others, is necessary to the prog- ress and well-being of the child. In the bird kingdo111 there are-as if for coml~,unionsby contrast to the beautiful esaml~lesof constnncy in iunting, ant1 tender, self-sncrificing parental love, eshibitcd I)? niany of the happy feathered fa~nilies-certain species which seem perversely wanting in fitlclity of conjugal ant1 parental lovc. They are everywhere rc,c:ognizetl as the tramps ant1 outlaws of the bird worltl. 'I'he cuckoos are the best represent:ltives of the type. (;reedy, self-seeking, ~mfuithful, leaving their progeny to chalice or thrusting them uIlon the cxre of those who are in no way responsi1)le for them, their natures are too little developccl to be the seat of tlie nobler affections. , RIARKI.\LE, CHKlSllAS AND SF.CULAR 163 In " 'l'he Evolutioll of Sex " above quoted, it is gral)hically 1 said, "'l'here is too ~lllichhunger and gluttony for the higher I I development of love." Now it is a distinct reversion to the cuckoo type which crops out, and is ministered to, in secular marriage. The instinct which seeks the gratification of desire, but abjures fidelity, and repudiates parental love; which despises the simple and self-sacrificing pleasure of the home, and sends its votaries in droves to the luxurious tables of hotels and club-houses, where the senses are pnmpered and selfish in- dulgence is made the pclran~ount object of life,-this spirit, and this only, it is which at the present day calls for the abronntion of Christian marriage, that an institution more in That a certain type of men who have not yet recognized in themsel~es anything higher than the sensuous animnl nature should be the advocates of such a form of marriage, 1 i\ not strange ; but that any intelligent woman should uphold 1 it, is indeed a marvel. Either women must bear children and nurture them during their iilfnntile years, or the race 1 must perish. There is simply no other alternative; and to fulfil the office as nature intended, requires all of even that exceptional strength, and grace, and patierice whlch nature has bestowed upoil woman for this very purpose. That she should be compellecl at the same time to labor for the I nlaterlal support of her children is unnatural and ruinous. I Tn tho n~rfortrl~r nf lahnr hetween the S~XPSwhich Xow if men are to be absolved by free marriage from the i maintenance of a honle in which women shall be supported during their maternal labors, and cherished and conlforted in their later years, it reclrlires, it \voultl seem, a less modi- cum of intelligence than is usually allo\ved even to \vpmen, to see that the arrangement is one in which \voman gets decidedly the worse end of the bargain. It involves a lo\ver form of slnvery than that fro111 which the equal and impartial ~~rovisionsof Christian marriage rescued the sex in the first place, because e\-en in polygamo~rstimes the father was heltl res~)onsiblefor the support of his children. The manel i:, that there are lnen and \vomen of intelligence nho imagine that they see in such a form of nrarriage as this, the eman- cipation of \vom:lnhood. One startling result of the lowering of tone in the pol)ulLtr conce~tionof marriage, since the secular poi\-er has assunled co~~trolof it, is the very frt.lluvut shifting 'of labor respon- sibilities from the shoultlt~rsof men to those of women. Nothing is more cle.rrly indic:ltctl 1)). 11.iture thnn that the out-door work of the \rorltl- that \vhic:h lies outside the honle ~ultl of those intermts \vhic~ll are trilmtary to the affectiunnl ant1 ~piritu~11real111 - shoultl I)tr clone 1))- Inen. \Vhat are their large bones, their br;~n.ny~;ir~.;c,lch, their henvy brains, for, if not for this? It is their mission, and when they arc in their right am1 true relntion wit11 \\-omc11 they glory i11it, as they have '1 I-igllt to (lo ; for it is a grand and noljlc destiny. Iht just so soon as the Christian ideal is lo\vcrctl and the 1)onds of 1)ermiunence in marriage are rel,iaetl, men begin to lose thcir reverence for the finer cl~~nlitiesof ~vom:~nllootI,to gi\-e thc~nsclvesover to a 11;ihe ant1 selfish commert.i,~lsllirit, \vhic:l1 sees no \-alue in any- thing b11t that lvhich can 1)e measured 1)y tlollars ant1 ccntx, to throw off their resl)onsil~ilitp for the ~naterialsul,l)ort of women; and \vomen are ol)ligetl to resort to the mnrkut- place for the sale of their virtuc or their 1aI)or. 'I'his, too, I JI.\KKI.~(;E, CHRISTIAN ASD SECULAR '65 I \r*e are told, is a step in the emancipation of Tvomell; but it is, in fact, a step toward the resumption of the old chaills ; toward that state of civilization in n~hichthe squaw tills the 1 field while the brave lo~ingesin the sun ; and it results in the loss of purely feminine charms of character, and the deple- tion of that spiritual and refilling iilfluence which can come 1 to the world through no other chaililel than that of woman's peculiar office. Every woman taken from the sphere of woil~aillylabor and put into the ranks of money-getters, is a I unit subtracted froill the world's regenerative forces; for although it is true to a certain extent, and for a limited time, that she carries a portion of her regenerati\-e force with her into the new field, this iilflue~lceis soon lost, because woman dirorccd from love is shorn of her spiritual strength, and speedily relapses into an epiceile condition, in which, in- deed, she may be still useful, but in \vhich, unless it be in the case of a religious call to celibacy, her services call never be of the highest value. For this reason, however some teiliporary results may seem to justify the change, the final outcome of the prac- tice caililot fail to bk disastrous. .4nd the evil, like most others which result from wrong social coilclitions, falls most heavily up011 the home of the poor man,-the mail who, because he has so few other com- forts, call least afford to spare that strengthening alld uplift- iilg \vhich come from the refii~iilg iilflueilce of ~vomanas wife a11d daughter. 'The evil genius of selfish coinmer- cialism, Lvhich has spniilg out of the decny of Christia:~ i chivLllry,1135 no illore grievous wrong to answer for, alllollg I the host that it has spawned, -a loathsome progell!., -th311 this, that it has forced woman into the labor market, to the exclusioll of Illen, the lo\vering of wage rates, and the I 66 A \YO~IIS'SPHIL~SOPHY OF LOVE despoiling of the honles of the poor of their truest comforts, and the n.it11rnl consolntio11 of their most hu~llanneed. 'I'hLit the strange revenges of time may work out some higher solution of the lnbor ~~roblcmthrough these means, does not in the lecist mitignte the crime. " It must needs be that offences come, but woe unto him by whom the offence cometh." 'I'he last infraction of social order which we shall lay to the charge of sec.ulnrism in marriage, is thnt it stimulntes throughout comml~niticithnt ,pirit of intlivitluilisn which is totally opl~oictlto the true conception of the structure ant1 dcstin~.of the r.lce. 11cn mltl n.omen living alone, u:;le>s their lives :ire tlevotctl to sollle high moral, or religious I)uq)ohe, are c~bortivc, unsLinit:iryl and tl.~ngerous to the ge~le~~l\velfure. It recluircs nore thnrl the orclinary amount of sapernnttlr:ll grx-e to render celibacy h.~rmless; and a spirit of intli\-idi~nlism,being in direct a~ltagonisnlto the natural tentlcncy of humanity toiv-nrtl the union of its dis- se\-cretl portions, is not con~luciveto growth in grace of my sort, either n.;tlir.rl or supcr~lnti~r,~l.Celilxlte lives there ni11st mu1 n-ill hi., I),)th bccanze of vocntions, ant1 hccaust: of the impu'fcc,tion of our socinl nrr,lngcmcnts ; hut the teaching which encourages \vilfi~lcclil)ncy, ant1 holtls out to men ant1 woluen re\\-,:rtls of sclIi.;h a~ul)itionant1 \vorlclly ease ns nlotii-es for. nl~st~iinii~gfro111 ~i~:~rl-i,~g',is I).~leful ;inti \-icious. It fills cli~I)-hoi~iez'wit11 unnl,lrrie~l Incn, ant1 hotels and I)r~:~rcli~~g-housc::with sc!fizh nntl scheming women : ant1 no ~)ersonwho has not shocked his soul by looking 1)elow the silrf,ice of soricty, at the depth of ilnl~uritythere concenled, . .- - - ~ ~ ~ -~ - -- 1Tiic mritcr i.; TI ~t to hc undvr\tnnd :I.; rlcna,nncirl;r clul,\ in tot,,. 'l'hcy Inxy he rri.tdc to erlc .-o~i,cnnl,lr and u.r.tiil purposci. But tl~atthey h:~retheir ~~:L can be aware of the moral menace and the actual fulfilment of crime, involved in this state of things. It lowers the pop- , ular reverence for marriage and the home, it blights the sweetest and purest affections of life, and h~rdensand mate- rializes the human soul as almost no other influence is canahle One can hardly contrast the teachings of early Christi- I anity in regard to marriage with the looser discipline of the present to-day, without feeling that the difference is not on the side of high spiritual ideals or sound moral character. "IVhatsoever a man soweth, that shall he aiso reap." The Protestant movement of the sixteenth century achieved an intellectual enfranchisement which was wholly necessary to the progress of the race in freedom, and that strength which results from the untrammelled exercise of the human will and f~culties; and this emancipation has greatly enlarged the scope of woman's destiny; but it may be a question whether, as part of the price paid therefor, the im- partial historian will not reckon that growing laxity of morals which has resulted from the replacing of the Christian by the secular view of marriage. A \\.O.\I.IS'~ I'~IILU~IJI'I~YOF LOVE 1'HE COSSIl)EK.Yl'10S OF Cb:KI';\IS IILE;\S FOR Dl\-ORCE THATill the present state of civilization many difficult practical l>roblenls are presented to the legislator does not in the least weaken the force of the foregoing conclusions. Philosophy concerns itself only with underlying principles and la\vs, leaving (letails of application to those whose 1)rov- I ince it is to deal wit11 then) ; but a few 1)ractical considera- tions may be offered as bearing upon such cases. Setting aside for the moment every authority save that of reason, the problem ~vould al111ex to be : How is such a union between the sexes to be con.;umin:~tc(lant1 enforced - for this is the Ijnr1)ose of legislation -ns s11:1ll conduce to the highest good of individuals, the 1)est condition of child- bearing, a11d the general {velfare of society? I haw not s:li(l the happi~zcssof the indivitlual, because what is gener,llly , called happiness 11x1).be a very low coi~c.el)tionof individual f 1 good, but have chosen to include, as I think it philosophical ! to do, a consideration of that higher happiness \vhich may be called l~lessedness; \vhich arises not fro111 the simple gratification of the lower desires or propensities, but from the use of these facl~ltiesunder n disril~linaryInw which evolves their s1)iritunl po~sibilities. It tvonl(1 seem to be the o~llissiollof this factor from the prohlem which gives rise to COSSIDEK4TIOS OF CER'l'AIN PLUS FOR DI\-ORCE 169 llluch of the confusion and contradiction in which it ic in- 1 11 For this is an end which Nature never loses sight of. Fro111 the ainceba to the ape, froill the ape to the cave- dweller, from the cave-dweller to the modern man, she has been patiently and ceaselessly at work through unnumbered. zolls, illlprovillg the type. Nor has she yet reached the goal of her ambition. Froill the natural to the spiritual the path- way which she has marked out for herself tends, from the coarse adaptations of matter and sense, to the finer and higher uses of nliild and soul; and she is ever burning her bridges behind her, in token that her illdonlitable spirit scorns the idea of retreat. If there is individual loss in the con- flagration, that is no concern of hers; the loser should not have placed permanent value upon those lower and perish- able things. " Move on, go up higher," is the perpetual injunction, which: if you would save yourself and your pos- sessions, from that blight with which she visits those ideas and institutions which no longer express her latest thought, her highest ideal, it is never safe to disobey. She abhors I rubbish, like the good housewife that she is, and sweeps away with unsparing besoin whatever is, or ought to be, outgrown or outworn. , But with all her relentless cruelty toward non-essentials, the great hfother never forgets to care for the essential type. 1 Illfinite is her tenderness towards the living gerlll which fro111 ! age to age, and epoch to epoch, she has guarded and nurtured so jealously ; and it is for this very reason that she subjects the illdividual good to the higher end of the progress and of the type. She will give you no peace if you live for yourself alone, and fail to throw your best life forward illto the life of the next generation. She cares llothing I70 A ~031.4~'~PHlLOSOPHY OF LOVE whatever for your plans or your enterprises, your joys or your sorrows, escept as they relate to the progress of her prince of darlings, lIan, ant1 sene to set hill1 forward upon his journey to thohe heights celestial to which she is bent upoil bringing him. If you will cheerfully and loyally cooperate with her in this pln~lnncl l)url)oiG she will give you to taste the sweetness of those living \vnters which will m:tke you divinely im~uortnl; but if you sit down in the gardens of pleasure ant1 give yourself up to selfish, sensuous sloth, or even to self-seeking :urnbition only, you will find in the great lIother a raging 1)eltlnme. For these reasons, we nlay be very sure that in directing legislation in regarc1 to m;lrriage, \ye shall secure the open hostility of nature, if \ve tlo not give the first consideration to the effect of the 1)roposed arrangement upon the reproduc- tion ant1 co~ltinl~etl1)rogress of the race, ivith a less reg;lrd for the nmonnt of 1)ersonnl inconvenience entniletl : certain however thnt in the entl the highest intlivitl~lallinppi~less \\-ill be att,iinetl through the sacrifices necessary to compass nature's entl. Another principle which ought 1,. no means to be lost sight of, in the atljustment of an institution which is to be of worltl-witle ol)erntion, i.;, thnt Icgisl.~tion must proceed upon the theory of the greatest gootl to the gre:ltest num- ber ; that is, that it must I)e in accortl wit11 the highest itlenl which can 1)u 1n.1tle to fit thc ~najorityof cases, lc.~vin~,with n rclcntlcssness nhich is collictl from n ~turc,the crutlc and nccitlental exceptions to shift for themsel\-es. If this is cruelty, it is only the cruelty incitlcnt'il to all progress, the cruelty of logic, the t:rr~eity of tliscipline; nntl the es- perience of the race proves that in the end it is tender mercy, c.onlpnret1 to that laxity of practice which would CONSIDERATION OF CERTAIN PLEAS FOR DIVORCE 17I break ul) the orderly march of humanity by conforming its paces to that of its scattered minority of weaklings and laggards. Christian love is indeed full of tender conlpassion for these unfortunates, and offers balm and oil for their ~jrounds and tonics of excellent virtue for their hurts and in- capacities; but it must unite with a rational jurisprudence in asserting that, by all its great love fsr the higher interests of the race, it cannot turn the whole canlp into a hospital, nor suit the paces of the grand arnly to a procession of cripples. By the iight of these two principles we inay proceed to try the array of objections to inonoga~liicand permanent mxrriage, which has sprung up in modern times and under the i~iflr~enceof a complex civilization, and which, it is very true, had not an equnl weight or importance in the tiines wheii 11101iogan1ic marriage became the established custom of civilized nations ; pausing only to observe that when any institution has become firnlly established, as the best adap- tation to its wants which hunlan nlture, after a long course of experience, has been able to find, it is the objections to it which are on trial, and not the institutic~litseif. \Vhen the plea for greater latitude in divorce rises above the plane of weak and selfish conlplaints against vaguely clllssified person'il inconveniec-,es or disgusts, it grounds itself upon causes which may be broadly grouped under three heads : 'The iiljllry which an unhappy marriage inflicts upon the physical health and conlfort of the parties to it; its detri- lllelltal effects upon the moral nature; and upon the off- slxillg born from these inharmonious conditions. ?.hat the love element of human nature in its various relations to tlomestic anti social life, exercises a profountl influence upon the health of both mint1 ant1 body, is a truisnl in metlicnl science. In the case of women especially, whose nervous se~lsil)ility,as we have seen, is 1,). virtue of their feminine conztitution far ill excess of that of men, it is scarcely an exaggeration to sly that the greater half of their ~)hysicnlailments ant1 an indefinite but large propor- tioil of their mental tlistresses, arise from the al)nor~naIde- velol~~nu~tor want of tlevelol~ment of their instincts, or to some Inck of a well-balancetl rec,iljrocity in their relations with the olq~ositesex; ivhile Inen, \vho too often make' this physical necessity the cloak ior licenbe, suffer quite as severely fro111 excess, and from other consequences of the ignor~~lt2nd ill-governctl indulgences of passion. For all this tnnglvtl ant1 ol~scure mass of ill, marriage fro111 the iccnl,~rst:untll)oint is the convenient and ready- made Ilostr~im. .\ clear i~iteiligenceconcerninji thc nature of the evils co~nplninetloi, is not at all cncouragcd : it is even l)ru~csil)ctl. '1-he discil~liilcof the bodily powers in accortlance wit11 ~vell-knon.11Ia\vs of hygiene, exercise, out- tloor air, ~)le:lhnnt conll)xlionshil), are almost altogether overlooketl; \vhile the spiritual remftlies 1,earing upon the case, -ant1 they arc many nntl of vital iml)ortnnce, -as a symlnthetic interest in thost, less firtunate than ourselves, prayer', wpiration, are almost \\-holly unknolvn escept to a small class of ~)ietist.;,2nd by them arc frecluently em- ployetl in a manner th;lt is not ~vhollyrational or sane. AZarriagc is, in the het,l~l;~rworld, the pnnaccn uni~ersally prescriltecl. (;et ~nnrried,nntl tint1 in the 1m1)ritlled gratifi- cation of desire within thc Icgitimatc l);llc, the cure of all pour ills. Nothing coultl be more tlegratli~lgto ~narriageor Illore ('OSSII)FR.A1'IOS 01.' C'EK'I'AIS PLEAS FOR DlVORCE I73 ruinous to individual happiness than advice give11 and fol- lowed ill s11ch a spirit as this ; while its hygienic worthless- ness alld worse, is denlollstrated by the physical conditions to which its Yictims are almost universally reduced. What these collditio~ls really are, is knowll to few outside the ~neciicalljrofession, whose nle~nbersspelld a large proportion of their time and strength in hopelessly trying to administer a relief which must always be inadequate, or to conceal them fro111 the public view. That marriages so contracted are unhappy goes without saying. That the liberation of these two victims, to form another tmion upon a similar basis, would remedy this un- halqjiness is a cluestion at least seriously debatable. The true remedy in the vast majority of cass is not freedom, but en- lightenment : is not a relaxing of the discipline of life, but the proper and intelligent enforcing of it ; is not liberty for a iqer measure of self-indulgence, but that high inoral con- ception of the true nature of love which shall lead to rational self-restraint upon the lower planes of life, in order that the higher powers of mind and soul may have free scope for growth. Nature, with far-seeing wisdom, has endowed the offices of love with \vonderful healing and recuperative power, which if intelligently exert-ivd will bridge over many a chas~llof unfitness or incompatibility. The cases are com- p~';~tivelyfew wherein the simple conditions of self-surrender and fidelity ~~hichare involved in all marriage vows, if con- scientiously m~dintelligently observed, would not work out, in the lollg r,ul and in great measure, those l~eaceablefruits of love, contentment, and upward progress of life and soul, for ,vhich lllarriage was ordained. In cases where every rntiollal lllttho(i fails to bring peace, if such cases there are, would it not be a higher tlestiny for the unfortunntes involved, that they shoulcl agree to bear their rlnlinppy lot with such patience ant1 resignation as they c:un co~nmand,mther th:in set an unworthy es;unple of rending the bonds which nature. 311(1 the col-umon \veal require to be ~~erpetunl,sure thxt a ~nartyrtlorn so endured for the pul)lic good \vould, sooner or later, bring its own rewart1 of spiritual growth and gain? And if they c!o not so sr~rrentlerthemscl\-es to 1,lrger views, but insist upon Innking selfish plensrlre the p.ir:unount con- sideration: has not tho State n right to suy that these two may intlced sepxnto, hincc no gootl (:an come of their living together if thty are tlctcrmined not to agree ; but that their es!,erili-ient sh~tilI)e consicleretl final -they shall run no risks of n sctcontl ~nnrrinjiel),l>etl 111)c)nthew selfish con- siderztions \\-hic,h so e~-i(1entlyrule their lives? There arc c1oul)tle~s many cases, as of inte~npernnce, crime, anti desertion, which f~llscarcely ~vithin,ant1 scnrccly without, this reasoning, ant1 11-hich offer trying pilzzles to legislator.;. 'I'h:it of irrcl)ronchal)le motl~crslcft with the care of littic chiltlren, tiiro~~:,rlithe un\vorthiness of him nho should 1)e the heal ancl .;ul)l)ort of the fuuily, is no tlol~bt one \\-hic,h ;\ppeal~most to the ~)ui,iic-sympnth!.: yet for this a leg.11 soj~:lration,with sr~c:h symj)atl-ietic ant1 pcc.uniary assistance as the case m;iy tlelnantl, 1vo111tl seem to be quite as satibf,lctory a relief :is tlivorce. l'hc argr~mcntthat thc man thus sot free fro111 his l),lrental ol)lig;~tionswill form some othcr ant1 le.;.; jrrstifia1)le :illiance if rcfllsctl n second marriage, has a ccrt;~inn-oisht ; 1)rlt on the whole I believe it will 1)c for~ndthat the interests of l)crru~nont~uurri;lge must in the long run outweigh any merely ~~crsonalconsitleration, ant1 th:~tthe l;tn of n.lture will still holtl good, that whatever is selfish ant1 un\vorthl; tentls by weight of nloral gravitation COSSIDERA1'ION OF CEKl'A14 1'LE.IS FOR 1)IVORCE 175 to its clcstruction, and can show no valid reason why it should llot be thrust aside, to leave the pathway clear for that which inakes for the good of all. 'I'he second plea is, that a nlarriage which is not founded upon love is inlmoral and adulterous, and ought to be an- nulled. 'I'he curious thing about this objection to permanent mar- riage, is the striingely inopportune time at which it is urged. \\-hen the vow of innrriage are assumed, -and let us note in lnssing that even secular marriage never dreams of deny- ing t1:'~t certain important and vital obligations are involved in marri:lge at this momentous and critical time, -in how i11a11y cases of those who illake after-con~plaint, has there been the slightest respect for moral considerations? The sole~nnwords, "to love, honor, and cherish," a to keep you cnly unto him, or her, until dtath shall you part," or their equivalents, in a purely secular for111 of nlarriage, have been uttered or assented to, very likely, with an entire disregard of their true meaning. Instead of a sincere and open-hearted courtship, the overtures to the inarriage nlay have been a series of deceptions ancl nlallceuvres ill which the truth was travestied, and lying was exalted to the sphere of a fine art ; instead of love pledged at the altar, thert may have been in the heart of each only coldness, indifference, or even instead of honor, only a calculating sentinlent of future gain in wealth, position, or selfish ease, or the flimsy sentiment of a sun~lner-day's flirtation; instead of sincere loyalty and respect, a tyrannous desire to subject and ea- slave for the vilest purposes; while the VOIVS of fidelity, oftell are they taken in the spirit, and deliberate intent, of perjury ! The colltract is as flagrantly dishonest and immoral 35 ally transaction can I)e : while it hypocriticnlly t.ikes upon itself the semblance of a religious ordinance, or of a civil contract in which momentous resl)onsihilities to the State are involved. 'I'he contracting parties see no i~nmoralityin this. But the inevital)le re.;rllt follow.;. Having sown the wind, they renp the \vhirl\vind. Having striven to cheat Kature, they find themselves in the grill of her keen revenge. 1,enrn- ing I)y esl~eriencc the exceetling loathsomeness of hatred when it m.isk.; as lo\-e nntl assumes love's office.;, they cry out xith a shrilllless ant1 insistence 5vhic.h a11 the world must hear, that thclir li\-es are ilnmornl Lint1 they 1n11st be relieved fro111 this 1)ody of death. 'I'heir sin h,ls iound. them out, but are they truly co~lvertc(lfro111 their evil ways? 13~1sa sincere repentance softcnctl their hcnrts, nntl inclined their minds to rigiiteous li\-ing ant1 to dcrcls of honesty and truth? If so, they are in an ntlmir.il)ie contlition to cultivate those graces ~vhichadorn a true ~nnrriagc,to begin hence- forth to live a life of reparation for past wrongs, and of sill- ccrc cncieavor to 1)erforrn the duties of that condition which, in (1efi;lnce of (;ad's In\\- and of nature's I~ehcst,they have taken up011 tl~c~n.;elves. Very likely they have so~vnnettles in their own g\~rtlen~vhich now must be lucked up with thzir 11;lkctl h;~ncls: 1)ut if thcy ~villgive themselves sincerely and loyally to the task, ljcari~igthc 1)nin as a bitter h11t whole- some pa1anre, the o~itr:lg'tl law of love will turn its tender side to thc,m, ant1 they wiil fintl untlreamed-of joys 2nd consolations where thcy h~tlle;~st eupected them. IiI ditl not milrry the Inan I loveti," said one of the noblest women 1 el-cr knciv, when her h;~irwas gray anrl her eyes dim with age, " 1)ut I ac,ceptetl ill good faith the hus- b:ln(l \rhon~hc:1vcn sent. I kcl)t his home and bore his CONSlDERATlON 01. CEKlAlX PLEAS kOR LllVOKcE I 7 7 chiitlren, and tried in all things to live as a Christia~lshould, and I have not been unhappy." Her modest sumining up i of her I~fe,fell far short of the truth. She had kept a home which had been the centre, and pride, and joy of a large circle of relati~esand descendants : she had been all her I life the :ympathizing friend and helper of all the young, the 1 ! we2k, and the helpless within the extensive circle of her 1 influence ; she had \van and kept the respect and affection of her husband, and the sincere esteem and tender courtesy of their relation to each other, was beautiful in the eyes of all their friends. She was to the end of her long life, a noble, God-fearing, and consistent woman, and I should like to hare seen the man or wornail who could have stood in her stately presence and dared so nluch as intinlate that her marriage had been an adulterous one. But if these co~nplainil~gones have not in this sincere and dutiful spirit striven to anlend the wrongs conlnlitted in their marriage, why should they be given the opportunity to outrage society a second time, by an alliance contracted upon the same plane as that fro111 whose unhappy chains they seek to escape? There renlain to be considered the interests of children born in unhappy wedlock. The whole subject of heredity is so vast, so intricate, and as yet so imperfectly understood, tlijt maily things which it I would be interesting to know in detail, can only be stated in 1 very general terms. Scientific investigatiou, however, makes . it quite certain that every child is the direct outgrowth of the character and conditioil of its ancestry. It will possess those characteristics, and those alone, which belong to one or other of its parents or their ancestors. The only nlodifica- tion posiible is that which comes to its ante-natal life in 17~ A M.O.\I-\S'S PHILOSOPHY OF LOVE consequence of its sy~npatheticrelationship with the rnother ; but the experience, recortled ant1 ~~nrecorded,of many noth hers goes to prove that ;I \vide range of motlifying influences luay be includetl within the scope of thnt fcite- ful period ; a11d this is one of the most sole11111of all those vital considerutions which go to nlnke mnrringe tht. uiomen- tous act it is. It is IIO (1o111)t true, therefore, th-~tthe con- dition of the maternal ~nintl, the stnbility ant1 general happiness of her mood, nntl the reposeful state of her ~lfec- tions, are matters of grelit i~nportanceto her succ'ss as a mother. In this view, also, her relation.; with the f,ither of her child, and all those ~vhoshare with hcr the nt1nos1)here of the home, should be, or at least one \voultl say so I~efore- hantl, trn~ltluil anil sustnini~lg. It ciunnot be too often or too strongly iml)ressecl upon the ~llirltlsof young 1)t'ol)le con- templ.~tingwettlock, that the best and highest contlitions of parent,ige are those nhich can be mozt surely depended upon to ~)ro(luct'the highest results in uffspring. But Satrlre is co~l~plevin lier ~~lethotls.She has many ways of renc-hing her entl, \vhich is always I)rogres.;, and some of them seen1 very con!radictory mltl cr:lb-like. \Yho has not known of chil~lren of internl~ernce Dthers, for instance, who were so impressed through the mother with disgust anci loathing for licluor, thxt intem~~erancerras forever i~npossibleto them? 'l'here are cnseson record, also, of chiltlren 1)orn out of some crisis of trial, or sl~iritual temptntion, who nttxi~letl heights of s1)iritu:il eniinence ~vhich seems ctirectly related to the mother's experience. Few chiltlren, even in the 111ost favored families, can be horn out of perfectly har~llo~liouscontlitions, and such as most nearly appro,lch to this theoretic.nlly fortunate conclition are not nnfrequently fount1 to be lacking in energy, forcefulness, COI\SII)ER.4'IIOS OF CERTAIN PLEAS FOR DIVORCE 179 the strongly marked characteristics which tend to produce i the progressive mind, the strong career. If Nature is thwarted in one direction, you can never predicate that she will not find at least a lower and second- I ary good that will in some measure outweigh her loss. Least of all, is it wise to cross her general aim for the sake of achieving some particular and personal end. And the beneficial influence of a permanent home upon the rearing of children is one of Nature's most pronounced expressions. Aside from individual experience, the most practical and assured proof of this statement is found in the experience of those organizations which during recent years have been engaged in systematic charitable work among the poor. \Vith these workers it has passed into an aphorism, 1 place for the rearing of the children which are born illto it, than any other refuge which can be found for them. Poverty, intemperance, anything short of actual and flagrant crime, hi1 to take from it utterly, that sacred adaptation to its pur- 11osewhich even the semblance of parental love, and the organiz3.tion, stunted and awry though it be, which that divine principle carries 1~1thit, bestows. Tne beneficence of its I character is so deeply ingrained that, through all depths of I I poverty, ignorance, and dissoluteness, some trace of its heav- I enly origin survives, and touches the child-life with a power I ancl pnthos which can nowhere else be found. It is the admonition, therefore, of reason as well as of 1 religion, to those who find thenlselves involved in unhappy I rnnrriage-ties, to bear the ills they have, rather than fly to those they know not of; to seek in the consolations of re- ligion or philosophy, or both, the balm for their woes, sure that in these sources there are unfailing remedies for all human ills. .\[any a \vu111.111 11.1s beell tli\.c~rc.icl,only to find that the evils of the life of n divorcke, jvercl greater th~11 those of 1111hnpljym:~rringe. 1I~uy,I m:in lin, >o~!glittr-i,c.tlom fro111 the marringe bond in the liol~eof an i111prc)\t~dlot, only to learn that Iiis only c:11;!11(:e fur ii II~I'IJ!. horn~..;ncl a serene old age hntl 1)een forever lott : \r-hilc ui those who have contracted secontl nl.irria;es, hu\v Inan!- hnvc r-1 ,lltliatetl these also, and have c.onlcl thro11gh ristlcsnc.>, ;uitl tlissatis- factioli to lexl lives a,, devuicl of Ijence ~111cl<.,11111 as the sc71ls in the Inferno. It is the Oult of licellsc, tlint it lirtrctl.; lillrcst .incl (.rime. Through cliscipline alul~cccillles stcntlf;l.tnL-+ ;\ncl rc.l,obo. It is this fact up011 ~vllichali st,\-crmnent iy iOui~,lt.,l; \vliicli gives the State its right io arbitrate the iildividu;il tlesti~lies of its citizens. S.r~.vr,l:in 11t.r mod poetic moods nex-er loses sight of the 1)ractical)ilities. 1-oung lox-ers dre~illlcf love as sometliing intIisso1iil)ly nssocintcc! wit!: moonligl~tnncl flon-ers and hird- soiig.;; n-it11 the rrooiling of night ~vintl~,tile lllngic cf noun- tail1 lights 2iltl sliaclowi, the soleiu:~ inca11tations of the ~llysteric?;i\,jl~coil~tn~lt SC;. El~tiil fn~ta11 thche, with the iritlccent scntimcnt n.hicIi the:; 5c.t il: motioil, are only the frills ant1 e1111)roidel-yof lox. 'I'lley are biit the beaded fo.1111 \\-l~ic.hri~e.; to tllc si~rfnce of thc lllore subtle and potent wiile l)c:lo~v,~vi~ii. - that true thoiigh n ell-worn symbol of hiimnn ~~nyAion- that rnii~gles11-ith the juice of the grape ant1 the slnrkle of siiilshiile, the alchemy of one of niture's str011~c~tforce.;, ~lli:,'lit!. illclce(1 iil liie-giving if rightly used, but if nl)n.;etl, strong 1wyoilcl all Iinmaa po\ver of compntation in ils tli.str;ic.ti~-cngc.nc!-. Jt ih the part of nistlo~n,ther~:fcjrc, to listen never to the \-oice of tile c.hnr~iler,chnrni he i1evL.r :.o ;::!:ti)., \vitho:~t first taking coii~lqc>lof the great SIot11i.r ill 1li.r jutlicial mootls. (;o to Ilrr rex-cl.cntly, truitfllll!-, In)- tlle f;ill 11oin:lge of y31lr ilimost sot11 at !I:.I- i<.i.;?:111(1 ill^ 7.vill ~veigll:ill the probahili- ties for yoii, acljli.;t ;iiI yoilr forces to n prol)er correspond- ence \\-it11 1ic.r ]~r-ol)!c,lli-,;.iltl 11r1till !-our hn11tl tile lever which is necessary to remove a11 obstacles ollt of the road \vhich lends you to the ratio~laland wholesome e~ljoy~llelltof her best blessing, love. .\nd the first thing nhich she will re~ni~ltlyou of, is the fact that the i~lsti~lctin the heart of lover.;, n-hich insists th.~t love is all 5\veetne>~,xntl hnrmony, ant1 tlivine blessedness of union, is a prophet, runt1 sh,lres the 111ck of all prophets, th tt it is hopelessly n-itho~~tc~o1nl)rchensio11 at the present moment. The flllness of its meed of nl)prccintion l~esin the future onl!.. .it l~result, lo\-e is -irnl)ly an inspired attempt at union on the part of ttvo elements ~~tteriyand u~lcom~)romis- ingly ol~posctlto e THE SIN AG.4IXST MARRIAGE INattempting to discover the relation of the master passion of the human heart to individual duty and social need, it would be nlost unwise to refrain from searching carefully the teaching of Him who is recognized as the greatest teacher of ~noralswhom the world has ever seen, even by those who do not acknowledge the divinity which He claims, which His adherents clainl for Him. If we refer to the nineteenth chapter of Matthew, it is seen at once what Christ's teaching was in regard to the indissolrible nature of the marriage bond, and it is worth while to note that He refers this permnncnce to a principle higher than, and antecedent to, the AIosnic law. It is not a Inere arbitrary legal enactment: it is sonlething ingrained in the nature of m:unkind, sonlething independent of, and antedating any human institution. The Jews recognized this as a "hard saying," and He, knowing full well the hardness of their hearts ant1 the diffi- culty which nlust be encountered in esta1)lishing the equality of woman before the ecclesiastical law, concedes that it can only be received by those who have a deeper than the conlnlon insight. But it is in that wonderful Sermon on the hIount, which, considered as a compendium of the universal principles of ethics, is in scope and intuitive depth a con~positionunpar- THE SIN AGAINST MARRIAGE I alleled in the ethical literature of the world, that He aa- nounces a truth which is, of all that He uttered concerning the relations of men and women, the most abstruse and difficult of acceptance in a literal and practical sense : "Ire have heard that it was said by them of old time, Thou shalt not commit adultery. " But I say unto you that whosoever looketh 011 a woman to lust after her, hath committed adultery with her already in his heart." Our Lord is not now speaking of the human institution of marriage. He is simply expounding the innermost prin- ciples of the law, and pointing out the discrepancies be- tween it and that higher code which He has come to announce. Just previously He has said that murder has its C root in malice, and that it is the root which must be torn out, before the sin cnn be expurged. So the heart and core of the sin against marriage is not in the overt act -it lies in the unholy desire which preceiles the act; and although He makes no claim that this is a practicable legal distinc- tion, He sho~vsclearly that the higher ethical code of the kingdom of God mr~sttake cognizance of it. At the bar of the Giver of all law, the condemnation will be against the motive as preceding and including the act. Sow, as of old, there are not a few who reglrd this as '(a hard sayi~lg." In reality it is the patent of love's immortal birthright, the charter of its eternal liberties. 1,et us follow the discerning eye of Christ in its inquisi- tions concerning the real character of that principle of love \vhich forms the attractive binding-force between the natures of man and woman. 'There are two elements in its compositioa. 'The one is of ti~neand sense; it is selfish, sensuous, appropriative. 'The other is divine and heavenly ; it is refined, self-sncri- ficing, and has no desire but to disl~ense blessings to tlie 1)elovecl one. 'I'hese two warring principles are fouild in all our hearts. Sow it seeliis to me that an enlightened, im- partial judgment will not condemn either of theill as wholly evil. Eoth have their uses in the temporal, human order of things. But it is easy to see that while one of them must Ge snbject to law, the other is al~ol-eall law. 'l'he earthly for~il,the bodily I)o\verb, of love must be sub- ject to restraint ; but there is e\-er rnl eleluent in this divine passion which is na frce as the sn~lshine,as be~leficelltas the 1)ivine Sllirit fro111 \vhich it e11i:uiates. Kow I believe it is the meaning of Christ that, ethically considered, atlulter!-, \vherevrr you find it, springs froill this selfish desire for approprintion ; while against that pure love which is pure 1)cneficenc.e-the sii~il~leiio~veringof the heart in blessing and bounty- the charge of adultery call not possibly lie, either in inmost motive or outerlnost act. 'I'he love which seeks return as the price of its favors, is of the flesh; but that love which is of the spirit alone, and, subduing the powzrs of sense, oiiers itself a pure and heavenly gift to the object of its love, stands without rebuke even in the 1)ivine Presence. I believe that Christ in His human nature line\\. that love ; and if He had not put its fleshly counterpart under His feet, horn could it have been said of Him that He was " tempted in all poi~ltslike as we are, yet without sin" ? It is in the light of this truth, that some questions of therapeutics, which we propose to consider later, must be placed l~eforethey can be fairly ans\vered. At present T wish to make another applic:~tion of it. Ho\v much of the love sanctioned l~ylegal forms, is as foully adulterous as ally which haunts the brothel or other- wise defies the law, silllply because it is greedy and self- seeking; sensuous, jealous, vindictive ! I care not what measure of outward fidelity it may give, if it cherish these characteristics I believe that it is, in the full intent and meailiilg of Christ's declaration, an adulterous love. hln~ly a lllarl looks upon his 7iuj5e to lust after her, and lays hiinself fully open to the diviile rebuke, in the hour \\.hen he fancies that he loves her most, because his desire is the desire for his n.iu~zgratification, and takes no thought of her conlfort or conve~lience; and mnnj- a ~voman,ill her narrow n11d captious view of the reqnirenlents of love, misses the larger and finer sense of th~tgenerous blessed~lesswhich collies from giving, more than fro111 receiving. It is out of this rank self-seeking, this niggardly ~lleasuriilg of love, that scalldal springs, ailcl bitter, mnlevolent gossip, ant1 suspicion, and tittle-tattle, and all the evil brood of ril'crs ~vhichinfest our social life ; and they \\-ill never be- come extinct until the lower and earthy qualities of love are brought under fine and true control, and its higher elements set free to do their purifying and uplifting work. If one nishes an esanlple of what a pure and elevated married love nlay be, let him read the letters of Snth:11-rielHa\vthornc to his wife. 1,etters simple, tender, humoro~~s,yet purged how utterly free froin this sensu~il,adulterous element. I'here are thousands of such ~uarriages,and I name this one only because circumstances ha\-e placed the conditions of it full in our \-iew. It is quite conceivnble also, that there may be a tie bet~i-eentwo who are not wedded, and co11ld not be by any human law, against which no adulteroi~simputation could for the good of the beloved one, and never by word or deed or inmost thought resching out after personal appropriation. Such a love is a pure pearl of great price. Its cost no heart can know but the heart that possesses it, but the soul that has once tasted such a love, pure, joy-giving', full of life ancl inspiration as a fountain of living waters, will feel little appetite thereafter for the unsavory messes which the lower instincts crave. In these latter days, the charge is often brought against the domestic institutions of Christendom, that they are selfish in their nature and drift, that they breetl clannishness and exclusiveness, and tend to concentrate the vital elements of life into narrow, self-seeking activities. But this is only true when they are based upon that low, self- seeking type of love which was condemned by Christ. 'I'rue Christian marriage contains by right no elen~entof seifish- ness. In the union of two persons, nlale and female, hr the purpose of reproducing the divine image as nearly as may be, in the third person of the trinity of life, personal pleasure, though by no nleans ignored as a means to the true end, is held strictly snbsen-ient to the nlain p11r1)ose of the union. Life is then no longer self-seeking. It is a going forward into the new life, and the distinct aim of it, is the progress of the race through the development of children who shall be xn improvenlent upon the parent stock, and the motive of all its painful and arduous duties, is the glory of God and the good of mankind. Kothing can be more truly unselfish than a motive like this, more keenly alive and consecrated to all the interests of progress, nlore fundn- mental in its very nxture to the well-being of mankind. Certainly no institution can be found the world over, or in any stage of historic progress, so adapted to the clevelopment ant1 uplifting of the race as this. a past without a future. Ai~dthe next step in huinan progress inust be the outgro\r.ing of the old selfish, adulterous type of lo\e, the upreaching of the soul into its finer, spiritual atmos~heres. THE S( IVEKEIGSTY OF LOVE A HUSGRV sperm-cell, literally starving for its proper nutri- ment, keen, atl\-enturous, pushing, unable to rest until it shall I-ILII-efoulld ant1 apl)rol~ri.~tctlthe coml~lementof itself, and fro111 the resulting unioa shall have gained both food ant1 rest,-that is what science ~vould have us believe is the character and collditioil of the ultimate, microscopic, nlale element of humanity. Through all the ph,~sesof its later development, froin the sperm-cell to the man, how little are its essential character- istics changed ! Restlessness, hmlger, desire, -these are the predominant traits of man in nll ages. United they forin the lever which has moved the world, the poner which has subdued Kature, scalillg her heights and pl~inginginto her tlepths with never- ceasing energy of csl)loration and conquest. It is this save Ijo\ver n.hich has tiiscorered ilew continents, Icd armies, foulidetl empires, ;incl adnlinisteretl their In\vs. It !1as ere11 assailed heaven ant1 brought down the sacred fire therefrom. Its achieveme~~tsarc l~eyoixlthe po\ver of song or story to celc- brate, or the mint1 of :!ny huinnn being fully to coinprehelltl : yet the striking thing abo~~tit is, that it has aI\vays rencheti its end by virtue of that which it had not, quite as much a: by that which it had. .I luck, a n-ant, :ill uilf11lfilled desire, has been the moving po~verof hn:nan progress. 'Ihe fenl~lle element, on the other hand, is large, full-fed, full-orbed, quiescent, \vith a serenity of illaililer well calcu- lated to co~lcealthe innate impatience, which yet at tinles is ill-concealed, ~vithwhich it awnits the coining of its mate. On the one hand, restless hunger ant1 need, on the other offered nourishment, satisfaction, repose ; linking the two, a vital, mysterious attr~ction,strong as life itself and inexo- rable as death, forever coercing theill to union and evoking fro111 that union new lives, new dra~llasand histories of being. 11-hat better el)itomizeci description than this which science suggests, c.ml the wisest philosopher give of the elenlents and offices of a huma~lhollle? The first thing, then, whicll n nlan seeks in his home,which it is his nature to seek and his right to find, is repose and the satisfaction of !us hunger and desire. This is a truth old as the histor!-of mankind, yet it is one from which the modern nomLln is revolting. It needs therefore to be re- stated, not as the ultimatum of truth coacern.ng the offices oi n-o~nanin the home, but as its starting-point. SO under- stood, the statement stands to-day, as it has stood through all preceding time, esse~ltiallytrue. .4nd it is for the interest of ~vom~ln3s nluch as man, that this truth should be understood, became as these peculiarities are the lever by which mail inoves the world, so in the order of nature, they beconle in turn the instrulneilt by lileans of which he is himself moved. 'Ihe wolnan who call satisfy his needs in this respect, though he may call her his slave, is in reality, if he chooses, his sovereign. Oftentimes his blilnt senses fail to see the conllectioll 11etwee11 the two facts, oftener still perhaps the woman has only the rudest and illost instincti\-e ilotio~lof the source of her power; but if she knows how to wield this sceptre, which Xature puts into her hand, with tact and deep interior wisdom, she will rule her home with no divided sway, and that to the best and highest ends. For, that woman should hold and use her rightful influence over man, is not a matter of personal interest and convenie~lce only, -though I have yet to see the woman who feels that she finds her truest earthly happiness outside a happy and well- ordered home,- it is an affair of the greatest possible moment to the world at large. Ill-acljusted elemental powers in the physical world, breed lightnings, and tempests, and volcanoes, ancl cyclones : but these bear little comparisorl with the forces of evil let loose in the ~noralworld, when the power of woman over ma11 is neglected or used to wrongful purposes. If nomen could rightly understand the dpnan~ic force of thcir own i~ifluencein the world of morals, they would realize at once that no reform which they can accomplish, no streams of beneficence which they can set in motion in the world at large, equal for an instant in purifying force, the steady outcomr of blessing which naturally flows from a nation of well-ordered homes. I do not sly that ~voman'swork should necessarily be cir- cumscribetl by the four walls of her home. What I do say is, that the work within these four walls is that duty nearest to her, which she can never safely neglect, and which, if left un- done, no possible good which she can do in the outer world will counterl~alnnce. Moreover, observation would seem plLlinly to teach that home training is necessary to the best use of woman's powers outside the home. It is the women who are successf~ilwives and mothers, who have the truest knowledge of the capacities and needs of men in general, and of the principles by means of which the best ends of 'IHI YJ\ tK61Lhl1 Uk LOVt '99 reform may be ac~ompllshed. One may hale the hlghest respect for cellbates who are celibates for conicience' sake, and may freely admit, as Chr~stadmitted, the ~vorld'sneed of I1 them and their work; while for those sweet natures to uhom loss and disappointment have come, but who still toil bravely on, with loyal spirit and true, in the outer courts ot love, no meed of praise can be too great ;but it still remains true, that the modern world is full of stir and ferment and ill-con- sidered activity, set on foot by women who hnve either fded in their matrimonial ventures, or for lack of respect for, and I1 appreciation of niarriage have never known the training which life-long catering to the physical ant1 spiritual needs of a household implies. It is not home-loving or home-keeping women as a class, tvho fly to the ranks of anarchy and sedi- I tion, seeking the redress of real or fancied wrongs, the be- stowal of so-called rights which neither nature nor revelation 1 sanction, but those restless and fragmentary woruen who for I one reason or another have f.:iletl to learn the deepest les- sons of nature concerning the relations bttween men and women, or having some instinctive perception of the truth, have yet perversely flouted and despised it. At the same time, the fxct that there should be so numerous a class of women who so flagrantly contravene the instincts and tradi- tions of womanhood, ant1 especially the fact that the so- called woman-mo\en~entin its best estate has won so much of genuine sympathy and accomplished so much of real good as it has done, along with much that -annot be so euphonistically characterized, is an indication that there are deep-seated evils in the body politic which possibly some- thing more speedy than the ordinary laws of growth and evol~ltionare necessary to cure ; and the p.ut of a pure phii- osophy is to search ollt the evil, and apply the remedy of truth and sound reason. If man must find in his home rest, nourishment, satisfiic- tion, woman has her 110 less imperative needs. Her mission in the home is of vast i~nport,and little understood in its widest scope, its spiritual powers and bearings. Force ruled by love is an epitome of the dynxmics of the universe. lhat for~nr~lagi\-es the exact relation of ele~ne~lts and true order of precedence in the home. The outcome of this relation is peace and order; but if for one monient you substitute the condition of force ruling force, you have introduced a chaotic principle, and strife and disagreenlent ensue ; and if, still worje, l~veis subjngated by force, the consequences beconle i?lost pitiable and disastrous. Xor does this statement, paradoxical as it may seem, in any way interfere with the true hendship of man in the home, since the rule of force is upon one plane and the rule of love upon quite another. To be ruled by love is m.nl's highest destiny, and the womul who undertakes to rule him in arty other way will not only find n\-cry disagreeable task upon her hands, - she will lower his si;llldarcl of 1norals and her own, by just the difference in spiritual altitude l)et\veen thcse tn-o. 'l'o rule by love I How is it to 1)e done? \\-h<~tcverwom:m can answer that question has solvetl the ridcllc of her clcatiny, and has the keys of llltiinate conquest in her hands. \Vile11 the typical vvonlnn thus enters into her sovereignty, the golden d:iys of universal order ant1 hsl-~uony\rill be near at hand. It is to\rarcls this epoch that all Yature strives, and it is the groanings of her labor which fill our ears with sounds of cliscord 2nd tlistrcss. If \ve cannot compass a full solution of this question, \re may at least search out sonle of its elements, and place then1 in suggestive relation with each other. It seems oljviou~,to 1)egin with, that \vh:lt is 1110st neces- sary to monlan's sovereignty in the home, 1s a profound and philosophical understanding of the real nature and intent of love, of her own corninanding position in regard to its high purpose, and a true and adequate respect for its offices and functions, as ordained of God, and therefore righteous and holy after His own nature. She must herself see, and inust steadfastly maintain in her conduct and bearing, that this potential element of life, used not for personal grati- fication alone, but reverently as the source of soul nourish- ment and progressive change in the race, is its best earthly blessing, beside which fame, and fortune, and power, and prestige are all of minor importance. She inust have a deep and pen-ading sense that to preserve this love in her home, and make that home the outward and visible expression of its wide-reaching and beneficent scope, is her very highest and inost indispensable mission in life ; that if, having once undertaken sucli an obligation, she fails in the achievemei~t of it, her life is a fxilure, not only so far as the judgment of God and the world are concerned, but in regard to her own simple, selfish happiness, since an unhappy marriage, like a worm at the root of a plant, brings death to every fibre of the being; while to succeed in her mission of ruling her home by love, places her at once not only upon an equality with ii~an,but upon that spiritual pinnacle above him which, in his inonlents of clearest insight, he has always conceded to her. Accord him only his right to be ruler in material things, and he will never dispute the woman's spiritual queenship. It is when the wornan neglects her olvn prerogative, and lays violent hands upon his, that trouble begins ; and even then, poor soul, if she only persists long enough, he will ineekly yield to her delllands and turn the world upside down for her sake. At least, so it seems in this last decade of the nineteenth century. 202 .4 ~0ll.4~'~PHILOSOPHY OF LOVE Women have had an instinctive and growing knowledge of these principles throughout the ages, and by slow degrees, as the spiritual powers of the race were developed, have been laying the foundatiorls of future empire. iVhat is needed to-day is, that they should have an intelligent setting forth and a wider acceptance ; for it is upon this foundatioil that all noble and adequate self-respect in woman must he built up. So fortified, she is prepared to take her stand upon her hearthstone and maintain the dignity of her spiritual creature at the mercy of that native greed and rapacity which have ever characterized the crude, undeveloped mas- culine element of life. A woman inspired with such a reverence for love as this, will see in her husband her own divinely ordained counter- part in the offices of life, and will respect his $7-erogirfk'e even more than she respects the man himself; remember- ing always that his faults, whatever they nlay be, have their origin in the conditio~lsof his birth, and striving always by noble living and \vise management to prevent their repro- duction in the children who may come to them. A loyal people render homage and obedience to a poor ruler, even when personal respect is impossible ; and this must be so if order and law are to be presemed in the world. So in the little world of the home, when instinctive love and per- sonal reverence fail, there is yet left the reverential possi- bility which belongs to the titles and offices of the husband. This may seeill a hard saying to many, no doubt; but if noble things were easy, they would cease to be noble and become commonplace. If a womnn ~vouldprove the strength of womanly character, the equality of her nature with that THE SOVEREIGXTI- OF LOVE 203 of man, -nay, more, its regal powers and capacities, -here is the opportunity. To live a perfect life with a perfect companion, is a dream which only heal-en can realize : to live a patient, loving, aspiring life with an imperfect com- panion, is the average lot which tile world offers to n~anor woman. But there is this to be said in favor of it : it offers opportunities for the cultiration of sweet and noble traits of character, of pure and heavenly Boll-erings of virtue, which a less rugged discipline lvould utterly f'lil to develop. It is not love and reverence only, it is true diplomacy as weli, which allows every man to be the hero of his own hearthstone. The \T-orldabhors a henpecked husband, and the world is right. 'There is no surer w,iy of depressing a man in the scale of being, of lo\\-ering his self-respect and making him a morally epicene and \711olly untrustlvorthy character, than to take alv:~y from him thnt forceful preroga- tive, that beautiful imperiousness, which Sature bestows upon him, when she adorns hiill with a beard and deepens the tension of his vocal chords. The lvonlnn who wishes to rule her own household, should cherish this feeling in her spouse by all proper and constitutionzl means. If she truly untlerstands her own power and privilege, the spectzcle of his autocratic humors, his varying whims and preposterous and sometimes swaggering airs of supremacy, becomes one of the most curious and amusing by-plays of life, while the inconveniences thus entailed are temporary, and only suffi- ciently trying to be bracing ~uentnlgyrunastics. It is to be remembered, also, that he is only a grolvn-up, mischievous boy, and will still occasionally bre2k out into pranks and faolishness, which the wise nlntron will sonletinles chide and sometinles ignore, keeping a good watch, however, for the season of shamefaced renentance which is pretty sure to 2 04 A \TO>I;ZS'SPHILOSOPHY OF I.OVE come, and making use of it, not for personal advantage, but to push sollle needed nleasure of household reform. A wise wonlnn will condone many faults for a wholeson~e consideration. To sum.up all, he must be well housed, well fed, his per- sonal comfort thorough!y attended to, always, of course, after the measure for which he himself has made provision; he must be allowed the well-earned rest and repose of his olvn fireside, and the willing companionship and synlpathy of his I wife ; his spiritual advancement nlust be carefully watched over and stimulated, much after the f~shionof the teanlster 1 who incites his donkey by a bunch of turnips rather than a I whip ; and last and most inlporta~ltof all, he ~llustbe loved as much and as freely as is good for him. So~neconstitu- tions will bear more than others, of that sweetness and light which is the essential quality of moman's ministry, and of this ereryv-omsn inust be her own judge ; but let him at least feel that the supply is exhaustless if only he has the tact and \visdom to turn on the stream, and he will pretty soon be- come an adept in this kind of engineering. There are, doubtless, exceptional cases, to whonl no rules are applicable, because the race is yet in a very rudinlentary condition, ancl the offices of womanhood in the past have been very iillperfectly recognized and fiilfilled; and these I entail ruartyrclom which 110 law can avenge, no human wis- dom, but only the unfailing Dnine Lore, can counsel or comfort. Eut under a treatillent such a\ has been broadly outlined, the nlajority of men dlfill docilely into the place assigned them by Nature, and becoiue what the great Xother intended thein to he, the cornerstone of the home, its four walls, its sheltering roof, eleryth~ngbut the inner heart and i inspiration of it, which only ~vomnncnn be. For not~vithstandiagall his little drawbacks and limita- tions, it is still true that inan is the creature made by God to be the one earthly stay and support and helper of woman ; her guide and director in nlazes that are too rough 2nd thorny for her tender feet; her tower of strength and refuge in life's rutlest bsttles ; her rest, her recompense, her truest ally and friend. The secret of her power over hiill no lnind but the rnilld of God can comprehend, and so inti- mate an attribute of being is it: that perchance even He knows not." JVhy it is that the glance of her eye will arm him with the courage of desperation, and dram hinl to her side or send him on her errands the wide I\-orld round ; why for one hour's delight in her charms he will toss away f?me, power, reputa- tion, as though they were briubles, and count them all well lost ; why a single tear will melt his heart to wax ; the whisperings of her voice soothe the raging tumults of his storilly soul to peace ; her snlile transport him fro111 al! worldly trouble and anxiety to the only heaven he knoxs or cares for, and her prayers succor and help him when he has cast off all other spiritual ministry, -no womaI1 kno~vs. It is enough if she kno\v the fact and nlake a wise and worthy use of it. It is the sweet and heavenly prerogative of love, older and stronger than any huillan enactment, and if used aright it inducts a woman into a sovereignty which is all her own, and in which she call hare no rival. Homes constituted upon this model, by the permanent union of manly strength and I\-omanly sweetness and spirituality, forill the impregnable bulwark of any nation. 'They are the source and fountainhead of those great ideas of constitutional liberty which have made the Teutonic llatio~lsof the world forenlost in the march of civilization and progress ; and no greater evil could cloud the horoscope of human destiny, than that the false and disintegrating ideas of individual action upon the part of nlen and women, should be embodied in the constitution of civil States. It is union between the two elements of life, a coalescence vital and permanent, which all nature seeks to promote in the interests of the race; and whatever tends to thwart this purpose hinders the upward progress of humanity, and threatens a reversion to lower types of development. Science ' itself, which has so long busied itself with what was going on in the lower forms of animal life, begins at last to see in sexual variations on those low planes the distinct prophecy of what was to be further evolved in the hunlan species, and aptly demonstrates that "what [of sexual differ- entiation] was settled anlong the prehistoric protozoa, cannot be annulled by act of parliament." Let us go a little farther. As the first differentiation from egoism in an altruistic direction is found in mother-love, and the first indication of spiritual attributes in man, is the faith which is inspired in him by the mother of his child, so the first offshoot from forceful rule, the rule of the stronger over the weaker, toward that higher sovereignty which is indicated 1 From the admirable nineteenth chapter of" The Evolution of Sex;' I cannot forbear quoting the folio\ving paragraph : "The re;~derneed not be reminded . . . of the attitude of the ordinary politician who supposes that the matter [of the relativc position of mornan] is one essentially to be settled by the givingor withholding of the franchise. The exclu- sively political view of the pr,:ble~nhas in turn been to a large extent subordi- nated to that of econon~iclnissrr fnire, from which, of course, it consister~tly appeared that all things mould be settled as soon as women were sufficiently plunged into the competitive industrial struggle for their omn daily bread. While as the co~nplexlyruinous results of this intersexual competition for existence, upon both sexes and upon family life, have hcgun to become manifest, the more recent economic panacea of the redistribution of \vealth has naturally been invoked, and me have merely somehow to raise women's \vages." THE SOVEREIGXl'Y OF LOVE 207 by tile sway of a beneficent intention over brute force, and which is ideally the highest conception of goverllment of which the universe gives us anjTexample, is found in the affectional and spiritual doininion of won1:tn over man. If the race is ever to reach that ideal goal, a governillent by love, its path- way lllust lie along the line traced out by the loving supremacy of 1vo111a11 in the home; at least, such is the d $7-ion' reasoiling educed from scientific observation of the starting-point which nature makes, and a philosophic study of the facts of history offers strong confirmation of it. The rule of love begins in the home, the ideal conception of it is wrought into the fibre and the training of the infant man, the realization of it grows upon him through advancing years and fro111 generation to generation, slo~vlydominating all the brute forces of his nature, until at last it shall so pen-ade his entire being that, conquered by love, he shall add to his own kingly prerogative of strength, the sweetness and self-sacrifice of the woman-soul, and so shall evolve a rule for all hunlanity which shall be a reflection on earth of the order which reigns in heaven, through the sway of the omnipotent, the eternal Love. hfay God speed the process through the true enlighten- ment of women's minds as to the greatness of their destiny ! BOOK I11 LOVE IN I'TS IVORLD-\TIDE RELATIONS THE SOCIAI. RELATIOSS OF hfE4 AND WObfEhT IF one forms one's opinion of the condition of social morals from the scandals revealed or only half suppressed in the ~ublicprints, fro111 such knowledge as coines to physi- especially among women of the lower grades, or upon the 1 revelations made by actual investigation among that class who make their li~ingby pandering to social vice, it will I no doubt be darkly pessimistic. If one has the fortitude through long and patient years to accuinulate fact5 froill all these sources and illany inore, and compute from them what must be the actual ~onditlonof the social world fro111 its I\ topmost level to ~tslowest depths, the result is simply appall- 111g. It defies expression in human speech. But if we will humbly lay this unspeakable burden, which revolts the imagination and crushes the soul, at the feet of infinite Love, and patiently wait for an explanation, there will come at last some rays of light upon what seenls before- hand the darkest, the most hopelessly insoluble problenl of hulllan fate. And first let us consider that sexual attraction is the funda- mental and life-preserving principle of the universe, and, as revealed to us in the Scriptures, of that spiritual power upon which the universe depends. It is, therefore, the vital and donlillant principle of every hunlan soul; but in the tern- porary and undeveloped conditiolls of a race not yet grown to its full proportions or a perfect and nor~llalbdance of its pO\VerS, a race jour~leying through a mil(lerness of sensual appetites and longings towards a heritage of harnlonious spiritual development, it is a power lnisunderstood and sub- ject in a great degree to the malign iilfluences of ignorance and selfishness. Nothing is clearer to the advanced student of hunlan 1 philosophy than that the greed of pleasure which character- izes the lower forins of vice, and nhich is the outcome of purely natural desires given unbridled license, is self-destruc- i tive, the antecedent of innun~erablepains and penalties. It reacts with avenging energy upon every departnlent of being. 1 It brings disease to the body, enen-ation to the mind, and utter blight and ruin to the soul of man. It robs marriage of el-ery joy, inakes pure parentage impossible, and leads to an old age devoid of every elnotional and spiritual grace. Yet so spiritunlly blind has been the race of Inan hitherto, so bound up in its olvn temporal and fleshly needs, that it has 1 required age after age, generation after generation, of ex- perience to demonstrate this palpable truth so as to bring it within the intellectual grasp of the majority of mankind. On the other hand, the higher needs and prerogatives of the love nature have never beer1 fully recognized. It cannot be doubted that as we grow towards the light of the spirit we shall grow into purer and more satisfying expressions of love. If in your window-g~rdeningyou have ever noticed how a plant will reach out with every fibre of its being towards the I sunshine, twisting its flower-sterns out of all normal attitudes to bring the blossom's heart \vithin reach of the life-giving ray, -if you have seen, as I have, n little straight, trim plant, i which had no natural proclivity for running, growing up in a dry and shaly desert, yet within sound of 2 tiny rill which trickled down from the mountain side, put forth a slender feeler, prone on the ground, with only a half-de~elopedleaf here and there at the longest possible intervL1ls, so to reach the life-giving stream, you may get some fL1int idea of how a hu~nanbeing will twist and distort itself, all unconscious per- I haps that it is doing a phenomenal thing, to reach the warmth and life-giving which inhere in love. It is nature which thus cries out for sustenance. The human soul has no other need so deep, so urgent, so insatiable, as the need of love. It is a necessity to life, to growth, to achievement, to a11 the sweet and beneficent ends of being. In poverty or riches, in sick- 1 ness or in health, in solitude or in society, the soul's need is the same. Whatever other gift the heavens deny, if God send us love we are blest indeed. 1 And the rule of i~ionogamicmarriage is not an easy one I for strong natures to llve by. It entails, as it was meant to entail, self-sacrifice, high living for noble and humane ends, a resolute subduing of the flesh, that the powers of the spirit may be evolved and strengthened, and the progeny of the I race born into a constantly Increasing heritage of spiritual capacities and aspirations. The conclitions also of marriage 11 are ~mperfect,and the failures wh~chattend it exayperating. d Men in general have little esteem for constancv ai a mnnlv 1'HE SOCIAL KELA1?OSS OF hlEN .%SD \VO.\IEK 21I virtue. The mental and physical training of women is such that they often fail to meet the natural demands of even a reasonable and considerate husband ; and 111a11y facts indicate that a very large percentage of husbands are not of this de- scription. Emergencies arise in which the physical and in- tellectual powers nlust have the support of love or else fail utterly in the work assigned to them. How many Illen under the burdens of great enterprises have rushed to unla\vful indulgences for the stimulus which should carry them tri- umphantly through a crisis, ollly to find in that same indul- gence their later ruin! It is like the case of a man who takes whiskey for consun~ption,and, though cured of his lung trouble, dies of the whiskey at last. There is no more tre~nendousstimulant than love, and none which needs to be dealt with more cautiously, if one would not at last be the victim of its deadly reaction. A11 these and a thousand other false conditions of life arise to confuse the moral per- ception of even those who desire to lead a moral life, and make the worse appear the better reason. Another curse of marriage mhich leads to untold misery and crin~inalityis the dread of child-bearing. This is a den mhich only a moral Hercules dare assail, but it is one mhich the purified and morally e~llancipated\voman will one day enter, ancl in the light of her holy presence nanleless wrongs and horrors will flee to the Hades from which they came. 'I'he only honorable intent of marriage is child-bearing. The presence which sanctifies the home, mhich lifts it from the plane of selfish and sensual indulgences to that of the high and holy purposes of progress and civilizltion, is the presence of little children. But the ideas and practices which prevail to-day in that underworld where the life of the race has its genesis, are worse by far than the siruple naturalism 2 I2 A ~~031.49'~PHILOSOPHY OF LOVE of the dark ages ; and not until mom~aherself arises in her might, and science joins hands with her in a spirit far above the quackery which now exploits itself in an attenlpt to min- ister to the just delllands of suffering womanhood, can the foul wrongs which blight the honle and debase c~vilization be remedied. These are strong words, and the only justification for them is, that they are imperatively needed. 'i'here can never be a race of well-born inen and women, hunlan beings amenable to the lams of nature and of God in their highest and truest meaning, capable of putting the considerations of so111 above those of sense, md living for the higher end of hunlan progress, until the law of generation are thoroughly under- stood and applied to the daily liring of parents. IVhen this is brought to pass, as it only can be through the earnest efforts of enlightened women aided by the pure illumination of science, the cioud which now rests on Christian marriage will be dissipated, and it will beconle what it was designed to be, the corrector of man's unbridled passions, the comfort and solace of hu~llaillabor and longing, the begetter of the generations of men in constantly ascending tj-pes. To this end both nnture and Providence are urging on. It is for this reason, because the days of fleshly donlillstion are nulnbereti and the Eons of spiritual sliprenlacy about to dawn, that the afflictive consequences of vice are every- where scourging lnen back into the ranks of virtue. Men refrain fro111 sinning because the penalty is coming to be toc certain and too sharp ; and, thus thwarted of the lower in- dulgences, they begin to ask if there be not soine highel expression of sexu:11 attraction, if there nlly not be sweeter joys in the colllpanionship of women than those to be found in the underworld of sense and passion. It is just at this point that the true remedy for social dis- orders presents itself. I11 view of the principles developed in the preceding chapters, it becollles evident that it is not the part of true refornl to suppress the love nature of man- kind. It is rather to give it wise and philosophical direction. It is not less love that the world needs, but more and better, an attraction nlore subtle ailti spiritual, a sympathy more re- fined and perineating ; and this can only be evolved when the I lower nature is held in check by that reverent regard for natural law which distinguishes true liberty of action fro111 license. The world in general has yet to learn the beauty and the value of sinlple good-comradeship between men and women, that loyalty of each to the other which is the basis I of all true, disinterested friendship. \Vhen through discipline I it can be attained, it will be found to be the panacea for many, if not most, of our social ills. 'The inspiring glance, the synlpathetic smile, the reassuring hand clasp, convey from soul to soul without just rebuke, the tender message which colnforts and soothes and strengthens. And there is nothing, was never lilennt to be anything, in the nlarriage bond, which forbids such interchange of fraternal sentiment. 'The spirit of jealousy, suspicion, tittle-tattle, which pervades society, and sees in every token of sympathetic accord be- tween men and women the sign of an evil intent, is born ) of undereloped conditions, nourished in a low spiritual at- mosphere. It is in itself the fruitful parent cf crime, since souls in deep distress who might hare found the ball11 for all their ills in a pure sympathy and helpfulness, threatened, as they believe unjustly, with social ostracism, grow desperate and justif!. themselves for breaking all bonds, because the world \voukl understand neither their need nor the pure in- tent with which they sought relief. 4 2 14 .4 WOMAN'S PHILOSOPHY OF LOVE The pietist does indeed direct such sufferers to heaven for succor through prayer and aspiration, and it is very true that that way lies the fountain of unfailing resource, and that it is only by means of prayer and aspiration that the soul can be securely guarded against danger in accepting any substitute. But on the other hmd, it is also true, that the only way to discipline the souls of men and women in purity and strength is along the path of experilnental helpfulness to each other. It is tlie destiny of the world to grow better, to act fro111 purer motives, to love with higher intents and aims ; and even at the cost of some nlistakes and f~ilures,the work must go on, however the rigidly good or the pruriently evil may point the finger of scorn. Nor is history wanting in instances of pure, unalterable friendship between men and women -friendships which, beginning in the heyday of youth and amid the splendor of life's fullest pageant, have only grown the stronger and purer with the advent of o!d age, and have lighted the dim portals of the tomb with supernnl r,idiance. In these souls passion has bcen subdued, and its fleeting joys have given place to the sbireet and enduriilg charms of a sympathetic attachment which owes no fealty to the flesh, but expands itself in the pure light ui a celestial freedom. So Dante's chaste soul received the inspiration of Beatrice's love, anrl wls barne by it into the regions of the Paradiso ; so hiichael Angelo wrought the stern sublimity of his I'rophets and Sibyls and scenes of the Last Judgment, sust~ained,under the discipline which Christian art exacted of its devotees, by the pure synlpnthy of T7ittoria Colonna; so mnny a less exi!te:l soul has strsinecl the pure drop of a celestial sweetness from the turbid pollen which the senses g-~thei-,2nd fcd thereon to growths and destinies I THE SOCTAL RELATIONS OF MEN arn WO~IEX 2 15 I i which transcend this mortal life and lay hold on heavenly 1 things. What is the secret of the KCcamier's power? " asked one French wit of another, In the prime of that wonderful woman's career. " Sympath! ," naethe sinlple but sufficient reply. Of the ardors of passioll she knew little, but in the strength of a pure, exalted friendship she stood unrivalled, and her power over men mas supreme. Then old, blind, and no longer beautiful, she was sunln~onedto the bedside of the dying Chateaubriand. She went without a misgiving, to Li comfort the last moments of the devoted friend of many ! years, and when remonstrated with by those around her on the score of propriety, she bravely answered, "Old age is my chaperon." iti And who shall doubt but in the tenderness of that parting 9 was hidden a sweetness of love such as younger and less disciplined lovers can never know; a hint, attained on earth through tears and self-sacrifice, of that culminating joy of the soul which in its fulness is known only to the purified above ? The dawning brightens towards the day. The standard of morals anlong illen in the most elevated and thoughtful circles of society is far higher than it was even in the last generation; while public men are called to an accounting in this respect in a way which fifty years ago would hnve been deemed incredible. IVoinen, as they are educated to a higher sense of womanly endowments and to a nob!er strength of character, grow more discriminating concerning the men who are to become the partners of the most intimate, the most momentous experiences of their lives. Homes are 1 ~urer,society in its best developnlent has reached a level never before attained; \I-hile the growing eagerness for the i 216 .& WOMAN'S PHILOSOPHY OF LOVE fruits of scientific investigation, that pure truth of nature which, when perfectly known, must become the criterion and exegesis of all other truth, is sure to lead to the cleansing and refinlng of allour ideas of the relations between inen and women. Much work remains to be done, and not the least impor- tant of it, is that which can be accomplished by no other agency under heaven but the mother in the home. Into her lap the plastic infant-soul is laid ; for years her touch is supreme to shape its destiny, and long before it has reached the plane of independent thought and action, it i5 poss~ble for her to have graven the lines of purity and aspiration so deeply into its being that no after-experience call possibly efface them. Humanly speaking, when the nlother learns to form aright the natures of the babes conlnlitted to her charge in the home, that outside and most disheartening work which we call refor111 wiil have no further need to he. \!-Ohl.IN IT THE 11VEXTIETH CENTURY THEREis nothing more remarkable about the great epoch- making events of history than the fitness of the times in which they have occurred, unless it be the fact that their true significance and ultimate spiritual purpose have been at the time so generally misapprehended. Thus the Crusades failed utterly to restore the Holy Land to Christian possession ; but they did break down feudalism and the barriers which it had raised against the brotherhood of nations, and lay deep the foundations for the rise of the middle class and the spread of the blessings of a fraternal civilization over the countries of Europe, -a purpose infinitely greater and more beneficent than that for which they were instituted. The great maritime enterprises of the later fifteenth and earlier sixteenth centuries, whose immediate aim was to find a nearer way to India and Cathay, forgot that aim entirely in the grandeur of a discovery which came to them, not as the result of forethought or design, but incidentally as a surprise that was of the nature of a revelation. Even the mission of Christ upon the earth, regarded by His early follo~~ersas local and temporary only, having in view the restoration of the Jewish nation to sonlething more than its earlier power and glory, pro\-ed in the end to have been, all unknown to man, God's plan for the establishment of a great spiritual kingdom, world-wide, eternal, and the culmination of the Divine purpose in regard to mankind. Thus when any strong popular movement arises and carries away the public judgment up011 the wings of its enthusiasm, it is the part of the philosopher to keep a cool and careful watch upon it, to see if the deep spiritual meaning of it coy- responds with its early and outward pretension. Is this new inovement tending straight onward to its prefigured end, or is there in it a power deeper and stronger than even its ad- herents suspect, which is drifting it, like an unseen current, far away from the course laid out upon the chart of its navi- gators, and toward a port beyond their ken? Such questioning as this is pertinent, concerning the great popular uprising of the last quarter of a century, which is known as the worlan movement. The year 1548 will long be remembered as the year of revolutions -of the great socialistic uprising in Europe which made itself felt with ominous force in almost every country 011 the Continent, and to a less degree in Great Britain. Europe was then separated from this country by far greater barriers of time and space than at present. 40 telegraph kept us in constant daily, and even hourly, coin- munication with her centres of thought aid action, and the passage of steamers across the Atlantic was infrequent and slow, compared to the marvels of transition in our own times. An itlea or a doctrine wafted from that shore to this was not so thoroughly scanned, nor so quickly assigned to its own place in the correlation of ideas which were putting forth their claims to rule the world, as now. lIoreover, the agitation of thought attending the abolition move~nent,and that ferment of ideas known as Sew England transcendentalism, were acting upon \VO\I?S IV 'I HE l\IrEUIItlH CEYIURY 219 I"' the public mind at the Korth in a way to ~llnkeit compara- tively open and hospitable to any proposition which claimed to represent that spirit of liberty \vhich was in the air. Under these circumstances, when a returning traveller, deeply impressed while abroad with the idea then, as now, being proclaimed in the re\-o!utionnry circles of Europe, that women equally with men are entitled to the right of citizenship, called a little circle of her neighbors and friends together, to commence the propzgntion of it, -though much scorn and ridicule were awakened, which had their origin in the instinctive feeling that the difference in the duties and privileges of the sexes n-as something Illore than a mere tradition, was indeed fo~lndedupon fulldaillental facts ant1 laws inherent in the race and necessary to its very existence, -nobody could at that moment, trace the heresy to its source and classify and label it. It chimed in well enough with the spirit of the hour; it fitted especially tile views of a certain clique of women ~~-1-hornthe aforesaid anti-slavery agitation had brought to the fore; and so it grew like some chance-blo~aseed, which, taking root in the crevice of n ledge, begins presently, by the growth of its tenacious fibre, to rend the very rocks themselves. But thc woman movement is older than thk. Early in the century had arisen a rerj- general if not strikingly aggressive desire for better education;~l facilities for wornen. In the smaller country tolr-ns of ?;en- Engl~u~d,one of the earliest questions raised was, whether it would be a misuse of the public funds to teach girls in the common schools "the latter part of the arithmetic," meuning the sections which lie be- mnrl the ('rule of three and fractions." which had hitherto whom I ~vot,T aliantly illaintained tllat it \vas just as inlportant ill1 I I 220 ..IWO~I~Y'SPHILOSOPHY OF LOVE I to the public welfare, that his daughters should learn grammar as his sons, since they would have to teach the use of the English language to the next generation; and fortunately for the present writer, who was of that next generation, he had i hi5 way, in spite of no l~ttlcopposition. At that very time Mary Lyon appeared in hlassachusetts, full of a burning zeal for the education of \vomen, and ready to impart to them the strong and shining \irtue> of her own pure character. As hiary Lyon died in 1849, it may well be doubted if she had ever given a serious thought to moman suffrage ; but her edu- cational methods made strong women, good wives, mothers, .and educators, nevertheless. Her work was carried forward in bIassachusetts by Horace ?rlann, who made the country ring with his appeals for the higher educatiun of women, and even aroused the educational circles of Grelt Erit,iin to an interest in the subject which they had never felt before. Contemporary with him was Emma Willard, of Troy, N.Y., whose efforts in behalf of an education for girls, which should be equal to thlt bestowed upon boys, made her name falllous in two worlds. She was a woman not only of great strength of character, but of equal refinement and elegance of mind and manner. Kot satisfied with her labors in the school-room, she spent niuch time and effort in bringing her ideas coiicernin~the education of girls before th~Ieadin~ tion than they could otherwise hare attained. At the present time it is curious to read how strenuously I Mrs. IVillard disclaimed any intent to intrench upon the I. traditional prerogatives of men. Her sole ail11 mas to lllake better mires and mothers, and more intelligent 2nd useful menlbers of society, of the girls committed to her charge. I l i I WOSfAX IS 1 HE T\\'ESTIETH CEATCRY 221 In Albany and afterwards in Crook!yn, Alonzo Crittenden was gallantly nlaiiltainiilg that the education of girls was of mop-e importance than that of boys, since the girls were to mother the boys of a future generation, anti to give them that first start in life upo~lwhich, mure than anything else, their future would depend. Rutgers Female College, in New York, had already, by its very name, flung defiance to old prejudices against a liberal education for girls, and vari- ous "fenlale senliilaries " all over the country were carrying on the good work in a less conspicuous way. In the Church, also, Harriet Newel1 and the wives of Ado~liranl]udson, by their consecrated lives, had laid the foundation of that great nlissionary work ~vhichhas in these later years given scope to adva~lcillgideas of the useful~less of wonlen in the churches. Everyn-here there was a quicken- i ing of life and intelligence among the forenlost spirits of the time, a deep prophetic feeling that the dawning of a better day for women was at hand. "Not yet, indeed, broad day, but clay's white birth, Which promiseth." It is thus evident that the woman nlovenle~lt had sprung up and was rvorkiag along the lines of educnt~onal and sp~ritual progress, long before the great nloral upheax a1 which resulted in the Cirll \Tar brought certain women of strong fibre into the field of politics, and introduced to the Anlerica~lpeople, the then no\ el spectacle of \vomen appear- I ing upon the public platform and denland~llgto be heard in behalf of a down-trodden race. The educators and religiol~istsfound it slow work to com- bat immemorial prejudice. Their weapons were of too fine I a temper, and too quickly lost their edge when brought to bear upon the triple armor of custom and tradition. But the wolnen who had battled for the rights of the negro, and felt with some justice that their sledge-hammer blows had not been without effect in producing the general beneficent result, took up the new crusade in behalf of wonlen's politi- by many decades the cause of wo~nan'sadvancement. So I masterful were these agitators, so ubiquitous upon every field where there were blows to give or take, so determined to gather all the loot of every scrimmage into their own bag, that at times it has seemed that they were the only reformers in the field. But as, of old, the Lord was not in the whirlwind or the fire, but in the still, small voice, so the true strength of the woman nlovement has always lain in the gro\ving appreciation of the age for the finer and higher qualities of \~omanhcod, and not in any desire to see it adopt masculine standards of thought or action. The advocates of the political rights of women h3vi been the axe-men and road-builders of the move- ment, but they have never really been, as they have always clailned to be, the moveme~ltitself. A11 true progress advances along the lines of natural de- velopment, and science incontrovertibly teaches that the processes of evolution have, fro111 the beginning, deepened higher stage of development, a finer expression of womanli- I ness, inuzt therefore be ill rhe direction of affectional and spiritual enhancement, and not toward power on the lower or 1 material planes of 11fe; ~vhichwould, Indeed, be for her a 1 i retroversion, a lowering of her typical standard. 524 A ~011.k~'~PHILOSOPHY OF LOVE go 011, she said. Some of my products never did know hotv to get forward, except by going backward. But when they have reversed the conditions of life sufficiently to give a clear space for my new spectacular drama, Lwill show then1 what the true development of woman means. So for thirty years the work has gone on, not unrebuked, however, of deprecating home duties for women and direct- ing their energies into outward and ~nasculi~~echannels of activity. The plea has been that to be nobler women they lnust be more like Inen ; they must mork as men mork ; they must meet in convention, storm the public rostrum, capture the b~ilot-lnx, aspire to pditical office, and transform themselves into political intriguers and wire-pullers. The result has been that it has been openly proved before the world, thnt everywhere upon the plane of purely nlasculine activity womm is only smaller, weaker, less to be depended upon, even morally, than men. She will trade and bsrter high moral principles as men trade in the prosecutiol~ of their selfish plans and schemes; and the result is as much more demoralizing, as the stake is greater. As a wage-earner she takes a step backward from the inde- pendent position of the ideal home, towards the industrial slavery of the earlier ages of the race. T!lat exceptional women succeed in insny new and unaccustolned fields of labor is true; but when the success of the minority is matched against the condition of the thousands of under- paid and unprotected women in the lower ranks of labor, helpless victims of the rapacity and sensuality of employ- ers, deprived of every home privilege, every possibility of woms111y development and culture, shorn of all womanly char~ns,lost utterly to the world as agencies in the great moral and spirituai work of uplifting assigned to woman, it would seein that the ~llost superficial thinker might see which way the balance lies. And the reinedy proposed for these evils by the parties who have had the work of creating, or at least of stimulating then1 in charge, is still worse than the disease, for it tends to conditions still more disintegrating and demoralizing, -a total obliteration of the lines of sexhood so far as nriture will permit, a reduction of the entire race to an epicene condi- tion which even the brutes would despise. For nothing is truer than that when women cease to be womanly, inen de- teriorate rapidly in all that goes to make the distinctive grace and glory of manhood. It call nex-er be otherwise, because along the lines of the finer spiritual development, inan is ever attracted and guided by woman, and when this force fails to act upon him he gravitates speedily to the lower materialistic planes ; and this by no fault of his own -it is the simple ordering of nature, The coming woman, then, if science may be trusted to cast her horoscope, will not be shorn of her noblest crown, her sweetest charm, -true womanliness. Let us see if, with the iinperfect lenses at our command, we may yet be able to throw sonle faint adunlbratioil of her supreme celestial loveliness, ul;on the white canvas of the expectant future. In the nest fifty years, physical culture ant1 the study of the science of health will have done much toward perfecting the physical nature of woman. These agencies, together with a knowledge of the canons of art, will have taught her wherein true beauty consists, and with her intense lore and longing for all the nleans of enhsncing her olvn personal influence, she will inevitably endue herself with many exte- rior charms now almost wholly ~vanting. Her garments, fash- ioned up011 classic models, will clothe the freedom of nature I in the elegance of Grecian art, with the result that a rounded I figure, well-moulded I~mbs,a free and graceful carriage, and I a con~plexion fed by unobstructed life-currents, will bestow upon her the combiiled attractions of a Venus and a Diana. All that Grecian goddesses were for beauty and grace, the women of the future w~llbe, with many added charms of mind and heart besides. For a knowledge of the laws and uses of her phys~calbeing and functions, wlll give her a profo~mdreverence for her own womanhood. It is inek~tablethat when women fully realize the vastness of their power as women, the scope of their destiny as min~strantsat the altar of the clillne and universal love, they will reverence their own gifts, and insplre in men an equal reverence for aid devotion to them. In that swift-coming epnch much of the physical weakness and disability of women will be remo~edby a thorough com- pliance with the laws of health, and nhat remains ~~111be only the needed appeal to the physical courage and gal- T lantry of man. IVomen, from their very const~tution, nlll always, thank Heaven ! need the tender nlin~stryand pro- i tection of men. The very fact that, by the im:natlble i canons of love, man is the aggressor, wonl-ln the patient ~f not the milling victim, -a canon irreversible in the physical con- stitution of each, -lays upon woman fcr her own self-preser- vation the necessity of inip~ringin Inan thnt tender relerence for her unprotected state which is his cro~vniiiggrace and 1irtue. No man reaches his full estate of power and glory iiiltil he becomts the protector of woman. Thus is the ~hinenecessity of union between the two, constantly as- serting itself, and all the powers of progress and elolution combine to urge the un~oil on. It is so that the 11rlle \t:-;igth and c9ur:ge of man, are ch,lstenecl and refined and made subzervient t3 the h~gheruses of ci\ilization. I I The intellectual advancement of woman must also be I ! conducted along lines subservient to the great end of her womanhood. I know of no book in which this subject is better treated than in a little p-mphlet co~nposedof lectures on " LIEducation Intellectuelle de la Femme ChrCtien," by the AbbC Dadolle, of 13yons, Frmce, 1888. It is impossible to make such quotations froill it here, as would do justice to its argument, but its spirit is intensely huinan and Christian. 1 Ought women to receive the highest intellectual educa- 1 tion, even penetrating into, and being made free of, the realms of science and philosophy? asks the abbe; and his answer is a triumphant demonstration of the affirnlative of the question. But to the further query, Is intellectual develop- ment the highest end and aiin of the Christian woman? his reply is an equ~llywell-fortified negative. I For man, intellectual development may be an end in and f of itself; for woman, it is but the means to a higher end, - namely, the reenforcing of her soul for the great purpose of 5 i her existence as woman,- to be the inspirer of men, the source of high Christian life and development to her babes, t the spring of pure and elevating influences in the social 1 world. ! One speaks of women incampvises," (uncomprehended) 5 says the abbe. " I pity them, but I am not now discussing them. But inen irzcoi~z~rises,deprived of the ~zIZjz~torizm I I make this quotation xvith all the more pleasure, although it is only a very icnperfect rendition of the abbe's terse and epigr:lmmatical French which I can r.tYer, because it is a signal intimation of how widespread is the influence Ivhich is demanding a better culture and a nobler aim in life for woman, and how little dependent upon any of those local cliques and coteries which claim to be her champion in any especial field, or in any narrow and individual sense. This Roman Catholic abbe cannot be supposed tn be a woman suffragist. but he i> a very energetic promoter of the cause of the advancement of woman neverthe- less. 228 A WOI~AY'S PIIILOSOPHY OF LO\-E I I simile siJi, these I have known and these I commiserate, when in the midst of their labors, in their hours of discour- agement, of gloom and of struggle, and also of brightness and enthusiasm, they find the~nsel~eswithout syinpathy at their own fireside, meeting there oilly the incurable lightness of a frivolous woman, or the irremediable colllmonplaceness (terre-a-terre) of a woman incapable of elevating herself to them. Must it then be said that, in order to conlprehend her husband, a woman ought to initiate herself in the special form of his iiltellectual or professional life ; that the wife of an engineer, of a physician, or of a magistrate, ought to understand mathematics, anatomy, the law ! "Not at all. We have said heretofore, that it is in the region of the soul that equality between man and wonlan exists ; it is there that the unioil between thein is formed. It is froin this emineilce that a light proceeds which enables woman to comprehend the highest possibilities of her husbaild's career, and hold him to the level of their accoinplisl~~~~ent. So she defends him against the peril of becoming absorbed by the material details of that career, of being reduced in- sensibly to be the slave of it." I know not mhere wcrds can be found which express more admirably, the high spiritual functioil of the wife, as it stands related to the every-day affairs of married life. The abbC also distinctly recognizes the fact, grounded in science, that it is through the spiritual discipline consequent upon a true marriage that the progress of the race is achieved. He says : "The physique of the wotnaa, weaker than that of the man, gives to him a superiority \vhich he call easily abuse. Rut in the heights of the sou! woman regains her equality. It W031AN IS ']HE TWEKTIETH CENTURY 229 is the law of her creation. It is her providential vocation to become his helper, through this same power which God has put into her hands, the power of the soul. I11 helping him also to elevate and perfect the spiritual element of their lives, they together trans~nitthe light to other souls [according to the command], ' Increase and multiply.' " "The dignity of the woman, her grandeur, the source of her rights as wife and mother, is then in her soul, which implies her divine destiny. If she is not the daughter of God, created by Him and before all else for Him, she is the exclusive propert!r of inan [by virtue of her weakness and his aggressive force], and inan speedily makes of her his slave or his toy." In the light of these vital and heavenly truths, hou. futile and even unholy, seein the current enclearors to turn women away froin marriage as their highest destiny, and teach then1 to be content with a merely practical and intellectual pre- eminence, however distinguished. "A practical woman ! " says our abbC. '' That is the catchword of the day. But if I do not deceive myself, to be practical is to employ our faculties in pursuits which corre- spond to these, their powers, their purposes. Now either one must deny to woman a soul and reinand her to paganism, or one must recognize that the purpose of her being is not only to order her own inaterial life and that of others, but ZL$OZ that esse?ttiaZ basis to eyect also the edzjce of the ?tto?-a/at~ri i~zfeZZcetz~nZZ;fc.To be practical is to unite these two lives, which, far from excluding, reenforce and assist each other. The households best conducted, the educations best directed, are those of women in whom intellectual disciplbe is added to native strength of character. These are the strong women of Scripture, and, I may add, the practical women of our own time " 230 A WO~I.~S'SPHILOSOPHY OF LOVE It seems thus allnost self-e\-ident that the \voman of the future must find her highest field of duty and pleasure in the pronlotion of thosc spiritual interests of mankind, which sprang originally out of the constitution of the home, and have ever found therein their best nourishment and support. Reenforced by physical and intellectual culture, she will, by virtue of the fineness of her nature and endowments, naturally assume that spiritual leadership for which she was i! designed from the moment when, in consequence of the in- creased burden of child-beclring, she was relegated from the I active, out-door l~ursuitsof life to the inner sanctuary of the / home, there to lap tile f~~indation,and nurture the develop- i I meat, of a new spiritu~ltlel~~rture in el-olution. ! With science as her 1inndmaid, she will becorne mistress cl 1 the liws of life nnd growth, she will control the moral forces of the race in their inception and development as surely and 3s beneficently as the sun in mid-heavens controls the physi- i cal forces uf the earth. She will justly hold herself responsi- ble for the mor::l character of those who are bound to her by dornestic tics, and for social progress along all spirituai t lines of adva:~cemeiit, and nlen will grow in purity and t strength, not through the operation of human laws so much as by the development of those divine energies of which God has plziced the germs in hurnan souls, and given the culture of the111 into the hands of woman. \\-hat a fountain of life and health and joy to all the world \I-iil such a ~vomanhoodbecome, and with what grand benefi- cence will it sway the destinies of mlnkind, not through the agency of man-made 1-lws, imperfect, shifting as the sands of the sea beneath the ebb and flow of the inconstant currents cf humnn passions, but I' according to those cliviae laws which 1 i have the heavei1.j 1.31. their birthplr~ce and God for their 1 i author, which the dissolutions of mortal nature cannot change nor time bury in oblivion ; for the divinity is mighty within then1 and maxeth not old." *%boveall, the woman of the future mill have an intimate n1)l)rehension of the true intent a~ldmeaning of love, and will joyfully set it forth in her life. She will value her college breeding, hcr freedom of thought and action, and the homage which she mill gently exact from men, as so many new opportunities for this service, so many added offerings to be laid upon the shrine of this worship. The woillen of to-day know so little of the real divinity, the infinite scope, of that great principle to which their lives are, after all, one constant sacrifice ! Lien, with a11 their n~aterialisn~,their egoiatic craving, have a far truer sense of the deep things of nature as revealed in love, which is due to the greater freedom of their lives. There is a sense in which it is true, that the license of men has kept alive in the earth the real knowledge of love, (luring the period of woman's long pupilage in that discipline which is necessary to purity. But Science comes in at the opportune moment, with her reward in her hands. The gift which man has taken from the hand of nature, tarnished with the grossness of earth, woman will win through the largess of science, clean and pure as holy truth itself. To her clairvoyant vision there will be in all the universe but one definition of love, and that is the divine principle which unites the male and female elements of being for the production of the new life. From this fountain preexistent in the eternal (;adhead, all love, a11 beneficence, all pure and reno\--lting sentiment, flow forth. Herein is the source of all ascension, nay, even of being itself, with the upward trend which being implies. It will be the joy and crown of her life, to own herself the highest earthly exponent of the divine love, the source to men of all those blessings which flow therefrom. It will be her supreme honor, that she is mistress of the tides of their being, holds in her hand the secret of their ebb and flow, as the moon sways the mighty refluence of the sea. And in this absorbing passion, wielded for the highest and noblest ends, she will find the apotheosis of the ministry of her life. Such to the eye of the seer is the woman of the future. Already the brightness of her coming tints the Orient with hues of rose and pearl, and the gladness of the advent stirs responsive thrills in the bosom of humanity. Are men quite ready, do they yet walk in white because they are worthy, or are there some purifying processes to be observed, before they feel themselves suitably attired to kneel before this goddess of their dreanls? THE HYGIENIC RELATIOXS OF LOVE THE HYGIENIC RELATIOSS OF LOVE I/I THEsubject of the relation of love to the physical and spiritual health of the race, is one of great mystery and great delicacy. No human intelligence has ever yet clearly traced the connection between this vital affinity and the varying phenomena, physical, psychical, and psycho-physical, of human 11fe. Yet that there is such a connection, and that it is governed by its own occult and mysterious lams, is clear to any thoughtful observer, and especially to the veriest tyro in medicine. The medical aspects of the case it is not our purpose to discus? at length. The various obscure and puzzhng forms of disease and morbidity which arise syn~patheticallyfro111 repressed or d~sappointedemotions are known to every phy- sician of extended practice. The love-life thwarted in its course is like a stream obstructed by a sand-bar. It over- flows the contiguous territory, and if the nature be not compounded of firm material, it produces a spongy and marshy condition which may speedily breed malaria. I The victim of such a condition, most frequently although not always a woman, is not to be scorned. She is suffering I the penalty of a broken law of her nature, just as much as though her nlalady were a neuralgia or an indigestion, and j 234 A \VOLIAX'S PHILOSOPHY OF LOVE because the lam is a primal and vastly inlportant one, her sufferings are corresp3ndiagly severe. The lowest craving of love is but a broken and niisunderstood expression of the highest aspiration of our nature, and ought never to be rudely repressed, but gently led into pure and noble chan- nels. For all these ills, activity, aspiration, the employment of the sympathetic nature in loving ministry to those less fortunate than ourselves, are better than drugs, unspeakably better than that unlalvful indulgence which is so often pre- scribed, and which leads, in nine cases out of ten, to evils, even physical evils, far greater than those it seeks to cure, at the same time that it robs the soul of its purity, ancl decimates its power of moral resistance. Many a life crossed by circumstance and saddened by disappointment has garnered its love-forces into a reservoir of strength which has afforded streams of bounty and refreshing to all within its reach, and so has won for itself in the end those high and pure joys of universal beneficence which are most like our conceptions of the bliss of heaven. Nor is nlarried life al\vays exempt from these evils. From a French niedicril author ' I translate these lines : "The proportion of hysteria is less without doubt in mar- riage, as ..\mbrose Par6 has already remarked in saying that these cases happen less frequently anlong married women having the companionship of their husbands. 'But,' adds Dr. L~ndouzy,' it is not a meaningless expression, hicrji~~g the m~)ykznioashipof their husba~zds,but the result of an observation which physicians inake every day, and which ought to be made perhaps by philosophers and legislators.' 'How many women,' says this author, 'really have not the 1 JIorel. " .\I:~ladies .\Ientnles." Sce " Tile Influence of the Sympathetic [Servous System] on Disease." Dr. Ed. Long Fox, Bristol, Enq., p. 135. THE HILIESIC KEL4IIOI\S OF LOVE 235 company of their husbands, because they are too old? How many because they are too young? Ho~vmzny by absence of sympathy? How many t)y sickness, expected I I motherhood, or because of illegitimate relations? One takes 1 for granted a nlnrriage legitimately contracted, ~vithoutask- I ! ing if there be an intimate union, if one of its most important functions is actually exercised, -in a word, if the needs of body and soul are realiy satisfied.' " That such considerations as these hare a very grave bearing upon the question of mnrriages contracted from any other niotive thsn an intiinate personal and spiritual sympa- thy cannot be doubted; and their relatioil to the moral con- duct of pnrties who hare already contracted such marriages I ought not to be orerlooked. In the light of them, the cul- 1 tivation of sympathetic relations between the pnrties to the marriage contract, the consen-ation and culture of love, becomes a duty of the first importance, as not only contribut- ing to the pleasure of each, but also the physical health, and as the natural means of remo~iilgone of the subtlest and strongest temptations to unfxithfulness. This is a question for both husb~indsand wives seriously to consider, and the more it is studied the more evident it becomes that the apostle Paul spoke in the light of dirine truth, when he enjoined co~lnubi:ll reciprocity upon the parties to Christian marriage. So subtile is the connection bet\veen the physical and the spiritual nnture, that a wrong inflicted upon the one, necessar~lyreacts upon the other; and a moral sin map be, not unfrequently, the result of a disregarded physical law. But beyond these specific aspects of the subject lie certain wider and more general considerations which may not be out of place in a treatise like this. THE HYGIENIC RELATIONS OF LOVE 237 sympathy and rest-giving, as well as by His domiilatioi~over the spiritual powers of the human being, He heals both the souls and bodies of men, and that is what women are ordained to do, both in the home and out of it. It was a wise physician who said, "As between drugs and sympathy for the healing of the sick, I mould, in a great majority of the cases which are brought to the attelltion cf the physician, choose sympathy." Drugs bring marring and disorder to the life-forces : sympathy satisfies, heals, strengthens, and restores the normal balance of the natural powers, while more helpful than all, is that strong spiritual influence which commailds and inspires healthfullless and healing. This phase of the subject assumes a grave importance in view of the rapid increase of nenrous and mental maladies at the present time. How much of the madness, murder, and suicide exploited in the colu~nl~sof our newspapers may be traced to a want of fidelity to the most intimate and urgent relations of married iife? is a question deserving of serious study. Especially the student of his times is led to ask, May not the restlessness, the aggressiveness, the feverish intellectual and social ambition of the women of to-day, with their coilcoinitants of overstrained nervous energies and ex- hausted vital force, and the strongly stiinulative influence which they exert over men, have lnuch to do with those phenon~ella which result in suicide and the madhouse? Probably the most thoughtful and iiltelligeilt observers have little doubt of this. The spiritual relations of men and women to each other are understood, as yet, only in the vaguest \ray ; nor can they be intelligently comprehended until sense and soul are properly balanced in the individual experience and the pub- lic apprehension. There is a strength which comes through I license, but there is a nobler xncl better strength which j colues through purity; and when ~uenand women have i equally attained to this later and higher tlevelopment, the fine essences of nlale ancl feinale life mill meet and iniilgle ~lthful,revivifying joy that will he a foretaste of heaven itself. And this beneiicence of pure, exalted sympathy will have no need to be limited by laws of man's clex-ising, laws which have no other end than to curb the selfish and sensual nature. It will be a law unto itself, for its purpose will be not so much to receive, as to give, e~~joyment;it will seek not its own so nluch as another's gootl. Nor are such friendships between lnen and women inipos- sible to-day. If it be not too much a personal intrusion, I would like just here to draw a goltle~~circle around 111. page and inscribe within it niy gratitude to the dear, kind friends -chief anlong \vhom stands that nlost loving and loyal friend of all, at my ow11 fireside -who in truest comracieship have, from time to time in my life, stood by lne shoulder to shoulder, and borne with me and for rile, some burdens of work for my kind which else iilust hnve been too heavy for lny woman's strength. I have founcl them loynl, true, mld good - men whose hearts were minted fro111 the finest gold in (;ocils great treasury; and with the lnemory of all that they have been to me in days of darkness ant1 peril, fresh in my heart, I I call never permit lny lips to utter, nor my pen to write, one word derogatory to the honor, the friendliness, the reverent sense of virtue, to be found in men. But the wonlan who seeks such friendship must be herself I true. She must herself honor the divinely appointed voca- tion of woman, ancl lift her prerogative clean out of reach of all the clamorings of flesh and sense. \\-hen she attains this height, she ~villnot find herself alone ; for all along the THE HYGIENIC RFT 4'IIO\S OF IOvE 239 I I pathway of hl5torj are set the shining names of women ~ho I have been the life-givers, health-givers, joy-givers, to the generations of men among ~vhomthey ~valkecl,on whose fair f~methe stain of calumny has never for a moillent rested. But these are few, beside the women who in the quiet walks Ill of life, hidden away from the l>ublic gaze, have thus minis- tered to the deep needs of humanity. There have been many Mary Un~vin.;to many Cowpers, of whom history has taken no note ; nlany Kkcamiers to many Chateaubriands, of whom our ears have never heard; tender, loyal, devoted friends, who in dark hours of exhaustion and threatened calamity ha\-e lifted up the drooliing spirits of men, and with the sweet shii!ing of a pure and womanly sympathy have scattered the gathering cloucls of doom, and breathed nen7life and health and strength into the faintillg soul. I Or if death impended, they have soothed the weary, earth- worn, and doubtless earth-stained soul, with such promises of that better life to come as faith alone can offer, and pierced the gloom of the present, and the utter darkness of the world beyond, with that hullla11 pity and tenderness which carries with it, its 015-11 sweet assurance of a diviner love and mercy in the infinite bosonl of God. There are women to-day who are craving a nobler destiny I thin this, who seek to find it in the crowded avocations of l,~bor, in academic halls, on public platforms; or they are I I turning the sxred precincts of the honle into a theatre for yulgar ostent:?tion, burying all its sweet and sacred simplicity under the giltled trappings of luxury, and s~icrificingits tender I and holy ministries to a sordid emulation for display. One mould fain not lose the spirit of the ;\laster in contem- plating these things; but if even the meek and lowly Christ found use for the scourge of small cords when He beheld i A ~-OLIAS'S PHILOSOPHY OF LOVE the desecration of His Father's house, surely the woruen of to-day who are strlr~ingto keep alive the traditions of thelr elders, and carry forward the work of ~ni~listeril~gin home and social life, that spirit of peace, and rest, and holy calm which is in itself the opportunity as well as the inspration to the higher life, even the heavenly, may, in view of these things, be pardoned sollle strong words of caution and rebuke. But, on the other hand, the lnaterislis~llofnlen is ansmera- ble for Inany of the low, wasting fornls of neurasthenia anlong women. Their insme pursuit of mealth, the habits by which they keep thenlselves stinlulated to the pltch of overwork and anxiety which their ambition necessitates, them want of time for rational recreation, their greed of that sensual stinlulus which women alone can supply, their personal want of faith, and their d~irespectfor the f~ithand sentiment of women, all go to form a great gulf across which the tender bonds of sympathy and affection are strained in passing; and the result is, that their wives pine and languish, and become the despair of the honest physician and the prey of quacks. Nor are these evils confined to the idle and luxurious among women. The ranks of laboring riromen, and the wives of laborlng men, are by no means exempt fro111 them. It is I one of the crying wrongs of the laboring classes, that the system of long days and hard work entalled by the present i system of wage-earning, reduces the tender, refining, and health-gi+ing influence of the home to the minimum, and corrupts the race at the sources of its power by staning it of 1 I its most essential life-forces. "Nan shall not live by bread alone," said the Master; and when the bread is little, and the f opportunities for the tender ministries of lo\e are less, the strength of the race, both physical and moral, is be~ngsapped and devitalized to the verge of ruin. The secret of health lies in the ecluilibriunl of the brain and the sympathetic system, the intellectual and emotional natures. It is therefore a matter of good housing, good feed- ing, and suitable labor not only, but of healthful repose and recreation, a coilscieilce at peace with all the world, and a whole nature satisfied, froill either earthly or heavenly sources, with the i~linistrationsof synlpathy and love. And of all these requirements the last is not the least essential. "Better a dinner of herbs where love is, than a stalled ox and hatred therewith," said the wise illail three thousand years ago; and the saying is the epitonle of hearts' wisdom to-day. Our very food must be sanctified by love, if we would get froill it all that it is capable of giving. The inspiration, the divine joyousness of love, are the source of all true health of mind or body. The ~vailtof these, the interruption of the inflow upon the soul of that sympathetic strength which binds all human and divine life in the strong cords of one great family relationship, is in the last analysis, the source of "all the ills that flesh is heir to." And the reconciliation of the souls and bodies of humanity to this divine law of love must be, under Christ, who is the great Physician, the work of woman ill the home. . - -- - .-= - . 1 ?YE .'.S .\ FACTOR IS CIVII, GOVERS3IENT can lift boih out of the rut of nlaterialism, anrl colnbine them in the perfect type of complete, well-rounded ci1-ilization. But Kature always lays her rudest materials at the bottom of her structure. So in evolving the perfect inall froin the untutored savage she builds most carefully, or with more observation, at first in the department of ci\-il or communal life, thus setting the Illan to clear the way for the filler work of woman which is to come later. Froin patriarchal to tribal rule she leads her neophyte, froill tribal to kingly. She reaches absolutism at a bound, only to temper it, upoil re- flection with some for111 of popular restraint. She suggests a democracy to her pupil long before he is able fully to grasp the idea, or to handle it successfully in practice. He essays it tentatively, lapses back into monarchy, gropes on again for some centuries under a more or less absolute form of gov- ernment, but still remembering the glories of the republic, and dreaming of the time when all men shall be capable of self-government. >leantime, somewhere along the track of this toilsome path of progress, a flower has bloomed of yet a finer ant1 a rarer type -a snowy blossoni looking out froin sunny nooks along ihe flinty highway, its pure and waxen petals and its sad, sweet breath of fragrance hinting of sunnier skies and warmer atmospheres an6. a fi:ler mingling of vital elements than the world has ever seen. It flashes out in strange places -this unequalled lily of man's hope. Isaiah saw it in his insl)ired vision. It grew in divine but still prophetic beauty beside the cradle at Bethlehem. Its white radiance gleamed b:ood-stainecl and terrible amid the horrors of the French Rel-olutioi~,and the cry of "Liberty, equality, fraternity," had in those days another sound from that of the song which the shepherds hearrl by night of '' Peace 011 earth, good-will I 4 A 244 A \\o%IA~'sPHILOSOPH\' OF LOVE towards men." But seen, lleartl, \vhzre'er you will, it is still the star of man's imnlortal hope, the pzean of his eternal destiny -this great truth, '' Behold, God is your Father and 1 all ye are brethren." To-day this truth appeals to us, as it never has before to i ally of the generations of men. Many causes have con- \ duced to this end. i Fundamentally it is the result of growth, development. Incidentally science, with its vast widening of horizons and intensifying of experiences, has been a notable 1 factor. The conditions of all men are known to all nlen as i never before. Observations are broader, sympathies deeper ! and more far-reaching, than ever before. Scientists, philos- ophcrs, the illen who deal with natural laics, seldom belong to the extremes of society. They are as a class, neither of the very poor nor the very rich. They stand in the nliddle walks of life, ant1 look with clear eyes both abox ant1 below them. On the one hand is the spectacle of human life being constantly wasted through poverty, and the ignorance, misery, and debauchery which spring out of want of a reason- able modicuin of this world's wealth. On the other hand, life is also being equally wasted throzgh the indolence, luxury, and self-indulgence which are induced by plethoric accun~ulations. Kith the sober and relentless convictions of science, these men say, "Conditions like these are wrong, unjust ; they need to be equalized ; they stand in the may of human progress. The eternal destiny of the race abhors them, and will sooner or later outgrow, destroy, break up both root and branch of thrm." I love of Christ is a living potency, goes a step farther. "Behind the cry of the poor," he says, " are God's father-heart, His everlasting arms. '\Toe unto you, scribes, pharisees, hypocrites, who devour widows' houses' and are in your rela- tions to the poor like ravening I\-olves 1 This is the voice of the Divine One to the unpitying rich, while of the poor, the outcast, the miserable, the degraded, it is the pathetic testi~~loi~yof Scripture that ' These are they for whom Christ died.' " 130th science and religion, therefore, clasp their strong hands in compact against those extrelne conditions of life, and the causes which produce them, which breed on the one hand ignorance, pauperism, crime, and on the other lsziness, debauchery, and remorseless greed. 'The philosophers who only see this l)roblem, are slow to bring forward their remedy. 'I'he poor who have felt it for ages, and who in the iluiversal enlighten~nentof the times are beginning to have their eyes anoillted as well, have no patience to \~aittheir tardy methods, and cry out with all the iinpatience of a hungry, suffering, too often famishing, horde for energetic measures and speedy results. 'I'hey demand relief froill crushing labor, food wholesome and plentiful if not delicate, and habitations where light and \varmth and cleanliness, shall be the possible conditions of their home- living a~lrlchild-rearing. 'Tradition, l~rescripiiun,the right of what is, to be, 011 the other hand, use their utmost endeavors to stifle these cries, beat doivn, traml)!e ii!lder foot, this impertinent anti danger- ous mob, which dares t~ s?~that all men should work a little in ordcr thzt no lllan should be crushed Jvith labor; that tempera~lce,frugality, and just dealing are virtues as binding u1)on the rich as upon the poor, and that if the rich practised then1 there TI-ouldbe no poor, at least 110 abjectly poor. Allother consider~tionwhich nlust have a cornlnalldiilg illfluellce upon the solutioil of these civic is one which is comparatively new to the humanitarian and the political economist. Hitherto, charity has been relied i upon as the divinely appointed nleans for solving the social i equation. The rich must give of his abundance to the poor. : Almsgiving has been one of the cardinal virtues enjoined by i 1 all religions, and by none with more insistence, or as much 1 of breadth and comprehension, as by the Christian religion. Christ did indeed say that it mas more blessed to give than i to receive, but perhaps none of His dogmatic utterances has i 1 been accepted with less of faith than this one. But now \ comes modern science, with its habit of keen observation ! and investigation, and proves th3t this neglected utterance of the Kazarene is the epitome of wisdom concerning the giving of alms. It is those nrhu give who are blest in the giving, not those who receive. Any member of our boards of organized charities, any officer of our State institutions which have to do with the care of the poor, will tell you that almsgiving is the fruitful mother of pauperism, beggary, and , crime. '' He :hat gireth to the por lendeth to the 1,orcl " i is just as true as it ever was; but in the course of human il progress the time has arrived when the giving must be of i! something better than money. It is such a change in our social and civil institutions which thc poor need, as shall en- able them to place themselves above the need of alms. c3 It is now a hundred years since American freemen, direct spiritrial descendants, through a long line of brave and war- ring ancestors, of the barons who at Runnvmede wrunc form of government. Dur~ngthe struggle which preceded thst victory, France, being the natured, or at least the imme- I II morial foe of England, was easily persuaded that she ought LOVE AS A FACTOR IX CIVIL GOVEKX3IEST 247 to be for that reason the ally of the rebellious colonies - so curious are the ways of Prolidence in dealing with men and nations. Of all the governments of Europe, there mas no other at that time nhich had so much to fear from the chance-blown seed of freedom, as France. Feudal tyra~iny and a debauched, unprincipled, reckless court had debased a brave and powerful people to a state in which the only life they knew was life in death, the only hope which was possi- ble to them was born of despair, the only freedom of which they could conceive was the freed0111 of anarchy. It was into this overcharged magazine of all destructive and death- dealing forces that the electric spark of American popular victory was projected. The colonial struggle had done no more for America than to set free a great people that they might constitute for them- selves an orderly system of government, monarchical in form, but free in spirit. It had simply qualified monarchy by making it depend upon the free-will of the people. From the day which witnessed the storming of the Rastile, France was ignorantly, insolently, bent upon blowing it to atoms. ??'hat she really accomplished was to scatter broadcast her political dynamite over every country in Europe. She in- cited a warfare not against civil government alone, but against every form of institutionnlism. The State was no more devoted to do0111 than the Home and the Church. Each one of these orderly and progressive methods which had hitherto embodied the processes of civilization, was made the object of a demoniacal assault. I,oyalty, fealty, the right of the superior, the duty of the inferior, had been the watch- words of the old feudal tyranny. Henceforth there should be neither superior nor infericr, duties should be abrogated ~TLtoto, and all rights should be held in common. Classes 248 A WOIIAN'S PHII OSOPHY OF LOVE should cease to ex~st,and government should concern itself only with the individual. i H~tliertoboth the Church and the State had recognized in i the man and the woman const~tuentparts of the genus ho7izu, neither a full representative of the race without the other, i i albeit the wornan, as the smaller and weaker of the two, was i held to be inferior in power and dignity to the man. Here i was a difference of station which nas, to the destructionist of that era, what the red rzg is to the lord of the bovine herd ; and with lowered front he charged upon it. No matter what i her capacity or her inclination for freedom might be, woman 1 should be no longer a slave, or eken an inferior, since the spirit of the Re~olutio~lhad declared that the tyranny of the F strong over the weak should perlsh froin off the face of the earth. Thus the doctrine of the political rights of wornan had its first inception. Cztoj~ilz, Cz'toj~n?zr,- in that gram- ~natical inflection you have the fountain-head ]of 11-onlan suffrage. The lurid flames of the Revolution burned themselves out, till to the outer vision only blackened ruin\ and smoul- dering ashes were left. Tne dynasty of the Bourbons was forever doomed. In the graphic figure ol' Carlyle, having rejected the light, it was blasted by the lightning. A more or less orderly govern~nentwas restored to France, in which for the first time the people had a share ; but the stamp of the Reign of Terror was left upon all the liberalism of Europe in this distinction; the demand of the agitators for human rights was no longer for a modification of existing I institutions, but for indlvidudlis~lloutright. No more Home, I no more Church, no more State, but only 11311. The Re~olutlonat its advent mas hailed with a burst of I LOVE AS A FACTOR II\' CIVIL GOVERN.1IE1\1 249 enthusiasnl by the young deinocracy of Great Eritain. It was of this time that IVordslvorth wrote at a later day : " Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive, But to be young was very heaven. 0 times In which the meagre, stale, for1)idtling ways Of custom, law, and statute, tool, at once The attraction of a country in romance !" ! This state of exaltation was short-lived ; but before its echoes had died away, a wonla11 caught them up and blew a shrill, responsive blast which set all England astir. Mary \Yollstonecraft's I' \-indication of the Rights of IVoman " reads to-day like a prophecy, and one call scarcely believe that the condition of things which she describes existed but a hundred years ago. Cleanliaess, morn1 sense, education, and reverence for the 1%-orthof \vomanhood have made great strides in a hundred years. But Mary IVollstonecraft's o\vn life and the lives of those with xvhom she was intimately associated were neither clean nor pure in outcorne, however sincere they may have been in mistaken motire. The difficulty lay in the false preinises froill which they reasoned. A true equality there may aud must be between mail and woman, but \!,hen one attenlpts to prescribe for theill identical rights and privileges, the very foundations of illorality are undermined, and elective affinity or free love, and all the bastard brood of so-called reforms of sexual relations, sprillg up at once. For a hundred years the ideas of that lurid epoch have been permeating the underlying inasses of European society. 1 In different couiltries they have taken different shape and expression, and reached different degrees of development. ! During the last quarter of a century the agencies of steam ! I and electiicity have brought all nations nearer toqether, ant1 done much to fuse the ideas and coil\ictions of all into one 1 coinmon mass. Edrneit students of social problems, like I Karl hIarx, Engels, and Rodbertus in Germany, have joined I hands with the more sentinlental agitators of France. Fol- 1 lowing in the make of Cottrell, Sadler, and the Owens, Hyndman and his school keep up the struggle in England, I while in Russia the rule of an absolute and almost savage t despotism has reacted to form that great seething, quaking i hot-bed of agitation, deeper, darker, and mare dangerous i I than all other for~nrof social upheaval, known as nihilism or anarchisin. I The hordes of emigration flocking in upon our shores have brought with them this phase of human thought and emotion. The keen-eyed and large-brained agitators of Europe, have not been slow to note two facts which mark America as the battle-field upon nhich the great struggle of the people against their masters, of the Inany against the few, i~ to be fought out. The filst of these is, that while in Europe inheritance, prescription, capitalization, are so strongly intrenched, ant1 in ramparts so immemorial, that ditions offered by the free ballot placed in the hand of every man. The second is, that it is evident to these sharp-sighted men, far more evident to them than to any but the deepest thinkers upon social subjects among us, that the same or kindred causes which have operated in the past, to rivet the chams of the working people in Europe, are already doing their fatal work in ,lmerica, and that with a rapidity and force born of the times, and for nhich the past offer5 no 1)recctlcnt whatever. In the building up of great and irre- LOVE .AS A FAClOl: IS CI\lL GO\FRYlIEhT sponsible trust\ and corporations, 111 the con cent ratio^^ of all legislative power in the hands of the rich and its shameless using for the proinotlon of private schemes, in the absorp- tion of publlc lands by great capitalists, and in generll by the adoption of the most dangerous of capitalistic methods in the conduct of a11 public 'uld private enterprises, any thoughtful nlind may see elenlents of the gravest per11 to the rights of the artisan, the workingman, and the unfed, un- Before g31xg f~rcher,it mny be well to stlte, for the benefit of the gener~lrender 2nd in as few words as may be, exactly what is llleallt by that cnjztnhznttbn against which all modern political reforillers so earnestly in\ eigh. In the early history of any people is a period of simple habits and indix idud enterprises, wherela each con~n~unity produces, e~therfro111 the soil or by manufacture, whatever is necessary to its wants. The farmer interchanges his product with that of the IveaTer, the tanner, the shoemaker, the car- penter, ant1 no one ~~roclucesIllore than he can find a ready market for at hii own door. In such a coinmu~l~tythere are no rich people, and no very poor. The necesz.rries and rude comfarts of llfe are insured to all, and the means of education and iatellectunl atl\anceme~-it,to a certain degree, may be within the reach of all. But by and by some outslde del~lalldanses for the product of the countr), for wheat, or for nool, or for cotton cloth, we will say, and ~t becomes el ident th~tto onn a large tract of I land or a manufnctory, ant1 eml)loy m'iny hands in the procluc- tlon of the staple, mil! enabie the operator to make a profit upou the sale of it. Such a n11n conles illto the community, buys hi> lnnd or sets up his 111111, nz the case may be, and hires the necessary nutilber of workmen to carry on his enterprlse. Now, on the labor of each of these hands he must make a profit, and whether his dividentls shall be great or small, will tlepend largely upon the anlount of that profit upon each in- dividual. It is thus manifest!y for his selfish interest, to keep down the rate of wages to the very lowest sunl upon which the laborer inay subsist and he maintained physically in working order. At first all seems going on well for the laborer. He has, perhaps, steady work at a fair rate of \\,ages; but in time, the accuillulation of profit nlakes the employer rich. He buys more laad, he adds more i~~achineryto his 111ill if tinles are good and stops it if times are bad he hires the cheapest labor he call fincl, even pressing into his senice the rvomeil and children who have hitherto been exempt from wage- earning, 11llking gootl their want of strengt!l and mechani- cal skill by the use of machinery, thus throwing the inale worker into a state of absolute dependency; all of which tends to add to the wealth and power of the owner, 311~1 to place the well-being of the laborer more and inore abso- llitely in his hands. It is by this process that, in the phrase . of the times, the rich grow richer and the poor poorer, In short, the workman becomes in time the slave of the owner. That this slavery is not a niere figure of speech, ally reader who is familiar xvith the history of 1;aglish manuf:icturing enterpri:;es in the first half of this century, is well aware. It \~oultl be easy to gi\-e qi~otations from J pp--- 1 See Hyndlnnn'~" Elistorical n:rsis of Sociallrm in Enyl:ind," page I jg. Of tlie further operatiorls of capit:~listicmctl~ods, I,? rncnns of xvhich profit is mndc to begct profit, to the contirlncd spolintiln of tlie lahorer (see Voi. I. of "Dns Knpitnl," by K:xl AIarz), it does not seem neccssnry to epe:lli in detail. IIow ntterly opposed the process ii, not only to the spirit, but to the literal law of Christi:~nity,is ex idcnt fron~the fact that the e;lrly Church forbade the taking of n-11ich term then signified, any interest ~vh:~te\cr,the definition rxcrssiue interest, being modern. This canon exists unrepenled in the Catholic Church, although it has long heen a dead letter. Horn excessive is the interest \vhich ia sometizncs extorted 1,)- cni)it:lli>ts the abo, e p:~ra~mph511ows. I~lcredihieas the ekitcment of Mr. I1yndm:ln seems, the otiici:~l record> of England go fnr to surt;iin it. A woh1~x.sPHILosoPHY 01. LOVE I misery, crime, anti debauchery spread continually before their eyes, as instructive reading. I The vice, debauchery, and debasing greed, the crushing i! out of the noble sentiments of honor, generosity, and hu- 1 manity, and the exchange of a wholesoille sinlplicity for ! unhealthy emulation and pride of living, wrought in the lives i i of the rich by this sudden ancl unrighteous accurnulation of wealth, cannot now be dwelt upon; but it is doubtful if inves- j tigation would not prove that the results in this direction i were almost, if not quite, as disastrous to the cause of human ! progress, as those which we have more fully noted. ! The capitalization of land, when mannged upon the same principles of unstinted greed, has its less evident and sen- sational, but not less real, wrongs; and it is because such ! operations are becorning widely prevalent in this country that European agitators are striving by all means in their i I power, to transfer to America the battle-field of human rights, before capitalists shall have succeeded in occupying :: i 1 the entire territory, and so shutting the laborer up to the hard conditions which a!ready prevail in European countries. The civil reforins proposed by sociaiism are thus far, crude :I and impracticable. The nationalization of land - that is, i! the owning of all land by the government -and its occu- 1 $ 1 pation by the people upon just and equal principles of distri- bution, State regulation of industry and direction of all production and exchange, and communal in opposition to family living, are the best-defined of these proposed changes. The socialist refers all things to the State, much as the prim- I itive religionist refers everything which he cannot otherwise account for, to God; forgetful that the State must be managed by men, and that these men lnust be of like passions wit11 the rest of the race, and can no more be insured against private scheming aid rapacity than any other body of nlen ; that humanity can never lift itself by arbitrary methods, but must achieve its growth along the lines of natural laws and principles ; and that when men become just and wise and unselfish, capitalization may be as good a priaciple as any other by which to inanage their affairs. Amidst all the conflictiilg and incoherent demands of socialism, two propositions stand forth clear and unmistak- able : community of wealth, and, follo\ving this and growing necessarily out of it, community of women. These are the fundanlental propositions that, however they may be muddled in controversy, underlie all socialistic teachings. It is the latter proposition which is of interest to us at this moment. Socialisn~is, professedly, an attempt to overcome the selfish principle in man's nature by better and swifter methods than those which have been in operation for ages, and especially those by which Christianity is impelled. It seeks to improve the race not by an inward and radical reform, which is indeed a slow and tedious process, but by an outward,and superficial one j not by rene~viilgthe heart, but by compelling the Iife. IVith this end in view, it casts aside as outworn, the world-old and truly scientific methotl of progress by successive improve- ments through sexual reproduction, -a process which starts with the germ and pays strict heed to condition and culture from the outset,- and replaces it by iuethods arbitrary and unnatural, which professedly concern themselves far more ,vith the illaterial than with the spiritual interests of the race, I alld which for that very reason contain in themselves the con- ditions of ultiillate failure. 'I'he spirit of true progress never Ixoposes nlaterial growth as an ultimate end. Its forecast nlnays includes the spiritual coilsui~lmationto be attained. To the short-sightetl materialist, it seems patent that no- 2~6 .4 \\0\141"? PHILOIOPH\ OE LOVE where has the selfish nature of man more thoroughly ill- trenched itself, than in the institution of the famlly. A Inan who would hardly fight for himself often becomes a hero in \ defence of his wife and babes. It is the love of his home t and the desire to leave an inheritance to his children which, more frequently than any other motive, inakes a man avari- cious. Hence, say socialists of all grades, family llfe must i either be thoroughly nlodified to meet the denlands of the i, new State, or it must be abolished altogether; inheritance I, must be forever ?rohibited, and children, the outcome of un- fettered impulse, must be brought up by the State. This pos~tionlogically ~nbolvesthe substitution for fanlily unity, of an individualisnl founded upon not the equal, but the identical, rights of Inen and women, the investiture of woman with political rights, and her emancipation from all the re- straints, legal and social, which surround her person and honor. I In fact, in view of the history of communism in practice, I no other view is tellable. For the conlmunistic idea is by no nleans without a history. The earliest examples of 1 societies formed ui~on thiq nrincinl- were no doubt re- East are of earlier date probably, than any others upon record. Yet religious societies founded upon the con~munii- 1 tic principle existed among the Tews before the time of and Josephus. Early Christianity essayed for a time, and to I i a greater or less degree, the communistic theory and practice, bodying the principle of celibacy, are the sole survival of the time when the disciples had all things in common. It is not until a period which may be called modern, that non-relig- ious societies of this sort have sprung up, and usually these have had seine pseudo-philanthrol~ic ideas at their base. The history of these societies has been full of interest, as out- lining the adaptability of the idea to hulnan experience. As agencies for carrying on business operations they have been eminently successful. Quite contrary to their own theories concerning the distribution of wealth, they have in inany instances become large accumulators. But the main fact which concerns us at present is, that it has been uniformly found, in the history of comnlunistic societies, that the one obstacle to their success which must be overcoine at any cost is the home or family instinct. There can be, according to their experience, no practical co~nmunityof wealth without either a perfect celibacy, like that of the inonastic orders, or a coinplete con~nlunityof parental relations. Communism, then, requires that the bearing of children shall no longer be restricted to pairs joined in wedlock, but shall be left free to ail, and their rearing beconles not the life-long labor of par- ents, but an affair of the State, to whose revenues illen and j\-omen alike coiltribute their labor. \Yomen are thus de- prived of the loving support and protection of the home dur- ing their inaternal period and those later years of disability \vhen old age renders them incapable of self-support, love is degraded to the level of instinct, and the spiritual discipline incident to marriage and necessary to the spiritu~ldevelop- ment of the race is abrogated altogether. It is only necessary to be slightly fnnliliar with the pub- lished lvritings of the leaders among socialists, such inen as Karl JIarx, Engels, the Owens, Hynclma11, and inany others, to be aware that these are the doctrines held by socialists to-day.' 1 See Appendix. ~5 a A IVOJIAS'S PHILOSOPHY OF LOVE That the theory of conlmunity of women is not so openly pro- mulgatcd as that of comniunity of wealth is owing to its un- popularity. These men reason, Let us obtain an equable sharing of property first : the abrogation of the family will follow as a logical necessity. Hyndlnan outlines the changes which they anticipate very fairly, when he says : ' "Thus breaking do11711 and building up go slowly on to- gether, and new forms arise to displace the old. It is the same with the family : that in the German-Christian sense of marriage for life and responsibility of the parents for children born in wedlock, is almost at an end even now. Divorce and the habitual use of prostitution among the upper and middle classes are but synlptonis of the complete change in all family relations which is going on anlong the m::sses of the people. It has been absolutely necessary, as recounted, that the State should step in between parents and children to protect them from overwork, and to take care that the next generation does not grow up ~vholly ignorant; mean~vhile the connection between the two sexes is, as the official records show us, quite free from any sense of responsibility or permanence, among a large propwtion of the population. Manifestly when such inoclifications are taking pl:ice, society is undergoing a great and crucial revolution within, which may show itself openly five, ten, or fifty years hence, but which cannot in the nature of things be delayed beyond a calculable period. The socialistic tendencies are clearly clevcloping themselves, anti the next stage in the history of the human race must be a widely extended communism." It is perhaps unnecessary to point out the fallacy of the reasoning which takes it for granted that the morals of society are steadily deteriorating, when the burden of proof really ------.- 1 "The lliitoi ical Gasis of Soc~alisruin Erigl:~nd,"page qjr. LOVE 4S .\ FZCTOR IN CIVIL GOVERIIIEST 259 goes to show that the standard of family life, alld of chastity among men, is much higher than it mas eve11 a century ago; but we cannot resist the temptation to note the complacency with which Mr. Hyndman assures us that <(theconllection between the two sexes is quite free from ally sense of responsibility or permanence ainong a large proportion of the po~ulation,"as if that were a wholly elevating and desirable tendency. The best-developed species alnong the brutes have a higher sense of morals than that. It calls forcibly to mind the spectacle of that eminent social reformer, Jean Jacques Rousseau, carrying his five new-born babes oile after another in n~elancholyprocession, to the turnstile of a found- ling hospital and committing then1 to its care, in spite of the tearful entreaties of his half-imbecile but not unmaternal wife. Those males who eat their new-born offspring, at least relieve the public of the burden of their support ! XIr. Herbert Spencer, ill the introduction to the volume entitled " A\ Plea for Liberty," speaking of "proposed sys- tems of social reorganization so far as they have been tried," says, " Save when celibacy has been insisted upon, their his- tory has been everywhere one of disastrous failure." 'To this socialists reply that the reason is that the pressure of civil law and religious sentinlent outside the communities, has been too great for new enterprises to withstand; that when all the ~vorldis organized upon these principles this difficulty will disappear. more logical explanation, how- ever, is that the entire system is founded upon principles antagonistic to human nature, and would necessarily fall of its olvn weight, under whatever circumstances it was tried. Human nature is triune and progressive, and its innate vitality is too great to permit of its being reduced to an individualized necessarily retrogressive conditioil, such as socialism proposes. only to go back to the established order of things, and in- quire by what means such an improvement may be made in its methods, as shall more adequately meet the tienls~lclsof , the spirit of beneficent progress which is the true genius ! ! of the race. i In the Christian :iutonomy the State has for its allies the ! ; : Church and the Home. It is, in fact, the expression of public seiltirneilt ns formulated by these t\iro agencies, 2nd $ 1 by the social collclitio~lswhich grow out of them. .I free and j i well-coilducttd State is, indeed, t!:e quite accurate lllensure of the kind and degree of ii1fluel:ce.s which prevail at the fire- side and in the religious coll~lectiollsof men. It is the real test as to whether the Home 2nd the Church are tloillg their are for, 2nd which against, the public weal. Human 1.1ws 1 ! have no bintling 11on.cr in themselves. 'I'hey 111ust be sup- \ representatibe gover~lmenti> iimply to fi~iclout what meas- ures the people hale tleciclecl are rec!ulre(l fcr the co~ll~lloi~ I good, and put them into leg11 fmn. 11.15, then, tu t!le\e tv:o I LOVE AS .4 FACTOR 1N CIVIL G0VERNXIES.I' 261 ullderlyiilg sources - the Home and the Church -th.~twe must carry our investigations, if we would arrive at the last analysis of the forces which control the State. Let us here in~estig~~tethe ecclesiastical bulwark of the State. The Church is a repository of a mighty power. To speak first of its purely human endo\vments, it numbers in its ranks mi!!ions of the best and purest illen and women in the country, banded together in a conlnlon league against the wrong and in favor of the right. It has in its possessiol~ thousands of illillions of dollars' worth of property, all of which is exempt from taxation because it is supposed to be devoted, not by tithes, but wholly, to the cominon good. It controls schools, colleges, and universities, it wields a news- paper press of great ability and influence. In short, it lacks none of the enginery of power and prestige. But the Church clainls a prerogative inore august and authoritative than all these. It claiins to represent, to act, to speak, for the Christ idea, the Christ life. The divine nlysteries of the incarna- tion, the atonement, the resurrection and ascension, are the hiding-places of its real power. It is the mouthpiece of God with us. It is His kingdonl begun on earth, to be carried on to perfection here below, and to find the culmination of its destiny in the heaven of heavens. This is what the Church is, and of right claiins to be - the continuance on earth of that Divine Life which inade itself nlanifest two thousand years ago on the hills and plains of Juden. And what was the motive, the mission, of thnt life? \\-as it not to get near the sinful and imperfect sou! of humanity, in order to redeenl and save it, to seek and to snve that which was lost? It is, then, to Christ and His Church, as a seif-proclaimed Saviour, that the State has a right to present this great socialistic problem for solution. 262 A \VO~I.~S'SPIIILO~OPHY OF LOVE That in its early inception the Church possessed a power corresponding to this demand, no student of its early history can deny. The life of Christ was a great factor in the world, to the salvation not only, or chiefly, of the well-behaved and well-to-do; it reached clown to the lowest depths. It joined itself even unto " publicsns and sinners," '(eating and drinking with them," that so men and women might be plucked therefrom to salvation. '(The common people heard Him gladly." The early Church, full of the spirit of its great Founder, swept through the world like a mighty inspiration, and everywhere the poor and oppressed by thousantls, slave as well as master, bond as well as free, flocked to its standard. Khy has the Church of to-day, and especially the Prot- estant Church, the church of freedom, lost so much of its power over the great masses of men? " Still thy love. O Christ arisen, Yearns to reach these souls in prison; Down the chasm of sin and loss Drops the plummet of tny cross; Sever yet abyss was found Deeper than that love could sound.'' One goes intc the churches and listens to weary platitudes and coldly intellectual disquisitions, and longs for that spirit as wide as the world, as pure and all-embracing as the blue heavens above, ~vhi~hbreathes through the Sermon on the Mount, or for the yearning of passionate entreaty which con- fronted the Athenian philosophers on Mars Hill, and wove out of their own superstitions and blind conjectures, the forin of that omnipresent and ever-loving God in whom alone we live, and move, and have our being. LOVE .AS A F.AC1'OR IS CIVIL GOVEKNhlENT 263 One looks at the empty benches, and longs to write over the pulpit: "Go out into the lanes, and by-ways, and hedges, and compel them to come in," the love of Christ constraining you. One looks away from the well-dressed and self-complacent congregations, to those dark scenes in the garden of Gethsemane and at the cross of Calvary, and wonders if this is the true outcome of that sublime sacrifice, or whether it has also a purpose concerning those poor, blind, incompetent, vicious victims of blighted and irregular conditions, that fill our by-streets, our tenement-houses, too often our jails and poorhouses, our hospitals and insane asylums. Christ lived and died not only for, but with, these people. His purpose toward them is not different to-day froin what it was in the supreme hour of His passion. It is the eternal purpose which must and will be accomplished, even at the cost of the overthrow of all the barterers and the money-changers who desecrate His temple. What was the attractive poner of the living Christ which drew, and is still drawing, all nations unto Him? It was the divine, eternal attraction of lox-e. Less of dogma, less of exhortation, an encl forever of wrangling and disputation over creeds as though they were the heart and not the husk of truth, is what the Church needs to-day, and more of the tender, holy stntimei~tsand sacraments, more of the divine inbreathing, more ant1 ever more of the ceaseless, perpetual outgoiilg from human hearts of the divine love. Such an influence as this proceeding from the Universal Church would soon be manifest through all departments of the State, and legislation xvould deeplj. feel the obligation to do justice, lore mercy, and walk humbly before God. Bl~tan irou limitation hedges the Church about ; we may it the spirit of the time. "The world is so materialis- tic, so sceptical," say the preachers. " Men's intellects are hardened by the love of gain which new inventions and I i devices of trade continually stimulate, and by the luxury and 1 I self-indulgence of rapidly accunlulating wealth. Gold is so nearlv on~nil~otent.fame lies no nearly within the reach of the hearts of men and women, a demoralizing influence which is throned upon the very hearthstone and is most ! difficult to gainsay, has already preoccupied them. We preach not to hearts of flesh and blood, but literally to ' I henrts made stony by too early assumption of the indiffer- I ence, the greed, the earthiness, of the time. Where in this t rushing, eager, iconoclast~cworld is the tender faith, the I wise and sinlple restfulness of the home, so calnl that it can I i 1 nlirror heaven like any mountain lake ;the gentle, all-embrac- I ing love, which in some earlier times have been the refuge I of God's sa~nts, their hiding-place, their strong tower of I strength and safety ag'linst the assaults of evll? Are they f fled out of the world forever?" To which the answer is, 0 prophets who have ceased to prophesy; that far the last three hundred yenrs, the intellect of man has been busy enthroning itself upon the high places of ecclesiasticn: power, to the exclusion of that Divine Pres- ence whose right it is to reign there. Human reason has been usurping the place of the Divine Love, and as a di- I rect consequence nlaterialisnl has overshado\ved the tender I growths of spirituality, and subjected faith and love to its blind and barren tyranny. Froin the Church, the blight has spread to the home ; \\onlen have gone mad for the learning LOVE AS -1 FACTOR IN CIVIL GO\'ERNXIENT 265 i of the schools, and the very children on our hearthstones are "wiser in their own conceit than seven men who can render a reason ;" and before they can become intellectually convinced that they have souls, are filled with a shallow contempt for the Church's method of saving them. The true query is : IVhence shall the Prophet arise, who shall shout in our ears, deafened by the world's clamor, that I not by might nor by power, but by my Spirit saith the Lord ; not by intellectuaI culture, though it shouid reach to the stars; not by the higher criticism, though it should melt the ages in its crucible in its materialistic search for truth; not by the scientific method, even though it should reduce the life of the universe to a quivering mass of protoplasm; but by the Divine Love, made quick and powerful in the hearts 1 of me11 and women and little children, must the soul of hu- 1 manity be saved from its self-seeking, its blind slavery to the I earthy and sensual; born anew from the abasement of the flesh into spiritual life and power. Let us be patient with our time. It has its own work to do -the work of breaking down barriers, of enlarging spaces, of laying broad and deep foundations for a new up- building. This is never a gracious nor a graceful task, and the means and appliances which it brings into view are re- l pugnant to the zesthetic soul, unless it can see, by a strong i and vital faith, the dream of living beauty which shall fitly crown the work at last. Perhaps the most trying incident of the times, so far as our view of it is concerned, is that the modern woman, with her zeal for intellectual advancement and industrial opportu- ! ~lity,her decrying of the old tasks and lauding of the new, her frantic calling on the universe to witness her equality with man anti her determination to outdo him at his own tasks, 1 266 A WOI\IAN'S PHILOSOPHY OF LOVE betrays so little insight as to the meaning and end of this sudden access of power, this new departure of the woman- soul along the shining paths of evolution. IVithin the last generation women have indeed become workers in ~nanyunaccustomed fields, have ihoxvn a hitherto unsuspected fitness for many callings which before that time were supposed to belong exclusively to men. Ilut does this fact alone constitute real progress? It tends indeecl to in- dividualize the woman, to make her fi~lailciallyindependent of Inan ; it has already developed a class of "girl bachelors," such as the world has never seen before. But is the world the better or the happier for knowing them? Does this class lessen by a single unit the great sorrowful army of women whose womanhood is laid a bleeding sacrifice upon the altar of uneducated irnplilse and false conditio~lsof life? Is it not rather recruited in the main from those who should homes ? But, the refornler tells you, there are not nlen enough to furnish husbands for all these women. Widely gathered statistics contradict this statement.' The truth is that men do not seek marriage, largely because industrial conditions do not offer young men the means to support a home early in life, and also because the education of wo~nenis such, that the expenses of married life are far greater, and its promise of real happiness far less, than they ought to be. And these are condit~onsnhich the employment of women in wage-earning labor are directly calculated to enhance. I 1 The loss of men In the CILIII17ar,for a t~inegave cnlnr to thls qtatcment, but Nature is r~ghtlnpherself. The Report of the Cnlted States Census for ISSO I LOVE AS .Z FACTOR IT CIVIL GOVEKSAIENT 267 I i When the woman who fro111 her sixteenth to her tmentieth or twenty-fifth year, has been employed as a book-keeper, a journalist, a clerk, or saleswoman, or even a sewing-woman in a great manufactory, comes to be married, what knowledge has she to fit her for the manifold and \-itally important duties of her home? What does she know of cooking, of housekeeping, of the ma~lagementof servants, of the preser- 1 vation of her own health in the new conditions of wifehood I I and maternity, or of the care of little children? And her 1 I I I ignorance of all these essential conditions of married life affects not only the happiness of herself and her husband, j which indeed it too often wrecks even when there is an elastic exchequer, but if the meails are limited it produces \ absolute financial catastrophe. I Bad cooking 3nd housekeeping are extremely costly ; I they induce besides ill-health, and ill-health is still more ex- pensive. A woman n7ho kno~vssomething of the hygiene of , maternity, and the proper care of little children, may bear I and rear her fanlily with comparatively little outlay; but a woinan who is totally ignorant of a11 these matters nlust necessarily be at the expense of doctors' biils and nurses' wages, and a thousand incidentals whose sum total actually swallow-s up all that a Illan can bring into the house. So I that the ultimate purpose of a home, the bearing and rearing of children, beco~llesa luxury unattainable by the mall of sillall income. Young Inen kno~vthis only too well ; and with full intent and purpose they a\-oid marriage, and satisfy their natural ir~lpulsesin a may that insolves no after responsibility. It is thus that the demand for prostitution increases, so that if by chance a few women are saved from this do0111 by the open- il~gof industrial careers to women, it is lnore th2n doubtful if the advantage be not overbalanced at the other end of the line. Nor is this the whole story. The woman who takes upon herself the burden of wage-earning, reverses the condition of her being to the extent that while the rhythmical habit of her physical constitution may easily be adapted to the labor and the seclusioll of the home, if she work side by side with men, she must be able to work every day in the year as men do. For a few years she may do this, but few women can sustain such a course of labor for even the half of a lifetime, without undue exhaustion and consequent ill-health. Then comes the tendency to have recourse to stimulants, and the most potent restorative of all to a woman, is masculine sym- I i i pathy ; so that the dangers to her moral welfare are so greatly I enhanced, that already wonlen are astir to care for the moral I welfare of working-girls. If they are not mothered at home they must be mothered abroad, or perish ; and so again the from industrial independence. Again, the i:~fluxof women upon the labor markets of the world can have no other result under the present capitalistic system than the lowering of wages, or, what is practically the same thing, the lessening of the demand for lahor. Nor have socialists as yet been able to make clear any method by which society may be so improved in its original constituents, as to make practicable a radical change in the relations between the money power and labor. The imperative condition for such a change is that better men, men of broader and less selfish views, more humane and sympathetic hearts, and a moral nature generally in the ascendant, shall hold all places of trust and power. But where are such men to be found? LOVF \ I'iC1OK IY CIVIL GOVERX>IF.NT 269 How are they to be brought to the fore? Reformers in general, talk as though men and women were rained down out of the skies; as though they were the product of fate, or chance, or some occult agency, more or less malign or beneficent as the case might h:lppen to be ; ignoring utterly the plain facts which science sets before us, that they are the result of certain precedent circumstances of heredity, plus certain influences of environment, and that of this environ- ment the material conditions and the moral and spiritual atmosphere of the home are the most potent elements.' It is true that you cannot make men and women to order, pre- cisely as you can grow a field of corn or wheat, or manu- facture engines or dyilalnos; but it is also true that given the human germ in its nascent state, the circumstances must be phenomenally unfortunate in whicl~ you cannot by careful training- and cultii-ation- a cultivation no more painstaking than that which the florist bestows upon his plants, or the nurserynlan upon his trees -produce a corresponding ad- vance of the human type upon antecedent conditions. Let us suppose, for instance, that in any given comn~unity all the boys were seriously and scientifically taught the laws of health, the immense and cumulative power of habit whether for good or evil, the danger of self-indulgence, the ruin of excess ; 2nd all the girls were, with equal painstaking, educated to meet the physical and moral crises which natu- rally come to women. Let them learn Greek and Latin and the higher mathematics by all means, if they choose, but let - - 1 I hare often mondcred if t!iih curious inconseqrrrnce in the minds of adults might not be traced to the influence of the early myths of the nursery concerning the "new baby." It comes from nowhere, its brinping is a mystcry, and it stands utterly unre1:ited in the child's mind to any previous being or condition known to him. Is it not true that many adults, while acquiring the physical factss do not corrcct this sense of disjointed relation anit utter inconsequence the nioral nature of the men :~ndwomen about then, I them also be taught ill a thorough and scientific manner the chemistry of foods, hygienic cookery, the laws of drainage and ventilation, the proper means of lighting and heating homes, trained nursing, kindergartening, and all that vast and varied knowledge which pertains to the ordering of a home and the rearing of a family. Who does not believe that happy marriages would be more frequent in such a community, the average of health and morals raised, the limit of life prolonged, and, xbove all, the standard of race culture raised infinitely above that which prevails as a consequence of the haphazard arrange- ment of our homes to-day? Such a reform as this would strike at the very roots of what is theologically delloininated the original depravity of human nature. It would sow the seeds of temperance, chastity, charity, thrift, in virgin soil, with every prospect of a healthy and luxuriant growth ; and that natural instinct in mankind which seeks the betterment of its own condition, would be enlisted upon the side of good morals, and sweet and \vholeso~neand benrficeilt conduct. Nor is it the least advantage of such a reform, that all the elements of its successful achievement lie close at hand. It needs no constitutional amendment, 110 new and arbitrary scheme of government, no legislation whatever, that the men of any Anglo-Saxon co~ninunitywould not freely and promptly accord 2t the request of the wolnell in their homes. In a recently published address, originally delivered before one of the largest and most representative bodies of culti- vated women in this country, I read these lines : ' '' I believe if the respectable women of this city should 1 Annual address before the Chicago U70mans Club, hy the president, Mrs. J. ;\I. Flower, March 4, ~Sor. h LOVE AS FACTOR IN CIVIL GO\-ERSXIEST 27 1 resolve that the politics of this city must be purified, and should set theinselves resolutely to acco~nplishit, they could do it simply by the moral influence which they could bring I to bear upon the lneil with whom they are personally con- nected. If they will not do this, which they could so easily do if they would, what reason have we to suppose that they would do ally better or ally more, if they had the suf- ) frage ? " 'There is 110 abler, more experience d, or more successful woman in Chicago, ill all fields of charitable and philan- thropic Inbor, than the writer of these lines. She has often represented charitable and philanthropic interests before legis- lative bodies, and is fanliliar with all the tactics of political chiefs and wire-pullers, a11d she kno\vs whereof she speaks ; and if this testi~nonyof hers be true, as I believe it is, con- cerning the political interests of the country, how much inore true is it concerning those social and domestic interests which all 1ne11 recognize as constituting the proper sphere of wonlan ! How great a change such a refor111 as that above il~dicated \vould effect in the chlracter of ~vomanhood,the lllost casual obseiver of llloderll society can see at a glance. A leader of fashion, in the most fashionable city in this country, is re- ! ported to hare said recently, " Alll the educatioll that a society girl needs, is to read and write Eaglish, and speak French." The gentleman to who111 the renlark was made quietly commented, " That explains why our youllg married i \\.omen are so quickly pushed to the wall by their younger sisters, who colne forward to offer in their turn those super- ficial fascinations which attract men's sensu:11 natures, and leave the nlind and heart wholly ullprovitled for. Society ill ally true hcllse of the \\-ord, is im~~o.;si?~ieon s1.1ch terlns as I that." Might he not have added with equal justice, It ex- I plall~salso much of domestic unfaithfulnezi, married misery, I scandal, and divorce ? ! 1 l17ith the \vonle~iwho reign in fashionable society given I I over to a delurion like thiz, and a large class of educated women decrying mar~iageand the propngatioll of the race as a merely anim~lfunction, and the duties impobed thereby a5 beneath the tl~gnity,and unworthy the capabilities of in- dependent womanhood, the outlook for an improvement in I race culture is indeed discouraging. I But let us not despair. It is a mistake to suppose that I reformers produce reform. The conterse is more nearly true. It is the silent, irresistible growth of humanlty chafing i against the bonds and restrictions of its outgrown past, I which finally voices itself in that impalpable but mighty agency which we call the spirit of the age, and which in time forces from all men and women, though in varying de- grees, a recognition of its claims. Such an impulse as this, healthful and strong, manifested itself when, as a part nf the outcome of our American Kevo- lution, a demand went forth, not, as in France, for the political recogilitioll of woman, but for her higher and deeper culture in all those branches of knowledge which bear upon her dis- tinctive duties. In this demand both the popular and the ec- 1 clesiastical sentiment united. Enlarged facilities were given to girls in the public schools ; seminaries sprang up all over i the East, devoted to the higher education of women; and i emigrants from New England to the lJTest, in the early de- I cades of the century, brought with them the same enthusi- asm, and side by side with the earliest churches and I colleges they planted the " fenlaie seminary," or engrafted it upon the college itself. LOVE AS A FAC1'OR IN CIVIL GOI'ERX3IEXT 273 This movement was well upoil its feet before the feeling voiced itself, which it did at last with great distinctness, that woman had clainls upon the State, or the State had claims upon her, which had never been fully recognized. The most obvious thing to do, and the one suggested by the ravings of radicals abroad, was to give her the same position in regard to civil government which man already enjoyed. But more than a generation of persistent and aggressive advocacy of this theory, has awakened very little of intelligent or euthusi- astic respoxe from the class which it was intended to benefit. The women who are bearing the real burdens of womanhood, cannot be made to feel that the ballot is what they need, that it would not be a hindrance rather than a help to them in their work. But with the enhancement of mon~an'sposition as an edu- cated and responsible member of society, the question has constailtly beconle more pressing and important, lV/iafis the true relation of a ripened and cultivated womanhood to the Commonwealth? She is obviously no longer, even from the public point of view, a nonentity, a minor, nor is she to be numbered with the totally dependent classes. As she receives a constantly increasing measure of opportunity and recogni- tion, how is she to make an adequate return for these new honors and en~oluments? Evidently soinething inore is to bc ! I espected from her, than in her former, half-developed condi- j tion. If not the exercise of civil rights, what? 'The question can only be truly answered by a thorough examination of the foundation upon which the State rests, 'I and the quality of' the service to it, which nature itself im- I poses upon woman. THE I31PDRTAKCE OF KALE CULTURE 'THAT the home is the priinary institution of the race ; That it is the theatre of woman's most effective activity, the hiding-place of her power ; I That it is the foundation upon which the State rests, and without \vhich no governnlent has ever achieved a permanent existence, -are statemeilts which nlay stand as axioms at the head of this chapter. Not that they are wholly heyoild the pale of proof, but because they are so thoroughly established by the universal I experience of the race as to have effectually passed into the realm of self-evident truths. They are statemeilts which may at least be safely taken for granted, so far as the history of all past ages is concerned, with a strong presunlption that they will be found true for all time. It is not difficult to imagine domestic and social relations so perfectly adjusted through the influences which might be made to issue from well-ordered homes, that the fu~lctionsof the State, so far as they involve merely moral relations and exclusive of foreign affairs, might become superfluous ; but 1 to imagine a State in which these pri~llaryfullctiolls of de- velopnlent and culture are omitted, is to imagine chaos come again. Good citizens are not made by arbitrary pro- cess of legislation : they collie from healthy human germs, THE I\IPOKI'I'AXCE OF R.4CE CULTURE well nurtured and disciplined; and it is precisely for this work that nature organizes, through principles innate in hu- manity and inseparable from it, the human home. The more perfectly this elenleatary work is performed, the more will the functions of the State be circumscribed, because the more men and women are taught to govern themselves ac- cording to the physical and moral laws of the universe, the less will they need the restraint which proceeds from human legislation. A thoroughly good man, a good citizen, might, often does, live for years in a country without so much as knowing what its laws are. He never comes in contact with I them, because he has been taught to govern himself by those moral la\rs which are, or should be, the foundation of all hu- man legislation. If he lapses from virtue and becolnes a criminal, he soon finds out what laws the State has made for his punish~nent; but so long as he remains virtuous, these laws are personally of no account to him. The important thing, therefore, is not that the human in- I dividual should be rightly governed by the State, for that is an arbitrary a$ so to speak supplemental process; but that he should be trained in his early years rightly to govern him- self according to those laws, physical and moral, which are in- herent in his omn nature, and upon the fulfilment of which his intlivitlu.11 del-elopn~entand happiness, and his usefulness to society depend. The great problem of the race is to grow, wisely and well. To this problein of human evolution, all things else in the world of inatter and of spirit are subservient. For this end both revelation and science attest, the universe exists, and for the carrying forward of this vast enterprise of the inception, the birth, the discipline of the race, nature has ordailled the home ; and the larger and iininensely more im- 276 A WORIAW'S PH1I.USOPHY OF LOVE portant share of the labor il~volved,she has co~umittetlto the liand of the mother. A later and less illtimate share of the work does indeed devolve upon society ;but that the really deteriliinil~ywork is, after all, done in those years when the iaciividual is properly subject to the restraint and discipline of the home, and to no other than that,-- for the State does not hold itself respon- sible for the minor, -it requires but slight observation and reflection to see. Ask of reformatory institutions what percentage of crimi- nals are ever reformed within their walls. Ask of penal institutions what benefit to the criminal or to society, in the permanent transformation of character, is xvrought by means of the vast labor and expense entailed by their work, and they will reply with fxts so disheartening, with reflections so pessimistic, that the pen hesitates to record them. If good citizens are to be made at all, the work must be done during the first decade and a half of their lives, say emphatically the best publicists and reformers. It is precisely during this time illat the child is allnost exclusively under the care and training of its mother. I say "the mother " advisedly, for although the father has doubt- less his share in the work through influence and example, his necessary absorption in the labor of supporting the home, and his w~utof fine adaptability to the delicate, inf,~ntile nature and the active, questioning mint1 of the growing child, reduce his share of responsibility for the result to a minimum. It is the mother's gentle hand which ministers to the needs, both physical and mental, of the babe and the youngling; the mother's quick perception and ready gift of expression which comprehend and solve the problenls which present themselves to the growing soul. Before the ?'HE I~IPOKlhSCEOF RACE CL'LIUKE 277 father has f,iirly inlpressed himself ul~on the child's con- sciousnezs, the niother may have taught it her personality and the hnbit of obedience to her will. The foundation of a11 i, the gr:~ntlilloral principles \vhich shoultl guide its life, ought to be laid in the child's nlind before its fifth year ; and what has it been to its father all that tiine, but a plaything, a recreation? He h~~snot by n:~t~lrethe tact, the delicacy, the refinement of motive and action, eren if he had the op- portunity, which can bring him into rational intercourse with his babe. ;\I1 this, nature has given to the nlother, and if she understa~lrland rightly use her gifts, she ill have in- terpreted her chiid's nature and set it to the great purposes of its existence, before the father has so much as deciphered 2 the alphabet of its endo\vments. It is not the State n-hich iliakes or call refonn heartless. politicians. 'l'hey are the product of honles where ig- norance, carelessness, ainbition, lust, are the ruling influ- ences. It is only i,/di/-t~.i[ythe fault of the State that men and women are idle, iilcoml~etent,.iicious. It is the r2'z.f-cct beings are started in life on wrong lines of gro:vth and activity, all history goes to prore that the State can ol~ly punish, it c:.unnot reforln ; ~vliile such regenerative influences as flow from the Church, are helpful 0111~7ia exceptioncll cases ant1 in minor ~intllimited degrees ; while a child \\-ell born anci \\-ell bred, born of love and bred under the rule of in- telligence and conscience, \\-ill need little interfere~lcefroin the State, scarcely iilore from the Church, to bring it to the full accoml)li.;hment of an auspicious destiny. He will give back to bot!i Church nnil StLlte,f.ir nlore than they offici:illy have bceil n1)lt: to do f3r hiill. Just here we come upon one of the reasons why the modern Church is able to make conlparatively so little return for the wealth and privileges lavished upon it, in the care and re- demption of the lower classes of society. The apostolic in- juilctions concerning the duties of family life and the Christian nurture of children were clear and strong. Early Christianity spoke with no uncertain voice upon the subject, and the teachings and traditions of the Catholic Church still reecho the strain. For good or for evil, the Catholic hierarchy is making iinillense strides in this couatry, and nothing can be gained by ignoring the sources of its power. Indeed, if Christian unity is ever to be accomplished it nlust be by gathering together the sum of Christian truth wherever found, and cleansiag it of whatever alloy of hullla11 interpretation has become ingrained in it, that the quickening power of the Divine Love may again as of old thoroughly inforlll and energlze it. And one of the most effective agencies of the Catholic Church is, by its o\~nconfession, and patent to all the world, the painstaking care which it inanifests in regard to the nurture of its infants. Parents are held strictly re- sponsible for the religious instructioll of their children, and the priest in co~lfessionboth stinlulates and aids the inother in her arduous duty ; so that e\-en anlong the rery poor the perpetuity of religious culture is made certain to a degree utterly unkllojvll anlo~lgProtestants. -4s a matter of fact the Protestant Church lays little stress, in its official capacity, upon the duties of the home as pre- paratory to the later work of the Church. Pareiltal respon- sibilities are seldom distinctly urged from its pulpits, and the children of its communion receive comparatively little of that intimate personal care which is all that counts for ~lluchwith the growing child. The old house-to-house teaching of the THE I~IPORl'ASCEOF RACE CUCYURE catechism pursued in Kew England a century ago, was far from being an deal nlethod of training the young in spiritu- ality, but it was better than the careless and superficial i methods which prevail in the present generation, because it made a separate and distinct appeal to every child ; and children so taught grew up with a feeling of responsibility for their children, ~vhichthe loose nlethods of classes and i Sunday-schools fail to i~llpart; arhich, indeed, no agency is E so well adapted for, or has so perfect an opportunity for, as the mother. In consequence of this laxity towards the young in home and Church, children grow up with their religious natures but partially developed, their spiritual intuitions scarcely at t all awakened, the high and holy affectioils of the soul alto- gether unstimulated, and the result too often is, that, if they are gathered at all into the Church, the nlajority of them be- colne cold and lifeless members. The whole povver of the pulpit and the Church organization is required to keep then1 in the dead-and-alive state which seems to be the highest level mhich they are capable of reaching; and there is little vitality to spare in the Church for going out into the lanes and the by-ways, and so infusing the ignorant inasses with the knowledge and the love of Christ, as to compel \ thein to conle in. IYhea the work of the mother is left 1 undone in the child's early years, leaillless and barrenness in its later life, follo\v just as certainly as a bankrupt autun~n follo~vs upon the neglected opportuilities of the As women are becoilling inore enlightened and free of the \vorltl, these facts press home 111)oil the hearts and con- sciences of the thoughtful among them, with a constantly grol\7ing weight of conviction. The li~nitations of women i I in the domestic and social sphere become increasingly evi- dent to them, and the more they reflect upon the deficiencies which everywhere accentuate their career, and the evils which are inflicted upon society through them, the more the 11 j 1/ ; I conv~ctiongrows that what women need, IS to be systemat- , ically taught their respoilsibilities and thoroughly trained for ['I?\ the proper discharge of them. Hitherto many difficulties have lain in the way of such an 1 jl education. The ignorance of former ages has nowhere borne more hea~ilyupon hu~nailprogress, than in just this 11 ; direction. Women, besides, had first to learn the lesson of : 1 I I purity, which the tyranny of ages existed for the purpose of I 1: teaching them. But their novitiate well passed, science, new-born of the spirit of progress, comes opportunely to their aid, and makes possible precisely the education which they need, and the age rises up to demand it. Here, then, we see the legitimate outcome and puipnse of that impulse towards the higher education of woinen which we have traced back to that outburst of the spirit of freedom which marked the birth of the nation and of the century. Fro111 ' "A Plea for Pure Homes and Sincere Relations between Men and Women," published by the writer several years since, the folloming paragraphs, as tnle now as then, are quoted : " Within the last quarter of a century, a great change has occurred in the industrial world. Formerly u~lskilledlabor had a certain distinctive worth in the market which was predicated upon the supposed capacity of the laborer to ac- 1' telligence has been quickened and enter~risestimulated. and THE I\IPOR'I.\SCE OF RACE CCLTURE 281 as trades-unions have combined to limit the knowledge of their respective crafts to the fewest possible number of ap- prentices, it has been found that this hand-to-mouth way of acquiring knowledge is extravagant and wasteful; that the world's increasing demands for the best work cannot be met, except 1,. employing skilled labor from the outset. Out of this co~lvictio~lhave arisen the business college, ant1 the mnnunl-trai~lil~gschool -institutions of recent establishment, but already recognized as indispensable to the proper trsin- ing of young men for even the lower positions in the count- ing-room and the morkshop. "On the other hand, as the learned professions and higher nlercantile avocations become crowded, men of in- telligence and culture are pushed into the ranks of manual labor, till the ~nechallicand the artisan, who in former times acquired sufficient education in the shop to fit the111 for the better-paid piaces in their respective callings, now find themselves jostled by the college graduate, who has ex- chnnged his acaderuic golvn for the workman's cap and blouse, and cornes to conlpete for all the higher positions in engineering and construction. So, on the whole, the skilled l~borerscrowd each other, and the unskilled delver has little chance. "Even the political world has caught the infection, and it is no longer enough that a man is a good ward-pnlitici:ln, a fiithful adherent of his party, a supple tool in the hands of the political craftsman : he must have beforehantl some tlefinite kaowledge of the duties he is expected to perform, 2nd sonle nloral adaptability to the sphere he is expected to fill, before he is permitted to accept offices of trust and re- sponsibility. Everywhere intelligence is at n preniium, and the man or boy 11-ho has no technical skill, no trniniilg for 282 A \VOU.LV'SPHILOSOPHY OF LOVE I the part which he is expected to perform in life, is quickly ;: thrust to the wall. I a g:i/ Everywhere except just where such training and intelli- gence, such illoral aclapt.ibility, are of more worth and conse- I i quence than in all other trade? and avocations combined ; 1 \yII and that is, in that ~~*onderfullaboratory where the curious 111 I /I I mechanisnl of the human soul is wrought out fro111 the sub- tile elements of the honle life, and put together with those varying degrees of success, which deternline the worth of the I / life here, and the destiny hereafter. " Every child born into the world is an engine of physi- cal, intellectual, and moral power, capable at its best, of an untold and inconceivable alnount of good to the world, and at its worst of an equally incalculable anlount of evil, with possibilities all the way betmeen these extremes, I\ hich no man nor college of men can compute. Yet to whom is the bearing and rearing of children intrusteci ? And what train- and blood, these artificers of the eternal destinies of human souls, bring to their work? Look about you, in the world at large, and see ! " Let us not be pessimistic. Let us gratefully acknov-ledge at once, that if the hoines of the nation, taken altogether, were not the centre and source of an alniost infinite strength and purity and truth, society could not be held together fcr n day. Yet is it not true also, that those to whom is given the grandest, illost nloinentous trust which it is possible for human beings to assume are, on the whole, astoundingly ignorant and indifferent concerning it? So long as women are not taught their duties in marriage, they will never insist ul2911 those conditions which are necessary to their proper fulfilment; ~uldit is just at this point that the ignorance a~ld tutelage of woinan bears nlost heavily upon the vital interests of humanity and the progress of the race." In a recent magazine article entitled " Fanlily Stocks in a Democracy," the president of Han-ard University treats the subject of race culture with marked ability; but below all the valuable suggestions nlade by him, lies the parainount consid- eration of the special education of women for those tasks of home culture which .lo one but \\.omen can possibly perforln, and, I nlay add, the need of which no one can so \\*ellconl- prehend and urge as a o om an. Intelligent beings do well, only that which they do understandingly and successfully. Many an ignorant and ill-taught mother drudges hopelessly at her tasks, or neglects then1 altogether, and accepts the ruin of all her parental hopes as a mysterious dispensation of Providence, who if she mere properly taught to see the sig- nificance a11d hopeful proinise of her work, would joyfully give herself to the labor and sacrifice, and account the sure gains which awnit the issue of intelligent toil in this, as in every other field of 1:!11nan I&OI-, as the noblest and most satisfying which she could possibly achieve. ((Come,let us live with our children ! " cried Frebel to the mothers of (;ermany ; and the mothers of all the world are trooping to answer the cry. 'I'he more familiar \I-e become with the Frcebellian system and methods, the nlore evident it is that they deal with those living principles which under- lie all race culture. But for this very reason it is the work, *lot of a decade, scarcely even of a generation, to grasp them fully, and apply them as Sature and Frcebel intended. I,east of all ought the work to be giren over into the hands of young women, scarcely out of the school-room, fresh froln the materializing influences of n pllrel\- intellectual training. Only lsonlell of sympathetic natures, with sonie experience of the phenomena of childhood, and habits of close and loving obser\-:ition ant1 deduction, are fitted to enter the child g-lrden 311(1 wield its instruments of culture. And this one thing the kindergarten is destined to do, whatever else it may accon~plish. It cannot f:~il to reverse all our ideas of the relative importnnce of " primary" and " finishing " schools ; to nlake clear to 11s the great truth that the moral influences which nlust oi necessity be the most potent agencies in shaping the infant ini~l:l,are of vastly more importance to true culture and development than ally merely intellectual training can be. A child's moral character is fixed for good or evil, long before it can possibly enter into the full career of intellectual training. Not until children are born and reared under influences like these will the true secret of dealing with those twin evils which afflict the race, intemperance and impurity, ever be reached. Again and again h2~-ethey been pronouncetl by reformers insoluble problems, and from the standpoint of the ordinary reformer they are precisely that. '' .And the man was forty years old !" exclaiills the sacred writer, in attesting the iniraculous nature of one of our Lord's cures. I do not say that rio nlcln who is forty years old cnn be cured of in- tenlperance or impurity except by miracle, but all the his- tory of refor111 a'-tests, that when inen have reached their full maturity in the unla~vful illdulgellce of their al~petitt's,the chxlces of thcir ever regaining seif-control are few ancl small. If the child-soul be not fortified against such ind~l!- gence by heritage or by training, his chai~cesfor esemption from the fatal power of evil habit will be smnli indeed. And the same may be said of the besetting sins of women, falsity and light-~l~indeclness.Ry fdsity I ~llea~lthe living THE I\IPnKlhSCE OF R.\C'E C'I'I.TLRE 285 for false stanclartls, tiressing for false npl)c;ir,lilces, accepting insincerely fdse theories of action, nntl that general putting of "to seem " instead of ' To false personal charins it is quite natural to add the assulnption of intellectual disguites, a puttlng on of nlental attitudes, a lnding of meutal defects, instead of a resolute cultivation of those real powers of heart and nl~ndwhich will add to her charms. How nluch of woman's piety is as unreal as her complexion, how many of her virtues as illogical as her figure, are questloas which it might be cruel to asn; but when thii ~einof falilt!' enters SO largely into the education of girls, and affects so conspicuously the physique, manners, and intellectual att~tude~of women, it is not unlikely that a sinlilar insincerity may be found in thetr illorals and their affections. These are faults which have their origin in that repression of the feminine in favor of the il~ascul~iletype of character, which has universally charactenzed the early stages of the race ; although it is only f<~irto the heathen to say, that while hioslenl wonlei1 sillother theinselves in their veils, I and Chinese women deprive themsel~esof the use of their feet, it is only highly enlightened and Christian women, who offer their entire internal economy upon the altar of igno- rance and vanity. Yet we are not now blaming, we are only iettiilg in order THE l\II'ORTASCE OF RACE CU13'URE 287 the facts, and striving to find a way of lifting woman out of this slough of false conditions in which the ages have left her engulfed. For we luay be sure that false women cannot be the mothers of true men. There will be inbred in the offspring of such women a weak moral stratum, a tendency to vice, to corruption, to dishonesty and double-dealing, which will be fatal to the highest civic or heroic virtues. It is with women themselves, therefore, that the new departure in race culture must begin. They must be tavght that truth exists for them as well as for men; that its edicts are binding upon then1 precisely as upon men; its treasure-house open to them upon the same terms as to Illen; that they, no nlore than men, can accomplish those tasks which nature sets before them, without a frank and free acceptance of nstural law with all its privileges and 1-enalties, and a hearty cooperation with it, in the great work of setting forward the human race upon its progress toward the better life, even the heavenly. *4nd not only must women be more truthful than they are at present : they must also be inore charit~ible. The narrow and intense lives which they have hitherto led, the rigid rules with which they have bound theinselves about, resulting originally, no doubt, fro111 the tyranny exercised over them by the selfish instincts of men, have led to a contraction of their field of vision, a narrowing of their sympathies, which nlust be effectually outgro\vn, before they can exercise their full power in moulding that public opinion upon which all ljublic action finally depends. At present wolnan is her olvn ~vorstenemy. Any new departure in the wny of original thinking, a broader action on the part of women, is ]net by their own sex with suspicion, scorn, and a narrow and vin- dictive opposition of mhich lnen are incapable. And the i 1 weaponz used by them 111 the~rwarfare w~theach other are I I'/q seldom those of sound logic, fir argument, and ch~valroub nJl 1 use of rhetorlc : they are too often, ~nalicioussat~re, calumn~, , ant1 t\11 interpretnt~on, the jt~letto of the assaszln, the 11: po~sonedralxer of the z/rfvzyn//fe. Sor is thii the nlo5t cal~m~tousresult of the narronness 311d intens~tyof nomen'\ libes. In splte of a11 the gronrth 111 1 of the l~sthalf-century, anti devotttl a\ they are in the main 4 ;' I to their onn homes ancl the~ronn f.xni~ly intereits, they are I llli st111 sadly l~k~ngln that jpirit of universal chanty n hich I :.i? If eyer women can throw olt the cha~rlsot past despotism and enlist themsel1.e~ upon the side of x pure fraternalism, if they can bring the immense power of their moral and spiritual influeilce to bear unitedly upon the problem of pure and rationnlly ordereti ho~iles,and an earnest and scientific race cultllre which shall ainl to insure to every konre in flre Lztzd the best result; in the product of humanity, the best material for gootl citizens of which that home is capable, not only will the deepest and darkest problenls of the social order approach a happy solution, but woman herself will be set forwart1 by imil~ensestritles-upon the road to that pre- em;~lencewhich the ages have prophesied for her. 1 JVhen woman once accepts her destiny as nature awards it to her, ant1 gives herself whole-heartedly to its accomplish- ment, \vhlt a boundless and brilliant destiny is mapped out before her ! Sovereign ~llistressof the hearts and lives of 1 men, founder of fanlilies and races of illustrious offs~~ring, mother of loyal n~idincorruptible citizens, she shall raise the State 1,. virtue of her own pure and tlevoted service, to a 11lane above any to ~vhichmen could ever exalt it, where love is the only ruler, a. i>otentatt: uncler whose sway truth and justice shall flow like a river through the land, and a heroic righteousness be estabiishecl forever and ever. Thus by inward growth, and not by arbitrary outward laws and restrictions, shall be realized at last the world-old and prophetic dream - the brotherhood of man and the sway of universal love. APPENDIX IN~ie\vof the present attitude of political parties in this country in regard to both socialism and nronlan sufli-age, it becomes a matter of some importance that the relation between the two should be clearly understood. I have therefore been at some pains to bring together in this appendix, from various sources, such testi- mony as is available on the subject, begging leaye at the same time to note that much pertinent matter exists o~llyin the writings of European authors, of which it is difficult to obtain translations. The follo~ringpages \\rill, hornever, I believe make it clear that setting aside for a inonlent rile views of those dzZeftalafesocialists \rho with a cheerfulness rare among reformers, rely upon a revolu- tion by enthusiasm. and going back to the original oracles of the party, Karl 1Iar.u and the social democrats of Europe, together \\-it11 their follo~vei-sill America, among ~\-hommost of the labor organizations must be numbered, the truth about their theories, so far as they relate to rvoinen, becomes sufficiently evident. The first evidence which I sllall offer is an extract from a docu- ment which was addressed to the Senate and House of Repre- sentatives of the United States in Congress assemb!ed, dated Chicago, February. 1891: " Inasmuch as the Judiciary Collllnittee of the House of Repre- sentatives has reported in favor of the proposed suffrage amend- ment to the Constitution of the United States, the women I-emonstrants of several States unite in respectfully asking your attention to the follon-ing statement of Lcts : '..l'lic iloctrine I I tile~ ~)oiitic,iI I-igllt.; of tvotiien llicl its tirst 1)11l)lic c.xpre\ion ,111iitl tlle lltirror, ot tiic FI-incli li~\<,!utic,~, ~11ctli~itI1ci1- t~ek~~l~ii~~et~ct.:;jrt tc~11re;~k cl,)\v~i all tile i~istiti~tio~~~ of civili~~tlci>ciet!., tllc I L( L .. The rilliance declares itsel t atllcistic. It ticsires the abo- lition of n.orship, the sub.ititutio11of science for faith, of human justice for divine ji~~tice,thr ~zbairf~o,~/f n~izi.yii<;re~~fizi. IZS it is a fi~lifictzL,~elr~io/ts,j~~~?i~~i~z/,OY civil it~slifi~tio~~.'. . " Such an abrogntion n.ould of course leave the individual noman upon the sxtne footing as the i~:di\-idunlman -compelled to work for herself, entitled to \.ate for herself. " In tlic .German \Vorkiri~~nen'sUnion,' Hasenclever. now deceasecl, I~utfor rn;ui!. years l~eioi-ehis rleatli a leading socialistic ii~enlberof the Geriunn I " 'Tlie noinan question noi~lclIje taken 11)- tlie developed, or, mol-e correctly speaking, the com~uunistic, State unclcr its 0n.n control -for in this State, ~vlien tlie con-irnunit- ' [composeti of individual inen ant1 rsonieil eqi~allyentitled to the privileges of citizenship] ' bears the o1)ligntion of n>.:intaining tile cllildrell and no private capital subsists. . . . tlle n-o!n:ln 11ect1 i-io In~li.er, out of regard for her childrei~.lic cil,~ine~lto "tic 111.~11. ,~II: i>,)i1~1 between the sexes \\ill Ile simply a nloral one, and if the char- acters did not liarmonize coultl be disso11-ed.' "Jijrissen, a speaker upon the same platfbr111,says : The nlaiden who disposes f~-eelyof I~erlore is no longer a prostitute - is the ,+de .r~'ifL.of tlie futilre : ' n.11ile Iiarl llxrs alltl Eligels, ac- kno~vledged pret'mi~~cntleaders among socialists, ill their corn- mullistic manifesto of 1847 becaine absolutely ljrutal in their I speech up011 the sui~ject. We can only say tllat t]le prillciple aifirnled by them is more decently stated by J. 13. Xoj-e.;, fouilder ?i of the Oneida Comnluni& at Oneida, S.U., n.hen he says, in History of Co~nmunis~nand Socialism :' Lz aiiirm tliat there is 110 intrinsic di6el.ence bettveen propert!. in persons and propert:- in things, ant1 that the same spirit I\-hich ;111olisherl esclusi\ eness in regard to nloiley \voulti abolish, if circulllstances allo~~edfc~ll scope to it, exclusiveness in women and cliildreii.' .'At tlie Iicad of the .Social Democrat.' published at Copen- I hagen. ant1 the orgaii of the large and poi\-erful Social Deluocrxtic LTnion of I)enmark, stand certain mottoes, a11lo11g which are these: * Ail nleil and ~o111e11o\.er t\\-enll--tn.o should vote. There should be institutions for the proper brillgiilg up of child- 1.ell.' Which, of course, indicates the clisi-uption cf fL1~nilj.ties. .a 'To coiile nzarer home, the ' Chicago T~.ibune,'of February 2, says of .Freedo111,' the nP\v Chicago mont11l~-,devoted to reroliltioxary, communistic, and anarchistic doctrilxs : ' It declares for destruction of existing class-rule, the establi~ll- lllel,t of a free society, and equal rights for all, I\-ithout distillctioi~ of race or sex.' 4. \ve l13igllt go 011 indetinitel!. and ciuote from Hyndman, the leader ~ ~ ~soci.llistsl ; :~ \re l migl~t~ instance the late Robert Dale a comn?riilist and Lvoman suffragist aiid autllor nlld il;stiynto;- of that s!-;tern of divorce \vhicll ~\-nsa reiroacll to tile State of Ilidiana for nianj- )-ears: n.e migllt iloillt to l,i,torical fact that all the gi-eat cli~i~n~u~iisticesi~eri- ,ne,lts like tllat of the Fourierites in France, the Ecollomites alld altd tije Oneida Conlmunity in our 0n.n country. haye to break up the fainil! relation 2nd pll; Inen ic,und it A IVOAIAN'S PHILOSOPHY OF LOVE and \yomen upon the basis of individual rights, only ~vithholding citizenship from Ivomen because that was not in their power to bestoxv. The experience of all communistic societies goes to prove that equal rights of citizenship imply the disruption of the family relation. When women share with men the burdens of labor and government, communism, wit11 all that it implies, is already begun. Human nature is so constituted that, while familj. relations endure, the headship of the family must be vested in the man, and upon him must rest the burdens of labor for the support of the home, and of governmenl "We regard the question of the property rights of a coniparatively few women, as one of minor importance coiiipared with the vastly greater right of wonien in general to maintenance and protection in the home, while they are engaged in the absorbing offices and duties of womanhood ;aiid this paramount right of woman is threatened with entire destruction by the socialistic doctrines ahore cited." From a speech of the Hon. Jeremiah Simpson, Member of Congress froin Kansas, delivered at Sharpshooters Park at a picnic of the 13uilding Trades, I quote the following as reported by the " Chicago Herald " of September 8, 1891: .'With the help of God and the votes of you, good people, we xi11 bring this government hack to the people. The French Revolution ciianged the entire existence of things in France. and created a true brotherhood oC men; but the whole monarchical poxer of Europe fought against and squelched it. However, hope remained; and I hope to live to see the da! xvhen n.e can go cloxvn to Washington, and inaugurate for President a toiler, a man who helped to create wealth. I ~vantto speak a word for the women of this country, for woman helps to create wealth. Yet has woman a right to vote? . . . If this new party don't recognize woman, then The course of that model government whose overthrow Mr. Simpson so graphicall!. deplores. in regard to women, is so \\-ell kno\vn th~tit ncetl not be d~veltup011 11~1-c; but his remarks throw a lurid light upon the motives of any political party which adopts woman suffrage as one of its issues. Nor is Mr. Simpson alone in his sympathy with the course of the Kevolutionists of France in regard to woman. At the meeting of the IVomen's Council at Washington, March, 1838, Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton made the startling anaounce- nient in her ad\-ocacy of woman suffrage that if the rights of \Yomen were not obtained by just and fair means, the result \rould be that the rvomen would appeal to socialists and anar- chists for their aid and support. The " Chicago Tribune" of hlarch 30, 1888, says: "What Mrs. Stanton was speaking of at that point in her open- ing address was ' the more powerful a~nmunition' than arguments which women might use if arguments proved inefictual. Mrs. Stanton's exact words as reported at the time were as follo~vs: I have often said to mea of the present day that the nest genera- tion of woinen will not stand arguing with you as patiently as me women mill strike hands with labor, with socialists, with anarch- ists, and you \\rill have the scenes of the Revolution of France acted over again in this republic.' " From a lllass of additional testimony which might be adduced, I shall select but one other item. In 1886, pending the execution of the Chicago anarchists, Dr. 1 Aveling, a well-known socialist of England, visited this country, ! for the purpose of promoting sympathy for the convicted men. He brought with him, a daughter of Karl AIarx, the real hlrs. Aveling renlaining in Englaild; a fact of which people here were not generally aware, else perhaps the gentlelllan mentioned in tile following report, might have refrained from his very direct i and leading question. It ~vasmj- fortune to meet these people, and to listen to a dis- cussion, carried on in the presence of many witnesses, of the ! teachings of socialisn~ in regard to marriage. I subjoin the strictly impartial report of the interview furnisl~ed,by one of the ladies present, to the " Chicago Tribune," Sov. 14, 1886: SOCIALISM IN THE HOME. --DOES IT MEAX FREE LOVE AND POLTG.ilIY? STATEMENTS BY DK. AND MRS. AVELISG TIIAT GO FAR TO ISDICATE TII.\T SHOULD SOCIALISX FKE\'IIL THE CHRISTIIX IIO\IE XVOULD RE h TIlIhli OF TIiE FAST. DR. AVELITG'S QUEEK W.lY OF DlSCcSiING TITE MATTER WITH LADIES WHO FCT TIIE QCESTIOI FAIRLY. During Mr. and Mrs. Aveling's recent visit to Chicago a con- versation ITas held in which they presented some ol their views on Socialism to a few friends invited to meet them. The doctor opened the subject by giving a general statement of the meaning and aims of socialism : but when some questions were asked about its influence in the home. he referred the ques- tion to his wife, as she had given t!lose lines of thought her pnr- ticular study, and was, therefore, better qualified to speak than he. XIrs. Aveling is a charming little \voman, full of courage and enthusiasm, evidently devoted to her cause and to her husband. It mas really very delightful to see the cordial understanding ex- isting betmeen them and the proud confidence that each reposed in the other. Mrs. Areling said that love is the only recogni~etl marriage in socialism, consequently no bonds of any kind ~vould be required ; that divorces ~vouldbe impossible, as there would 11e nothing to divorce, for when love ceased, separation would nntu- rally ensue. A gentleman asked: '. Do you mean that if I have a wife who has grown old and sickly, that I can put her away and take a young and healthy one? " Mrs. Aveling hesitated for a moment, but only a moment, for she is brave and has the courage of her convictions; then she answered: " Yes, you could, but we would make you ashamed of such an act." She did not explain how they xvould make him ashamed, when they admitted such an act in their code, such a principle in their ethics. Public opinion is general approval or disapproval ; how could they teach the disapproval of that which they adrocated? APPESDIX 297 In the meeting at Turner Hall, Sunday evening, Novelnber 7, Dr. Aveli~lgreferred to a paper on Socialisin which he had been told had been recently rend in a club composed of women who represented the culture and ability of Clliiago : and in that paper the essayist clailned that Socialism might lead to communism in mives, and consequently to the destruction of the I~ome. He ap- peared to be intensely annoyed at such an interpretation of social- istic teachings, and surprised that a cultivated woman could read in their principles anything so opposed to their ideas. This essayist, so deeply deplored, hq~penedto be present at the conversation which is the subject of this article, though she knew nothing of the reference made to her and the club in Dr. Aveling's Sunday evening lecture. She, in a very ladylike and earnest man- ner. said she had been devoting some time to the study of Social- ism, and, while she was profoundly interested in its theories and found truth in sonle of its principles, still she hesitated to adol)! the philosophy, as she thought it threatened the purity of women and the integrity of the home, and asked him his thought upon the subject, as though she had been convinced against her will and would gladly be disproved. Dr. Aveling could scarcely wait for her to formulate her ques- tion. He mored uneasily in his chair, his open hands grad- ud1y closed and tightened into clenched fists, and as soon as possible, he exclaimed that she was entirely mistaken, that she had read a meaning into the writings which did not exist, which was entirely foreign to their teachings. 'GWllena woinan of your culture,'' he declared, " fails to understand us, it fills me with despxir; for what can we expect of the uncultured and ignorant." To divert the a\vk\vardness occasioned by this remark another lady said : " I wonder, Dr. Areling, if 1 have read into your and hlrs. Aveling's article on ' The U'oman Question' a meaning l~~licl~you ditl not intend to convey? I11 that article do you not say that 11-hile you personally believe in monogamy, you still recogilize the possibility that polygamy n~aybe the outcome of socialisin? " Here xvas as candid a question as had been presented to Xfrs. i\ve]ing, but he hat1 not her courage. He evaded it by declaring A IVO~IAX'S PHILOSOPHY OF LOVE impatiently and heatedly : ''l'ou have polygamy no\v." His questioner refused to accept t!~at definition or interpretation of polygamy, and claimed that here one wife only wns recognized by lam, consequently she was respected and the home protected, vihile polygamy legally recognized several wives -a great distinc- tion, for that legal recognition of one wife only, made all the . clifference between a Alohammedan harem and the Christian Dr. Aveling only answered this by reading an extract from his article on " The Woman Question," in n.hich are the follo\ving sentences : " Whether monogarny or polygarny will obtain in the socialistic state is a detail on which we can only speak as an individual. The question is too large to be solved within the mists ant1 nliasniata of the capitalistic systems. Personally we believe that lnonogamy will gain the day, . . . and whether we are right or not in re- garding monogamy as the best form of society, we ma>-he sure that the best form will be chosen." He then said lie must close the conversation in order to take the train. Sow the question arises, \%'as the essayist right who read the paper on Socialism to the club composed of Chicago's most cultured women, when she concluded that Socialism menaced the well-being of the home? When we consider Mrs. Aveling's assertion that love recognizes no t~onds,that divorces will be unknown because there will be no bonds to annul, that a man will be able to put away an old wife and take a young one, and that Dr. Aveling, while professing his own belief that monogamy "\vill gain the day," still admits tliat the victory may be on the side of polygamy, we think that the essayist's fears were well grounded and her conclusions just. Aloreover, we think that ,Dr. Aveling was unfair when he denied the possibility of such a question arising fronl the study of socialism. OSE OF THE MEXBERS OF THE CLUB. It is perhaps proper to state that the essay in question forms part of Chapter SXII. of this l~ook. 1 APPESDIX -"99 The incident was widely conlmented upon bj the newspaper press at tlie time. From the '. Chicago Tribune's " editorial, nearly a colulnn in length, I clip the folloning : " SOCIALIS~IIT THE HOJIE.-During the recent visit of Dr. and Mrs. Xveling in this city they were met in private by so~ne members of a ~voman'sclub who asked the111 some direct ques- tions as to the effect socialis~n~vould have upon the home as it is recognized in all Ci~ristiancountries. 'rile substance of this interesting interview has already been printed in the ' Tribune' and deserves :some consit!er,ltion, as it is tl~rfirst time, we believe, that tlie views of t!icse Socialistic representatives, as to the influence of their doctriiies upon tlie condition of women and the status of tile home, liave been brought out. Dr. Ave- ling evideatlj- did not like to define himself. but, when pressed into a corner from wllicli he miglit have wriggled out, had the honesty to declare that while he personally beliex,ed in monog- amy he must admit th~tpol!-gamy might be the outcome of socialism. Alrs. Xveling was more unscserved in her admissions. She frankly acknowledgecl tliere n-auld he no ol~ligationsfor a man and woman to remain together, and no bonds to hold them; that divorces would sot be possible or necessary, as there ~~-ouldbe nothing to divorce n-hen people could separate at pleasure ; and that a man coulc! at any time put away an old wife for a younger one, or a sickly wife for a healthy one. In other words, tile doc- trine of elective affinities would be carried to its utmost limits. Kotl~ingI\-ould hold a man and woman together but individual choice, and ~vliereno obligation of any kind existed, and human nature Tvas free to assert itself in all its meanness, if not in all its depravity, it is easy enough to picture the outcome of this promis- cuous herding of men and women. 66 The American people mill never hare any sympathy with a doc- trine that leads to promiscuous prostitution as a substitute for the family, and that would abolish the Christian home and set up a code of social morals bj- the side of whici~.\Iormon polygan~j.and the ,l.lollamrnedan harem are con~n~endableand altogether virtuous. Should such a calainity ever occur as the success of Socialisnl, the last of its confiscations ~villbe the home - and after that chaos." I ha\-? oiily to sap in conclusio~~that the question is often asked, What is the difference between socialists and anarchists? After Inany !-ears of studj- and research, I belie\-e it to be in the main this: The theories they llold are essentially the same. The Social I)en~ocratsof Eul-olje and -4merica believe in achier- ing their ciids by the use of moral agitation and t!le ballot: anarcliists advocate a resort to force. As a >raster Workinan of an Assembly of Knights of Lal~oronce said to me, 'Our beliefs are the same as those of the Social Denlocrats of Europe : hut \re do not mean to use dynamite if we can help it.' " Since writing the foregoing, 1714. attention has been called to the rvorh-s of LIr. Laurence Gronlunil,' as representing the ideas of the Xationalists or Cl~ristianSocialists. They are not new to me. Considered as ideas, many, thong11 not all, of them are truthful and just. \Vhy any one should call l~ilnselfa Christian Socialist, I cannot see. The term is tautolo=ical. Socialism, as defined by those \\horn, on account of their visionary methods I have called. cz'iZi~tftz~lfesocialists, is a s!-stem in lvhich the moral and religious nature of ~n~xnkindis in the ascendenc!-, holding in subservience to it, all selfi.;h impulses. But this is simply the Kingdo111 of Heal-en arrived. The very heart and core of the whole problem is, 11oi78 is this result to he brought about? * The Sationalist school proposes to achieve it by a new and iin- proved method of labor and wage reward. It niay be due to my stupidity? but the fact remains that after no little effort to infor111 myself. I have never yet been able to get a clear idea of the practical side of Sationnlism. Ideally it has its fascinations, but in just sin~ple,plain, everyda!- practice, I cannot by any effort of my i~naginntionget it set up ant1 a-going before m!- eyes. It pre- supposes so many things that Ire have not yet on hand, that it ------_- - _ 1 " The CoGperatire Cnrni~ion\ve:~lth,''" Our I)erliny," 'I C:x Ir:,," By L:11,. rence Groniund. Lee and Shepard, Boston. seeins to me precisely like an effort to lift one's self by one's boot- stralx. Before Sationalism can I>e carried i~~ioefiect, there 111ust lie a generation of men and \ramen, just, vise, alld unselfisll. i-lulv to arrive at that iml~rovetlcondition of mankind is precisely \\-hat I ]lave been trying to tell in this volume. But Nationalism goes far afield from this silul~lefollo\vit1g out of the plain dictates of nature a11d revelation, when it sets n.oman at work upon an ill- dividual basis to earn her own living. That is ;t back~vardturn it1 tlie \vheel of evolution. It forbids competition betmeell individ- ii:~!s,hut encc)urages it bet\\-ecn trades allti tov;ns ; although w11y a practice ~vhicliis baleful to the indirid~~als:lould be beneficial to Iiil~nanitj-in the lump, it is difficult to see. In fact it merges the indiritlual into his craft or guild, and obliterates so much of the hilman selfhood of man in evolx-ing the social self or the craftsman, tllnr oiie begins to fear that insteat1 oi its taking nine tailors to make a man, it will lienceforth require niiic men to make a tailor ; other crafixmen in pro]?ortion. .I po~.tioi~of tlie Satioilalists pin their iaitli to coiiperatinu, as the industrial system of the future ; but so far, coiiperation does not seem to coiiperate, unless under a strong capitalistic leading, as a: Slltaire, E:ngland, South Alan- chestel-, C~~II.,and to an extent, I'ullmail, 111. No head at all seeuls to be almost as had as a liead that is afflicted with hydl-oceplialus. The n-liole sistem of Natioiialisill seems to be very much as though one sl~ould&t up a set of patent ~vings,intended to en- able a caterpiilar to fly, to \\-hich the ]\-orin !niglit well object: c< 111 order to fl!-. gentlemen, I lleetl the l,ody as well as the wings of a Iluttertiy. Sature will furnish me with both in time, and tllrll 1 sliall !la\-e no need of your patent device. Besides, her lllethods suit m!- coilstitutioil better." If-ilen it can be slion-11 that by any !uechanical means, like the lllaki~igof nen- systems out of whole cloth. the fashioning of jackets a new pattern, wit11 the expectation that 1iulnanit)- will per- fol.ce gro\r into tlie unaccustomed sliapes, the ~rorldcan be made better, the very real evils of esreshive class disti~lctionsdestroyed, and the ~~~illeniiir~rn11)rougIlt ill by a calcium-light 1)rocess, inen tilougl~I doubt it, git-e up tile old hopes, the old promises, I A \VO\IIN'S PHILOSOPHY OF LOVF: the old re~ealings,by ~v111cllhun~anlt) has been led along the toil- some pathaay of progresq, from the beginning even unto this day. But at least, until that time, let ui beware of too sudden revolutions and depend rather upon the slow but ~vholesome 4 processes of nature and God. " The agitation of thought is the beginning of wisdom," and to become rcidelj farniliar nith those phases of socialistic thought, which are coming to the surface all over the ci~ilizedaorld, and i~ropheayin the near future great and beneficent changes in our I ~ocialsjstem, and to exercise concerning them a deep11 discrimi- nating judgment, 1s the imperative duty of the times. I 9 -- WOOD NOTES WILD Notations of Bird Music By SIMEON PEASE CHENEY. Collected and arranged, appendix, notes, and bibliography by John Vance Cheney. Price. $2.00. Theauthor scorns the idea that melodv is unknown to birds and in reply to an Engrlish writer who affirms tl;at therc is no music i; natLre he presents in zrtilodox m~isic:llnotation the dropping of water from d buclcet and the melodv m;ldc bv 21 whirlin# ciotlies-mcli. One cllapter, and a c11;irminz one, dtvotcllo 'L I-Ien-3Ius1c." Over fiftvvarieties of birds were clckely \v:~tched and listened to by Jfr. Ciienev and their songs are as i~ithfullr.recorded as the re:illy immensc difficikies of the task permitted. The coi~clusir~nla re;lched that the music of the birds is similar to our own, tl~ouuhnianv of tlreir rlivthrnical ;in?. melodic per- fornl:inces are difficult to-follow -and rn11,0ssi6~e to comm~tto paper. - ChristimLT,riow. THE GOLDEN GUESS A series of Essays By JOHN VANCE CHENEY. Librarian of San Francisco Public Library. Cloth, $1.50. The author in this series of essxvs sl~o~vswhat are the essentials of true poetry as determined by those mlrose literary pre-eminence gives authority to their opinions upon tire subiect ; and, after having estab. lislled the standard, he proceeds to test the productions of some of our leading poets by it. The following are the titles nf the essays : TheOld Xotion of Poetry ; \Vho are the Great Potts? JIatthew Arnold the English Critic ; \Vhat About Browning? Hawthorne ; ~ennyson)and His Critics ; Six Minutes with Swinburne ; Music, or the Tone Poetry. DREAMSOFTHE DEAD By EDWARD STANTON, with an Introduction by EDWARD 8. HUNTINGTON. Third Edition. Paper, 50 cents ; cloth, $1.00. s' He (the author) writes, as he no doubt fought, among the regulars, \,,it11 actire fluency, ;ind an experience that extended to Andersonville prison ; and he has beside read and thn~~vhthis 1~r-a~far into the myste- ries of human existence. In Dreams of ?he Dead ' he decidedlv furthers tile better understanding rrrowinrr up between Christ~anthinkers and those who favor the older bqother%f Christianity in lofty self-sacrificing thought, Buddhism." - The Brooklyn Eagle. THE PRESUMPTION OF SEX By OSCAR FAY ADAMS. Cloth, gilt top, $1.00. In this volume the author has given us essay5 that provide very bright, very lively, and very profitable reading. If one sex is hnrdhit in certain of these papers, the other sex is equally hard hit in the others ladv's brow wrinkles over reading for instance " The Jfannerless'S,Ixf,' it b>comes s~noothagain, and a smile of approval ~vreatilsher face as she penises \\.hat Mr. Adams has to say about "The Vulgar Sex," or $4 The Brutal Sex." The author is evidently a very close observer, and while he writes with a sharp pen and spares not ihe f;~ilingsand bad manners of either sex, he nought sets down in malice, and whether they acknolvled~eit or not, very many will benefit by his plain speaking.- Boston Home Yoarnal. Sold by all boohseliers and sent by mail on receipt of price. -- LEE AND SHEPARD Publishers Boston IT CAME TO PASS By UARY FARLEY SANBORN, author of " Sweet and Twenty." Paper, 50 cents ; cloth, $1.00. Mrs. Sanborn's new novel mill be eagerly welcocned by the large cir- cle of renders she h;ls won fnr herself bv her last sumn~tr'sstory, "S\vec~t and T\ventv." " It C:lrne to Pas;" has a largerscope and a more v:~ried caht of ch.ir.~ctorsthan its predecessi,r 411.~.Sz~nborn'~ stlie 11as I~ccncomp:lrrJ t.) tliat of Howell's, and her l~andlinvof suci, accessorv personazec :I> 5Irs. Rattles ~nd3Irs Perkins disp1a;s a skill and a li$ltness of tr1llc11 not unx\,orthv uf tlie popular novelist. Alrn:~, the >ister, who of ti!< three cnml)els o;r deepest interest, is a real p~rl; her foliv is set fr,rt!l with an .illsp:lrlnrr II~II~,but the final results of her enperithce appear in the dcrelopmen? of ller character. The peculiar trials of the elder sister Lesler, :lppeal to us as our nwn. Jack and Kildare'lre fine, each in'llis xxGy. The boolr abounds in bright asides wliich s.~oivthat the writ~r11;~s looked at life wiih clear and inteillgen; eyes. TATTERS By BEULAH, authorof "Zarailla," etc. Paper, 50crnts :cloth, $1.00. " ' Tatters ' is hy ' Be~il;~h,'n 11o.e portrait tn:rirei .i chrrnming frontls. piece. 'The story is Englibli in scenerv :und coirnop<,litan in character. One entcrs into syinpathv wit11 tile ;rutlioresh iron1 the first page, and keeps step tq the time of iv~npstl,etiche;irt-l)cats ;ill thronuh to the 1;1st word, " T;~tters" is amo6drrfullv well-drown cllaracter, &d she stands out in the c1e:lresl nrniile xmid tI~ Sold by all booksellers, and sent by mail on receipt of price. LEE AND SHEPARD Publishers Bcston By AMANDA M. DOUGLAS Tne Heirs of Bradley House cloth $1.50 This is Miss Douglas's twentieth novel, and yet her hand has not lost its cunnir~gnor her inragination its power to create. There is the same ingenuity in the con~tructionof tlle plot the san~eabundant resources ill its development and the same power t6 arouse an ahaorbizig interest that marks all he; work. There is nothing "catchy" in its title, or ser~sationalin its opening pages, yet there is a charn~in it that leads the reader on and on. 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The story, intensely interesting in itself, has also a n~oralaqpect and graphicallpportrays the disastrous results of a life where selfishness, smartness and entire want of principle were the leading features. By META LANDER Marion Graham; or, Higher than Happiness (Third Edition) Cloth $1.50 "The wealth of expression at command of the author has invested this story with remarkable Interest. Her de~criptionsare fine and beau. tiful ;her characters all possess nrarked traits. aud stand out incontrasts which leave distinct impressions upon the mind. The theological prob. lems which are agitating the church-world of to-day are presented and argued with great force." - Baltimore Anlerican. LEE AND SHEPARD Publishers = - - - BOSTON GOOD LITERATURE BY THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON The ~ew-worldand the New Book cloth $1.50 "It may be said of this address and the following brief essays that one and all are devoted to creating in this country a modest and reasonable national self-respect. Of our apo:r:getic attitude to Old World star~dards and criticism no strong literary work can come insists Mr. Higginson. lieaide the reassnring tocsin qn:tlities of these( essays they are full of grace, sense and scholarship, the delightful literary ~vorkrnanrhipalways so marked features in this author's work. Their Ainericanis~nis of the wholesomest. as it is of the st:ti~nchest, an Americanis~nreillforced at all points with infornlation. It is a book to quote from-but where to stop?- and it is eminently a book to own and read." -Providence Journal. By MARIA ELLERY MACKAYE The Abbess of Port Royal and other French Studies With an 1ntroducciL,nby TILO\I.\.<\YI:SI!\ work is fullv iliustrited by speci~nensof the haiidwrlting of 11 great lnanv distin&nished nersons. which are ;iccon,o:~nied bv an analysis of THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, 1863 By SAMUEL ADAMS DRAKE. With explanatory notes and plans. Cloth, 50 cents. An account of the great coiiflict Ii.is been pl.~ctd\~itliiii the re:lcll of all In this cornp;ict voln~nc. 'l'!~e :li,tlior gi\es a dtscripti~~nof the memorab!r struuvlr \\.it11 a rle;irnesa t1l:it exhibits athorourh knowledge The Woman's Ilanual of Parliamentary Law By HARRIETTE R. SHATTUCK, President of the Boston Political Class. Second edition. Cloth. 75 cents. any position in eithcr a xoinan's or a general assembly.- 111 this ~uanual she has a sure and safe guide. WITCHCRAFT IN SALErJ VILLAGE IN 1692 By WINFIELD S. NEVINS, author of" Old Naumkeag, etc. Cloth. Illustrated. $1.25. It tells the storv of that ~~~~~~~~~~~~~lr delusion with great fulness, giviiiq details of the tri:ils. and extended extracts from the mar\ ellous testirnonv bring witilin the reach of the generol reading public mich interest~ng n~aterialoil this subject ne\.er before published in book fonn. Sold by all booksellers. and sent by mail on receipt of price. LEE AND SHEPARD Publishers Boston