DOCSLIB.ORG

Feed Your Retina for NOVA 2019 .Pptx

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Feed Your Retina for NOVA 2019 .Pptx 3/9/19 Feed Your Retina: Nutrition Disclosures and Retinal Health I have been a consultant to, lectured for or had some affiliation with the following: A. PAUL CHOUS, MA, OD, FAAO, CDE TACOMA, WA ¡ Baush & Lomb, Cooper Vision, Diabetes In Control, Freedom Meditech, Kemin, Kestrel Health, LifeMed Media, ONS, Optos, Regeneron, Risk Medical Solutions, VSP, ZeaVision, Zeiss ¡ These affiliations will in no way influence the content of this lecture “You can’t simply throw a Rates of obesity are increasing alarmingly! By 2030 bunch of supplements on top of a crappy lifestyle and expect optimal results” Larry Alexander, OD, FAAO ONS Symposium, 2014 How Is Florida Doing Today? Worldwide Stats 28.4% of adults are obese www.cdc.gov 650+ million people are obese in 2016 10.5% have diabetes Up from 105 million in 1975 Lancet 2016 April; 387(10026):1349-50 http://stateofobesity.org/states/ma/ 1 3/9/19 Obesity - Classic Definition Why is Obesity Associated With BMI > 25 overweight BMI > 30 obese Ocular & Systemic Disease? BMI > 35 severely obese BMI > 40 morbidly obese An Unholy Triumvirate BMI > 45 super obese ¡Inflammation (cytokines, endothelial BMI > 50 super morbid obese dysfunction) BMI > 70 mega-obese BMI = Weight (kg)/Height (m)2 or ¡Hypertension (RAAS, hyperinsulinemia) Weight (pounds)/Height (inches)2 x 703 Other Measures: Waist Circumference ¡Hypoxia (Sleep Apnea, éO2 demand) Waist:Hip Ratio Inflammation Subcutaneous n Fat cells (adipocytes) are endocrine vs. cells, secreting hormones regulating Visceral Fat insulin sensitivity & satiety, and are associated with elevated markers of Reactive Oxygen Species & Inflammation inflammation CRP PAI-1 ICAMs Resistan Factor VII IL-6 Adiponectin iNOS Fibrinogen Leptin TNF-a Hormones Inflammatory Proteins Fat Cells Are Endocrine Cells!! Hypertension Hypoxia Obesity & BMI are clear and Obesity is THE major risk factor for continuous risk factors for HTN obstructive sleep apnea syndrome ¡ IR activates the renin-angiotensin system (OSAS) Weight loss results in reduced BP in large clinical trials OSAS causes hypoxic stress and elevates blood pressure HTN is a definitive risk factor for OSAS is associated with endothelial CVD and myriad ocular diseases dysfunction and several eye (RVOs, AION, DR) diseases Blood Press. 2007;16(1): 13-19 J Clin Sleep Med. 2007 Jun 15;3(4): 409-15 Am J Hyperten. 2006 Nov;19(11): 1103-9 Exp Physiol. 2007 Jan;92(1): 51-65 2 3/9/19 OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA OSAS in Eye Disease – Glaucoma prevalence estimated 2-7% Highest risk if Neck Circumference > 17 inches (Eye 2007;22(09): 1105-9) – Floppy Eyelid Syndrome prevalence - 25% (Ophthalmology. 2006;113(9):1669-74) – Pseudotumor Cerebri (15-40%) J Neuroophthal 2001 21(3):235) – OSAS is the most frequent disorder in NAION Curr Eye Res. 2015 Oct 7:1-6. – Several studies link OSAS to increased risk of severe DR & poor response to anti- VEGF Tx in neovascular AMD (Diabet Med. 2016 Feb;33(2):158-68 Retina. 2016 Apr;36(4):791-7. Major Retinal Diseases Linked to Obesity & Inflammation Causing Severe Vision Loss and Legal Blindness ROS Endothelial Dysfunction Hypertension Hypoxia AMD Diabetic Retinopathy Increased risk with increasing BMI & n Obesity & weight gain are the waist size (Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121(6): 785-92) primary risk factors for T2DM Ann Intern Med. 1997;122:481-6 5% increased risk of advanced AMD with every 1 kg/m2 increase in BMI (Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143(3): 473-83) n Marked obesity increases the risk of DR Diabetes Care. 1986;9(4): 961-9 In AREDS, BMI > 30 doubled the risk of SRNV (Ophthalmology. 2005;112(4):533-9) n 6-fold increased risk Greater waist circumference linked to of PDR when BMI > 30 lower macular pigment (Am J Clin Nutr. IOVS 2011 Jun 22;52(7):4416-21 2006;84(5): 1107-22) 3 3/9/19 AMD Linked to Diabetes “My doctor told me to stop having intimate dinners for four….. Unless there Analysis shows diabetes increases risk of are three other people” -Orson Welles AMD (40% to 235% in a UK cohort of 10+ thousand) and advanced AMD (80% in AREDS) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015 Feb 10;56(3):1585-92 Nutritional Ophthalmology. 2005 Apr;112(4):533-9.. Management Both condions are associated with inflammaon, smoking, low MPOD and higher intake of added sugars “There is a charm about the forbidden that makes it unspeakably desirable” -Mark Twain Question Nutritional status modulates risk of: Is nutritional status associated ¡ Hypertensive retinopathy with ocular diseases affecting ¡ Retinal vascular occlusion the retina? ¡ Diabetic retinopathy ¡ Age-related macular degeneration OF COURSE Some General Principles The Standard Diet is the ideal way to get the nutrition we need for good health American Diet (SAD) Nutritional supplements may fill gaps in diet, but don’t compensate for unhealthy lifestyle IS SAD!!! Excess Calories Minimal Quantity/Quality Plant Foods Excess Refined Carbohydrates Unhealthy Fats Excess Preservatives Healthy eyes belong to healthy people Poor Nutrient Density 4 3/9/19 Foods to Minimize DO NOT Portion Control: Macronutrients & Retinal Disease Size Does Matter 700 77 Gms 68 Gms 610 600 29 gm Fat 500 10gm Fat 57 Gms 450 400 26 Gms Carbs 320 Calories 300 210 cal 200 100 0 1960 1978 1995 19992015 Read Food Labels* Year Dietary Fat & Eye Disease NOT ALL SATURATED FATS ARE ”BAD” n Sat Fat, Trans Fats and Vegetable Oils associated with higher risk of AMD and Diabetic Retinopathy Med Gen Med 2005;7(1):3 Arch Ophthalmol. 2009 Nov;127(11):1483-93 n EPA + DHA decrease TGs, FFAs, blood glucose & insulin levels, visceral fat mass and many inflammatory markers Arch Intern Med. 2005;165: 193-7 n Despite AREDS2, the preponderance of evidence suggests omega-3s (DHA) and tree nuts lower AMD risk J Ophthalmol. 2014;2014:901686. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2016 Mar;19(2):81-7. 5 3/9/19 What About Fish & Fish Oil? Omega 3 FAs to Prevent CNVM? AREDS2 found no benefit with 650 EPA + 350 DHA Majority of adults need 2000 mg EPA +DHA/d to achieve RBC (Holman) index > 8% BUT….. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jun;83(6 Suppl):1467S-1476S. ¡ Well-nourished subjects had high baseline O-3 intake ¡ Did not measure RBC saturation In NAT2 Study (Nutritional AMD Treatment 2 ¡ Used Ethyl Ester form (TG more bioavailable)* Study), Patients with Wet AMD in one eye and ¡ DHA may be more important than EPA early AMD in the fellow eye who achieved O-3 ¡ Did not measure serum folate (necessary for index > 8% had 68% less CNVM over three years DHA incorporation into RBC membrane) (840mg DHA + 270mg EPA) Ophthalmology. 2013 Aug;120(8):1619-31. *Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2010 Sept, 83(3):137-41 DHA Reverses Gene Activation Linked to Neurologic and Metabolic Disease UCLA study showing DHA reverses Fructose-mediated gene signalling linked To Parkinson’s, Alz Disease, Metabolic Syndrome & T2DM Lancet April 21, 2016 epub Ο-3 Against DR High-Dose EPA - REDUCE-IT Trial PrediMed Trial comparing Mediterranean-type diet • 4.9 year RCCT supplemented with extra virgin olive oil or tree nuts versus AHA diet against CV events in patients with • 8179 patients with median LDL-C 75 mg/ T2DM (n-3482) dL (all on statins) and median TG of 216 Primary trial halted early because both Med diets mg/dL with either a history of CVD or were significantly superior, especially for stroke diabetes prevention Subjects consuming > 500 mg daily long-chain- • Treatments: EPA ethyl esters (4g/d - ω3PUFA were 48% less likely to develop STR Vascepa, Amarin Corp) or placebo over 6 yrs compared to those consuming < 500 mg (p=0.001) • Primary Outcome: Major Adverse JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016 Oct 1;134(10):1142-1149 Cardiovascular Events (MACE) 6 3/9/19 REDUCE-IT REDUCE-IT NEJM published on-line 11/10/2018 NEJM published on-line 11/10/2018 EFFICACY EFFICACY Reduction in a composite of primary Reduction in a composite of primary endpoint of approximately 25% (p<0.001). endpoint of approximately 25% (p<0.001). Primary endpoint result supported by Primary endpoint result supported by robust demonstrations of efficacy across robust demonstrations of efficacy across multiple secondary endpoints multiple secondary endpoints à In T2DM subjects: 23% reduction In T2DM subjects: 23% reduction in à In non-White subjects: 40% reduction MACE In non-White subjects: 40% reduction Dietary Carbs & Eye Disease Good Carb: Bad Carb Refined carbs increase risk of AMD Refined carbs increase blood glucose and risk of DM/DR Increased consumption of whole fruits, vegetables and fiber Do particular dietary sources associated with lower risk of AMD, of carbohydrate influence glucose DR and glaucoma homeostasis, inflammation and risk JAMA 1994; 272: 1413 -1420 Arch Ophthalmol. 2004 Jun;122(6):883-92 Med Gen Med 2005;7(1):3 Am J Ophthalmol. 2012 Oct;154(4):635-44 of eye disease? Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2012 Apr;40(3):288-94 Glycemic Index (GI) Are GI and GL Useful? & Glycemic Load (GL) Low GI food delay hunger, reduce caloric intake GI is the incremental area under the blood (Lipids. 2003;38(2): 117-21) glucose response curve of a 50g portion of test Low dGI/dGL diets reduce fasting blood glucose, glycated protein and insulin resistance (Am J Clin Nutr. food compared to a standard (white bread or 2008 Jan;87(1):258S-268S) glucose) High dGL and CHO intake increased mortality GI = AUC Test Food___ risk almost 50% in EPIC (PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e43127. Epub 2012 Aug 23) AUC Reference Food GL = GI x portion size (gms) High dGI increases the risk of developing 100 T2DM (Diab Technol Ther 2006;8(1): 45-54) & AMD (large drusen, GA, CNVM) (Am J Clin Nutr.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Meet Lycopene Prostate Cancer Is One of the Leading Causes of Cancer Death Among Men in the United States
    UCLA Nutrition Noteworthy Title Lycopene and Mr. Prostate: Best Friends Forever Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5ks510rw Journal Nutrition Noteworthy, 5(1) Author Simzar, Soheil Publication Date 2002 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Meet Lycopene Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death among men in the United States. Dietary factors are considered an important risk factor for the development of prostate cancer in addition to age, genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and other lifestyle factors such as smoking. Recent studies have indicated that there is a direct correlation between the occurrence of prostate cancer and the consumption of tomatoes and tomato-based products. Lycopene, one of over 600 carotenoids, is one of the main carotenoids found in human plasma and it is responsible for the red pigment found in tomatoes and other foods such as watermelons and red grapefruits. It has been shown to be a very potent antioxidant, with oxygen-quenching ability greater than any other carotenoid. Recent research has indicated that its antioxidant effects help lower the risk of heart disease, atherosclerosis, and different types of cancer-especially prostate cancer. Lycopene's Characteristics Lycopene is on of approximately 600 known carotenoids. Carotenoids are red, yellow, and orange pigments which are widely distributed in nature and are especially abundant in yellow- orange fruits and vegetables and dark green, leafy vegetables. They absorb light in the 400- 500nm region which gives them a red/yellow color. Only green plants and certain microorganisms such as fungi and algae can synthesize these pigments.
    [Show full text]
  • Metabolism in the Aging Retina and Retinal Degeneration
    Hindawi Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity Volume 2020, Article ID 2692794, 12 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2692794 Review Article Implications of NAD+ Metabolism in the Aging Retina and Retinal Degeneration Ravirajsinh N. Jadeja ,1 Menaka C. Thounaojam ,2,3 Manuela Bartoli ,2,3 and Pamela M. Martin 1,2,3 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA 2Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA 3James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute and Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Ravirajsinh N. Jadeja; [email protected] and Pamela M. Martin; [email protected] Received 8 February 2020; Accepted 17 April 2020; Published 11 May 2020 Academic Editor: Ryoji Nagai Copyright © 2020 Ravirajsinh N. Jadeja et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) plays an important role in various key biological processes including energy metabolism, DNA repair, and gene expression. Accumulating clinical and experimental evidence highlights an age-dependent decline in NAD+ levels and its association with the development and progression of several age-related diseases. This supports the establishment of NAD+ as a critical regulator of aging and longevity and, relatedly, a promising therapeutic target to counter adverse events associated with the normal process of aging and/or the development and progression of age-related disease. Relative to the above, the metabolism of NAD+ has been the subject of numerous investigations in various cells, tissues, and organ systems; however, interestingly, studies of NAD+ metabolism in the retina and its relevance to the regulation of visual health and function are comparatively few.
    [Show full text]
  • Serum Retinal and Retinoic Acid Predict the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Subjects with Impaired Fasting Glucose from the KCPS-II Cohort
    H OH metabolites OH Article Serum Retinal and Retinoic Acid Predict the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Subjects with Impaired Fasting Glucose from the KCPS-II Cohort Youngmin Han 1 , Yeunsoo Yang 2 , Minjoo Kim 3 , Sun Ha Jee 2, Hye Jin Yoo 4,* and Jong Ho Lee 1,4,* 1 National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; [email protected] 2 Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; [email protected] (Y.Y.); [email protected] (S.H.J.) 3 Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, Daejeon 34430, Korea; [email protected] 4 Research Center for Silver Science, Institute of Symbiotic Life-TECH, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected] (H.J.Y.); [email protected] (J.H.L.); Tel.: +82-2-364-9605 (H.J.Y.); +82-2-2123-3122 (J.H.L.); Fax: +82-2-364-9605 (H.J.Y. & J.H.L.) Abstract: We aimed to investigate whether retinal and retinoic acid (RA), which are newly discovered biomarkers from our previous research, reliably predict type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development in subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG). Among the Korean Cancer Prevention Study (KCPS)- II cohort, subjects were selected and matched by age and sex (IFG-IFG group, n = 100 vs. IFG-DM group, n = 100) for study 1. For real-world validation of two biomarkers (study 2), other participants in the KCPS-II cohort who had IFG at baseline (n = 500) were selected.
    [Show full text]
  • Vitamin a Derivatives As Treatment Options for Retinal Degenerative Diseases
    Nutrients 2013, 5, 2646-2666; doi:10.3390/nu5072646 OPEN ACCESS nutrients ISSN 2072-6643 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients Review Vitamin A Derivatives as Treatment Options for Retinal Degenerative Diseases Lindsay Perusek and Tadao Maeda * Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4965, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-216-368-6103; Fax: +1-216-368-3171. Received: 7 May 2013; in revised form: 5 June 2013 / Accepted: 13 June 2013 / Published: 12 July 2013 Abstract: The visual cycle is a sequential enzymatic reaction for vitamin A, all-trans-retinol, occurring in the outer layer of the human retina and is essential for the maintenance of vision. The central source of retinol is derived from dietary intake of both retinol and pro-vitamin A carotenoids. A series of enzymatic reactions, located in both the photoreceptor outer segment and the retinal pigment epithelium, transform retinol into the visual chromophore 11-cis-retinal, regenerating visual pigments. Retina specific proteins carry out the majority of the visual cycle, and any significant interruption in this sequence of reactions is capable of causing varying degrees of blindness. Among these important proteins are Lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) and retinal pigment epithelium-specific 65-kDa protein (RPE65) known to be responsible for esterification of retinol to all-trans-retinyl esters and isomerization of these esters to 11-cis-retinal, respectively. Deleterious mutations in these genes are identified in human retinal diseases that cause blindness, such as Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP).
    [Show full text]
  • Antioxidants and Retinal Diseases
    antioxidants Editorial Antioxidants and Retinal Diseases María Miranda 1,* and Francisco Javier Romero 2,3 1 Departamento Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46315 Valencia, Spain 2 Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; [email protected] 3 Hospital General de Requena, Generalitat Valenciana, 46340 Valencia, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 26 November 2019; Accepted: 27 November 2019; Published: 29 November 2019 The retina is a thin membrane derived from the neuroectoderm, it is the physical morphological substrate in which the transformation of light energy into electrical impulses, that later will be led to the cerebral cortex, is performed. Due to its prosencephalic embryological origin, the retina is normally considered a specially differentiated part of the brain. It is a very complex tissue, formed by multiple cell layers and by several types of neuronal cells (ganglion, bipolar, horizontal, amacrine, and photoreceptor cells), microglia (macrophages), macroglia (Müller cells, astrocytes), and vascular cells (endothelium and pericytes). Under physiological conditions, the retina is characterized by a high oxygen consumption rate, intense exposition to pro-oxidizing agents (i.e., light) and a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (especially in the photoreceptor membranes). Therefore, retina is especially susceptible to oxidative stress [1–3]. Oxidative stress is defined as the imbalance between the generation and elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and it results from either excessive ROS or an impaired antioxidant system. To cope with ROS increase, the retina has evolved different antioxidants defenses such as vitamin E, ascorbate, catalase, glutathione (GSH), glutathione-peroxidase, and glutathione-transferases [3].
    [Show full text]
  • Impaired Retinal Function and Vitamin a Availability in Mice Lacking Retinol-Binding Protein
    The EMBO Journal Vol.18 No.17 pp.4633–4644, 1999 Impaired retinal function and vitamin A availability in mice lacking retinol-binding protein Loredana Quadro1,2, William S.Blaner3, (Morris-Kay and Sokolova, 1996; Napoli, 1996). With the Daniel J.Salchow4, Silke Vogel3, exception of vision, the all-trans- and 9-cis-isomers of Roseann Piantedosi3, Peter Gouras4, retinoic acid are the active retinoid forms needed to Sarah Freeman4, Maria P.Cosma2, support retinoid-dependent processes. Retinoic acid Vittorio Colantuoni2,5,6 and isomers regulate gene expression by binding to specific Max E.Gottesman1,6 nuclear receptors, the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs), that function as ligand- 1Institute of Cancer Research, 3Department of Medicine and dependent transcription factors (Chen and Evans, 1995; 4Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, College of Kurokawa et al., 1995; Leblanc and Stunnenberg, 1995; Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA and Mangelsdorf et al., 1995; Pfahl and Chytil, 1996). Expres- 2Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy sion of .300 genes is influenced by retinoic acid availability (Gudas et al., 1994; Clagett-Dame and Plum, 1997). The 5Present address: Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy retinoid used in the visual cycle is 11-cis-retinal (Wald, 1968), which forms a Schiff’s base with opsin in photo- 6Corresponding authors e-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] receptors to generate rhodopsin, the visual pigment. When excited by light, 11-cis-retinal isomerizes to all-trans- Retinol-binding protein (RBP) is the sole specific trans- retinal.
    [Show full text]
  • Conversion of Dietary Carotenoids and Vitamin a Into Bioactive Retinoids
    24 CONVERSION OF DIETARY CAROTENOIDS AND VITAMIN A INTO BIOACTIVE RETINOIDS Conversion of Dietary Carotenoids and Vitamin A into Bioactive Retinoids: Exploring trails blazed by Jim Olson James Allen Olson Memorial Lecture Earl H Harrison fects millions of children and women in the developing world. Ohio State University, Columbus, USA The widespread morbidity and mortality associated with the deficiency reflects the fact that the active forms of vitamin A (retinoids) are critical signaling molecules necessary in higher vertebrates for embryonic development, the regulation of gene transcription, visual transduction, immune function, and the control of metabolic processes. In spite of their importance in vertebrate development and physiology, the capability for the biosynthesis of molecules with retinoid activities is restricted to plants and microorganisms. Thus, animals, including humans, must obtain the essential vitamin A from the diet. Vitamin A ac- tivity in the diet comes from two sources: preformed vitamin A as retinyl esters in foods of animal origin, and provitamin A ca- rotenoids, such as β-carotene, α-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin, found in plant-derived foods. Indeed, in areas of the world with vitamin A deficiency, the major source of vitamin A is dietary carotenoids. While the chemical and nutritional relationships of provita- min A carotenoids and vitamin A were appreciated by the 1930s it was in the last half of the 20th century that great advances in our understanding of metabolism, function, and public health significance of carotenoids and vitamin A led us to our current state of knowledge in these fields. While these advances were James Allen Olson the results of the efforts of many basic scientists, clinicians, and public health experts, James Allen Olson stands out as one of the giants in the fields of vitamin A and carotenoids.
    [Show full text]
  • Lutein and Zeaxanthin: an Overview of Metabolism and Eye Health
    Central Journal of Human Nutrition & Food Science Perspective *Corresponding author Jessica Berg, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74074, Lutein and Zeaxanthin: An Email: Submitted: 28 August 2014 Accepted: 12 October 2014 Overview of Metabolism and Published: 15 October 2014 ISSN: 2333-6706 Eye Health Copyright © 2014 Berg et al. Jessica Berg* and Dingbo Lin OPEN ACCESS Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74074 In 2010, 4.1 million Americans over age 40 were considered visually impaired (i.e. blind or with low vision) [1]. With almost glycemiclow-fiber, indexes low-fat arediets; positively however associated these recommendations with AMD risk, dietarymay be one-third of these visually impaired affected by low vision, or archaic. Recent findings suggest diets that provide foods with high sight in the better eye worse than 20/40 vision despite corrective and supplementation of xanthophylls with omega-3 fatty acids lenses, low vision and vision loss are among the most feared mayfat consumption decrease risk may of AMD significantly [8-10]. increase LUT bioavailability, irreversible diseases among the elderly and can reduce quality of life as well as incur serious economic burdens [1]. Age- Upon ingestion, food is mechanically and enzymatically related eye diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, broken down, carotenoids are released with help from dietary and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are the leading causes of visual impairment worldwide and together affect and solubilized into micelles for enterocyte absorption via over 12.4 million Americans aged 40 or older [1]. Vision loss passivelipids, emulsifieddiffusion or in scavenger the small receptor intestine class and B type incorporated 1(SR-B1)- overtime is largely due to the irreversible loss of retinocytes, and facilitated diffusion.
    [Show full text]
  • Therapeutic Potential of Curcumin in Major Retinal Pathologies
    Therapeutic potential of curcumin in major retinal pathologies Krishi V. Peddada, A’sha Brown, Vivek Verma & Marcella Nebbioso International Ophthalmology The International Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences ISSN 0165-5701 Int Ophthalmol DOI 10.1007/s10792-018-0845-y 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Int Ophthalmol https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-018-0845-y REVIEW Therapeutic potential of curcumin in major retinal pathologies Krishi V. Peddada . A’sha Brown . Vivek Verma . Marcella Nebbioso Received: 1 September 2017 / Accepted: 29 January 2018 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract that has been found to be efficacious in preventing and Purpose The retina is continually exposed to free treating a number of inflammatory diseases and radicals from its rich blood supply, numerous mito- neoplastic processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Processing and Transport of Retinoids by the Retinal Pigment Epithelium
    Eye (1990) 4, 326-332 Processing and Transport of Retinoids by the Retinal Pigment Epithelium DE AN BOK Los Angeles Summary Recent developments regarding our understanding of retinoid processing and trans­ port during the visual cycle and related events are reviewed. Retinoids are bound and protected by a cohort of retinoid binding proteins, each of whiCh is unique. The production of retinol (Vitamin A) derivatives is accomplished by a group of mem­ brane-bound enzymes, some of which appear to be coupled in their actions. Historical Perspectives on a series of biochemical reactions involving The photopigments of all organisms studied the coordinated activity of the retinal pigment to date consist of a chromophore derived from epithelium (RPE) and the photoreceptors.3 Vitamin A (Retinol)! covalently bound to a These events begin with the photobleaching protein by a protonated aldimine bond of rhodopsin to form opsin and all-trans·ret· (Schiff's base).2 The chromophore or pros­ inal, the production of various retinol deriva­ thetic group is, in all cases, retinaldehyde (ret­ tives, the regeneration of ll-cis-retinal and inal) the oxidised form of retinol. Retinol and ultimately, the regeneration of the photopig­ its derivatives are collectively referred to as ment itself. This complex series of interac­ retinoids and the proteins that covalently bind tions is known as the visual cycle. In retinal are called opsins. Both the retinoids Dowling's original observations, light was and the opsins are hydrophobic molecules, found to cause a cis to trans isomerisation of retinol being a fat-soluble vitamin, and the opsin-bound retinal following which retinal opsins belonging to a class of membrane com­ dissociated from the protein and was reduced ponents collectively known as intrinsic pro­ to form all-trans-retinol.
    [Show full text]
  • Highly Efficient Retinal Metabolism in Cones
    Highly efficient retinal metabolism in cones Sadaharu Miyazono*, Yoshie Shimauchi-Matsukawa*, Shuji Tachibanaki*†, and Satoru Kawamura*†‡ *Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and †Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Edited by Carter Cornwall, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, and accepted by the Editorial Board August 26, 2008 (received for review July 8, 2008) After bleaching of visual pigment in vertebrate photoreceptors, has been suggested: Mu¨ller cells can isomerize all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal is reduced to all-trans retinol by retinol dehydro- 11-cis retinol (11). When this 11-cis retinol is transported to genases (RDHs). We investigated this reaction in purified carp rods cones, it can be oxidized to 11-cis retinal with a hypothesized and cones, and we found that the reducing activity toward all- enzyme, 11-cis retinol dehydrogenase, that was assumed to be trans retinal in the outer segment (OS) of cones is >30 times higher present in cones and requires NADPϩ as a cofactor (12). than that of rods. The high activity of RDHs was attributed to high In the present study, by using purified carp (Cyprinus carpio) content of RDH8 in cones. In the inner segment (IS) in both rods and rods and cones (13), we investigated the metabolism of all-trans cones, RDH8L2 and RDH13 were found to be the major enzymes retinal and 11-cis retinal within the photoreceptor cells. We among RDH family proteins. We further found a previously unde- found that the reduction of all-trans retinal and the production scribed and effective pathway to convert 11-cis retinol to 11-cis of 11-cis retinal are both much more efficient in cones.
    [Show full text]
  • Carotene, Lutein, and Zeaxanthin in Eye Health and Disease
    antioxidants Review A Mechanistic Review of β-Carotene, Lutein, and Zeaxanthin in Eye Health and Disease Fatima Tuj Johra, Asim Kumar Bepari , Anika Tabassum Bristy and Hasan Mahmud Reza * Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara R/A, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh; [email protected] (F.T.J.); [email protected] (A.K.B.); [email protected] (A.T.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +880-255668200 (ext. 1954) Received: 12 September 2020; Accepted: 22 October 2020; Published: 26 October 2020 Abstract: Carotenoids are natural lipid-soluble antioxidants abundantly found as colorful pigments in fruits and vegetables. At least 600 carotenoids occur naturally, although about 20 of them, including β-carotene, α-carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, meso-zeaxanthin, and cryptoxanthin, are detectable in the human blood. They have distinct physiological and pathophysiological functions ranging from fetal development to adult homeostasis. β-carotene is a precursor of vitamin A that essentially functions in many biological processes including vision. The human macula lutea and eye lens are rich in lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin, collectively known as macular xanthophylls, which help maintain eye health and prevent ophthalmic diseases. Ocular carotenoids absorb light from the visible region (400–500 nm wavelength), enabling them to protect the retina and lens from potential photochemical damage induced by light exposure. These natural antioxidants also aid in quenching free radicals produced by complex physiological reactions and, consequently, protect the eye from oxidative stress, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation. This review discusses the protective mechanisms of macular xanthophylls in preventing eye diseases such as cataract, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy.
    [Show full text]