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Characteristics and Determinants of Livestock Production in Jimma Zone/Southwestern Ethiopia

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Characteristics and Determinants of Livestock Production in Jimma Zone/Southwestern Ethiopia African Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences 5 (2): 69-81, 2013 ISSN 2079-2034 © IDOSI Publications, 2013 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.ajbas.2013.5.2.314 Characteristics and Determinants of Livestock Production in Jimma Zone/Southwestern Ethiopia 1Yisehak Kechero, 1Taye Tolemariam and 2Aynalem Haile 1Department of Animal Sciences, Jimma University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma, Ethiopia 2International Centere of Agricultural Research in the Dry Area, ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria Abstract: The study was carried out in three selected districts (Seka chokorsa, Mana and Dedo) of the Jimma administrative zone, south western Ethiopia, with the objectives of characterizing livestock production systems, identify and prioritize the major constraints and opportunities of livestock intensification in the area. A total of 540 household heads were selected for the detail study using a systematic random sampling method, 180 households from each district. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and focus group discussion. About 87.8% of respondents in the districts housed their livestock at their home at night and part of the day while the rest (12.2%) kept at night enclosures and open yards. Animals were acquired through purchase (28%), gifts (10.50%) and reproduction (61.48%) while they were disposed through sale (46.4), gifts (4.98) and slaughter (48.59%) (p<0.05). Most of the livestock breeds (98.8% cattle, 100% of small ruminants and equines) were local type and mating was uncontrolled and livestock is characterized by low productivity. Age at first parturition for local cow, ewe, doe, mare and jennies were 4.66, 2.29, 2.10, 4.94 and 6.20 years, respectively. On the other hand, parturition intervals identified for cow, ewe, doe, mare and jennies were 25.02, 15.80, 15.48, 35.6 months and 2.56 years, respectively. The main sources of feed in the districts were natural pasture (30.39%), aftermath and road side grazing/browsing (19.34%), fodder trees and shrubs (17.12%) and crop residues (17.67%) (p<0.05). The major constraints identified were feed shortage, poor access to improved extension services, lack of improved cattle breeds and distance to marketing points and poor administrative mechanisms to restore range ecosystem (p<0.05). Pasteurolosis, anthrax, fasciolosis, trypanosomiasis and black leg were the major reported cattle diseases in the study districts. The general indication is that livestock productivity is not improved. There is, therefore, an urgent need for research in livestock prodction to design improvement strategies in the area of genetics, management systems and make available suitable technologies to produce feeds to help in the development of sustainable livelihood of resource poor farmers while preserving the natural environment. Key words: Constraints % Ethiopia % Live stock % Mixed farming % Production systems INTRODUCTION backbone of the economy [2, 8] Livestock are source of income, milk, meat, hides, skins, manure and also a means Ethiopia has great potential for increased livestock of employment [9, 1, 9, 10]. In addition, oxen are used for production, both for local use and for export [1, 2, 3]. traction power in traditional faming systems, indicating However, expansion was constrained by inadequate close interdependence of crop and livestock production nutrition, disease, a lack of support services such as systems [10]. Crop-livestock interaction farming extension services, insufficient data with which to plan systems have been viewed as the poverty saving net for improved services and inadequate information on how resource-poor rural farmers in the developing to improve animal breeding, marketing and processing countries where the farmers are generally poor and [4-7]. Livestock husbandry plays an important role in unable to afford conventional fertilizers for soil fertility agricultural development in Ethiopia, which is the maintenance [11]. Corresponding Author: Yisehak Kechero, Department of Animal Sciences, Jimma University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box: 307, Jimma, Ethiopia. 69 African J. Basic & Appl. Sci., 5 (2): 69-81, 2013 Apart from additional income derivable from the Sampling Procedure and Data Collection: inclusion of livestock in the farming enterprise, other Reconnaissance field survey was conducted to have the benefit is the increase in crop yields made possible notion of understanding about the study area and to through the availability of animal manure for soil fertility select the representative study sites. The districts were maintenance [12]. The demand for live animals and their purposely selected based on accessibility and products is increasing due to the growing urban representation of the mixed crop-livestock farming population, while farm areas are shrinking considerably as systems in humid agro-ecological conditions of south a result of an increase in the rural population [13-17]. west Ethiopia. Peasant associations (PAs) and farmers in Furthermore, meager information is available on the the PAs were selected using systematic random sampling general husbandry and management practices, technique. Households (HHs) that have at least one productivity, constraints and opportunities of livestock species of each livestock at the time interview or HHs who production in southwest Ethiopia in general and Jimma have a minimum of ten year experience in livestock zone in particular where livestock are of considerable production were included in the study. Accordingly, importance to the livelihood for growing population. This 60 households from each PA, a total of 180 and 540 HHs study was, therefore, initiated to characterize the from each district and three districts, respectively were smallholder livestock production systems, identify and participated in the study. The selected farmers were prioritize the constraints which impact the development of interviewed using a structured questionnaire that was livestock sector in the area and to suggest possible pre-tested with a few farmers. Questions were re-framed, opportunities for improvement. after pre-tested, in such a way that farmer would provide information that was most recent and easy to recall. Group MATERIALS AND METHODS discussions were held with 8 key informants once in each study area in order to gain an in-depth insight about the The Study Area: The survey was carried out in three topics covered during the structured interview and to selected woredas (districts) of Jimma zone, southwest check whether patterns found in the households were Ethiopia, located around Jimma city. Jimma city is found validated by focus groups. 350 km away from Addis Ababa and lies between 36°50´E longitude and 7°40´N latitude at an average elevation 1750 Data Analysis: Quantitative variables like mean size of masl [18]. The study districts are believed to represent the HH socio-economic characteristics, land and livestock mixed crop-livestock farming systems of southwest holding per HH, livestock holding trends, lactation and Ethiopia. The climate of the area [19] is characterized by reproductive performance parameters were subjected to humid tropical with bimodal heavy rainfall which is one-way analysis of variances whereas qualitative uniform in amount and distribution, ranging from 1200 to variables (frequencies and percentages) were analyzed 2800 mm per year, with short and main seasons occurring and compared crossways the study districts following from mid February to May and June to September, crosstabs in SPSS [20]. For all types of data significance respectively. In normal years, the rainy season extends differences were declared at p<0.05. Tukey test was used from mid February to early October. The ten years mean to separate means of quantitative variables. annual minimum and maximum temperature of the area was 11.3°C and 26.2°C, respectively. The size of the land RESULTS AND DISCUSSION holdings varies generally from 0.25 to 2.5 ha. Barley, tef (Eragrotis tef), wheat, pulses (beans, peas), maize, Household Characteristics: Household (HH) sorghum, coffee, fruits, potato and enset (Ensete characteristics per district are summarized in Table 1. ventricosum) are among the major crops grown in the The statistical analysis revealed that in Seka, Dedo and area. Cattle production is characterized mainly by Mana districts; most of the respondents were middle aged traditional smallholders that are kept in freely-grazing (43.6, 41.0 and 45.9 years, respectively (p<0.05). All age communal rangelands throughout the year. Nitosols groups of the present study were included under are the most abundant covering about 90% of the productive age group of between 15 and 65 [21]. The study area, which is dark reddish brown in color, slightly average numbers of children per household in the districts acidic. The area has slightly undulated to plain terrain were 6.43, 6.60 and 6.40, respectively. There were a feature. relatively larger number of children per household in all 70 African J. Basic & Appl. Sci., 5 (2): 69-81, 2013 Table 1: Summary of household characteristics per district District mean (±SE) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Characteristic Seka Mana Dedo p Age of respondent 43.62±1.32ab 45.88±1.04a 41.00±1.25b * Number of children 6.43±2.98 6.58±3.64 6.39±3.40 ns Household size 8.79±3.01b 9.45±3.17a 9.63±3.11a *** District % (frequency) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Marital status of the
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