SUSTAINABLE MEGA-EVENTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Experiences and insights from Host Cities in South Africa, India and Brazil SUSTAINABLE MEGA-EVENTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Experiences and insights from Host Cities in South Africa, India and Brazil 2Bruce • Sutherland, SUSTAINABLE City of Cape MEGA-EVENT Town S IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Oksana Perkins/Shutterstock.com 3 Organisations interested in further information, or seeking to enter into discussions about this report are invited to contact: PARTNERS KONRad-ADENAuer-Stiftung 60 Hume Road, Dunkeld, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa Tel: +27 11 214 2900 Fax: +27 11 214 2913/4 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.kas.org.za/www.kas.de SUSTAINABLE ENERGY AFRICA The Green Building, Westlake Business Park, Cape Town 7945, South Africa Tel: +27 21 702 3622 Fax: +27 21 702 3625 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.sustainable.org.za THE ENERGY AND RESOURCES INSTITUTE Darbari Seth Block, India Habitat Centre Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi – 110 003, India Tel: +91 11 2468 2100 Fax: +91 11 2468 2144 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.teriin.org GITEC CoNSULT GMBH Bongardstrasse 3, 40479 Duesseldorf, Germany Tel: +49 211 440 80 Fax: +49 211 440 8204 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.gitec-consult.de CONTRIBUTORS The new Cape Town Stadium under construction. The contractor and sub-contractors had up to 2 500 staff on site during peak periods. Of these, 99% were local residents. A total of 2 143 on-site jobs were created to construct the stadium and 1 179 artisans received training from the contractors. This has significantly improved skills, The Report is printed on Sappi Triple Green paper, an environmentally friendly paper stock reducing unemployment and boosting the local made from chlorine-free sugar cane fibre and fibres sourced from sustainable afforestation economy. (Source: Bruce Sutherland, City of Cape in South Africa. Town) 4 • SUSTAINABLE MEGA-EVENTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 5 AcKNOWLEDGEMENTS The development of this report was made possible by the support, guidance and cooperation of a number of key stakeholders. The South African Country Study was prepared by Mark Borchers and Sivuyile Maboda of Sustainable Energy Africa (SEA). This manual identifies The India Country Study was written by Shailly Kedia, Aastha Mehta, Prasun Gangopadhyay, Arpita Khanna and Shilpi Kapur of The Energy and Resources “mega-events as Institute (TERI) with advisors Dr Ligia Noronha and Dr Prodipto Ghosh. The support innovative catalysts of two enthusiastic interns, Aparna Vashista and Kartikeya Babhada, is acknowl- to promote climate edged. The Brazil Country Study as well as the Summary Report were authored by change awareness Dr Christoph Trusen of GITEC Consult GmbH with the support of Clarissa and sustainable urban Dudenhoeffer. development The authors wish to thank the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS), in particular the respective KAS-offices in South Africa, India and Brazil for their generosity and guidance in making this report possible. A special word of thanks goes to the following individuals for their valued sup- ” port and technical assistance: Dr Werner Boehler, Christian Huebner and Christina Teichmann from KAS, Kurt Ackermann (Edit), Bryony van Wyk (Design) and Sheryl Ozinsky (Project Co-ordination). The authors hope that the commitment shown by the Deutsche Olympische Sportbund (DOSB) and the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) to promote the hosting of sustainable mega-events will be an inspiration for other stakeholders involved in such events. he hosting of mega-events has a tremendous effect on devel- oping and emerging countries. These can be positive in terms Tof economic investment, job creation, skills development and international branding but also can be negative in terms of their environmental footprint, for example via carbon emissions caused by international visitors to the event. Besides the environmental considerations, the important question needs to be addressed as to how such a mega-event, in particular the expenditure and investments that come with it, will benefit the poor. While this aspect might not be as relevant in a developed country con- text, it is crucial in a developing one. This manual identifies mega-events as innovative catalysts to promote climate change awareness and sustainable urban development. The authors consider in detail the FIFA World Cup™ (South Africa 2010; Brazil 2014), The Olympic Games (Brazil 2016) and the Commonwealth Games (India 2010). They share first-hand experiences of preparing for and hosting mega-events in South Africa, India and Brazil with three case studies from the cities of Cape Town, New Delhi and Rio de Janeiro. The manual also provides recommendations, which the authors hope will serve as encouragement to the sustainable development efforts of developing countries hosting or planning to host mega-events in the future. 6 • SUSTAINABLE MEGA-EVENTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 7 2.3.3 Social Impacts 58 2.3.4 Summary of Impacts 60 2.4 Conclusion 61 2.5 Recommendations 61 2.5.1 Recommendations for Host Countries and FIFA 61 2.5.2 Recommendations and Lessons for Host Cities 63 2.5.3 Aligning Towards a Common Goal 63 1 INDIA: The 2010 Commonwealth Games 64 3.1 Background 66 3.1.1 India Profile 68 3.1.2 Delhi Profile 69 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.2 The 2010 Commonwealth Games Mega-Event 70 3.2.1 Overview of the Event 70 Table of Contents 8 3.2.2 Event Business Model 71 Glossary 10 3.2.3 Governance of the Event 71 Forewords 12 3.3 Impacts of the 2010 Commonwealth Games 72 3.3.1 Economic Impacts 72 SUMMARY Report 14 3.3.2 Environmental Impacts 76 3.3.3 Social Impacts 79 1.1 Sustainable Development and Mega-Events in Cities: 3.3.4 Summary of Impacts 80 A Conceptual Framework 16 3.4 Recommendations 80 1.1.1 Urban Development Challenges 16 1.1.2 Cities and Sustainable Development 20 3.4 Annexures 84 1.1.3 Mega-Events as Catalysts for Sustainable Development: Annexure 1: Agencies involved in the conduct of the The Role of Event Greening in Cities 24 2010 CWG 84 Annexure 2: Agency-wise allocations at the centre and 1.2 Hosting Mega-Events in Developing Countries: state levels 85 Cost-Benefit Concerns 27 Annexure 3: Ecological Code for the 2010 CWG 86 Annexure 4: Overview of key displacements reported A key strategic question 1.3 Mega-Events and Sustainable Development: Lessons Learned From India, South Africa and Brazil 29 during the course of the 2010 CWG 86 for developing countries “ 1.3.1 Event Governance and Business Models 29 concerns the poten- 1.3.2 Resource Allocations and Planning 31 B raZIL: The 2016 Olympic Games 88 tial employment and 1.3.3 Greening of the Mega-Events 33 income-generating 1.3.4 Event Impacts and Urban Development Challenges 38 4.1 Background 90 4.1.1 Development Challenges for Brazil and Rio de Janeiro 90 1.4 Conclusion 41 effects of mega-events, 4.1.2 Development Objectives of Rio de Janeiro 93 and particularly the 4.2 The 2016 Olympic Games Mega-Event 96 ™ social distribution of SOUTH Africa: The 2010 FIFA World Cup 42 4.2.1 Overview of the Event 96 these effects 4.2.2 Event Business Model 97 2.1 Background 44 4.2.3 Governance of the Event 100 2.1.1 South Africa Profile 45 4.2.4 The Sustainability and Environmental Agenda of the ” 2.1.2 Cape Town Profile 46 Olympic Games 101 2.1.3 Developmental Objectives for the 2010 FIFA World Cup™ 47 4.3 Potential Impacts of the 2016 Olympic Games 104 2.2 The 2010 FIFA World Cup™ Mega-Event 48 4.3.1 Economic and Social Impacts 104 2.2.1 Overview of the Event 48 4.3.2 Environmental Impacts 106 2.2.2 Event Business Model 48 2.2.3 Governance of the Event 52 2.3 Impacts of the 2010 FIFA World Cup™ 52 References 108 2.3.1 Environmental Impacts 52 List of Tables 111 2.3.2 Economic Impacts 57 List of Figures 111 8 • SUSTAINABLE MEGA-EVENTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 9 GLOSSARY ACSA Airports Company of South Africa AsgiSA Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative of South Africa ANA Agência Nacional de Aguas APO Autoridade Pública Olímpica BID Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento BMU German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Reactor Safety BRT Bus Rapid Transport CGF Commonwealth Games Federation CO2 Carbon dioxide CO2e Carbon dioxide equivalent CoCT City of Cape Town COP Conference of Parties CWG Commonwealth Games DANIDA Danish International Development Agency DEAT Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism DOSB Deutscher Olympischer Sportbund DWA Department of Water Affairs FBE Free Basic Electricity FBAE Free Basic Alternative Energy FCC FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA Fédération Internationale de Football Associations GDP Gross Domestic Product GGE Greenhouse Gas Emissions GHG Greenhouse Gas HCA Host City Agreement HCTOP Host City Transport Operations Plan IBC International Broadcasting Centre INR Indian Rupee IOC International Olympic Committee IRT Integrated Rapid Transit IWMP Integrated Waste Management Policy KAS Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung kWh Kilowatt-hour Kl Kilolitre Kg Kilogram LOC FIFA World Cup™ Local Organising Committee MPC Main Press Centre MTSF Medium Term Strategic Framework MW Megawatt NEMA National Environmental Management Act NGO Non-Governmental Organization NWA National Water Act NO3 Nitrate OC Organizing Committee OCOG Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games ODA Olympic Delivery Authority PRASA Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa PVA Public viewing area SAFA South African Football Association SMP Sustainability Management Plan SO2 Sulphur Dioxide TERI The Energy and Resources Institute UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UN-HABITAT United Nations Human Settlement Programme USD US Dollar WC World Cup WHO World Health Organization SEA Sustainable Energy Africa Opposite Rio celebrates after being awarded SMME Small, medium and micro-sized enterprise the 2016 Olympic Games.