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Ultrafine Particles (UFP) in the UK AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP Ultrafine Particles (UFP) in the UK Prepared for: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; Scottish Government; Welsh Government; and Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP Ultrafine Particles (UFP) in the UK Prepared for: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; Scottish Government; Welsh Government; and Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland i This is a report from the Air Quality Expert Group to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; Scottish Government; Welsh Government; and Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland, on ultrafine particles in the UK. The information contained within this report represents a review of the understanding and evidence available at the time of writing. © Crown copyright 2018 Front cover image credit: Defra/Air Quality Expert Group United Kingdom air quality information received from the automatic monitoring sites and forecasts may be accessed via the following media: Freephone Air Pollution Information Service 0800556677 Internet http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk PB14510 ii Terms of Reference The Air Quality Expert Group (AQEG) is an expert committee of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and considers current knowledge on air pollution and provides advice on such things as the levels, sources and characteristics of air pollutants in the UK. AQEG reports to Defra’s Chief Scientific Adviser, Defra Ministers, Scottish Ministers, the Welsh Government and the Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland (the Government and devolved administrations). Members of the Group are drawn from those with a proven track record in the fields of air pollution research and practice. AQEG’s functions are to: • Provide advice to, and work collaboratively with, officials and key office holders in Defra and the devolved administrations, other delivery partners and public bodies, and EU and international technical expert groups; • Report to Defra’s Chief Scientific Adviser (CSA): Chairs of expert committees will meet annually with the CSA, and will provide an annual summary of the work of the Committee to the Science Advisory Council (SAC) for Defra’s Annual Report. In exception, matters can be escalated to Ministers; • Support the CSA as appropriate during emergencies; • Contribute to developing the air quality evidence base by analysing, interpreting and synthesising evidence; • Provide judgements on the quality and relevance of the evidence base; • Suggest priority areas for future work, and advise on Defra’s implementation of the air quality evidence plan (or equivalent); • Give advice on current and future levels, trends, sources and characteristics of air pollutants in the UK; • Provide independent advice and operate in line with the Government’s Principles for Scientific Advice and the Code of Practice for Scientific Advisory Committees (CoPSAC). Expert Committee Members are independent appointments made through open competition, in line with the Office of the Commissioner for Public Appointments (OCPA) guidelines on best practice for making public appointments. Members are expected to act in accord with the principles of public life. Further information on AQEG can be found on the Group’s website at: https://www.gov.uk/government/policy-advisory-groups/air-quality-expert-group iii Membership Chair Professor Paul Monks University of Leicester Members Dr James Allan National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Manchester Dr David Carruthers Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants Dr David Carslaw Ricardo Energy and Environment and University of York Dr Gary Fuller King's College London Professor Roy Harrison OBE University of Birmingham Dr Mat Heal University of Edinburgh Professor Alastair Lewis National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York Dr Eiko Nemitz Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Professor Claire Reeves University of East Anglia Professor Martin Williams King's College London iv Ad hoc members Professor David Fowler CBE Formerly Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Dr Ben Marner Air Quality Consultants Dr Andrew Williams University of Chester Ex officio members Central Management and Control Unit of the automatic urban and rural networks: Dr Richard Maggs, Bureau Veritas National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory: Dr Tim Murrells, Ricardo Energy and Environment Non-automatic hydrocarbon monitoring networks and metals monitoring network: Dr Paul Quincey, National Physical Laboratory Quality Assurance and Quality Control of the automatic urban network and the non-automatic monitoring networks: Dr Paul Willis, Ricardo Energy and Environment Assessors and observers Simon Baldwin Welsh Government Barry McCauley Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland Andrew Taylor Scottish Government Alison Gowers Public Health England Secretariat Dr Sarah Moller National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Dr Ailsa Stroud Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs v Michelle Brailey-Balster Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs vi Acknowledgements The Air Quality Expert Group would like to acknowledge the following individuals and organisations for their help in the preparation of this report: Dr Hugo Denier van der Gon (TNO, Netherlands) for provision of particle number inventory data. Dr Mingxi Yang and Dr Thomas Bell (Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK); and Professor Ian Brooks and Dr Sarah Norris (University of Leeds, UK) for the Penlee Point Atmospheric Observatory data. Mr Brian Stacey (Ricardo, UK) for his report on measurements at Heathrow. vii Table of Contents Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 10 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 12 1.1 Key Points ...................................................................................................................... 12 1.2 Purpose of this Report .................................................................................................... 12 1.3 Manufactured UFP/Nanoparticles ................................................................................... 13 1.4 Sources and Characteristics of UFP ............................................................................... 13 1.5 Health concerns of ambient UFP .................................................................................... 18 1.6 Legislation pertaining to ambient UFP ............................................................................ 18 1.7 Chapter 1 References ..................................................................................................... 20 2 Sources of UFP ..................................................................................................................... 23 2.1 Emission Inventories for UFP .......................................................................................... 23 2.2 Emission Factors ............................................................................................................ 23 2.3 UK Reporting for International Conventions and Directives ............................................. 24 2.4 Chapter summary ........................................................................................................... 37 2.5 Long-Range Transport of Ultrafine Particles ................................................................... 40 2.6 Chapter 2 References ..................................................................................................... 41 3 Measuring Ultrafine Particles ................................................................................................. 44 Key Points ................................................................................................................................. 44 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 44 3.2 Standardisation of Ultrafine Sampling and Measurement In Ambient Air and Vehicle Emissions .................................................................................................................................. 45 3.3 Methods used to produce the Ultrafine Particle Data in this Report................................. 46 3.4 Methods Used to Produce Data for Other Metrics in this Report ..................................... 48 3.5 Chapter 3 References ..................................................................................................... 50 4 Concentrations, Size Distribution and Composition of Ultrafine Particles. .............................. 51 4.1 Particle Number Counts (PNC) ....................................................................................... 51 4.2 The German Ultrafine Aerosol Network........................................................................... 62 4.3 Particle Number Size Distributions .................................................................................. 62 4.4 UFP from Aviation and Shipping ..................................................................................... 67 4.5 Chemical Composition of Ultrafine Particles and Differences between that and PM2.5 ........ 69 4.6 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons .................................................................................
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