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Museum of the West History Docent Guide 2017 Spanish Exhibit Gallery

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Museum of the West History Docent Guide 2017 Spanish Exhibit Gallery Museum of the West History Docent Guide 2017 Spanish Exhibit Gallery Exploring the Northern Frontier The Rivera Expedition The “Kingdom and Province of New Mexico” and its northern frontiers was a huge geographical area. This kingdom included all or part of New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas. In 1765 New Mexican Governor Tomas Velez Cachupin asked explorer Don Juan Maria Antonio de Rivera to lead an expedition to explore the northern frontier. Governor Cachupin was worried about encroachment by other European powers and wanted to find the legendary Rio del Tizon (Colorado River) and a place to ford it. The Governor was also interested in the legend that was on the other side of the Rio del Tizon River, was Lake Copala, home of an unknown wealthy civilization. Rivera had traveled north before in 1761 and had his own reasons for going that included searching for gold and silver deposits and evidence of native mining activity. Rivera and his men traveled as far north as the present-day City of Durango, Colorado and then returned home to Santa Fe with no news of European intrigue or finding a mysterious civilization. Governor Cachupin, although discouraged, sent Rivera north one more time to reach the Rio del Tizon and report on evidence of this much-rumored civilization. Rivera left Santa Fe in October of 1765 and headed north as far as present-day Delta, Colorado before returning home to Santa Fe. Although unsuccessful in their quest, the expedition had mapped and kept journals of the new lands and people they met. This information would be of great value to later expeditions Dominguez and Escalante Expedition 1776-1777 On July 29, 1776, Fathers Francisco V. Dominguez and Silvestre Velez de Escalante left Santa Fe on a mission to find a route to California. The friars traveled north through New Mexico and past present-day Gateway, Colorado, across the rugged terrain of the Uncompahgre Plateau and skirted the east end of the Grand Mesa. Their journey took them to the Colorado River which they crossed near present day Debeque, Colorado. The explorers headed through present day Utah and continued until snow started to fall on October 5, 1776. Dominguez and Escalante looked west and saw nothing but more peaks and mountain ranges so they decided to head home to Santa Fe. Their group traveled through northern Arizona and reached home on January 2, 1777. Like the Rivera expedition they had failed in their objective, but their 2,000-mile trip revealed much about the geography, resources, and cultures of this unknown northern frontier. Their journals and maps would open the area to many other new groups that were headed to the frontier. A Change of Armor 1 This reproduction of a Spanish Cuirass (which means breast plate and back plate armor worn together) was typical body armor worn by the Spanish Conquistadors. This type of armor protected against spear and arrow attacks. However, the armor proved impractical in the hotter climates of the New World. The Conquistadors noticed that the Aztec wore a light armor made of cotton and maguey fibers called a ichahuipilli. This fiber armor was lightweight and stopped arrows. The conquistadors adopted a similar lightweight armor called an escaupilla. During the seventeenth century, Spanish soldiers of the northern frontier developed an even stronger lightweight vest called a cuera, made of arrow proof leather. The cuirass was not forgotten and still favored for years by many soldiers. During special occasions, Spanish officials still wore the armor as a sign of authority. Morion This helmet favored by the Conquistadors had a large ridge type design to deflect frontal sword attacks to the head. Inside the helmet was leather webbing that could be adjusted to individual soldiers. The small brass holder on front was designed to hold colored plumes designating rank or for special dress military occasions. In the desert region of the Southwest the helmet proved too hot and cumbersome to wear. By the seventeenth century soldiers adopted a lightweight wide brimmed hat more suitable to the climate. Queen Isabella’s 15th Century Spanish Cannon This ornate cannon with find detailing and a dolphin handle is evidence of the Spanish Empire’s sophistication and power. The cannon was originally recovered off the coast of Florida. Working with the Mel Fisher Maritime Heritage Society in Key West, Florida, the Museum of the West’s history division identified the cannon as one used in the 15th or 16th century. A further clue to the actual age of the cannon came after the Spanish Inscription on the brass seal was translated. The seal, a royal tax stamp, read “Queen of the Spains- Five Centimos to the Crown.” The key word is the “Spains” referring to the time Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand jointly ruled separate kingdoms in Spain, thus dating the cannon to between 1474 and 1492. 18th Century Spanish Colonial Swivel Cannon This New World cannon was cast in Santa Fe in the 1750’s. Contrary to the smooth finish on Queen Isabella’s cannon this weapon has a rough pitted bronze finish caused by the less sophisticated method of sand casting. The cannon was loaded from the front with gun powder and a cannon ball or grapeshot (a group of small lead balls.) The small hole in the back and on top of the barrel was lit to ignite the cannon. A wooden pole was stuck in the back of the cannon to swivel it back and forth, hence the name swivel cannon. Halberd- Deadly Weapon of the Southwest The halberd is a long-poled weapon used for centuries by Spanish Soldiers. It had an axe blade and spike at the top and a hook on the back of the ax blade to pull enemies off their horses. Expert halberdiers could swing the weapon with deadly force and attack opponents who were normally out of reach. The halberd began to lose its effectiveness with the modernization of firearms. It was a standard weapon of early Spanish explorers and latter Spanish infantrymen. This tradition of fighting with long poled 2 weapons was passed down to Mexican soldiers who during a battle in 1846 killed sixteen armed Americans with firearms with lances. The Wreck of El Mantancero On February 22, 1741, the Spanish merchant ship, El Mantancero, ran aground on a dangerous coral reef off the coast of Mexico. The ship sank and the cargo was lost, but entombed in the sea was a treasury of Spanish Colonial life in the 1700's. The ship carried 100 tons of pig iron, 25 tons of tempered steel, 750 barrels, 400 casks, 204 cases of goods and 21,200 bottles of brandy and wine. In the case are custom jewelry, cut glass gems, spoons, and an assortment of items from Spanish Colonial life. 1. Buckles in Matrix 2. Cross in Matrix 3. Button 4. Pocket Knife pieces 5. 2 firearm flints 6. 2 firearm lead balls 7. Cut glass gems 8. Cross, medallion, costume jewelry, and shirt fasteners 9. Cargo Seal 10. Spoon 11. Piece of Eight coin 12. Shoe Buckle How do we learn about Spanish Colonial Life in the Eighteenth Century? The Spanish kept extensive records of their explorations and colonization of the New World and many of their original records are kept in special libraries in Spain. Another good source for knowledge is the work done by archaeologists, examining early Spanish Colonial sites, such as towns and forts. One of the best sources of information is from marine archaeology, in which archaeologists/divers can excavate Spanish Colonial treasure and merchant ships on the bottom of the ocean and bring artifacts that reveal information about everyday life of citizens in the Spanish Empire. Diving on the El Mantancero Hans Schmoldt is a corrosion engineer and owner of Anode Systems Company in Grand Junction. Mr. Schmoldt is an avid scuba diver and has participated on several archaeological expeditions in Mexico to locate, chart, and identify historic shipwrecks off the Yucatan coast. He is a member of the Pensacola Historical Society and the National Association of Corrosion Engineers Public Affairs Subcommittee on Conservation of Artistic and Historic Works. Mr. Schmoldt is a member of CEDAM, an organization of 3 sport divers that are interested in preserving and protecting historic shipwreck sites. With his abilities as a corrosion engineer, Hans helps museums stabilize artifacts that have been subjected to hundreds of years of salt-water damage. Mr. Schmoldt recovered these artifacts on display from the wreck of the El Mantancero. Spanish Flintlock Miquilet Pistol - Circa 1750’s Soldiers who traveled the northern frontier carried a similar pistol. Often soldiers were required to carry their own weapon. The Spanish military did not standardize weapons until the late 1700’s. This pistol is inlaid with brass wire and has the remains of a medallion on its grip. The extremely long length of the pistol is unusual for flintlock pistols. This long barrel pistol was called a Holster pistol and was carried in a saddle holster. Tools of the Spanish Colonial Horseman Spanish Colonial horsemen were dependent on good blacksmiths to keep their equestrian equipment in order. The explorers or soldiers needed good spurs and bridle bits to control their mounts. The black smith handcrafted each item to the horse owner’s specifications. Often equipment was decorated and inlaid with silver or gold with a design that had personal significance to the owner. In the center of the case is an eighteenth century ringed bridle bit with jingles that would make a pleasant sound as the rider trotted his horse.
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