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Title Journeying to a journal Author(s) McCarthy, J. P. Publication date 1991 Original citation McCarthy, J. P. , 1991. Journeying to a journal. Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society, 96, pp. 1-18

Type of publication Article (peer-reviewed)

Link to publisher's http://www.corkhist.ie/wp-content/uploads/jfiles/1991/b1991-003.pdf version Access to the full text of the published version may require a subscription.

Rights ©Cork Historical and Archaeological Society

Item downloaded http://hdl.handle.net/10468/125 from Downloaded on 2021-10-08T15:33:11Z Journeying to a Journal: the Society's Predecessors

By J.P. McCARTHY (Councli Member 1988)

INTRODUCTION Cork. Influenced by the establishment of the At a Council meeting of the newly-formed Royal Society in England, Wm Molyneux and Cork Historical and Archaeological Society, 17 Sir Wm Petty began a Philosophical Society in November 1891, the Chairman /President, Dublin in 1683. It attempted county surveys, Revd R.A. Canon Sheehan, 'informed the collecting data on antiquities and other topics. meeting that Mr. Robert Day had been gener­ Interest in ecclesiastical history and in the ous enough to place his valuable edition of 'ethnography of the wild Irish' found expres­ Smith's History, with notes by Dr. Caulfield sion in tour journals and in field notes. The and Crofton Croker, at the disposal of the rude monuments of antiquity were viewed Society for publication'. At a subsequent from the saddle and from the coach window. meeting W m Ringrose Atkins expressed the Diggings were accomplished and curios col­ Society's thanks to W.A. Copinger 'who has lected. Smith's wo rk in the southern cou nties kindly consented to edit Smith's Cork with of Ireland epitomized the accumulated WIS­ Mr. Robert Day'. Thus began the work of dom of efforts such at these . rounding out close to two and a half centuries of antiquarian endeavour in Cork and of using CHARLES SMITH irs synthesis as a foundation for a new medium Before progressing into Munstet Smith worked [Q record and communicate the soc ial and for a time with Walter Harris, who had a fam­ cultural heritage of Cork city and county. il y connexion with Sir James Ware as we ll as

Ir was also in the month of November I in being the editor of his Ireland. They were both 1749, that the Physico-Historical Society in grad uates of Teo, and it is interesting to note Dublin ordered the publication of the original that the orientation of 'Common Science' manuscript of Smith's Cork. When published , drew to its ranks persons from the medical, re­ the two volumes contained four parts: 'The ligious and legal schools within this institu­ Antient Names of the Territories and In­ tion. In an annotation to his personal copy of habitants ... ', 'The Topography of the Coun­ Smith's Cork, Thomas Crofton Croker states ty and City of Cotk', 'The Civil History of the that Smith was an apothecary in Lismore , County', 'The Natural Histoty'. This attempt while acknowledging that the Waterford his­ at comprehensiveness illustrates the focus of torian, Ryland, said it was Dungarvan. Crone inquiry then fashionable, and underlying it is states that he was born in Waterford c. 1715. the philosophy of the Common Scientist. This may explain why Waterford was the fust Academic life in Trinity College Dublin had of his histories. Smith died in Bristol in 1762, been a haven for antiquarian studies for over a one year after the death of his colleague, century prior to the appearance of Smith's Walter Harris.

1 2 Cork Historical and Archaeological Society

Harris's name appeared on the title page. Smith and Harris also worked on a volume for Co. Dublin, but it was Smith's solo perfor­ mance which created the stage on which Cork antiquarians would pl ay out their tole in the ensuing century. It is tempting to imagine Smith supporting himself as a Dungarvan apothecary and local doctor within the next twO years, and to see these circumstances as the reason why the next counties chosen for in vestigation were so far diS[anced from Down or Dublin. From the date of pubtication of his Waterford volume in 1746 he went on over a ten-year period to pro­ duce the Cork volumes published in 1750 and the Kerry volume in 1756. The printer was A. Reilly of Dublin and the principal distributor was Exshaw. For rhe Kerry volume the book­ sellers Ewing, Faulkner and Wilson are added and perhaps this is indicative of conce rn dec­ C. SMITH , M.D. ived from the demise of the Physico-Historical Sociery (1752). As see n in the preface, the The story behind his histories began in Society no longer exiSted, which obviously Dubtin when a group of gentlemen of means burdened Smith financially and caused great came together in 1740 to found what they disappointment. called the Ph ys ico-Historical Society. Its objec­ Crofton Croker in 1832 said that Sir Wm tive was to collect materials for a book after the Betham told him there were interleaved copies manner of Camden's Brittanio to be published (belonging to Smith) of Cork , Kerry and under the title Hibernia or Ireland Antient Waterford in the library at TeD. A footnore to and Modern. As a means of collecting infor­ Crofton Croker's statement by Thomas mation, circulars were sent to 'many curious Hewitt, Cork distiller and collector of anti­ and learned gentlemen in their several co un~ quities, states that in 1854 the Kerry copy was ties' . Co. Down was re-inves tigated through in his possession. According to Crofton Croker the assistance of gentlemen in that county who these interleaved volumes for the three coun­ were aided by persons sent from Dublin. The ties contained 'very considerable MS additions, editors of the Co. Down volume which resul­ and corrections by Smith'. The W. Wilson of 6 ted were Charles Smith and Walter Harris. Dame St., who appeared as a bookseller for the Three surveyors were employed to reduce the first edition of the Kerry volume, emerged in Grand Jury map, add to it, and survey several 1774 with reprinrs of all three county histories. parts of the sea coast as well as the new canal. An adverrisement bound in with the Co rk vol­ The resulting map was claimed to be the most umes states that Wilson was inspired by the exact that had yet been published for an y same motives as had urged Smith to prepare a county in Ireland. The Antient and PreJenl second edition for Waterford. He had acquired Siale ofthe Counly ofDown was published in the late Charles Smith's notes from a friend . 1744. It is interesting that neither Smith's nor WiJ soo' s desire to encourage readers to Journeying to a Journal: the Society's Predecessors 3 contribute to future editions set a course for 100 of these also subscribed to Smi th 's Water­ local antiquarians to follow , ending in Cork in ford, indicating a market for the entire pro­ 1892 with the publication of the first issue of jected national set. The social positions of the Journal of the Cork Histoneal and Ar­ subsc ribers, where recorded , falls into nobility, chaeological Society. The inclusio n of Smirh's landed gentry, merchantS, booksellers, history as a supplement to the three volumes bishops, clergy, medical doctors, military. All which form the fuS[ series dovetailed both are represented within the Cork purchasing publications, leaving theJoumai in its second community. and they provide an indicator to series free to pursue a broader course of ex­ the existence of personal coll ections and ploration commemorated in this cemenary private libraries. Smith's work would have ISsue . made a valuable addition to their topograph­ ical sections, The effect of so many persons of ENCOURAGING MINDS TO TRAVEL position, ambition and influence reading the Smith's Cork was a canal city , a Venice 10 work should be considered, given that it pro­ Ireland to the imagination ofsome. Dutch and vided the fust opportunity to get to know the Span ish influ ences in its architecture inter­ county in depth without having to travel j[ or mingled with the Medieval in timber and in rely on the gossip of the wayside wanderer. stone. Rich hopes filled the ambitious pro­ The presence of maps was an important posals ofmen like Pauick Aher, the map maker enhancement as were the topographical views. at Broad Lane. Nathaniel Grogan 's sketches It was a reasonably objective source of informa­ and paimings captured its tall ships and small tion and must have had many spin-offs in the boats , its multi-stacked cityscape and way people used what it contained. One of stubborn-willed populace. At Castle St . local these undoubtedly was a desire to visit, discuss printing presses fust began imprinting title and understand the'reliques' of ancient Irish pages in the seve nteenth century. The Ex­ histOry. change building dominated Cas tle St. and Many of the Cork su bscribers were by the those of academic and polite literary tastes nature of the Physico-Historical Society's could purchase the larest novels, plays, news­ scheme also conuibutors, The strategy as papers, street ballads and sa tirical cartoons. outlined in the Co . Down volume was to rais e The closing in of the canals and waterways and funds through a netwo rk consisting of 60 the opening up of new thoroughfares caused a Dublin city members and 320 corresponding geographicaJ restructuring of commercial, in­ members, ten from eac h county. The bishops dustri al and domestic life with the onset of the were asked to recommend the scheme to their nineteenth century. But before this the buying parochial clergy and it was suggested 'that public for Smith's Cork would have looked to within four or five years (he whole survey could Castle St. for their requirements. Booksellers , be completed. By this means a self-financing, along with city and county luminaries from information-gathering network was to be put civil and church life, were regiS[ered as in place. Its focus was on topographical subsc ribers to the work. If Smith is to be taken knowledge, on producin g a desc riptive record as the earliest point for the growth of imerest of the contemporary physical and human land­ among the general reading public in Co rk' s scape. This landscape included ruins and ob ­ pasr. one can see a partial profile of it through jects derived from antiquity. Names and ex­ the subscribers' li st. planations of origin s and fuonions for (h ese More than 500 persons made pre-pub­ were (aken from contemporary scholarship, licatio n subscriptions for Smith's Cork. Over and it is interesting to note that many of the 4 Cork Historical and Archaeological SocIety ideas attached to them became deeply rooted weapons and fulachta jtadh. What appear to in [he folklore, and even in the archaeology, of be his own field observations provided him later generations. with a commentary on ringfofts in the South of The progress of though[ on the subjec[ of Ireland, a drawing of a souterrain, a plan and Irish antiquities experienced a minor explosion interpretation of the relationship of ringforts, in 1772 when the Dublin Socie[y's Commi[[Ce a description of 'the circular base of a house at of Antiquarians came inm being, along with Lios-in-Riagh situated at Cnoc Rathach ... two warring secretaries, Charles Vallancey and within six miles of Cork'. He is careful however Edward Ledwich. By 1774 it had evaporaced not to tread dangerously and no digressions oc­ leaving a bewildering legacy of [houghts and cur on either Ogham inscriptions or rou nd divergent schools of opinion. The foundation towers even though pre-Christian theories con­ of the Royal Irish Academy in 1785 and the in­ cerning these abounded at the time. His srate­ clusion of antiquarian studies in its brief ap­ ment that ringfofts are' erroneously ascribed to pears in retrospect to have restored order. Its Danes' is a significant pointer to guided prizes for essays provided the impetus for thought on these matters. Wood is an in­ scholarship and by this course twO works signif­ dicator that antiquarianism had awakened icant in the development of Cork antiquarian among the reading public in Cork. But how? studies came to be written. The first was pro­ duc,d by a member of [he medical profession, THE PEDESTRIAN IN THE LANDSCAPE Dr Thomas Wood, and [he second by George The appearance of Taylor and Skinner's Road Petrie. Both works were countrywide in focus; Maps of Ireland in 1778 provided a useful however, [he Cork aspec< of Wood's work handbook for travellers, whe[her by foot, by derives from his examples of antiquities and in coach, or by horse. Long country walks became Petrie's case it is in his criticism of the actions a popular pas[ime for Cork city and town of Cork an [iquaries. The RIA encouraged [he dwellers. Some found natural his[Qry to be an pubJication of prize-winning essays and this enjoyable adjunct [Q this acrivity, while others led to [he publication of Wood's essay in 1821 enjoyed antiquities. Country life held its own and Penie's in 1845. fascinations and peculiarities. Holy wells, pat­ The Cork booksellers Edwards and Savage terns, fairs and pilgrimages were captivating received copies afWood's An Inquiry concern­ cultural experiences for these urbanites, many ing the Pnmitive Inhabitants of Ireland il­ of whom had a different social, religious and lustrated by Ptolemy's Map of En·n corrected cultural consciousness. Romanticism hot and by the aid ofBardic History in 1821. The [wo fresh from London flowed in through the mher dimibutors were in London and Dublin. booksellers and creative imaginations began to Thomas Wood MD was a native and resident of look for meaning in the ways of knowing the Cork and in the preface proclaims his use of past. Scottish Celtic romanticism fired such 'sober investigation' and the 'penetration and imaginations and drew reactions from Ireland. sound judgement of rhis enlightened age'. His Born during the last quarter of [hac century book is an interesting example of the use of an­ were five individuals who would help cteate tiquarian data and place-names as a means of the foundation for a school of antiquarian illustrating and expanding knowledge avail­ study in Cork, inspired as much by romantic able in manuscripts and in the works of clas­ ideas as by the wish to savour [he delights of sical authors. Though his chronologies are the country traveller. A transfer of ideas began somewhat awry, the index contains significant a Vicrorian pilgrimage inco the folklife, entries for sou terrains , raths with houses, folklore, monuments and his[Qry of Cork Journeying to a Journal: the Society's Predecessors 5

County for Fr Matthew Horgan (b. 1775), point where literary talent and scholarly en­ Abraham Abell (1783), Richard Saimhill thusiasm could blend and give tise to a desire (1787) ,John Lindsay (1789) and Thomas Crof­ for a literature which was native in both origin ton Croker (1798). Along with John Windele and contem. Perhaps the demand for a reprim and Richard Rolt Brash , from the early 1830s of Smith was occasioned by the appearance of onwards they spearheaded what becasne Revd Horatio Townse nd's A General and known as the Somh Munster Anriquarian Statistical Survey of the County of Cork in Society. To see its comext one must reruro to 1810 , produced on behalf of the Royal Dublin the bookshops, libraries and literary societies Society. A two-volume reprint of it appeared of Cork city as the literary lustre of Castle St . in 1815 and it partly relegated the status and dims and fades. the topographical currency of Smith's work to the realms of hiscory. Townsend was one-time LITER ARY CANDLES rector of Carrigaline and was involved with the It is noteworthy that the Wilson edition of beginning of learned societies in Cork city. His Smith's Cork should have a Dublin imprint. It book was part of a national survey as Smith's reflects a direct (annexion with Smith and his had been and both surveys suffered a similar achievements. The lasting value of the work , as fate. While these topographical and historical much in its hiscocical informadon as in the works took their places on Connor's book­ patina time had come to place on its current shelves in his Patrick St. shop , another book­ information , is best interpreted by the ap­ shop became the fashionable centre of literary pearance of a third edition with a Cork imprint and cultural life for a young generation within in 181 5 - that ofJohn Connor, a bookseller the city. Some of them, like S.c. Hall and who also ran a circulating library. Libraries of Thomas Crofton Croker, would leave to settle this kind enjoyed great popularity through the in London. A visit by Sir Walter Scott would late eighteenth and early part of the nine­ leave a lingering memory of a rags co riches teenth century. Being principally a bookshop and fame scory in the Victorian art world. It phenomenon, they had a direct advantage over tells of how John Bolster the proprietor in stitutional and society libraries of the time. brought the young Daniel Maclise to Scott's New works and new editions from abroad and anention. The birth of this new age of artistic from Dublin found a place on their shelves. and scholarly activity within the city coincided The special requirements of individual readers with the Structural changes taking place within could be catered for , and cash rather than club it , reflecting the wealth of its merchant princes or class dic£ared the nature of transactions. as Patrick St. became its most prominent Gaps in the availability of popular works thoroughfare. would be noticed readily. Connor advenised in Robert Day reminisced about John Bolster's Cork and Dublin newspapers and offered the State Lottery andPnnting Office, Account and latest London novels along with history and School-book manufactory, Juvenile and C,r­ travel books. Revenue from sales and from len­ culating Library, Book, Stationery and Fancy ding made these businesses a viable proposi­ Warehouse with the words: tion uneil the mid~nineteenth century when social changes in education and in the In years past 1have often sat and listened to Richard publishing of popular literature had the effect Sainthill, Doctor Coppinger, Richard Caulfield and of changing the character of the market-place. Doctor Wall when gathered round the fire on a win­ Such premises provided for the litetary­ ter's evening in the Old Cork Institu tion , as they minded members of the community a focal spoke of 'John Bolster' and his place of business in 6 Cork Historical and Archaeological Society

Patrick Street, which was the favourite lounge and Legends, was a friend and earl y patron of ceso£[ of all literary men of Cork , by whom he was Madise, a chronicler of the Old Countess of greatly esteemed; among them were W illiam Des mond , a member of the South Munster Maginn. the Rev. Francis Mahony,James Roche and Antiquarian Society and a frequenter of CroftOn Croker etc. .. Many others. in those Bolster's booksh op. His aptly-titled Spanish restful days, took little note ohime as it swifdy Hew, stew of literary works, An O//a Podrida, was but quiedy culled from its perfumed fl owers of primed in London in 1844 and a second edi­ literarure much of their sweetness and fragrancy, which are now lost in the rush of busin ess and the tion in 1853. He was a typical gentleman anti­ strife for wealth. ( 1902, 101 -3) . quari an with wide-ranging interes ts. A popu­ lar figure in the political and cultural life of Among the many would have been the Cork , he mixed the energies of a collector with earliest identifiable generation of Cork ami­ the desire to enrich the mind through anti­ quaries , represe nted by Abell, Horgan , Saint­ quarian endeavour. hill and Lindsay. The founding of the Cotk Another gentleman of means was J ohn Society of ArtS and Sciences in 1782 began the Lndsay who was co nnected by marriage as well chameleon· like existence of anti qu arian as being a friend of Sainthill. He earned the groups in clubs, home meetings, tave rn talk accolade of being 'one of the fotemost numis­ and country walks. Up to 1830 these attemp­ matists of the century . . . in all of Europe'. ted 'learned soc ieties' we re mostly, as des­ Between 1839 and 1868 he published eight cribed by Canon Sheehan, multi-phase d and books in Cotk on the subject. He was a multi-faceted. They cultivated men of extraor­ graduate ofTCD, and had a great love for arch­ dinary eccentricities and produced th e city's aeology. As a contributor to the Gentleman IS first - des pite occasional failing and faltering Magazine, a member of the British Archae­ - archaeologist in John Windele (1801-1865). ological Association, of the Irish Archae­ Richard Sainthill was partly educated by an ological Society, a corresponding member of eccentric schoolmaster named John Fitzgerald the Syro-Egyptian Society, an honorary who produced the first Cork Remembrancer in member of the Society of Antiquaries of 1783. Its success would be followed in 1792 by Scotland and member of the South Munster Anthony Edwards and in 1837 by Francis H. Antiquarian Society, he added greatly to the Tuckey who can be said to have brought the aven ues of influence and contact which pro­ genre to a fine art for local history. Sainthill vided encouragement and aid in the careers of was born in England and through his uncle in Richard Caulfield, Crofton Croker and Richard London came to know many high-ranking of­ Rolt Brash. Though a colleague, however, the ficials in the British Museum. His life in Cork career path of J ohn Windele did not wo rk was centred on the wine tracie. His is onc of the within the same structures. The influence of many examples of wealth and culture derived the two other ptincipal figures of this first from the fortunes of shipping and overseas generation pointed the direction for Windele. trade. His first antiquarian interest was in coins They were businessman Abraham Abell and Fr and he produced several papers for ptivate cir­ Matt Horgan . culation. Lke James Roche and John Lindsay he was a co ntributor [Q the Gentleman 's Maga~ ABRAHAM ABELL, PEDESTRIAN zine to which Richard Caulfield and Richard PAR EXCELLENCE Rolt Btash would also contribute. He spent One wonders how best to rem ember or indeed many happy hours with his coin ca binet, desc ribe Abraham Abell: manager of the Cork helped Crofton Croker in compiling his Fairy Savi ngs Bank with cats purring and jumping Journeying to a Journal: the Society's Predecessors 7

reports emerged the Cork Literary and Scien­ tific Society in 1820. It linked together elements of the Cork Society of Arts and Sciences (1782), the Cork Library Society (1792), the Cork Literary and Philosophical Society (1804), the Cork Scientific Society (1809), the Philosophical and Literary Society (1813). A tree with many roOtS, its trunk has a hundred and seventy one years of growth rings today while its strongest offshoot com­ memorates its own one hundred years of ex­ istence. Abell was actively involved with these early societies, though his energies appear to have slowed down in later years, much to the frustration of the younger John Windele. In his earlier years Abell was a founder of the Scientific and Literary Society, a founder of the Cork Cuvierian Society, Treasurer of the Cork Library, member of the Royal Irish Academy, mem ber of the Irish Archaeological Society, ABRAHAM ABELL member of the Camden Society and of the South Munster Antiquarian Society. On the across his desk; the student of Philosophy; che reverse of a portrait of Abell, Winde1e in an Victorian romantic antiquary who saw the tow­ obituary (1851), wrote of him: er at Red Abbey as being a fitting residence; the pragmatist who slept with two skeletons to To his zeal and that of his chosen confreres in this overcome fear; the man who strapped up Doe pursuit we arc indebted for the first collection of leg to prevent tiredness distracting him from Ogham inscriptions (now deposited at the Cork late night study at his rooms in the Royal Cork Institution) ever made in Ireland. Institution; the lover of walking who walked a mile for every year of his age; the enquirer on Among the many other comments concerning Ogham and round towers in the company ofFr him from Winde1e and others are: he had a Matt; the host of early antiquarian meetings; morbid antipathy to writing; he was a numis­ the scientific searcher in pursuit of practical matist, collector of ancient relics, race and knowledge. curious· books; he oscillated between philos­ The early decades of the nineteenth century ophy and antiquities, a virtuoso and an oddity, saw a plethora of short-lived learned societies devoted to mentaJ improvement; he assisted come into being in Cork, celebrating a per­ with exploration of the Round Towers and ceived age of enlightenment, a wave of new thereby succeeded in educing new views of the technologies, new wealth, new social struc­ object of these 'Cruces Antiquarriorum'. tures, new cultural definitions, new measure­ Winde1e quotes a much-loved tale of Abell's ments and a new clockwork philosophy of life strange behaviour on first encountering a and time. From a conglomeration of short­ cumulus which he visited at Currabinny hill lived attempts and randomly-published and proceeded to personalize by tolling about 8 Cork Historied and Archaeologicd Society on it to make the sign of a cross. WindeJe was sion' . Though a failed forerunner of the frequently displeased by Abell's attitude to Queen's College, Cork, it provided a transient field monuments, and apart from an incident highlight in the history of learned societies quoted below, he records that Abell's name within the city and embedded traditions of will be found scratched or inscribed on many place, association and time which would ancient monuments from YoughaJ to the outlive itSelf. Blaskets. Abell's scientific curiosity, his pursuit of FATHER MATI OF THE ROUND TOWERS practical knowledge , is indicative of the more In 181 7 at the quiet hamlet of Waterloo near formal educational developments taking place the village of Blarney a new parish pries t took within the city during the first three decades of responsibility for the building of a church the nineteenth cenrury. This was expressed without a belfry. The dedication stone, in line most forcefully in effortS to establish an in­ as much with his love for the Gaelic language sritmion of university status. These began as with Blarney' s court of poetry, was a charac­ when Revd Thomas Dix Hincks started a series rerisric expression of Fe Matthew Horgan. of classes c. 1803 and , having established Doubtless its laying was accompanied by himself with local soc ieties, a gradual social ceremony and pomp. Such would take place consciousness of the benefitS of a local college again in 1836 when with the assistance of of higher learning took root at a building on Abraham Abell the foundation scone for a the South Mall. What they required by 1831 round tower was laid in the grounds of the was 'a collegiate establishment.. in which church. On an important local soc ial occasion , the middle classes may obtain, on cheap and ovec thirty gentlemen present - among wh om easy terms, a scientific and practical education, were Cork literary figures and antiquarians ­ intermediate between the elementary system would retire to Fe Matt' s house to din e afte r of the grammar school and the more expensive the events. Such social gatherings in the com­ and higher institution of the University'. In pany of Fr Matt stimulated an awareness of the 1832 a suitable public building (the former cultural heritage of Gaelic Ireland, discussions Custom House) was granted to them, but their of diverse antiquarian manees and , for the original intention of being able to confer architect's eye, the expression of Irish ness in degrees 'after enlargementS of Staff and prem­ architectural design concepts. This fasc ination ises ' had now lost the glint of optimism. The with early Irish architecture would generate a further deterioration of the Ro yal Cork Institu­ considerable amount of published material tion, though partly because of fmancial re­ both textual and graphic during the years to straints, is seen as being largely due to a lack of come, from members of the South Munster public support for its .more·serious scholarly Antiquarian Society and its successor, res ulting objectives. MacSweeney and Reilly (195 7, in books, articles in amiquarian journals and 22-36; 77- 94 ) in describing its progress during in the Irish Builder. The association of ideas the 1830s state that it became 'more a club welded by such discussions and the ack­ than a school' , that it provided 'public in­ nowledgement of a living past in folklife had a tellectual emenainmenr rather than recog­ powerful influence on Crofton Croker as a nised professional or technical training'. Ac­ folklorist and on Daniel Maclise as a historical cording to (hem . the Cuvierian Society was artist. Visits to Fr Matt provided rich pickings established to prevent a waste of library, collec­ for thought and artisric expression, as in 18 32 tions, and of energy , vision and pioneering en­ when he invited Crofton Ctoker and Maclise, thusiasm of which its work had been an expres­ both on holidays from London, co a barn parry Journeying to a Journal: the Society's Predecessors 9

one of the 'remainin g vestiges of Erin and there may be a merit in injrjating the plan for its great dutability and use as a belfry, though neglected for yeats after all the opinions of antiquarians concerning them' . ]n June of (h e same year the belfry was finished and styled in a newspaper teport 'the Anchotite or Round Tower of Whitechurch'. The term anchorite has an inter es cing association with the progress of antiquarian intetests in Cork. Many trips by Fr Matt and Abell, including Windele and others in later years, had provided che pleasure of attemp[ing to experience the past through its remains . The fascin ation with the distinc­ tiveness of these mwers led to much specu­ lation and argument both locally and national­ ly. In Cork prior to 1830 yet ano[het mysterious club existed known as the Anchot­ ites Club and i[ is perhaps here [hat Abell , Fr Matt and Windele hody debaced the questions of origin and use. That these questions were FR MATI HORGAN no[ settled to Windele's sa[isfaccion and [hat (From photo taken 1839) Ft MaC[ still had doubts on the question of a mulci-putpose use for them afeer the for local parishioners on All Hallows Eve. The Whitechu[ch [Ower and the subsequent [Ower scene was subsequently recaptured by Maclise at Wacerloo were built led in time to [he in a painting of this name exhibited first in greates[ antiquarian debarle of [he South 1833. Munster Antiquarian Society. After that it was In 1832 also Fr Matt was busy on a project ro perhaps best to find a new identity wi[hin the demonstrate a concept which pethaps tesulted Cork Cuvierian Society, which emerged in from a fusion of three facets of his scholarl y 1835 as a unifyi ng body for the nacutal science. mind - architecture , Gaelic studies and anti­ literary and antiquarian groups in the city. quities. Now at the age of 57 and with con­ siderable experience derived from visiting early DWEllING AT CROSSROADS church sites, a tepeal of a penal law pro­ In 1833 Geotge Petrie who, following his hibiting belfries on Catholic churches provided fath er's influence, began his career as an ami· him with an opportunity. Fr Matt had been quarian and topographical arcis[, was awarded responsible for the construction of a second a prize and the gold medal of the RIA for an church within his parish in 1822. This was at essay on round towers in which he attempted Whitechurch and it was here that he proposed to clarify thinking on the ques[ions of otigin to build his fitst attempt at a round towe r. His and functjon. This was co become the defin i· need for funding and for influential suppOtt tive work. Gteaely expanded and enco mpass­ led to the appearance of an advertisement cir­ ing developments in subsequent years, it was culated in 1832 to various groups in Cork. It finally published in 1845. As it is no[ the pU t­ refers to '3 belfry or anchorite tower' which is pose of [his paper to describe the lengthy 10 Cork Historical and Archaeological Society discussion therein on the activities of the South encouragement, guidance, influence and sup­ Munster Antiquarian Society , suffice it to say pon, however, formed a lasting achievement that while the question could have been set­ in his native city. Meanwhile Petrie , eleven tled by the activities of Fr Matt, an obsession years his senior , went from illustrating - perhaps partially due to Abell's influence topographical guidebooks to exhibiting at the and partially to having culled too much from RHA, becoming its librarian in 1829, was travelogues in Bolster 's bookshop - led elected a member of the RIA in 1828 and a Winde1e to write some of the most damaging member of Council in 1829, took specific letters of his career to Petrie who subsequently responsibility for developing the antiquities published them in his book. Windele's use of coll ection of the Academy, came to know excavation to search for evidence of a Thomsen and Worsaae , and took charge of the sepulchral use for round towers, and the Topographical Department of the Ordnance widespread effect of this pursuit on so many of Survey along with O'Donovan and O'Curry. these monuments in the south may appear In the world of publishing, he founded the with hindsight today to have been most unfor­ Dublin Penny Journal with Caesar Otway in (Uoate. Given the number of ringforts , souter­ 1832, to which Crofton Croker and Windele rains and cumuli also excavated , however . contributed . By this time Win dele' s desire to these accivities were not out of context. see Bohter's Magazine flourish had given way Whereas Petrie's belief that explanation to failure leaving him with a mistrust of any should not be sought through digging for such venture for the future. There is perhaps a evidence. given the capacity for scientific inter­ little more than irony in the fInal chapter of pretation of such evidence at that time, it is the round tower escapades of Windele, Fr Matt reasonable to state that Windele and his col­ and Abell signified in the completion date leagues did not have the same degree of btoadly displayed as 1845, midway up the awareness as Petrie had. Though to some ex­ Waterloo tower and visible from the Cork to tent their activities may have left us a Dublin railway line. It also exiSts on the fInal nightmare of confused stratigraphies, par­ res ting place of Fr Matt, not at the base of one ticularly in Cork sites , it is well to remember of his round towers as originally intended bu t that it was in this COntext and place that Pitt­ within the church at Waterloo. Rivers in the early 1860s also pushed his spade. Windele would not have seen his activities JOHN WINDELE TAKES TO THE STAGE from this point of view; indeed he objected A d oser look at Windele's career gives an in­ strongly when Abell recommended to a farmer teresting insight imo literary ambitions and at Dunderrow in 1848 that he pull down a the nature of antiquarian activity during the ringfoft. To Windele, 'Abell had no genuine fIrst half of the nineteenth century in Cork. il­ antiquarian spirit '. lu strative materiaJ occurs in Bolster's Magqzine In fairness there was a world of difference and in Windele's fIeld notes. In both sources a between the intellectual development and little of his personality shows through as it was career of Petrie and that of Windele. Had the at different stages of his life. Canon P. Power, Royal Cork Institution achieved its original second professor of Archaeology at uee and a ambition things might have been different. As discerning collector of locally-printed works, it was, Windele was resigned after 1845 to an desposited his set of a shott-lived magazine amateur career recorded in field notes , (1826-30) published by Bolster in the Univers­ manuscript translations, a few publications ity library in the early part of this century. In a and bric-a- brac of local scholarship. His note in thisJoumal for 1939 he records that he Journeying to a Journal: the Society's Predecessors 11 acquired the set from a nephew of John many guide books produced by Guy's printing Windele. Windele, who was about twenty-five house later in the century when it occupied the years old when the magazine began publi­ premises which was formerly Bolster's book­ cation, was its editor. To a large extent It was shop. The concepr of holidaying, tourism, the producr of a specific group of individuals hotels and Bianconi cars, followed by the connected in various ways with the bookshop railway, all contributed to a rising market which was an open club for rhe inrellecrually­ within the British Isles for information of this minded within the city. In Canon Power's view kind to suit the aspirations and rising ambi­ it was 'almost certainly, the most considerable tions of rhe middle classes. But these pilgrim and ambitious provincial magazine of purely tours of Windele and his associates were also a lirerary character ever produced in Ireland'. source of shared reminiscences and of jocular Generally contributors were anonymous but fellowship. This is perhaps best expressed in Fr Windele's set has some of their names in­ Matt's long poem, Cathair Comi, edited by scribed. Among them areJeremiah]. Callanan Windele and finally published in Cork in the poer, Revd Horatio Townsend, and also 1860, which concerns a visit [Q a cashel in John Windele. During the years of its publica­ Kerey in the company of Abell and William tion [he rides of Windele's contributions are Willes, the artist of the South Munster Anti­ indicative of a rounded interest in history, an­ quanans. tiquities, folklore, folklife, topography and Windele showed great optimism in rhe in­ literature - A wake in the Irish Highlands, troductoey article of the first issue of Bolster's Irish County Histories, Origins of the O's and Quarterly Magazine when it appeared in Mac's, A letter from the Mountains, O'Connor February 1826. He appears to dream of an in­ of Carrigafoyle (a legend), Gougane Barra, visible college centred on the magazine with Origin of the Red Shanks, Callanan's Poetry, rhe words: Dr. MacSlatt in the West, Auto-Biographical Pilgrimage etc. Windele frequently used the The flISt number of the Magazine of Ireland must pseudonym Thristmagistus MacSlatt when speak for itself - though we do not flaner ourselves writing about [he advenmces of himself and mat it will Starr into life armed against every shaft­ two colleagues, MacRinco and the Rev. Mac­ we trust, like the myrtle which Minerva presented to Athenians it will strike deep roO( and gather round Funnel. Their excursions to various parts of the it the founders of a new academy. county and on iom Kerry provided material for a series of articles by Windele much to the en­ One cannot help wondering if the fortunes of joyment no dou bt of Abell and Fr Matt. They the Royal Cork Institution at this-time and the certainly wefe antiquarian pilgrims and onc want of support for a scholarly journal pro­ suspects that much of the field recording done vided the spark for this venture. However, at [his time formed the core of his most suc­ after four years it ceased publication, having cessful publication, Descnptive Notices of the achieved a considerable distribution span with City of Cork and its Vicinity, Gougane-Barra, outlets in Dublin, Belfast, Waterford, Lmer­ Glenganff, and Killarney . .. which fIrst ap­ ick, Oxford, Cambridge, York and Paris. It peared in 1839. The demand for subsequent was also distributed by 'Clerks of the Road'. editions in later years is a fine tribute to his ef­ forts. In this context ooe is reminded of the TALES OF THE ROAD return of S.c. Hall with his wife to Ireland and In the later years of the nineteenth century rhe research done for their tour books to which those who remembered the South Munster Windele contributed. One also thinks of the Antiquarian Society defined rwo principal 12 Cork Historical and Archaeological Society ideological battlefronts on which their 'fame' was founded. The first of these was the round tower controversy after defeat in which they seem to have retired gracefully in 1845. The second however proved a victory, though alter­ native claims to the prize existed. This con­ troversy surrounded the decipherment of Ogham. Again Abell and Fr Matt were early into the fray. A collection of Ogham stones was created in the Royal Cork Institution, echoed in the Stone Corridor at uee today, though the stones are not all the same. Windele's home at Blair 's Castle became famous for his Ogham stone library. Dr Graves would present a paper to the RlA in February 1848 'on a general method of deciphering secret alphabetic writings'. He did not accept the Book of Ballymote or other Irish manu­ scripts as a basis for translation but had devised his own schema. Writing sometime before 1876, Richard Rolt Brash, one of the later generation of Cork antiquarians and one who brought this achievement of the South Munster Antiquarians to its cUmax in his posthumously published corpus Ogam In­ smhed Monuments of the Gaedhetl ..., stated:

I have no desire to deprive the R.R. Dr. Graves of the merit of an independent discovery as regards this word [mac, maqi Ctc.,] yet in justice to my late OGHAM STONE AT BALLYCROVANE (1976) friend the Rev. Matthew Horgan P.P. of Blarney , I (Photo: Lee SnodgraSI) feci it is my duty to place on record the fact that in the year 1845 he placed before the Cotk inscriptions but fot the purpose of noting and Cuvierian and Archaeological Society a Hans­ lation of the Lomanagh inscription in which he gives sketching all objects of antiquity within his [heir true values to {he characrers forming this reach ...'. Of their Ogham-hunting, Brash word. notes Windele's discovety of a stone ilt Cool­ owen sometime before 1834 and in that year a Brash says of Win dele that 'assisted by a few trip with Abell to north-west Cork to 'discover' kindred spirits, he commenced a series of ex­ St Olan's cap at Aghabulloge, the Dallaheana plorations in those counties [Cotk and Kerry], and Glounagloch stones. In 1838 a party con­ ftOm about the year 1830 down to a short sisting of Win dele , Abell, Hotgan and period before his death . He devoted all his William Willes visited and explored the spare time to examining the remotest districts barony of Corkaguiny and othet districts in of these counties, not only in search of Ogam Kerry with the tesult that Windele added Journeying to a Journal: the Society's Predecessors 13

twenty new inscriptions to his list. They to walk, until we approached the church it­ returned there in 1848. Inscriptions were self. Here we paused to examine thi s build­ recorded during thesefield trips, 'digging' was ing, of which we have some exaggerated also done, 'soundings' were taken in ringforts description in Lewi s' s Topographical Dic­ using iron bars and souterrains were searched tionary. for. MomentS of fceoelic activity , of excite· The publication of the six-inch Ordnance ment and overheated tempers could occur, all Survey maps for Cork in the mid-1840s was a part of the holiday atmosphere of the 10­ major addition to their resources. Discussing vestigative tour! the source of the Lee at Gougane Barra in 1842 when the surveying for Cork was underway DIARY OF AN ANTIQUARY Windele commented: 'of course, the map of LeSt the reader be Iefr with the impression that the Ordnance Survey will give it and then we such tours make dry and uninteresting read­ shall know'. By 1848 they were using it to ing, the diary nature of Windde's field notes locate many sites of which they were previously (see Sources) provides many enjoyable glimp­ unaware. Both before and after the appearance ses of travel and of the Cork countryside dur­ of the map local sources of information were of ing the middle years of the nineteenth cen­ great importance. During their visit to tury. In 1842 a visir to G<>ugane Barra 'which Gougane Barra as they walked in front of the we weee desirous to show our feminines' coo­ stage coach on a hot and sultry day the road sisted of sleeping at Macroom and the follow­ was 'crowded with the peasantry, homeward ing day hiring one of the Macroom Stage bound after Mass'. Entering inco conversation Coaches. They stopped at Ballingeary for with some of them they were 'forhmate to lunch and then proceeded, 'some of the party learn of another cromJech'. In 1848 at walking before the vehicle' . On a walking trip Dunderrow they interviewed an old seanachie in 1848 to Dunderrow near Kinsale he noted in the landowner's household on the mean ing 'at half-way house we saw progress made in the of the townland name. In 1856 after inspec­ construction of the Bandon Railway in the ting Cashel hillfort they met the parish priest neighbourhood', and in 1856 he records who invited them to partake of refreshments. travelling by rail to Upton when visiting Searching for a tumulus at Kilmaclenine in Cashel hillfort. Walking toads and 'tude 1843 a countryman who accompanied them beaten tracks' . travelling in Bianconi cars and stated that about twelve years before a parish Stage coaches, seeing the countryside from a priest from Burtevant had opened a ringfort train window, all enriched the experiences, the and a 'moate' nearby which 'he first heard of minds and the field notes of the South Muns­ ... in Paris'. As they travelled about the ter Antiquaries. Examples of the printed re­ county they learned of many other private, un­ sources they carried with them are encap­ recorded diggings; some they heard of by sulated in the following vignettes: chance , others they were asked to monitor. When the field party was large they quite 1842. [Before beginning co dig at Suighe Finn they] often formed into groups and this was also had leisure before operadons commenced to read over Surgeon Wilde's interesting ac­ done during excavations. Quite often the local count of the opening of several tumuli in landowner or parish priest would join in pro­ Ireland ... which was to make us au fait in viding and directing local workmen. Local our proceedings . . superstition did not deter any of these people 1848. Near Ballintubbcr we turned off for Dunder­ from digging. The results were rough plans row by a vile old road . much of which we had and sketches, access and site location details. 14 Cork Histon'cal Archaeological Society

ANTIQUARIES OF THE 1860s AT KILCREA Photo: IVm England (RadIo r"nesIHuilon) Journeying to a Journal: the Society'J PredeceJJorJ 15 descriptions of the excavation based on the two abiding themes of the society found ex­ clock (most digs lasted but a few houts) as they pression through h.is pen and in a sense his two discussed the local version of the site name, books, one on the architecture of ancient threw away corroded pieces of iron, measured Ireland, the other on ogham stOnes, are a sum­ in paces , rooted around removing soil and maJY of the work of his older colleagues. His stones. finding a souterrain or two on occasion list of society memberships and periodical con­ and perhaps an ogham stone. These processes tributions show direct influences established continued in use up to the eaJly years of the by Sainthill, Lindsay, Croker and Abell as present century and provide a striking contrast much as his field-work reflects Windele and Fr with the period and subsequent tradition of Matt. Brash and RichaJd Caulfield rise to pro­ Seiin P. 0 Riotdiin. minence as Windele leaves the stage in 1865. During this time the Kilkenny Archaeological THE GAELIC DIMENSION Society to whose journal they contributed Whitechurch, where Fr Matt built his first becomes rhe Kilkenny and Sourh East of round tower was also notable for its school of Ireland Archaeological Society. Claiming the Gaelic poetry. A famed poet and scribe of this title The Society of Antiquaries as they had school was Micheil Og 0 Longrun. He died at done in 1842 in their attempts to incorporate the age of 71 and John Win dele attended his members from other counties was no longer burial in Whitechurch in 1837. Windele's feasible for the South Munsters. From the mid­ association with Gaelic scholarship was by no nineteenth century onwards, in British aca­ means peripheral. Unlike many of his contem­ demia an awareness and an oudine defmition poraries he went beyond the consciousness of of the imporrance of antiquarian studies began rhe topographer as he sought to understand to emerge. Some saw it as an extension of the culture of which (he antiquities were an ex­ classical studies, others as a focus on national pression, and the importance of Fr Matt's in­ identity. Gradually, professorial chairs came to fluence on him should not be underestimated. exist, perhaps more specific to individuals than From rhe Ogham cipher to the translation of to the discipline. Without tOO much stretching early manuscripts he progressed, these pursuits of the imagination or of present-day defini­ absorbing rhe best of his talents. It is recorded tions, RichaJd Caulfield, in all but in name, that he was 'a constant patron of the Irish was Cork's first and only Professor of Anti­ scribes, ... for whom he furrher obtained em­ quarian Studies. Caulfield's appointment as ployment by inducing his friends to get them Librarian of Queen's College Cork in 1876 to transcribe ancient Irish manuscripts' . An ex­ provided a foothold for antiquaJian studies in ample illustrating this occurs in the catalogue the new world of Cork academia and even of the National Exhibition held in Cork in though the conditions for creating a chair of 1852. In describing the Irish antiquities section Archaeology and of Irish History would not Windele records rhat 'Thomas Hewitt and present themselves uneil the following century, Tooker exhibited several manuscript volumes the library's collections in these areas did grow of Irish literature written in beautiful but substantially. It is interesting to see the extent modern hand'. to which this field of scholarship found a niche for itself through the library profession; THE SUCCESSORS notable examples aJe James Hardiman of Born in 1817, Richard Rolt Brash, Cork Galway, Revd Todd and RichaJd Hitchcock at builder and architect, joined the South Muns­ TCD , Perrie at the RHA . ter AneiquaJian Society at an early age. The Brash was not the only Cork aJchitect to 16 Cork Historical and Archaeological Society record and publish on early Irish architecture. Historical and Archaeological Society. Sadly, In the second half of the nineteenth century however, after his death, his library was also Arthur Hill produced a series of high-quality dissipated under the weight of the auctioneer's architectural drawings accompanied by photo­ hammer. graphs of Kilmalkedar Co. Kerry, Temple­ nahoe at Ardfert, Cormac's Chapel at Cashel THE FRUITS OF THE PILGRIMAGE and Ardfen Cathedral. We now see an in­ The information resource which they compiled teresting trend whereby comprehensive works was in twO parts. It existed in textual form and professional drawings are being pub­ which encompassed written records along with lished. However, such resources were not their own writings. It also existed unwittingly readily accessible to the general public. in the artefacts of the past. In a global sense Privately-circulated monographs, contribu­ what they collected was a dual-media tions to the Irish Builder, the Ulster Journal of knowledge base, rhe repository for which was Archaeology, Bricish archaeological journals split into twO distinct cultural institutions, i.e. etc., all created a diffused repository for what libraries and museums. Antiquarian informa­ was ultimately a resource for local knowledge. tion has followed the same path as most other On the other hand, the paucity of writing by core subject areas though it has done so more many members of the South Munsters and the slowly because of its cultural rather than pure lack of publication of many of Windele's and scientjfic or economic orientation. Collecting Caulfield's manuscripts with their subsequent the information resource began with in­ dispersal at au([ion or deposition in Dublin dividuals with private collections. A sizeable became a source of major concern. Though in­ proponion of both the textual information dividuals like Robert Day and Cecil Woods did and the artefactual information on Cork's past what they could to keep such material in Cork, gathered during the nineteenth century has (he devastating effect of auctions on the been lost. Lost in this context means generall y libraries of Cork's nineteenth-century scholars inaccessible (Q the knowledge seeker either was glaringly evident by the end of the cen­ because of dispersal to institutions and orher tury. As the Cuvierian Society had originally places or because of poor cataloguing and lack provided a single channel for the various of publicity. Though the concept of centraliza­ streams of intellectual curiosity regarding rhe tion and consequently of national coUections landscape, its pasr and irs people, in its break­ has been recognized since early in the nine­ ing up during the 1880s it again unleashed teenth century, today's scenario falls far shan them. Such areas as geology, botany, and the of original intentions, particularly in the area casual observation of field antiquities found of museums and exhibitions. This is not how it continuation in the guise of the Cork Field was intended to be. Club while the struggling efforts of the Cork To understand something of how they saw Archaeological Society attempted to keep alive the functions of collection and display of the dying dreams and achievements of earlier artefactual information, two exhibition years, but public awareness had to be rein­ catalogues can be used to provide snapshms of vigorated. In this, perhaps the brightest and Cork collecting during the nineteenth century. moSt dedicated student of Windele and Caul­ Exhibition catalogues and auction catalogues field was Robert Day. Most particularly it was are a helpful means of gaining insights into the he who brought the records of [he activities holdings of private collections. Many societies and achievements of the Victorian pilgrimage encouraged collectors either to personall y show to the pages of the Journal of the Cork items at meetings or aUow a member of the Journeying to aJoumal: the Society's PredeceHon 17 society display and comment on them in the wooden cabinets. But where was all this course of proceedings. Commonly, personal material coming from and why did so much of collecting revolved around specific themes and it turn up during the nineteenth century? it is possible to see by means of the catalogues Some of the factors were: a very large rural something of the history of chance finds and of population working on the land , road­ the market place for local antiquities at this building schemes, introduction of mechanized cime. Coouibutors to the Antiquities stand at farm equipment , railroad and bog drainage the National Exhibition held in Cork in 1852 schemes. There was more awareness of ami­ were John Windele (an ogham stone), Trinity quity as newspapers and penny journals College Dublin (St Patrick's Bell), Water­ brought a degree of literacy to the labouring house, Dublin (replicas of brooches, including classes. With it carn e a consciousness of a trade the Tara Brooch) , Sir Thomas Deane and in antiquities. This trade was encouraged by Zachariah Hawkes (ring money), John collectors when the alternative could as easily Windele and Herrick (portions of bronze be a jeweller's melting por or a toSS over the trumpers), ). Lindsay (group of ancient bronze shoulder. Its encouragement is noted in the mazers), Revd Dr Neligan (wooden mether), following statement from the catalogue of the Duke of Devonshire (crozier), The Kilkenny Cork Industrial Exhibition of 1883: Archaeological Society (plasrercast of the Kilfinane effigy), Richard Caulfield (ancient Many of the articles lem . .. were of much educa­ seals), Thomas Hewitt (copies by modern tional value to [he farmers and labourers and others scribes of early Irish manuscripts), Richard who visited the exhibition and who learned for the first time that stone celts and flint arrowheads . Sainthill (Cork Corporation Gold Cup and a things which they had found and had thrown away carved oak panel from a demolished Eliza­ as useless. had money value and were worth pre­ bethan house in Cork). There are a number of se rving. revealing strands in this list. We fmd the ogham activities of the South Munsters TOWARDS AN ENDING TO PREFACE reptesenced , we find some of the themes of A BEGINNING personal collecting for scholarly reasons and we Strung through the paragraphs of this paper is also see examples of collecting for reasons of a terminology of travel and of transport history social prestige or on the basis of patronage. We from the horse to the coac h to the carriage to see evidence of an industry in replicas and we the steam engine. In archaeological terms it is see a little of the policies of institutions and a typology, a journey through rhought and de­ societies. What the exhibition indicates is that sign. Carried with it was a journey into anti­ awareness existed of the importance of quarian thoughr and historical time to explore artefacts as a parallel form of enquiry to that of a frontier beyond current understanding. to field studies. The subtle fusion of these ideas provide ir with measurement and labelling. from the coin cabinet and the natural scien­ When R.A. Canon Sheehan of rhe Literary and tist' s laboratory into the maze of creative and Scientific Society called for the setting up of an artistic thinking which drew alternative historical and archaeological society in 1891 , a messages from these objects and from their new transport vehicle, the bicycle, began to functionality was a significant step in anti­ make its appearance locally. In years {Q come it quarian ideology. Exhibiting became a mech­ would ferry many of the pioneer members on anism for stating [his and it is only in very re­ society outings as would the automobile. A ceot years that drama has been restored to the new form of journeying for a new Society and a dry and dusty sobriety of Victorian dark new periodical became a realiry. 18 Cork Historical and Archaeological Society

In conclusion it can be said [hat the Journal SOURCES they cteated realized a long-held ambition to Brash, Richard Rolt. The Ogaln lnscn'bed i'VIOIlII­ have a single repository for all kinds of infor­ ments of the Gaedheil in the Bn'tish /sles . marion concerning the heritage of both city and cd. George M. Atkinson. London, 1879. COUnty. As an amateur organization the Society Clarke, Desmond and Madden, P.J , Printing In has been dedicated to the study of Cork's past Ireland. An Leabharfann, Vol. 12, pp. 113-30. for the benefit of its people who have been en­ Cole, Richard C. Libraries in Eighteenth Century Ireland. The Library Quarterly, Vol. 44. couraged to develop an awareness and to make a (1974), pp. 111-23,231-47. contribution to this study. The pages of the Crone, John S, A Concise Dictionary of Insh to Journal bring us the voices ofthe contributors Biography. Dublin, 1928. down the years, unifying old and new, past and Day, Robert, Repon on the Archaeological Section present. Of the early members, Robert Day and in Cork Industnai Exhibition 1883, pp. 276-9. Denny Lane have become legendary because of Hill, Arthur. Architectural drawings and photo­

their writings and the folklore of the Society. graphs of Kilmalkedar, Templenahoe, Cormac's j Others among them equally deserve temem­ chapel, Ardfert Cathedral. (Cotk [870-4). brance - such as those whose names appear in a Happen, K. Theodore. The C01ll1llon ScientIst in Cork Exominer report of a Cork Archaeological the Seventeenth Century, , . London, 1970. Society meeting in October 1883 (at which Maguire, John Francis. The lndustn'aI Movement Richard Caulfield was Hon. Sec.). Revd Ed­ in Ireland as illustrated by the National E'Chibi­ tion 0/1852. Cotk, 1853, pp. 349-67. mond Barry, Wm Hill, Cecil Woods andJoseph Mulcahy, John. Articles in Old Blarney, No. 1 Bennett would later reappear in [he earliest list (1989), pp. 6-21, 22-30. of members of the CHAS, the latter two on its 6 Donnchadha, Tadhg. M1che:i1 6g 6 Longain. Council. Chairman of that 1883 meeting was A Cork poet of the 18th century, Journal ofthe The 0 Donovan, of Lissard, Skibbereen. He Iveminn Soc., Vol. 1 (1909) 223-33. died in 1890 but his son joined the CHAS in O'Neill, Thomas P. and Clarke, Desmond J, 1893 and was a Council member 1916-34. His Libraries in Ireland: an Hisrorical Oudine. Lib­ grandson was a member ftom 1956 to 1968, rary Assoc. Record. Feb., 1956, pp. 47-57. while his great-grandson, the present 0 Smith, Charles. (1744-1893). See text of article. Donovan, is a member today. Stephen, Leslie et alia. DNB. Familial links ofthis kind and the intellectual Wesuopp, ThomasJohnson. Presidential Address. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquan'es of links forged between mentor and pupil have Ireland. Sec. 6, Vol. VI (1916) pp. 2-26. provided a stitching of these societies. Yet Windelc,John. Windele's PapcrsUourn.lvern. Soc. 'another encasing bond is the continued use for 1908, 77-88; 1909, 205-17). Society lectures and meetings of the building which once housed the Royal Cork Institution, Journal ofthe Cork Hist. and Arch. Society: 1892,1-10; 1898, 198-204; 1900, 32-47; 1901, 126-7; and in which Robert Day sat by the fire listening 1902,98-103; 1939, 59-60; 1957,77-94; 1958,9-14; to Sainthill and Caulfield talk of the old days in McCarthy, J.P.: Dr Richard Caulfield (1987,1-23). John Bolster's in Patrick St. And it is morethan coincidence that Boister'swas later the premises Other Materials of Guy & Co. who brought out the first issue of Cork Exa1lliner 13.4.1842. Letter from President theJCHAS in January 1892. of the Society of Antiquaries. Analyses of (he subscribers' lists for Smith's Cork by ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Ms Maura Kennedy and for Smith's Waterford by My thanks for assistance at various stages go (Q J.P. McCarthy. Dissertations for Historical Bibliog­ D. 0 Murchadha, C.].F. Mac Carthy, Kieran raphy decrive. Diploma in Library and Information Burke, Tim Cadogan, and my wife Rosematy. Studies. UCD, 1983 and 1984.