DOCSLIB.ORG

Antibiotic Efficacy and Biochemical Composition of Ascidian, Phallusia Nigra (Savigny, 1816) from the Palk Bay, Southeast Coast of India

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Antibiotic Efficacy and Biochemical Composition of Ascidian, Phallusia Nigra (Savigny, 1816) from the Palk Bay, Southeast Coast of India Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences Vol. 45(6), June 2016, pp. 795-799 Antibiotic efficacy and biochemical composition of ascidian, Phallusia nigra (Savigny, 1816) from the Palk bay, Southeast coast of India Kathirvel Iyappan & Gnanakkan Ananthan* Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India. [Email: [email protected]] Received 10 March 2015; revised 02 July 2015 An investigation was held out to examine the biochemical constituents present in the simple ascidian Phallusia nigra (P. nigra), such as protein, carbohydrate, lipids, moisture, acidity and ash content. Extractions of P. nigra (visceral) tissue sample in several solvents were assayed for antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogens. Protein content was found to be higher during the summer season in P. nigra, while the minimum quantity of lipid was recorded during monsoon season. Benzene and acetonitrile crude extracts inhibited the growth of foodborne pathogens. Chloroform extract didn't inhibit any strains. [Keywords: P. nigra, proximate composition, mantle extraction, foodborne pathogens, Palk Bay Ascidian] Introduction and biodeposition17. Temperate coastal areas Over the 50 years, a number of ascidian ascidian is characterized by great seasonal species have spread across a good deal of the fluctuations in environmental variables such as 1 globe . A great balance of natural compounds temperature and nutritional condition18. 2 has been pulled up from marine invertebrates . Temperature and salinity are two of the most Ascidians are conspicuous members of marine important factors affecting the distribution of fouling and benthic communities. Ascidians marine invertebrates, thus determining invasion accumulated high levels of vanadium in their success non-native ascidian species. 3 tissues which is obviously non-toxic . Reproductive and developmental processes in Ascidians are capable of producing an ascidian are known to be affected by many unfavorable or toxic condition immediately different types of environmental factors, 4 above the surface as a chemical defense . Their including salinity, temperature, food quality, soft-bodied morphology provides ascidians with photo period, and ocean hydrodynamics. High little obvious structural defense from predation. acidity due to sequestered sulfuric acid in outer Ascidians have been considered to rely on tunic tissues, or high tissue concentrations of chemical defenses against predations. It is the heavy metal vanadium15, 19 currently, there regarded as highly nutritious seafood. are insufficient data to characterize Consumption just after harvest is favored for environmental tolerances of sedans in India. the flavor as a metallic taste may become Ascidians are rich sources of compounds with evident as the product becomes less fresh. cytotoxic proprieties; these marine natural Ascidians have increasingly come to be known products can be used for the discovery and as excellent model organisms in neurobiology development of novel chemotherapeutic and endocrinology, as good as in developmental agents21. In this paper, we detail the seasonal 5-14 biology and evolutionary biology . Spicules, variation in physiological energetics and gross originally indented to provide more or less anti- biochemical composition of ascidian P. nigra predatory defenses for the marine invertebrates collected from Palk Bay, southeast coast of 15 that secrete them in their tissues . Ascidians India. Present study aims at unraveling the are characterized by a tough outer tunic made of biochemical composition of P. nigra and its 16 the polysaccharide tunicin . Large populations antibiotic potentials of ascidians can also have a negative effect on coastal aquaculture systems through phytoplankton consumption, nutrient cycling 796 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 45, NO. 6 JUNE 2016 Materials and Methods To estimate the moisture content, 1g of fresh Ascidian collection and extraction tissue was dried through a hot air oven at a Ascidian, Phallusia nigra (P. nigra) constant temperature of 105ºC for 24hours21. was collected regularly during four seasons in The loss of weight was taken as moisture (1–2 m depth) Palk Bay region, Southeast coast content. of India, from February 2013 to January 2014. Total protein was estimated using the Collected samples were placed in zip lock bags Biuret method of Raymont et al24. The total in coolers on the ice and transported to the carbohydrate in a dried sample was estimated laboratory for further studies. Species were spectrophotometrically following the phenol- identified through as per the standard protocol21, sulfuric acid method of Dubois et al25. 22 (Kott 1985 and 1990). Each individual was The lipid in the dried sample tissue was cleaned with the sea and sterile water by the gravimetrically estimated following the hand of any associated plant or animal material. chloroform- methanol mixture method of Folch Ascidians tissue samples were air dried for a et al26. few days after drying made into powder using a Ash content was determined mortar and pestle for biochemical analysis such gravimetrically by incinerating 1g dried sample as protein, carbohydrate and lipids. in a muffle furnace at about 55ºC for 6 hours27 and results are expressed in percentage. Biochemical analysis Ascidian (visceral) tissue extractions Antibacterial assay were based on methods given in McClintock et Antibacterial activity was determined al.23 and in Koplovitz et al.24. Frozen tissues against cultures of Bacillus cereus (MTCC were transferred to at −80 °C freezer for several 6629), Salmonella entrica (MTCC 3244), hours, then lyophilized (Freeze drier: Lark, Vibrio vulnificus (MTCC 11) using the agar Penguin) and re-weighed. The lyophilized diffusion assay method28. Three plates tissues were then extracted with different containing three wells were tested against solvent such as benzene, chloroform, ascidian sample at 1ml/well. Following acetonitrile thrice for 24 h to produce a incubation at 37ºC for 24 hours, the diameters lipophilic extract. Extracts were filtered through (mm) of the growth inhibition halos were coarse filter paper and the solvent was removed determined using a perimeter. using rotary evaporation to yield a dry lipophilic extract. Natural tissue level Results concentrations of extracts used for the Biochemical analysis biological activity. A high level of acidity (pH 6.5%) was measured on the outer surface of the tunic of The acidity of the outer surfaces of the the ascidian, P. nigra during the summer ascidian tunics was measured using standard season. While a low-level acidity (pH 2.3%) analytical pH strips. Tunic surface pH that ranged during monsoon season. measurements were first conducted by gently laying a pH strip with a broad sensitivity range Table 1. Biochemical composition of ascidian, P. of 0 to14 whole pH units onto the outer tunic nigra surface. Subsequently, higher resolution was obtained using pH strips capable of resolving pH to an accuracy of 0.3 pH units. Following Seasons isture (%) (%) (%) measurements of the tunic surface, the tunic ic acidity Ash (%) Mo Lipids (%) Protein (%) Protein (%) was sliced with a razor blade and the pH Tun Carbohydrate measured once again by inserting pH strips into the slice. This allowed a measurement of the Pre 4.5 69.5 11.25 6.8 1.90 1.99 monsoon internal pH of the tunic. Because the pH test Monsoon 2.03 97.8 7.1 2.3 1.03 0.14 was based on color visual discrimination, we Post 3.95 75.6 8.60 5.4 2.97 1.85 considered this a qualitative measurement and monsoon chose to round each pH measurement off at 0.5 summer 6.5 68.3 15.40 8.29 3.95 1.56 unit increments so as to be conservative. IYAPPAN & ANANTHAN: ANTIBIOTIC EFFICACY AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ASCIDIAN 797 Variations of moisture content in antimicrobial potential against foodborne species of the ascidian, P. nignigrara were ranged pathogens. frfromom 68.3% to 97.8%. The minimum (68.3%) content was noticed in during the summer Table 2. Antibacterial activity of ascidian, P.nigra against season while maximum (97.8%) content was foodborne pathogens recorded in during monsoon season. Zone of Inhibition (mm) Food The protein of ascidian varied from pathogens Benzene chloroforme acetonitrile 7.1% to 15.40%. Maximum (15.40%) content B. cereus 10.25 - 11.5 of protein was observed in P. nigra during MTCC 6629 summer and the lowest content of protein was Salmonella 12.55 - - (7.1%) recorded on during monsoon season. entrica MTCC The carbohydrate content of ascidian, 3224 P. nigra was ranged from 2.3% to 8.9%. V.vulnfticus 11.12 - 10.12 Minimum (2.3%) was observed during MTCC 1145 monsoon season and the maximum 8.29% was observed in during the summer season.season. Discussion In this study estimate the tunic acidity, protein, carbohydrate, lipid, moisture and ash contents and antibacterial assay in species of the ascidian, P. nigra. During the summer season, the acidity (6.5%), protein (15.40%) and carbohydrate (8.29%) was highly present in P. nigra while low acidity (2.03%), during pre-monsoon and protein content (7.1%) were recorded during monsoon. The water content of muscle obviously rises and this makes the flesh weak. This is the reason for the poor eating quality of spawning ascidians. Lipid content has been very low in the ascidians as compared Fig.1. Biochemical composition of ascidian, P. nigra in to protein and carbohydrate. Epelbaum et al29 seasonal wise. reported ascidians environmental tolerances The lipid content of ascidian, P. nigra and preferences such as temperature and was ranged from 1.03 to 3.95%. The minimum salinity, generally, Botryllus schlosseri survived (1.03%) was recorded during monsoon season environmental conditions of 10-25ºC and 14- while the maximum content was observed in 38‰ , positive growth at 10-25 ºC and 20-38‰ summer season and Botrylloides violaceus tolerated Ash content in species of the ascidian, environmentalenvironmental conditions between 5-25 ºC and P. nigra was ranged from 0.14 % to 1.56%. 20-38‰, positive growth at 15-25ºC and26- 38‰.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • From the National Park La Restinga, Isla Margarita, Venezuela
    Biota Neotrop., vol. 10, no. 1 Inventory of ascidians (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) from the National Park La Restinga, Isla Margarita, Venezuela Rosana Moreira Rocha1,11, Edlin Guerra-Castro2, Carlos Lira3, Sheila Marquez Pauls4, Ivan Hernández5, Adriana Pérez3, Adriana Sardi6, Jeannette Pérez6, César Herrera6, Ana Karinna Carbonini7, Virginia Caraballo3, Dioceline Salazar8, Maria Cristina Diaz9 & Juan José Cruz-Motta6,10 1 Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná – UFPR, CP 19020, CEP 82531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brasil 2Centro de Ecología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, CP 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela, e-mail: [email protected] 3Laboratorio de Zoología, Universidad de Oriente, Núcleo de Nueva Esparta, Escuela de Ciencias Aplicadas del Mar, CP 658, Porlamar 6301, Isla Margarita, Venezuela, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 4Instituto de Zoologia Tropical, Escuela de Biologia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, CP 47058, Caracas 1041, Venezuela, e-mail: [email protected] 5Departamento de Ciencias, Universidad de Oriente, Núcleo de Nueva Esparta, Guatamara, Isla de Margarita, Venezuela, e-mail: [email protected] 6Laboratorio de Ecología Experimental, Universidad Simón Bolívar, CP 89000, Sartenejas, Caracas 1080, Venezuela, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 7Laboratorio de Biología Marina, Universidad Simón Bolívar, CP 89000, Sartenejas, Caracas 1080, Venezuela, e-mail: [email protected] 8Departamento de Biología, Escuela de Ciencias, Universidad de Oriente, Núcleo de Sucre, CP 245, CEP 6101,Cumaná, Venezuela, e-mail: [email protected] 9Museo Marino de Margarita, Bulevar El Paseo, Boca del Río, Margarita, Edo. Nueva Esparta, Venezuela, e-mail: [email protected] 10Departamento de Estudios Ambientales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, CP 89000, Sartenejas, Caracas 1080, Venezuela, e-mail: [email protected] 11Corresponding author: Rosana Moreira Rocha, e-mail: [email protected] ROCHA, R.M., GUERRA-CASTRO, E., LIRA, C., PAUL, S.M., HERNÁNDEZ.
    [Show full text]
  • Ascidiacea (Chordata: Tunicata) of Greece: an Updated Checklist
    Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e9273 doi: 10.3897/BDJ.4.e9273 Taxonomic Paper Ascidiacea (Chordata: Tunicata) of Greece: an updated checklist Chryssanthi Antoniadou‡, Vasilis Gerovasileiou§§, Nicolas Bailly ‡ Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece § Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Greece Corresponding author: Chryssanthi Antoniadou ([email protected]) Academic editor: Christos Arvanitidis Received: 18 May 2016 | Accepted: 17 Jul 2016 | Published: 01 Nov 2016 Citation: Antoniadou C, Gerovasileiou V, Bailly N (2016) Ascidiacea (Chordata: Tunicata) of Greece: an updated checklist. Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e9273. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e9273 Abstract Background The checklist of the ascidian fauna (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) of Greece was compiled within the framework of the Greek Taxon Information System (GTIS), an application of the LifeWatchGreece Research Infrastructure (ESFRI) aiming to produce a complete checklist of species recorded from Greece. This checklist was constructed by updating an existing one with the inclusion of recently published records. All the reported species from Greek waters were taxonomically revised and cross-checked with the Ascidiacea World Database. New information The updated checklist of the class Ascidiacea of Greece comprises 75 species, classified in 33 genera, 12 families, and 3 orders. In total, 8 species have been added to the previous species list (4 Aplousobranchia, 2 Phlebobranchia, and 2 Stolidobranchia). Aplousobranchia was the most speciose order, followed by Stolidobranchia. Most species belonged to the families Didemnidae, Polyclinidae, Pyuridae, Ascidiidae, and Styelidae; these 4 families comprise 76% of the Greek ascidian species richness. The present effort revealed the limited taxonomic research effort devoted to the ascidian fauna of Greece, © Antoniadou C et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Aspects of the Ascidian Community Along the Israeli Coasts
    Ecological aspects of the ascidian community along the Israeli coasts THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE “DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY” BY Noa Shenkar SUBMITTED TO THE SENATE OF TEL-AVIV UNIVERSITY February 2008 This work was carried out under the supervision of Prof. Yossi Loya This work is dedicated with enormous love to Dror & little Ido תודות Acknowledgments I would like to express my gratitude to many people who helped me during this research. לפרופ' יוסי לויה שזכיתי להיות תלמידתו ולימד אותי מלבד אקולוגיה וביולוגיה ימית גם דבר או שניים על איך להיות בן - אדם. לחברי הועדה המלווה: פרופ' הודי בניהו, פרופ' יאיר אחיטוב ופרופ' אלי גפן שתמכו וייעצו ודלתם תמיד היתה פתוחה בפני . לד"ר אסתי וינטר שלימדה אותי לראות את הטוב בכל דבר . לפרופ' לב פישלזון שהתמזל מזלי להיות שכנתו ולימד אותי מהי זואולוגיה. To my colleagues abroad: To Charlie & Gretchen Lambert for their enthusiasm and love to ascidians. To Patricia Mather (née Kott) for her advice and support. To Elsa Vàzquez Otero, Rosana Moreira da Rocha and Françoise Monniot for teaching me ascidian taxonomy with great love and care. To Xavier Turon for his constructive remarks and to Amy Driskell for helping me with the PCR game. לחברי מעבדתי שליוו אותי לאורך השנים ועזרו בכל עת, ובמיוחד לעומרי בורנשטיין, אלן דניאל, מיה ויזל, עידו מזרחי, רועי סגל, רן סולם ומיכה רוזנפלד. לחברי מעבדת בניהו, יעל זלדמן, מתי הלפרין, ענבל גינסבורג ועידו סלע שתמיד יצאו בשמחה למשימות דיגום איצטלנים מולחברי עבדתו של פרופ' מיכה אילן על החברה והעוגיות . לד"ר איציק בריקנר על החתכים ההיסטולוגים המופלאים, ורדה ווכסלר על הגרפיקה, נעמי פז על העריכה וההגהה, אלכס שלגמן על העזרה הלבבית עם האוספים, וענת גלזר מחברת החשמל.
    [Show full text]
  • NON-INDIGENOUS SPECIES in the MEDITERRANEAN and the BLACK SEA Carbonara, P., Follesa, M.C
    Food and AgricultureFood and Agriculture General FisheriesGeneral CommissionGeneral Fisheries Fisheries Commission Commission for the Mediterraneanforfor the the Mediterranean Mediterranean Organization ofOrganization the of the Commission généraleCommissionCommission des pêches générale générale des des pêches pêches United Nations United Nations pour la Méditerranéepourpour la la Méditerranée Méditerranée STUDIES AND REVIEWS 87 ISSN 1020-9549 NON-INDIGENOUS SPECIES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN AND THE BLACK SEA Carbonara, P., Follesa, M.C. eds. 2018. Handbook on fish age determination: a Mediterranean experience. Studies and Reviews n. 98. General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean. Rome. pp. xxx. Cover illustration: Alberto Gennari GENERAL FISHERIES COMMISSION FOR THE MEDITERRANEAN STUDIES AND REVIEWS 87 NON-INDIGENOUS SPECIES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN AND THE BLACK SEA Bayram Öztürk FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2021 Required citation: Öztürk, B. 2021. Non-indigenous species in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Studies and Reviews No. 87 (General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean). Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb5949en The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.
    [Show full text]
  • Ascidian News*
    ASCIDIAN NEWS* Gretchen Lambert 12001 11th Ave. NW, Seattle, WA 98177 206-365-3734 [email protected] home page: http://depts.washington.edu/ascidian/ Number 79 June 2017 Rosana Rocha and I will be teaching the next tunicate workshop June 20-July 4 in Panama, at the Smithsonian’s Bocas del Toro Tropical Research Institute on the Caribbean. This is the 5th advanced workshop we have taught since 2006 at this lab; it is very gratifying to see that many of the participants are now faculty members at various institutions, with their own labs and students pursuing research projects on ascidians. A big thank-you to all who sent in contributions. There are 113 New Publications listed at the end of this issue. Please continue to send me articles, and your new papers, to be included in the next issue of AN. *Ascidian News is not part of the scientific literature and should not be cited as such. NEWS AND VIEWS 1. I hope to see many of you at the upcoming Intl. Tunicata meeting in New York City July 17-21, at New York University, hosted by Dr. Lionel Christiaen. There will be a welcome reception on the evening of July 16th. For more information see https://2017-tunicate- meeting.bio.nyu.edu/ . 2. The next International Summer Course will be held at Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Toba, Mie Prefecture, Japan, from July 7 to July 14, 2017. This course deals with experiments and lectures on basic developmental biology of sea urchins and ascidians, basic taxonomy, and advanced course of experiments on genome editing and proteomics.
    [Show full text]
  • A Manual of Previously Recorded Non-Indigenous Invasive and Native Transplanted Animal Species of the Laurentian Great Lakes and Coastal United States
    A Manual of Previously Recorded Non- indigenous Invasive and Native Transplanted Animal Species of the Laurentian Great Lakes and Coastal United States NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 77 ii Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for their use by the United States government. Citation for this report: Megan O’Connor, Christopher Hawkins and David K. Loomis. 2008. A Manual of Previously Recorded Non-indigenous Invasive and Native Transplanted Animal Species of the Laurentian Great Lakes and Coastal United States. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 77, 82 pp. iii A Manual of Previously Recorded Non- indigenous Invasive and Native Transplanted Animal Species of the Laurentian Great Lakes and Coastal United States. Megan O’Connor, Christopher Hawkins and David K. Loomis. Human Dimensions Research Unit Department of Natural Resources Conservation University of Massachusetts-Amherst Amherst, MA 01003 NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 77 June 2008 United States Department of National Oceanic and National Ocean Service Commerce Atmospheric Administration Carlos M. Gutierrez Conrad C. Lautenbacher, Jr. John H. Dunnigan Secretary Administrator Assistant Administrator i TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE Manual Description ii A List of Websites Providing Extensive 1 Information on Aquatic Invasive Species Major Taxonomic Groups of Invasive 4 Exotic and Native Transplanted Species, And General Socio-Economic Impacts Caused By Their Invasion Non-Indigenous and Native Transplanted 7 Species by Geographic Region: Description of Tables Table 1. Invasive Aquatic Animals Located 10 In The Great Lakes Region Table 2. Invasive Marine and Estuarine 19 Aquatic Animals Located From Maine To Virginia Table 3. Invasive Marine and Estuarine 23 Aquatic Animals Located From North Carolina to Texas Table 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Ascidian News*
    ASCIDIAN NEWS* Gretchen Lambert 12001 11th Ave. NW, Seattle, WA 98177 206-365-3734 [email protected] home page: http://depts.washington.edu/ascidian/ Number 86 December 2020 For the last issue of AN, coming out at a very challenging time for everyone, I asked how and what you are doing, how you are coping, are you able to continue your research and teaching, has this been a good time to write up earlier work; what would you like to share with other readers of AN. Well, here we are still in this pandemic, so I asked the same questions and again I received an incredible response! A number of correspondences are included in the next two sections. Nearly everyone still expresses confidence at having met the challenges and a great feeling of accomplishment ; congratulations to you all! There are 100 new publications since June. Thank you for letting me know how important AN continues to be. Please keep in touch and continue to send me contributions for the next issue. Keep safe, keep working, and good luck to everyone. *Ascidian News is not part of the scientific literature and should not be cited as such. NEWS AND VIEWS 1. From Hiroki Nishida: The 11th ITM (Intl. Tunicata Meeting) is scheduled to be held in Kobe, Japan on July 11th (Sunday) to the 16th (Friday), 2021. However, the organizing committee has not yet decided how or if to do it because of Covid-19 . We guess everyone is having a difficult time, and visiting Japan from other countries is still restricted.
    [Show full text]
  • A Most Northern Record of Alien Tunicate Phallusia Nigra Savigny, 1816, Population from the Argolic Gulf, Greece
    NESciences, 2020, 5(3): 192-197 Doi: 10.28978/nesciences.832997 - SHORT COMMINICATION- A most northern record of alien tunicate Phallusia nigra Savigny, 1816, population from the Argolic Gulf, Greece Panagiotis Latsoudis* The Moraitis School, Gymnasium, Psychiko, Greece. Abstract The black tunicate Phallusia nigra, Savigny, 1816 (Ascidiacea) is considered an alien species that has colonized the Levantine Sea. During a littoral zone search in July 2019 into the Porto Heli Bay (Argolid Peninsula, Peloponnese, Greece), a well-established population of the species was observed on a floating jetty. A large number of individuals (more than 50) suggests that the species is recently expanding its distribution into the northern and western part of the East Mediterranean Sea, after 67 years of occurrence in the Mediterranean Sea. Keywords: Argolic Peninsula, Phallusia nigra, Alien species, Ascidian, Greek waters Article history: Received 25 April 2020, Accepted 28 September 2020, Available online 27 November 2020 Introduction The black tunicate Phallusia nigra, Savigny, 1816 (Ascidiacea) is considered an alien species in the Mediterranean Sea that originated from tropical seas (Vandepas et al., 2015). The first record of the species into the Mediterranean Sea was in 1952 (Pérès, 1958). It is also the first non- indigenous ascidian reported in Greek waters, into the area of Rhodes Island to the southeastern most of the country (Kondilatos et al., 2010). The species has colonized the Levantine Sea (Çinar et al., 2006 ; Izquierdo et al., 2009 ; Zibrowius & Bitar, 2003). In 2008, only one casual specimen of P. nigra has been found at Peristera Island in Chalkidiki (North Aegean Sea) where it appears to be very rare (Koutsogiannopoulos et al., 2012).
    [Show full text]
  • On the Biomass of Phallusia Nigra
    Revista Biociências, Taubaté, v. 21, n. 2, p. 38-43, 2015 (ISSN 1415-7411) Influence of the endo-symbiont Leucothoe wuriti (Thomas & Klebba, 2007) (Crustacea, Leucothoidae) on the biomass of Phallusia nigra (Savigny, 1816) (Tunicata, Ascididae), in the northeastern coast of the São Paulo State, Brazil Influência do endobionte Leucothoe wuriti (Thomas & Klebba, 2007) (Crustacea, Leucothoidae) sobre a biomassa de Phallusia nigra (Savigny, 1816) (Tunicata, Ascididae) no litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo, Brazil Elisa Karen da Silva Ramos 1,4; Augusto Henrique Batista Rosa ²; Valter José Cobo ³ ¹ Departamento de Biologia Geral - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais ² Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia - Universidade Estadual de Campinas ³ Instituto Básico de Biociências - Universidade de Taubaté 4 Autor para Correspondência (Author for correspondence): [email protected] Abstract The ascidian Phallusia nigra shows a large geographical distribution on the tropical belt over the world. It is a solitary benthic filter-feeder species, black color and so commonly founded attached on the natural and artificial reefs. It is sessile nature became this animal a suitable substratum to the development of symbiotic organisms as the amphipod L. wuriti. However, this relationship could bring some disadvantages to the tunicate, once the presence of the amphipod into the ascidian may block its food intake. The main purpose of this investigation is evaluating the effects of the presence of the L. wuriti on the biomass of the ascidian P. nigra in the southeastern Brazilian coast. Thirty ascidian were caught fouling on the wharf columns at Itaguá beach,Ubatuba municipality, in the northeastern coast of São Paulo State (23°27’07.S 45°02’49.W).
    [Show full text]
  • Symplegma (Ascidiacea: Styelidae), a Non-Indigenous Genus Spreading Within the Mediterranean Sea: Taxonomy, Routes and Vectors
    Aquatic Invasions (2020) Volume 15, Issue 1: 44–62 Special Issue: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Marine Bioinvasions Guest editors: Amy Fowler, April Blakeslee, Carolyn Tepolt, Alejandro Bortolus, Evangelina Schwindt and Joana Dias CORRECTED PROOF Research Article Symplegma (Ascidiacea: Styelidae), a non-indigenous genus spreading within the Mediterranean Sea: taxonomy, routes and vectors Alfonso Ángel Ramos-Esplá1, Ghazi Bitar2, Yassine Ramzi Sghaier3,4, Melih Ertan Çinar5, Alan Deidun6, Jasmine Ferrario7,* and Aylin Ulman7 1Marine Research Center Santa Pola, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain 2Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon 3Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas. Boulevard du Leader Yasser Arafat, B.P.337, 1080 Tunis Cedex, Tunisie 4Unity of Research of Bio-ecology and Evolutionary Systematics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia 5Ege University, Department of Hydrobiology, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey 6Department of Geosciences, University of Malta, Msida, Malta 7Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy Author e-mails: [email protected] (AARE), [email protected] (GB), [email protected] (YRS), [email protected] (MEC), [email protected] (AD), [email protected] (JF), [email protected] (AU) *Corresponding author Co-Editors’ Note: This study was first presented at the 10th International Conference Abstract on Marine Bioinvasions held in Puerto Madryn, Argentina, October 16–18, 2018 Symplegma is a genus of compound ascidians (Fam. Styelidae) with warm water (http://www.marinebioinvasions.info). Since affinities and distribution in tropical and subtropical waters of the Pacific, Indian their inception in 1999, the ICMB meetings and Atlantic Oceans.
    [Show full text]
  • Occurrence of the First Non-Indigenous Ascidian Phallusia Nigra Savigny, 1816 (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) in Greek Waters
    Aquatic Invasions (2010) Volume 5, Issue 2: 181-184 This is an Open Access article; doi: 10.3391/ai.2010.5.2.08 Open Access © 2010 The Author(s). Journal compilation © 2010 REABIC Short communication Occurrence of the first non-indigenous ascidian Phallusia nigra Savigny, 1816 (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) in Greek waters Gerasimos Kondilatos1*, Maria Corsini-Foka1 and Maria-Antonietta Pancucci-Papadopoulou2 1Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Hydrobiological Station of Rhodes, Cos Street, 85100 Rhodes, Greece 2Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Oceanography, 19013 Anavyssos, Greece E-mail: [email protected] (GK), [email protected] (MCF), [email protected] (MAPP) *Corresponding author Received: 25 January 2010 / Accepted: 24 March 2010 / Published online: 30 March 2010 Abstract The ascidian Phallusia nigra is listed among the non-indigenous species of the Mediterranean Sea and its first occurrence in Hellenic waters is noted here. The westward expansion of the black sea squirt from the north Levantine coast, up to the Aegean Sea has been revealed by scuba diving, as established populations were recorded offshore and in one of the harbours of Rhodes Island. Maintenance conditions of the species in captivity are briefly discussed. Key words: Tunicata, Ascidiidae, Phallusia nigra, non-indigenous species, Aegean Sea, Mediterranean Sea Alien species continuously increase in numbers Oblada melanura (Linnaeus, 1758) dwelled in the Mediterranean waters (Zenetos 2010). nearby. At the surface, salinity was 39.3 psu and Among the Hellenic seas, where a recent update temperature 20.5°C, while the concentration of lists 193 alien species introductions (Zenetos et dissolved oxygen was 5.13 mL/L.
    [Show full text]
  • Brachyura: Pinnotheridae), with an Updated List of Symbiont-Host Associations
    diversity Review A Review of the Ecomorphology of Pinnotherine Pea Crabs (Brachyura: Pinnotheridae), with an Updated List of Symbiont-Host Associations Werner de Gier 1,2,* and Carola Becker 3 1 Taxonomy and Systematics Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands 2 Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands 3 Vergleichende Zoologie, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Haus 2, 10115 Berlin, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +31-7-1751-9600 Received: 14 October 2020; Accepted: 10 November 2020; Published: 16 November 2020 Abstract: Almost all pea crab species in the subfamily Pinnotherinae (Decapoda: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) are considered obligatory endo- or ectosymbionts, living in a mutualistic or parasitic relationship with a wide variety of invertebrate hosts, including bivalves, gastropods, echinoids, holothurians, and ascidians. While the subfamily is regarded as one of the most morphologically adapted groups of symbiotic crabs, the functionality of these adaptations in relation to their lifestyles has not been reviewed before. Available information on the ecomorphological adaptations of various pinnotherine crab species and their functionality was compiled in order to clarify their ecological diversity. These include the size, shape, and ornamentations of the carapace, the frontal appendages and mouthparts, the cheliped morphology, the ambulatory legs, and the reproductive anatomy and larval characters. The phylogenetic relevance of the adaptations is also reviewed and suggestions for future studies are made. Based on an updated list of all known pinnotherine symbiont–host associations and the available phylogenetic reconstructions, it is concluded that, due to convergent evolution, unrelated species with a similar host interaction might display the same morphological adaptations.
    [Show full text]