N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass

Advance Archaeological Works Contract

Aghnahunshin

Ministerial Direction A31 (A31-023 / E3311)

Matthew Seaver David J O’Connor

Final Report Archaeological Excavation May 2009

Consulting Archaeologists Client CRDS Ltd Leitrim County Council Unit 4 Áras an Chontae Dundrum Business Park Carrick-on-Shannon Dundrum Co Leitrim Dublin 14

CRDS Ltd A31-023 N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme

Project Details

Project Archaeological Excavation Ministerial Direction A31 Site Identification A31-023 Registration No. E3311 Site Director Matthew Seaver Senior Archaeologist David J O’Connor Consultant Cultural Resource Development Services (CRDS) Ltd Archaeological and Historical Consultants Unit 4a, Dundrum Business Park, Dundrum, Dublin 14

Client Leitrim County Council Civic Offices, Carrick-on-Shannon, County Leitrim

NRA Project Number LM/01/100 NRA Senior Archaeologist Rónán Swan NRA Archaeologist Orlaith Egan Project Engineer David Meade Consulting Engineer Morgan Hart

Site Aghnahunshin Townlands Aghnahunshin Parish Mohill County Leitrim Nat. Grid Ref. 206074.291, 285975.627 Chainage 8773 OD 46m RMP No. N/A

Project Duration 26th May 2006 – 19th June 2006 Excavation Start Date 26th May 2006

Report Date Draft: October 2006 Issue: September 2007 Final: May 2009

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Table of Contents

Project Details ...... i Table of Contents...... iii Project Team...... vi Executive Summary ...... 1 1 Introduction ...... 3 1.1. Summary...... 3 1.2 Proposed Development...... 3 1.3 Scope of Contract ...... 4 2 Solid Geology and Topography...... 5 2.1 Solid Geology...... 5 2.2 Topography and Landscape ...... 5 3 Archaeological and Historical Background...... 7 3.1 Baseline Survey ...... 7 3.2 Previous Archaeological Work ...... 7 3.3 Towns and Villages...... 8 3.3.1 Dromod...... 8 3.3.2 Roosky ...... 9 3.4 Baronies and Parishes ...... 10 3.4.1 The Barony and Parish of Mohill ...... 10 3.4.2 Parish of Annaghduff...... 12 4 Archaeological Excavations...... 13 4.1 Overview of Excavations...... 13 4.2 Methodology...... 13 4.3 Results of Archaeological Excavation...... 13 4.3.1 Bronze Age Period ...... 14 4.3.2 Modern Period...... 18 4.3.3 Unknown Date...... 19 5 Archaeological Finds...... 21 5.1 Overview ...... 21 5.2 Prehistoric Finds...... 21 5.2.1 Lithics ...... 21 5.4 Early Modern and Modern Finds ...... 21 5.4.1 Early Modern Pottery...... 21 6 Archaeological Samples...... 23 6.1 Overview ...... 23 6.2 Samples Processed for Possible Radiocarbon Dating ...... 23 6.3 Samples to be Processed for Charred Environmental Remains...... 23 7 Archaeological Discussion ...... 25 7.1 Discussion Overview...... 25 7.2 Conclusion...... 25

Appendices Plates Figures

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List of Appendices

Appendix 1: National Monuments Service Registration Number Appendix 2: Recorded Archaeological Sites and Monuments Appendix 3: Recorded Archaeological Finds from the Area Appendix 4: Previous Archaeological Excavations Appendix 5: Site Archive Appendix 6: Feature Register Appendix 7: Finds Register Appendix 8: Samples Register Appendix 9: Levels Register Appendix 10: Photographic Register Appendix 11: Drawing Register Appendix 12: Select Bibliography, References & Sources Appendix 13: Radiocarbon Dates Appendix 14: Report on the Lithics from Aghnahunshin Appendix 15: Report on the Plant Remains from Aghnahunshin

List of Figures Figure 1: Scheme Location Figure 2: Aghnahunshin Test Trench Location Plan Figure 3: Results of Test Trenching Figure 4: Aghnahunshin Site Location Figure 5: Overall Site Plan Figure 6: Pre-excavation Plan of Burnt Mound F69 Figure 8: Post-Excavation Plan of Burnt Mound F69 and trough F71 Figure 9: Pre-excavation Plan of Burnt Mound F1 and Burnt Mound F3 Figure 10: Burnt Mound F1, sections Figure 11: Post excavation Plan and Sections of Burnt Mound F1 and Burnt Mound F3 Figure 12: Plan and Sections of trough F40 and trough F27

List of Plates Plate 1: Burnt Mound 3, F69 Pre-Excavation (A031-023 301) Plate 2: Burnt Mound 3, Mid Excavation from southwest (A031-023 305) Plate 3: Burnt Mound 3, Section through trough F71, north-west facing (A031-023 308) Plate 4: Burnt Mound 3, Trough F71 (A031-023 315) Plate 5: Burnt Mounds 1 and 2 Pre-Excavation (A031-023 318) Plate 6: Burnt Mound 2, Pre Excavation from east (A031-023 319) Plate 7: Section through Burnt Mound 1 from (A031-023 321) Plate 8: Section through Burnt Mound 1 from (A031-023 332) Plate 9: Stakeholes/root fragments ((A031-023 346) Plate 10: Section through F27 facing west ((A031-023 342) Plate 11: Burnt Mound 2, Trough F27 Post Excavation ((A031-023 40) Plate 12: Burnt Mound 1, Hollow F40 post ex facing southwest (A031-023 351) Plate 13: Burnt Mound 2, Post Excavation from southwest (A031-023 365) Plate 14: Burnt Mound 3 showing relict field boundaries (A031-023 366) Plate 15: Arrowhead A031-023-367 (E3311.4)

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Project Team

Senior Archaeologist: David J O’Connor Directors: Caitríona Moore Laurence McGowan Matthew Seaver Finola O’Carroll Aisling Collins Post-Ex Manager: Milica Rajic Surveyors: Ken Russell Cormac Bruton Abigail Walsh 3D Reconstruction: Chiara Chiriotti Senior Supervisors: Jean O’Dowd Richard Reid Susanne Larsson Safety Officer: Bairbre Mullee Supervisors: Vincent Cherubini Ross Crawford Rachel Homan Geza Sollzosi Axel Lundell John Fletcher Dominic Gallagher Gianmarco Cattari Igor Kolosuzk Jane Hamill Fiona Beglane Nial Jones Site Assistants: Dominic Brady Mervyn Hartnett Owen O'Loughlin Diego Aguirrezabal Stefanie White Consuela Valerio Claudia Pinci Rossella Scordato Benjamin Thebaudeau Maria Perri Harald Midthjell Valeria Martino Alexander Massie Henrik Lindahl Lise Loku Margarita Kouali Stian Hatling Hanne Haugen Antonio Gurrieri Marianne Enokse Annalisa Cacciatore Luisa Bonadies Gabor Nagy Margurette Kent Sean Hickey Manuel Costa Angela Ascierto Elaine Murphy Lucia Faraca Kate Keefe Ana Santos Martin Zubor Andrew Whitefield Zbigniew Wegielnik Marco Thiene Brian Sheerin Jonathan Russell Andrzej Przybos Yolande O'Brien Paola Morelli Gary Mulrooney Anna Musial-Koloszuk Fergal Murtagh Katia Cupo Mícheál Ó Cearbhalláin Krzysztof Brzeskot Deborah Cahill Adam Choma Benedetto D'Aloise Gerard Flynn Venessa Bedlow Sarah Forde Angela Fuggi Patricia Garcia Therese Hannon Ana Hernandez Conn Herriott Sean Hurst Gabriel Jarabek Pawel Kajfasz Declan Troddyn Eimear Reilly Neill McMahon Manuela Meloni Roberta Lotta Anna Maria Desiderio Agnieszka Cebulak Carlo Zito Marcin Czernecki Alessandro De Fraia Biagio Della Corte John Diffey Alana Doyle Sara Elifani Carla Ferreira Mikaela Frannson Rhianwen Howell Adam Humberg Nial Jones Thorsten Kahlert Alfredo La Pietra Ciar Maher Gabriela Marques Veerle Pauwels Francesca Pisano Marianna Ripa Przemyslaw Radniecki Eamon Russell Anna Lisa Sardellini Andrzej Wojdak Ander Arresse Iosu Zumeta Xabier Padin Xabier Kueto Mornington John Woodall

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Specialists: Dr Ingelise Stjuits (Wood Identification) Dr Nora Bermingham (Peat morphology) Dr Gillian Plunkett (Pollen and Tephra analysis) Ms Eileen Reilly (Insect remains) Dr Steven Mandal (Geology) Mr Conor McDermott (Wetland Archaeology) Dr Aiden O’Sullivan (Wetland Archaeology) Caitríona Moore (Wetland Archaeology) University of Waikato (Radiocarbon Dating)

Report signed off by,

______EurGeol Dr Stephen Mandal MIAI PGeo Managing Director, CRDS Ltd.

______David J O’Connor MA MIAI Project Manager, CRDS Ltd.

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Executive Summary

At the request of Leitrim County Council, CRDS Ltd. have undertaken a programme of archaeological excavations for the N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass. In total 25 potential archaeological sites were identified during centreline testing as part of the Advance Archaeological Investigation: N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass (conducted by CRDS Ltd. under licence 05E0983).

This report refers to the excavation of site A31-023 (Aghnahunshin) located in Aghnahunshin townland in the parish of Mohill and barony of Mohill, County Leitrim. Within the road scheme the site is located at chainage 8773 on the main N4 centreline.

The programme of excavation was undertaken on the 26th May 2006 as part of Ministerial Direction A31. It was subsequently given the registration number E3311.

Investigations showed the site to be three Fulachta Fiadh and their associated features which included a series of pits and stake holes. Three Radiocarbon dates were obtained from charcoal within the burnt mounds– two from the Early Bronze Age 2470-2130 cal BC and one from the Early Medieval period cal AD 890-1030.

The following report contains the Final results of the excavations.

The excavations were carried out on behalf of Leitrim County Council and funded through the NRA under the NDP 2007-2013 and the EU Structural Fund.

All archaeological finds were stored in CRDS Ltd. offices before being delivered to the National Museum of Ireland for permanent storage.

The excavation archive is currently retained by CRDS Ltd pending agreement on its final deposition.

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1 Introduction

1.1. Summary CRDS Ltd. has carried out predevelopment archaeological testing and excavation along the route of the proposed N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass. In addition to the centreline test trenching, CRDS Ltd. also carried out site specific testing on four sites or areas identified in the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) as being potentially archaeological. A Topographical Survey on a further site was also completed as part of the contract. Fieldwork (Archaeological Testing) started on the 9th August 2005 and ran until 11th October 2005. Weather conditions were generally poor for the most part. In total 43,294 (provisional figure) linear metres of centreline trenching was completed. Twenty-five sites of archaeological interest were uncovered during the course of the centreline test trenching.

Resolution of the sites identified in testing was started on the 26th January 2006 and continued through until August 31st 2006. Aghnahunshin was investigated on the 26th March 2006 and completed on the 19th May 2006. Three Fulachta Fiadh, several pits and a series of stake holes were uncovered during the investigation.

1.2 Proposed Development The Dromod Roosky Bypass Project is being developed by Roscommon National Roads Design Office on behalf of Leitrim County Council in association with Longford County Council and in consultation with the National Roads Authority. The N4 National Primary route extends from Dublin City to Sligo Town. The N4 is approximately 210km in length and passes through Counties Sligo, Leitrim, Roscommon, Longford, Westmeath, Meath, Kildare and Dublin. It is listed in the National Road Needs Study (NRNS) as a “Strategic Road Corridor”, and links the northwest and western regions with Dublin and the eastern region generally. The section of the N4 under consideration as part of the N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass scheme is approximately 10km long and extends from the townland of Fearnaght in County Leitrim, approximately 2.5km North of Dromod Village, to the townland of Edercloon, approx 1.6km South of Roosky village in County Longford. It passes through the townlands of Fearnaght, Faulties, Furnace or Bleankillew, Dromod Beg, Cloonturk, Gubagraffy, Cornagillagh, Killinaker, Moher, Knockmacrory, Georgia or Gorteenoran, Aghamore, Aghnahunshin, Tomisky and Edercloon. The existing N4 National Primary route consists of a single carriageway road generally between 6-7m in width. During the constraints study phase information was gathered on potential constraints with the study area. Studies covered ecology,

______May 2009 3 Final Report CRDS Ltd A31-023 N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme cultural heritage, planning and land-use. The studies involved desktop investigations, consultation and site visits. Major constraints identified consisted of the Shannon and Eslin Rivers and their associated floodplains, the Sligo to Dublin railway line, large areas of designated ecological importance, and the settlements of Dromod and Roosky.

During the course of the project it was decided that N4 Dromod Roosky would be a pilot scheme for a Type 2 Dual Carriageway (i.e 2 lanes in both directions) and not a Type 3 which is a 2 plus 1 scheme. Please refer to the NRA website (www.nra.ie) and the document 'New Divided Road Types' for more information. The Dromod Roosky Scheme exists today as a Type 2 Dual Carriageway

1.3 Scope of Contract The N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Advance Archaeological Works Contract covered the section of the proposed N4 realignment together with associated county roads between the existing N4 road at Fearnaght townland in County Leitrim and Edercloon townland in County Longford. It extends for approximately 10km.

The works were carried out by Ministerial Direction as is set out in the National Monuments Act 1930-2004. The National Monuments Act 1930-2004 provides for the protection and preservation of archaeological remains and archaeological objects. Archaeological objects are afforded further protection under the Cultural Institutions Act 1997.

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2 Solid Geology and Topography

extracted from Environmental Impact Statement

2.1 Solid Geology Geologically the area is one of carboniferous limestone bedrock and the area was once part of the Greater Lough Ree / Derg complex, before this lake was reduced by the growth of fens and raised bog. The wet mineral soil coverage consists of a ground-water gley, technically a fertile soil but the high clay content beneath the extended lake causes the soil to remain permanently poorly drained in places, resulting in widespread peat accumulation. Mantles of reasonably well-drained glacial deposits in the south of the area contrasts with peat bog cover alternating with morainic islands of pasture to the north. The resulting C-horizon (natural subsoil) consists of boulder clay.

2.2 Topography and Landscape The alignment travels through a variety of landscapes, ranging from the drumlin belt with associated small lakes dominated by cattle farming within small enclosed holdings; the Shannon wetlands straddling Lough Scannal and Lough Bofin; low-lying fertile improved pasture enclosed by regular fields and diverse hedgerows; mixed dense bog woodland and scrub and finally cutover mature raised bog. The dominant feature in the landscape is the river Shannon and the land generally falls from east to west. The chosen route runs entirely within the Shannon Basin. Generally the area lies in the northern central lowlands close to the southern limits of the main drumlin belt.

The land along the route sustained a considerable population in prehistoric times, as indicated by the wide variety of archaeological monument types still extant in the wider landscape. The number of ruinous religious and secular building still present shows that this continued into the historic and medieval periods and beyond, with post-medieval and early industrial features well represented. The section of the route straddling the county boundary is characterised by irregular medium sized straight sided fields with earth and/or stone boundaries crowned by mainly willow species. To the north of the area the less common fields are interspersed with larger areas of unenclosed open raised bog land. The landscape has a mixed land-use capability but some well drained areas show evidence of earlier cultivation. The high incidence of earthen ringforts in the general area supports this premise. Historically the average size of a farm holding was less than 20 hectares and presently cattle grazing predominates, although the prevalence of older cultivation ridges still visible

______May 2009 5 Final Report CRDS Ltd A31-023 N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme running beneath present field boundaries suggests that tillage everywhere was once more widespread than it is now. As a result of the population increase in the 17th and 18th centuries, the more fertile areas were among the most densely populated in the county, but the land could not adequately support the population and few outside the ribbon villages and planted estate lived beyond subsistence level. The area was included in the Distressed Poor Law Unions and in the Congested Districts of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The size of some townlands reflect earlier fertility of the land with small enclosures and minor townlands generally echoing areas of former well-drained enclosed tillage or pasture while large townlands enclosed areas of bog or unimproved grassland, often areas of commonage that reflect the pre-19th century system of open rundale farming practice. Townland mearings running through unimproved land are often older than those enclosing smaller townlands. As expected the larger townlands lie in the northern half of the area, with smaller ones close to the county boundary reflecting the relative fertility of the soil in this section of the route. A further hint at previous land use lies in the design or condition of the enclosing boundaries, with well-built and maintained planted banked hedges reflecting areas of previous tillage, which were considered more valuable in the past than meadows, due probably to the increased amount of maintenance work the land required. Located as it was in the north midlands along the Shannon, the area was reasonably well served by transport infrastructure during the last three centuries, helping the area to overcome the general rural decline in population and agricultural activity prevalent in much of the midlands. Besides the river Shannon, the area is located on one of the main routes northwest from Dublin, deflected north of due west by the presence of Lough Ree. The central location of the area meant that it also benefited from the extensive railway system crossing the country, and by 1860 the villages of Dromod and Roosky were relatively well served by road, rail and river, all contributing to its relative wealth during some of the worst periods of desolation and poverty in Irish history. Nowadays agriculture along the route is generally in decline and many fields lie fallow with improved productive pasture and tillage reverting to wet grassland. Otherwise much of the area remains relatively unchanged and many of the field systems and smallholdings may reflect earlier land usage.

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3 Archaeological and Historical Background

by Clíodhna Tynan of CRDS Ltd.

3.1 Baseline Survey As part of the baseline survey for Aghnahunshin, the Record of Historic Sites and Monuments for County Leitrim was consulted for the relevant parts of the County Leitrim Ordnance Survey 6” Sheet 35. All sites within a radius of c.3km of the site were identified. The relevant files for these sites, which contain details from aerial photographs, early maps, OS memoirs, OPW Archaeological Survey notes and other relevant publications, were then studied in the Sites and Monuments Records Office. These monuments are listed in Appendix 2. The archaeological excavation bulletin website (www.excavations.ie) was consulted to identify any previous excavations that may have been carried out in the vicinity of this site in recent times. This database contains summary accounts of all the excavations carried out in Ireland from 1985 to 2001. Details of previous excavations are listed are listed in Appendix 4. Further information is also included on the excavations which form part of this project, particularly those in close geographic proximity to this site, namely Tomisky and Edercloon (A31-024 & 025). The topographical files in the National Museum of Ireland were consulted to determine if any archaeological artefacts had been recorded from the area. Other published catalogues of prehistoric material were also studied: Raftery (1983 - Iron Age antiquities), Eogan (1965; 1983; 1994 - bronze swords, Bronze Age hoards and goldwork), Harbison (1968; 1969a; 1969b - bronze axes, halberds and daggers) and the Irish Stone Axe Project Database (School of Archaeology, UCD). The finds from the area are listed in Appendix 3. Aerial photographs of the area of the development were examined in the Geological Survey of Ireland.

3.2 Previous Archaeological Work A number of archaeological studies have been carried out since 2003 on the proposed route of the N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme. These include the following:

• N4 Drumsna to Longford Road Improvement, Constraints Study Report, MMEPO / Roscommon NRDO, March 2003 • Route Selection Report, N4 Drumsna to Longford, Roscommon NRDO, February 2004

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• Environmental Impact Statement, N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass, Roscommon NRDO, December 2004 • N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Advance Archaeological Works Contract, CRDS Ltd, O’Connor, Muñiz Pèrez & Conron, November 2005

CRDS Ltd. has carried out predevelopment archaeological testing along the route of the proposed N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass. In addition to the centreline test trenching, CRDS Ltd. also carried out site specific testing on four sites or areas identified in the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) as being potentially archaeological. A Topographical Survey on a further site was also completed as part of the contract. Fieldwork (Archaeological Testing) started on the 9th August 2005 and ran until 11th October 2005. Weather conditions were generally poor for the most part. In total 43,294 (provisional figure) linear metres of centreline trenching was completed.

Archaeological test excavation of Aghnahunshin was undertaken by Sheelagh Conron of CRDS Ltd (licence no. 05E0983 - on behalf of Leitrim County Council). Testing revealed three burnt mounds in close proximity. Archaeological excavation of Aghnahunshin was subsequently undertaken by Matthew Seaver of CRDS Ltd (Ministerial Direction A31).

3.3 Towns and Villages

3.3.1 Dromod Lewis states that Dromod ‘originated in the establishment of works for smelting iron ore, which were carried on successfully till the supply of fuel failed in 1798’ (Lewis 1837, vol. 1, 519). At that time the village of Dromod contained 29 houses and 162 inhabitants. The earliest record found for Dromod comes from the 1659 Census of Ireland (Pender 1939, 561) which lists ‘Dromad’ townland as containing 18 heads of household, all of whom were Irish. One townland in the area, Furnace or Bleankillew, seems to owe its name to the iron-smelting industry. The manuscripts of the Irish Folklore Schools Commission record a local tradition that a place in Furnace townland known as ‘Furnace Garden’ was so-called ‘because foreigners came there…and set up there in an old castle and began to melt iron and had always a big furnace burning’ (MS 214, 42). Another account tells that ‘the castle in Furnace was owned by three men who used to melt iron and got broken up and left the country and the castle went in ruin’ (MS214, 49). The Ordnance Survey Name Books (1835-6) state that ‘there are the remains of an old furnace for smelting Iron ore in the southern end [of Furnace townland] from which probably the name is derived’ (OS Name Books County Leitrim: No. 83, 8). According to Butler (1935, 98) the iron works at Dromod were set up a year or two after

______May 2009 8 Final Report CRDS Ltd A31-023 N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme the battle of the Boyne and were worked from 1695 to 1713. The directors of the Dromod iron works, along with the works at Ballinamore, were three Englishmen, Slake, Skerret and Hall, who apparently came to Ireland in 1690.

The Midland Great Western Railway (MGWR) company was formed in 1844 with the purpose of constructing a railway route from Dublin to the west coast serving the midlands. It was to become the third largest railway company in Ireland with lines linking Dublin to both Galway and Sligo. The company was incorporated in 1845 with powers to construct a railway from Dublin to Mullingar and Longford and purchase the Royal Canal, though the company had to maintain navigation and toll collection on the canal (Shepherd 1994, 9). Construction began in Dublin in 1846 and the line had reached Mullingar by September 1848 with the Longford line opening on 8th November 1855.

The Cavan-Leitrim Railway, founded in 1883, served a double function; 33¾ miles long, this narrow gauge (3ft) line linked the Midland and Great Western broad gauge station at Dromod to the corresponding Great Northern facility at Belturbet. The narrow gauge also serviced the local communities in between those towns. The construction of the Cavan and Leitrim Railway began in June 1885 and finished in July 1887. In 1920 a branch line was opened to Arigna, which greatly enhanced the local railway. Coal was shipped to the main lines heading for Limerick and the cement works at Drogheda, however, when the coal arrived at Dromod and Belturbet via the narrow gauge line, it had to be shovelled manually from the Cavan and Leitrim wagons to the wagons on the broad gauge lines. Coal traffic ensured the survival of the line through the years of the World War II and by the 1950s it was virtually dependant on the transportation of coal to Irish Cement in Drogheda. However, by 1956 this was no longer viable and the line finally closed on March 31st 1959 (Brady 2000).

3.3.2 Roosky The settlement at Roosky may have a very early origin as a number of Bronze Age and Iron Age finds from the river Shannon there would suggest it acted as a fording point of the river at an early date (Bourke 2001, 201, 233). The town is contained within counties Leitrim and Roscommon as it spans the Shannon which acts as the county boundary. The Shannon figured prominently in proposals for navigation schemes in the late 17th and early 18th centuries including a petition to make the river Shannon navigable from Limerick to Leitrim. Legislation was authorised by parliament as early as 1715 (2 Geo. I, c. 12 IR) to make the river navigable from Limerick to Carrick-on-Shannon but little was done and further legislation was passed in 1721 and 1751. In

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1755 Thomas Omer began work for the Commissioners of Inland Navigation and he oversaw the construction of a lateral canal to the west of the Shannon to bypass the shallows at Roosky. First edition Ordnance Survey maps show a double canal channel running from Rabbit Island in the south to Pigeon Island in the north. By the early 19th century the state of repair of the canalised sections of the Shannon Navigation was poor. Pressure was brought about by the Inland Steam Navigation Company, formed in 1829, to improve the state of the navigation as they wanted to provide regular steamer services between Killaloe and Carrick-on-Shannon. In the 1840s improvement works resulted in the abandonment of the old canal in favour of dredging out the river channel. A new lock and weir were also to be constructed downstream of the village (Delany 1987, 55-58). The old nine arched bridge was replaced by the five arched bridge which stands over the river to this day (Delany 1987, 58; Lewis 1837, vol 2, 541). The older bridge is the one seen marked on Taylor & Skinner’s Maps of the Roads of Ireland which marked ‘Rulky Bridge’ and also depicts the canal at Roosky (Talyor & Skinner 1783, 63). By the time Lewis was writing his Topographical Dictionary of Ireland Roosky was a market and post-town and was said to participate ‘in the general trade of the river’ (Lewis 1837, vol 2, 541).

3.4 Baronies and Parishes

3.4.1 The Barony and Parish of Mohill The history of the barony and parish of Mohill begins with the foundation of a monastery there during the early medieval period by St. Manchan. The monastery, located in the town of Mohill c. 8km northeast of Dromod, was probably founded some time in the 6th century as the annals record the death of St. Manchan in 538 (A. Tig.) (Gwynn & Hadcock 1970, 187). Nothing survives of the early foundation (Lewis 1837, vol. 2, 376). The Augustinian rule was introduced here in the 13th century and the church is described as a parish church in 1470 (Moore 2003, 183). In 1590 the precinct contained a church, two stone buildings and a cemetery. The foundations of a rectangular building remain in the graveyard, where there is also a Church of Ireland church (Moore 2003, 183). During the early medieval period this area was settled by the Conmaicne Rein who were initially based at Fenagh and from there seem to have settled most of south Leitrim. This area subsequently came to be known as Magh Rein. By the late 7th or early 8th century the area of modern counties Leitrim, Cavan and part of Roscommon was conquered and settled by the Uí Briúin, a branch of the royal dynasty of Connacht. This area became known as the kingdom of Breifne and its over kings the Uí Briúin Breifne. The area was divided into many smaller territories and it seems that the area around the modern barony of Mohill formed part of the kingdom of Muinter Eolais. One of the chief families in Muinter Eolais was the Mac Raghnaill, whose

______May 2009 10 Final Report CRDS Ltd A31-023 N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme descendants are the modern day Reynolds. During the later part of the first millennium the kingdom of Uí Briúin Breifne grew in strength and in size, expanding into neighbouring Mide. The kingdom seems to have reached the height of its power in the 12th century under the expansionist endeavours of Tighernán O’Rourke and is said to have stretched ‘from Kells to Drumcliff’ (Simms 1979, 305). The area was conquered briefly during the early years of the Anglo-Norman colonisation with Hugh de Lacy being given the title of ‘king of Midhe and Breifne and Airghaill’ after the assignation of Tighernán O’Rourke. Although the O’Rourkes remained in Breifne as vassals of the Anglo-Normans, during the 13th century, as the English lost control of the area, the O’Rourkes came under increasing pressure from the O’Conor kings of Connacht to the west and the rising power of the O’Reilly kings to their east who seem to have joined forces in a bid to gain Breifne territory. The area of west Breifne, the modern county Leitrim, seems to have fallen under the control of Cúchonnacht O’Reilly at this stage but by 1256 Conchobhar O’Rourke had regained control of this portion of Breifne after the battle of Magh Sleacht and he is called ‘king of Breifne’, ‘king of Uí Briúin and Conmaicne’ by the Connacht annals (A.C.; A.L.C) (Simms 1979, 305-19).

The O’Rourke’s remained as rulers of west Breifne until the 16th century when their power was finally broken and the county finally came under the control of the Crown with the Plantation of Leitrim in 1620-22. The delineation of the county boundaries of Connacht had begun in the 16th century but was interrupted by the Nine Years War, and so, it is not until 1607 that Leitrim as we know it today was defined and divided into five baronies: Dromahaire, Rosclogher, Leitrim, Mohill and Carrigallen. This division of the baronies survives to this day. The county at this time was described as being ‘of the least value of all the counties of Ireland’, with one commentator stating that ‘none but devils could live in such a hell’ (Mac an Ghallóglaigh 1971, 233). The first attempt at planting Leitrim proved to be a failure however, due to the uninviting nature of the local terrain, and the discontentment of the dispossessed native landholders. The situation finally came to a head in the rebellion of 1641, with the protestant settlers being forced to flee to Cavan, and Leitrim was not successfully settled until the Cromwellian and Williamite campaigns of the latter part of that century. It is during the 17th century that we witness the transformation of the landscape of Leitrim with the development of towns such as Carrick-on-Shannon and Jamestown by the settlers and also by their introduction of industry into the area. One such industry, the smelting of iron-ore, was to have a detrimental effect on the forests of the county which were almost entirely decimated by the end of the 18th century. The townlands through which the road development passes that are contained within the parish of Mohill are as follows: Aghamore, Aghnahunshin, Clooncolry, Cloonturk, Cornagillagh, Georgia or Gorteenoran, Gubagraffy, Killinaker, Knockmacrory, Moher (all within county Leitrim) and Edercloon and Tomisky (with county Longford). The Leitrim portion of Roosky

______May 2009 11 Final Report CRDS Ltd A31-023 N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme is also contained within this parish. Aghnahunshin is likely to translate as Achadh Na Huinseana or field of the ash trees (O’ Donovan 1835).

3.4.2 Parish of Annaghduff The origins of the parish of Annaghduff, which lies within the Barony of Mohill, also date to the early medieval period. An early Christian church was founded there in 766 AD according to Lewis (1837, vol 1, 28). The deaths of abbots of the monastery are recorded in the annals under the years 767 and 792 (A.U., A.F.M.). In the Ordnance Survey Namebooks, letters and notes on place names and antiquities compiled by John O’Donovan during the course of the Ordnance Survey mapping of the country in the 1820s to 1840s, Annaduff parish is described as being composed of ‘undulating hills highly fertile and cultivated with bogs in the vallies’ (OS Name Books: County Leitrim; No. 83, 5). The following townlands through which the road development will pass are contained within this parish: Drumod Beg, Faulties, Fearnaght and Furnace or Bleankillew. Dromod village is also situated in the parish of Annaduff.

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4 Archaeological Excavations

4.1 Overview of Excavations The excavation of Aghnahunshin revealed three Fulachta Fiadh which probably date to the Bronze Age. A barbed & tanged flint arrowhead was found within in deposits overlying pits and would appear to confirm this date range. These burnt mounds were in two distinct areas, A and B.

4.2 Methodology Prior to the commencement of excavation, the two areas were stripped of topsoil. Area A measured approximately 30m east-west and 30m north-south and Area B measured 33m east-west and 23m north-south. This was carried out using tracked mechanical diggers with 2m wide toothless ditching buckets under archaeological supervision. Topsoil was removed down to the surface of the archaeological deposits. Once exposed, the archaeological deposits were cleaned and cleared of any remaining topsoil. This was all done by hand. The archaeological features were then excavated by hand, and recorded in plan, section and by photography, ensuring complete preservation by record of the site. A feature register and finds register of the excavations are contained in Appendices 6 and 7 respectively.

The excavation of Aghnahunshin took place between 26th May 2006 – 19th June 2006. A team of the director, one supervisor and six assistants undertook the excavations.

4.3 Results of Archaeological Excavation The results of the excavation of Aghnahunshin are presented below. A number of different periods are represented in the archaeology uncovered. The results of the excavation are presented on a phase by phase basis, starting with the earliest phase and finishing with the latest.

Area A consisted of a Burnt Mound (Mound 3) measuring 10.2m by 9m, beneath which was a trough, and several modern drains and field boundaries (Fig. 5). It was situated on a narrow low north-east ridge overlooking bog. The site was situated on pasture land approximately 5m from the eastern edge of peat growth. All the archaeology in this area was sealed by topsoil (F88 - a light brown sandy clay).

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Area B at Aghnahunshin was located to the north of Area A. It was situated in pasture land on the crest of a shallow east facing slope that led down to the edge of a boggy area (Fig. 5). The site consisted of two burnt mounds, their troughs and associated features. Mound 1 was located in the middle of an open field, whereas Mound 2 was truncated by the townland boundary that divides Aghnahunshin from Aghamore. It was also located on the slope as opposed to on the crest. On the other side of that boundary a series of possible Bronze Age features were excavated including several burnt mounds and a Fulachta Fiadh. The presence of the bog had influenced the fills and deposits of the site giving many of them a peaty consistency

4.3.1 Bronze Age Period

Area A - Burnt Mound 3 with later re-cut F61 Figs. 6-8, Plates 1-4 F71 was a trough situated on the eastern side of the burnt mound spread F69. It was sub-circular in plan and measured 2m by 1.92m and was 0.7m deep (Fig. 8). Its fills F78, F77, F76, F74 were of a silty sand consistency with burnt stone and charcoal inclusions. F74 was the main layer with a depth of 0.32m. It contained frequent burnt stone and charcoal. It was cut by F84, a secondary shallow trough with an elongated north-eastern edge, which may have possibly been a stepped entrance feature. It was irregular in plan and measured 4.52m by 1.5m and was 0.32m deep. Its fills F72, F73 and F75 were a silty mix of sand and clay with large amounts of burnt stone and charcoal inclusions. F75 spread into it and sealed F79 and F80, two clayey deposits which filled a probable stone socket. Some 4.5m southeast of trough F71 was a pit F86, which has been heavily truncated by a modern field boundary (F63). It measured approximately 0.3m in diameter and was 0.35m deep. Its fill (F85) was similar to F61, containing a lot of burnt stone and charcoal. All features were sealed by F61, the main burnt stone deposit which covers much of the area measuring 10.5m by 9m and 0.14m deep. Its north-eastern edge was elongated measuring 2m by 1m and 0.08m deep. It underlay a more mixed deposit of burnt stone, charcoal rich soil and topsoil measuring 7.4m by 6.5m by 0.1m in depth F69.

Area B- Burnt Mound 1 and associated water collectors Figs. 5 & 9-12, Plate 5 & 7-11 The complex around Burnt Mound 1 consisted of several water collectors, a group of shallow pits and a small cluster of stake holes attributed to this phase as well as the burnt mound and its trough. The site was discovered under sod and was initially represented by a deposit of topsoil mixed with

______May 2009 14 Final Report CRDS Ltd A31-023 N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme charcoal rich soil and burnt stone measuring 10m by 5.1m by 0.12m in depth, F1. This overlay F5, the main layer of burnt material and spread over most of the area due to ploughing and erosion. It measured 8m by 5m and was up to 0.26m deep (Fig 9, 10). It sealed the trough F40, a group of shallow pits F50, F42 and F49, and a curvilinear pit, F47. A radiocarbon date was obtained from charcoal within F5 and indicated that the burnt mound was in use 2350-2130 cal BC during the Early Bronze Age.

There was a shallow pit F33 in the southwest area of the mound which was truncated by the field drain F61 (Fig 11). It measured 0.45m by 0.35m and was 0.24m deep. Its only fill F7, consisted of a mix of black silty sand and burnt material. Because it was truncated it is difficult to suggest its purpose. 1.50m west of F33 lay a sub-circular trough F40, measuring 1.6m by 1.3m and was 0.36m deep. Its primary fill, F39, was a silty sand which contained occasional burnt stone and charcoal inclusions and was up to 0.32m deep. A radiocarbon date obtained from charcoal within this deposit indicated that it was Early Bronze Age, 2470 - 2200 cal BC (Wk22722, see Appendix 13). F38 was a black silty sand mixed with a heavy concentration of burnt stone and charcoal. The regular shape and heavy concentration of burnt stone and charcoal all point to this being a trough. Just before the crest of the slope, there were three pits to the east and north of the trough F40. The largest of these, F50, was 1.4m northeast of the trough. It was sub-circular in plan and had a diameter of 2m and was 0.22m deep. F6, its primary fill, was a light brown silty sand with occasional stone and charcoal inclusions. F5 (see above) sealed it and extended 0.1m down into the cut. 2.2m northwest of this pit was F42, a similar pit in shape but significantly smaller. Its diameter was 0.19m and was up to 0.12m deep. It was filled by F41, a grey sandy-clay with no inclusions. Both of these pits were shallow flat bottomed features. 3.5m north of F50 was F49. Its diameter was 1m and it was 0.1m deep and is filled by F5 (see above). It was similar in plan to the other two, however its base was slightly more irregular. Each of these cuts had a shallow bowl shaped profile, it may be that they were intended to hold round bottomed baskets upright.

There were a group of four associated features in the eastern half of the quadrant, F47, F46, F45 and F51. F47 was sealed by F5; the main burnt mound spread, whereas the latter three were sealed by F4, which was a mix of burnt mound material, hill wash and encroaching peat in the north-eastern quadrant. It measured approximately 6m by 6m and was up to 0.2m deep. A barbed and tanged flint arrowhead (A031-023:1), a piece of worked flint (A031-023:2), a chert scraper (A031-023:5) and a possible axe rough-out (A031-023:4) were uncovered from F4 surrounding the pits. No finds however came from within them. It overlay F5 at its eastern edge. F46, F45 and F51 were located on the slope leading down to the edge of the bog. Just before the crest 0.8m to the

______May 2009 15 Final Report CRDS Ltd A31-023 N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme east of F40 was a curvilinear pit or channel F47. It measured 4m by 1.1m and varied from 0.2m to 0.8m deep. It was generally orientated northeast-southwest. Its fill was F8 with F5 sealing it and extending 0.16m down into the cut. To the north of F47 was a channel F46. This had a section measuring 2.2m by 1.5m and varied from 0.2 to 0.5m deep which led down to a shallower section running 3.00m across the slope with a width of 2m and was 0.3m deep. This was filled by F4. North of F46 were two sub-circular pits F45 and F51, both of which had a high western edge with the east sloping away. F45 was oblong in plan and measured 2.05m by 1.2m and was 0.5m deep. Its fill F43 was of a thick peaty composition with very occasional burnt mound material inclusions. It was sealed by F4. F51 measured 1.6m by 1.2m and was up to 0.4m deep. Its fill consisted of a clayey peat mix with burnt stone inclusions on the south side of the pit. F45, F46, F47, and F51 appear to have been used as water collectors, or channels of some kind to trap water for use in the trough. Their position down slope from the trough and the clay silt content of the deposits filling them all point to water management of some kind. Perhaps they were to trap run-off from the slope or to collect ground water for use in the trough.

Area B - Burnt Mound 2 Figs. 9-12, Plates 5, 6 & 13 7m to the north of Mound 1 was a further burnt mound. Its proportions were smaller and there were two phases of activity. F14 was the main burnt mound spread and had a heavy concentration of charcoal and burnt stone. It was concentrated on the north-western side of the trough F27 measuring 2.5m by 0.97m and varying from 0.02m to 0.1m deep. In the south-eastern corner of the mound there was a sub-circular trough (F27). It measured 2.75m by 1.6m with a depth of 0.27m. It was filled by sandy clay with a heavy concentration of fire cracked stone on its south- eastern side and occasional charcoal throughout F21. A sample of charcoal obtained from this deposit was radiocarbon dated to cal AD 890-1030 indicating its use during the Early Medieval Period (Wk 22724, Appendix 13). Cut into this was a secondary trough F35, measuring 0.9m long with a depth of 0.14m (the width could not be discerned as the secondary trough was revealed in section and not on plan). It contained two fills; F14 formed the primary fill of and appears to have slumped in from the northern side, it was 0.15m deep and had a width of 0.7m. This was covered by F34 - a topsoil-like fill it was 0.9m in width and varied from 0.05m to 0.15m deep.

On the north-western side of F27 there was a stepped feature F58. It measured 1.2m by 0.7m and was 0.27m deep. It is filled by a mixed clayey layer F22 with occasional burnt mound material throughout. Its relationship with F27 is unclear as it is obscured by the later trough. It may be the

______May 2009 16 Final Report CRDS Ltd A31-023 N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme north-western side of the original trough or it may have been a later step cut into it preceding the secondary trough F35.

1m north-west of F27 was F18, a redeposited natural which was possibly cast up from the trough. This was cut by F17 which also cuts F19, (a peaty layer with charcoal and burnt stone inclusions). This was concentrated on the north-western side of the trough and measured 4.5m by 1.5m and was up to 0.14m deep. It filled and sealed three pits beneath it, (F55, F56, and F57), and were situated 1m - 2m down slope from F27. F55 measured 2.5 by 1.1 and was 0.3m deep. F56 measured 2.2m by 0.3 and was 0.56m deep. F57 measured 2.1m by 0.7m and was 0.35m deep. They were probably water collectors, trapping the flow down the slope into the bog or for the collection of ground water. All the features in both Mound 1 & 2 are cut into natural F20, a grey- brown sandy clay.

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4.3.2 Modern Period Field Drains A series of gravel filled field drains running northeast-southwest across the field from F70 were also uncovered. They measured 10m by 0.3m and 0.2m deep. They were spaced approximately 12m apart. They truncated F63, a field boundary running east-west down the field which measured 14m by 2.1m and was 0.52m deep. It was filled by F64, a grey- brown silty sand, and F83, a mix of redeposited natural and silty sand. Field boundary F63 was later re-cut by F87, which measured approximately 9m by 1.6m and was 0.22m deep. It was filled by F82, a redeposited natural. F63 then cut a hedgerow boundary F62. It ran northwest-southeast across the field and measured 14m by 1.62m and was 0.2m deep.

Plough Furrows There were several post-medieval to modern agricultural features within this area in the form of drains and plough furrows. Mound 1 was sealed by topsoil F2, beneath which lay F60, a stone filled modern drain that ran across the length of the field. The stone was angular gravel that is used today in drainage; therefore this drain is probably no more than ten years old. It was 0.25m wide and 0.2m deep. F60 was cutting a number of plough furrows that were running perpendicular to it. These ran across the width of the field and measured up to 0.5m wide and 0.1m deep. F1 was directly below topsoil F2 and was a mix of topsoil and burnt material. It extended over the western part of the site and was over much of F5, the main burnt material spread. In the south-eastern area of the mound there was a modern post-hole F13 measuring 0.7m diameter and 0.3m deep. Its fill F11 was a loose light brown peat.

Mound 2 was sealed by topsoil F2, beneath which lay F15 the upper layer. It measured 5.4m by 1m and was up to 0.11m deep. It was a combination of topsoil and burnt mound material. F15 was over F3, a hill wash covering the north-western edge of the mound. It measured 1.9m by 2.3m and was up to 0.3m deep. It was a silty sand but contained a heavy concentration of burnt materials. F15 also seals F17 an irregular pit that was visible in section but not on plan due to root disturbance. It measured 8.66m by 0.62m and was 0.15m deep. This is possibly an earlier plough furrow. Running across the field were a series of later plough furrows, one of which F37 truncated the trough F27 on its southern edge. It was 0.29m wide and 0.07m deep.

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4.3.3 Unknown Date Posthole F13 and deposit F10 A modern post hole F13 cut a deposit of unknown date, whose relationship with Mound 1 is unclear as it was cut just at the interface (F10). It was a dark clayey-peat that was encroaching from the bog measuring 1.45m in length and up to 0.09m deep. Its width is unknown as it was discovered in section.

Stakeholes In this area F10 sealed a group of four stake holes - F29, F30, F31 and F32. Their average diameter was 0.13m and averaged 0.1min depth. F30, F31 and F32 form a line orientated east- west with an average distance of 0.2m between them. F29 is 0.1m to the south. They were filled by a loose clayey peat which was similar to F10. Their relationship with the mound is unclear but it is probable that they were prehistoric.

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5 Archaeological Finds

5.1 Overview There were several archaeological finds recovered from Aghnahunshin which included a barbed & tanged flint arrowhead (Plate 15). Besides the few early modern finds most suggest a Bronze Age date. All finds were stabilised to National Museum of Ireland specifications and temporarily housed in CRDS offices for the duration of the project. Finds will ultimately be stored in the National Museum of Ireland.

5.2 Prehistoric Finds All the prehistoric finds recovered from the site were lithics.

5.2.1 Lithics All the prehistoric finds came from F4, a deposit composed of a mix of burnt mound material, hill wash and encroaching peat which was concentrated in the eastern half of Mound 1. These included a barbed & tanged flint arrowhead (A031-023:1), a piece of struck flint (A031-023:2), a possible axe rough-out (A031-023:4) and a chert concave scraper (A031-023:5).

5.4 Early Modern and Modern Finds

5.4.1 Early Modern Pottery There were two early modern finds from this site. A sherd of unglazed red earthen ware (A031- 023:7) was recovered from F1, being the interface between topsoil and the Fulacht material. The second, a rim sherd from a slip ware vessel (A031-023:6), came from F14, which was one of the main burnt mound layers but had been heavily disturbed by agricultural plough furrows and root activity from the truncating field boundary.

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6 Archaeological Samples

6.1 Overview A programme of sampling took place during the excavation of Site A31-023 at Aghnahunshin. Advice was sought from various experts while excavation was ongoing, and following their advice and recommendations a sampling strategy was conceived especially for the site. Following the completion of on-site excavation a review was undertaken of all samples taken at Aghnahunshin. This involved the disposal of some samples and the re-examination and prioritising of the others. There were 28 archaeological samples taken from Aghnahunshin. The eventual samples chosen for analysis and dating differ somewhat from those in the preliminary report owing to the results of the sieving process. Post excavation analysis has been undertaken and the results are presented in this report. All samples retained for analysis are outlined below.

6.2 Samples Processed for Possible Radiocarbon Dating The following samples have been selected with the specific aim of extracting sufficient quantities of charcoal to enable a date to be obtained through radiocarbon analysis (Appendix 13).

Sample Feature Back up Reason l 8 21 - Provide charcoal for radiocarbon date for use of trough F27

4 5 - Provide charcoal for radiocarbon date for main deposit of burnt stone at mound 1

Needed to date feature. Charcoal and seed extracted from flot . No other possibility of 13 F39 - dating feature.

6.3 Samples Processed for Charred Environmental Remains The following samples have been selected with the specific aim of recovering charred environmental remains to enable paleo-environmental analysis to take place for Aghnahunshin. The results of analysis are presented in Appendix 15.

Sample Feature Back up Reason

2 5 - Primary fill of trough F27 in mound II: Area B

8 F21 - Secondary fill of the trough F40 in mound I: Area B

12 F38 - Fill of trough F40

13 F39 - Primary fill of trough F40

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7 Archaeological Discussion

7.1 Discussion Overview Aghnahunshin was divided into two areas, A & B. Both appear to have two distinct phases (Bronze Age and Modern). In Area A the Bronze Age features consisted of Mound 3 and its trough. The mound covered an extensive area with the trough (and it’s re-cut), on its eastern side. The trough was sub-circular containing silty fills with a high concentration of burnt stone and charcoal. The re- cut was a later use of a pre-existing trough which probably took place within the Bronze Age also. There were also the remains of a shallow pit containing burnt mound material. Its purpose cannot be gauged as it was heavily truncated by a modern field boundary. The modern features in Area A consisted of two stone lined drains, a field boundary and a hedgerow boundary. In Area B the Bronze Age features consisted of two burnt mounds, their troughs, a series of water collectors and several shallow pits (in Mound 1). The trough in Mound 2 was re-cut, but the extent of Mound 1 was greater. Both troughs were sub-circular. The trough of Mound 1, however, contained fills that had a much higher percentage of charcoal than that of Mound 2. The water collectors were situated down slope from both troughs and were for the most part linear in shape. The shallow pits were only associated with Mound 1 and were probably used to hold round bottomed baskets. There were also a cluster of four stake-holes whose date was indeterminate and there are no other features in the vicinity to directly relate them to. The modern features in Area B consisted of a stone lined drain similar to those in Area A, several agriculture plough furrows, and a townland boundary. All of these features truncate the earlier archaeology to some degree or another.

7.2 Conclusion The site at Aghnahunshin consisted of three Fulachta Fiadh or burnt mounds, several water collectors, a series of stake holes, a series of pits and some early modern drains and agricultural plough furrows. Its situation on the edge of a bog is typical of these types of features. The finds point to a date in the Earlier Bronze Age with later activity disturbing the archaeology.

Burnt Mounds usually refer to mounds of fire cracked stone, charcoal rich soil often associated with earth dug troughs which can be lined with clay, stone or timber. The burnt stone constitutes debris from a process in which blocks of stone are heated and placed in a water filled trough. Broken unusual stones are heaped, often in a crescent, around the trough. Various features such as hearths, windbreaks, waterholes and pits are often excavated associated with them. The vast bulk

______May 2009 25 Final Report CRDS Ltd A31-023 N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme of these sites have been found to date from the Bronze Age, particularly in the mid-later part of that period (Brindley 1995, 7-8). They are often located close to useable water sources such as streams. A wide range of uses have been suggested from bathing and cooking to textile processing. A total of ten burnt mounds are listed in the Record of Monuments and Places for County Leitrim. The results of radiocarbon dating suggest that Mound 1 was used during the Early Bronze Age 2470-2130 cal BC while Mound 2 was surmised as being used at the beginning of the Late Bronze Age (although an Early Medieval date was obtained from this mound – see below). It is clear from the Dromod-Roosky excavations that this vastly underestimates the numbers of this monument type within the county. This is clearly due to the relatively low level of developments in the county in modern times and the topography dominated by bog and lake which have meant that discovery of these sites by human disturbance is less frequent. The results of the Dromod-Roosky excavations can place burnt mounds in context with other Bronze Age features such as trackways and platforms. Six burnt mound deposits or associated features were dated to the period between 2740-1500 cal BC on the route. Two single plank toghers within the Edercloon complex have also been dated to this period and it is clear that people had been creating paths into the bogland for a considerable time predating the Aghnahunshin burnt mounds. Two further deposits of burnt stone, some of which were associated with troughs, were dated to the Middle to Later Bronze Age on various sites on the route. At sites such as Moher 1 there were a series of phases of use within this period spanning hundreds of years. Like at Aghnahunshin people returned to familiar locations during the Bronze Age for the use of burnt mounds, perhaps as traditional sites for particular extended families. A series of wooden toghers and platforms were constructed during this period within the bog at Edercloon. As within the Lisheen programme of excavation in County Tipperary, the majority of burnt mounds were located on the margins of bogland (Cross-May et Al 2005, 61- 62). It is likely, given the landscape history from other locations in the country, that Bronze Age house sites and burial complexes are located further within the dryland in proximity to the burnt mounds. The location of a barbed and tanged arrowhead, possibly linked to hunting, is likely to be contemporary with mound 1 and indicates the kind of activities undertaken on the periphery of the bogland (see Moore, Appendix 14). Excavations at Aghnahunshin contributes to the overall picture of human activity on the bogland margin in the Bronze Age in the area now known as County Leitrim.

An Early Medieval date was obtained from Mound 2, 840-1030 cal AD and may have resulted from the burning of scrub and woodland overlying the mound material. This sample was Elm (Ulmus Sp.). A small collection of burnt mounds (less than 5%) have been dated to the Early Medieval to

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Post Medieval period (O’ Neill, 2003-4, 83). The use of hot stone technology is recorded in a variety of literary sources from this time period.

Site Lab Code/Sample Date Site Type Date Edercloon Wk20956 A031/25 4087+33 Hazel Togher 2870-2490 Cal BC Wk22721 Fill of pit in proximity to burnt Clooncorly 1 3890+30 BP 2740-2280 Cal BC A031/007/62/38 mounds Burnt mound F33 over peat – no Moher 5 Wk20192 A031/17/7 3915+82 BP 2620-2140 Cal BC trough in CPO Wk22725 Cloonturk 2 3976+30 BP Burnt Stone Deposit F8 2580-2400 Cal BC A031/005/3/7 Wk22722 Fill of trough associated with burnt Aghnahunshin 3864+30 BP 2470-2200 Cal BC A031/023/39/13 mound 1 Wk22726 Fill of pit in proximity to burnt Clooncorly 1 3825+59 BP 2470-2060 Cal BC A031/007/55/33 mounds Edercloon 36 Wk20202 A031/25 3868±43 Alder Togher 2470-2200 Cal BC Wk22723 Aghnahunshin 3803 +30 BP Main deposit of burnt mound 1 2350-2130 Cal BC A031/023/5/4 Wk22729 Cloonturk 2 3775+30 BP Burnt Stone Deposit F3 2300-2050 Cal BC A031/005/8/5 Wk22726 Clooncorly 1 3765+39 BP Fill of pit under burnt mounds F8 2300-2030 Cal BC A031/007/54/25 Edercloon 38 Wk20955 A031/25 3668±42 BP Birch Togher 2200-1920 Cal BC Charcoal within peat in proximity Moher 1 AO31/13/90 3637+ 41 BP 2134-1895 Cal BC to burnt mounds Compacted peat deposit Moher 1 Wk20194 A031/13/34 3207+ 51 BP 1610-1390 Cal BC Underlying Burnt Mound F80 Fill of trough with Burnt Stone Moher 1 Wk AO31/13/72 3116+44 BP 1500-1260 Cal BC associated with Burnt Mound F80 Fill of Trough with Burnt Mound Moher 1 Wk A031/13/47 3037+43BP 1420-1130 Cal BC F80 Trough associated with burnt Clooncorly 1 Wk2270 A031/7/18/3 3005+30 BP 1380-1120 Cal BC spread Edercloon 5 Wk20961 A031/25 2909±39 BP Birch Togher 1206-970 Cal BC Posthole in Trough under Burnt Moher 1 Wk20193 A031/13/11 2812+46 BP 1120-840 Cal BC Mound F75/F51 Edercloon 9 Wk20949 A031/25 2786±40 BP Ash Platform 1040-830 Cal BC Layer of peat between Burnt stone Moher 1 AO31/13/25 2733+39 BP 974-807 Cal BC deposits F80/F75 Edercloon 10 Beta-217356 A031/25 2410±40 Ash Togher 760-390 Cal BC Edercloon 25 Wk20200 A031/25 2446±39 BP Blackthorn Togher 760-400 Cal BC Wk22724 Primary fill of trough with burnt Aghnahunshin 1066+30BP 890-1030 Cal BC A031/023/21/8 mound 2 Edercloon 19 Wk20199 2508±39 BP Hazel Togher 800-420 Cal BC A031/25 Edercloon 27 Wk20952 2638±39 BP Hazel Platform 900-770 Cal BC A031/25 Edercloon 44 Wk-20959 2661±39 BP Hazel Togher 900-790 Cal BC A031/25 Edercloon 34 Wk-20954 2729±39 BP Hazel Platform 980-800 Cal BC A031/25

Bronze Age sites on the N4 Dromod-Roosky By-Pass Road Scheme dated to the Late Neolithic - Early Bronze Age - Late Bronze Age

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Appendices

Appendix 1: National Monuments Service Registration Number Appendix 2: Recorded Archaeological Sites and Monuments Appendix 3: Recorded Archaeological Finds from the Area Appendix 4: Previous Archaeological Excavations Appendix 5: Site Archive Appendix 6: Feature Register Appendix 7: Finds Register Appendix 8: Samples Register Appendix 9: Levels Register Appendix 10: Photographic Register Appendix 11: Drawing Register Appendix 12: Select Bibliography, References & Sources Appendix 13: Radiocarbon Dates Appendix 14: Report on the Lithics from Aghnahunshin Appendix 15: Report on the Plant Remains from Aghnahunshin

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Appendix 1

National Monuments Service Registration Number

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Appendix 2

Recorded Archaeological Sites and Monuments extracted from Environmental Impact Statement

The Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) and the Record of Monuments and Places (RMP) are the principle sources of information on the field monuments within the state. These document all known and potential sites, whether extant, buried or destroyed. The non-statutory SMR list, compiled between 1984 and 1992, was replaced by the RMP lists and corresponding maps in 1994. These includes most of the information contained within the SMR, except monuments which were either not located or which were deemed not to merit inclusion upon further examination. Additional sites discovered during the interval were added to the RMP. The list is not exhaustive and monuments are regularly being added to the inventory. The lists for Leitrim and Longford have not yet been published but the information is available in the form of Archaeological Survey field notes. Just one monument from these lists was found to lie within the corridor (LE035-017), the site of a standing stone that has been removed some time in the past.

additional information by CRDS Ltd. The following are a list of recorded monuments in the general vicinity of the road scheme

LE035:002 Rath Aghamore Towards the top of the north-west facing slope of a drumlin and directly north of another rath (LM035:003). Grass-covered 20244, 29445 subcircular area (internal dimensions 21m east-west; 18m north-south) defined by an earthen bank (width 8-12m; internal 100-200’ OD height 0.2m; external height 1.1m at south to 2.2m at east and west), and an external fosse (width of base 1.6-3m; depth 337 0.2m at east) northwest-east-southwest. There is a slight mound (diameter 6m) at the centre.

LE035:003 Rath Aghamore On the north-facing slope of a drumlin immediately south of another rath (LM035:002). Grass-covered circular area (internal 20247, 29441 dimensions 32m north-south; 30m east-west) defined by an earthen bank (width 6.5-8m; internal height 0.3-0.5m; external 100-200’ OD height 0.5m at south to 1.8m at north), reduced to a scarp (height 2.5m) at east, and an external fosse (width of base 1.5- 338 3m; depth 0.15m at west to 0.7m at north). There is a local tradition of a souterrain in the interior.

LE035:017 Standing stone (site) Fearnaght 20402, 29267 On a shelf with a quarry to north and lower ground to west. Marked only on the current edition of the OS 6-inch map. The 200-300’ OD field has been reclaimed and the standing stone removed. 146

LE035:018 Bullaun stone Fearnacht 20394, 29254 On a west-facing slope. An oval stone (dimensions c. 0.4m x c. 0.2m) with a small basin on one side close to a well which is 100-200’ OD an opening (diameter 1.2m; depth 0.5m) defined by boulders (dimensions c. 0.5m) which is not known to be a holy well. 1476

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LE035:020 Rath Furnace or On a gentle east-facing slope. Grass-covered subcircular area (internal dimensions 42m north-south; 37m east-west) Bleankillew defined by an overgrown earthen bank (width 4m; internal height 1.1m; external height 3m) south-north which is reduced to 20458, 29159 a scarp (height 1.4-2.5m) elsewhere, and a flat bottomed fosse (width 1-2.5m; depth 0.7-1m). The entrance (width 4m) is at 100-200’ OD south. 669

LE037:001 Earthwork (site) Moher On a gentle west-facing slope close to the River Shannon. Described as a fort on the 1st edition of the OS 6-inch map. 20558, 28751 Grass-covered oval earth and stone mound (dimensions 42.3m north-south; 38.6m east-west; height 0.8m at east to 3.3m at 100-200’ OD west) with signs of recent quarrying along the perimeter at northeast. 1382

LE037:003 Earthwork (site) Aghamore 20579, 28630 In pasture on a west-facing slope. Marked as a circular enclosure (diameter c. 36m) on the 1st and current editions of the 100-200’ OD OS 6-inch maps. Not visible at ground level. 1309

Sites uncovered during the Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme

A31-001 / E3288 Kiln (site of) Faulties The excavation of Site A31-001 (Faulties) revealed a post-medieval kiln, as was depicted on the 1st Edition 204474, 292194 Ordnance Survey 6” map (1829-41). OD 50

A31-006 / E3293 Agricultural Activity Cloonturk 1 The excavation of Site A31-006 (Cloonturk 1) revealed a series of post-medieval activity, with several features 205958, 290782 possibly being of an older date. OD 44

A31-005 / E3292 Burnt Mounds The excavation of Cloonturk 2 revealed the site to contain one large and two smaller burnt stone deposits of Cloonturk 2 possible Fulacht Fiadh material, a charcoal enriched spread, a stone deposit and a pit containing dumped 205909, 290813 stone.The large burnt stone deposit (F3) has been dated to 3976±30 BP (2580-2400 BC) putting it in thevery OD 43.2 early stages of the Early Bronze Age. The smaller burnt stone deposit (F8) has been dated to 3775±30 BP (2300-2050 BC) again putting it in the early stages of the Early Bronze Age, similar to F3.

A31-007 / E3295 Burnt Mounds Investigations revealed two main phases of activity, the Early Bronze Age and the Middle Bronze Age. The Early Bronze Age was represented by a large burnt stone deposit (F8) overlying three pits and troughs (F31, Clooncolry 1 42 & 49). A further burnt deposit (F48) and associated pit (F53) also belong to this period. A fragment of a 206234, 290246 polished stone axe was recovered from a stratigraphically secure context (F32) radiocarbon dated to the Early OD 53.5 Bronze Age. The Middle Bronze Age was represented at Clooncolry by a burnt mound (F3), a burnt spread (F4) and associated pit (F30). In addition to the prehistoric archaeology, a number of modern agricultural features were also observed and excavated.

A31-009 / E3297 19th Century Building Clooncolry 3 consisted of a ruined stone farmhouse and outbuilding possibly dating from the 19th century. The building is almost completely flattened apart from the western gable and a small portion of the north facing Clooncolry 3 side wall, the remains of its southern end was completely covered in brambles, and ivy concealed half of the 206000, 288782 gable end which was the only thing keeping it standing. The outhouse has been demolished and is now OD 45 completely overgrown. A small mill stone was uncovered from the northern side of the house during the testing phase of archaeological investigations. The aim of the archaeological investigations was primarily to establish details of the construction and extent of the building.

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A31-019 / E3307 Burnt Mound The excavation of Site A31-019 (Georgia 1) revealed a Fulachta Fiadh, a number of stake holes and two small Georgia 1 pits. Charcoal from the burnt stone deposit has been radiocarbon dated to 1205 - 1280 AD. It is likely that the 205863, 286990 sample comes from charcoal resulting from the burning of scrub close to the bog in the medieval period over a OD 47 probable Bronze Age burnt mound.

A31-016 / E3304 Pits Investigations showed that Moher 4 was spread over 4 areas with only Area 2 and 3 containing archaeology. Moher 4 Area 2 contained two sub circular pits side by side, while Area 3 contained two possible furrows and a sub 205845, 287533 rectangular pit. A posthole (F27) has been radiocarbon dated to 660-780 Cal AD, putting it in the Early OD 48 Medieval period.

A31-017 / E3305 Burnt Mound Moher 5 Investigations showed the site contained two small burnt stone spreads of possible Fulacht Fiadh material, 205905, 287415 and a possible charcoal enriched burnt spread. Radiocarbon dating has placed the site in the Late Neolithic, OD 47 with a date of 3916±82BP (2620-2140calBC).

A31-021 / E3309 Pits Complete metal detection of the site took place between 3rd – 25th April 2006 prior to soil stripping. Finds recovered date from the post-medieval and modern period. The post-medieval period is represented by a Aghamore 1 musket shot. The modern era is represented by a considerable number of metal objects mainly related to 205938, 286425 agricultural activity, such as horse-shoes, nails, fragments of farm machinery and hand tools. The excavation OD 44.5 of Site A31-021 (Aghamore 1) revealed sporadic post-medieval and modern activity, in line with the results of the metal detection survey. Most of the pits and curvilinear features identified in testing were shown to be natural geological features.

A31-022 / E3310 Burnt Mounds & Pits Aghamore 2 Investigations showed the site contained five burnt spreads and three burnt stone deposits, all probably a 205992, 286230 result of burnt stone technology, along with a series of associated pits and troughs. OD 52.5

A31-023 / E3311 Burnt Mounds Investigations showed the site to be three Fulachta Fiadh and their associated features which included a Aghnahunshin series of pits and stake holes. Three Radiocarbon dates were obtained from charcoal within the burnt 206074, 285975 mounds– two from the Early Bronze Age 2470-2130 Cal BC and one from the Early Medieval period Cal AD OD 48 890-1030.

A31-024 / E3312 Wooden Trackways Tomiskey The excavation revealed six structures and deposits of archaeological significance. These consisted of two 206619, 285178 tertiary toghers and four deposits of archaeological wood. OD 47

A31-025 / E3313 Wooden Trackways Investigations showed the site to consist of a large complex of wooden structures, predominantly toghers and platforms with occasional smaller deposits of archaeological wood also present. The complex was extremely dense with forty-five individual sites located in very close proximity with many abutting and crossing over and Edercloon beneath each other. These consisted of four primary toghers, eight secondary toghers, 12 tertiary toghers, 206861, 285027 five platforms and 13 deposits of archaeological wood. Thirty-six radiocarbon and dendrochronological dates OD 1309 from the University of Waikato, New Zealand, Beta Analytic Laboratory, Florida, and Queens University, Belfast indicate that the structures date from the Neolithic to the medieval period, with the majority dating to the centuries of the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age.

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Appendix 3

Recorded Archaeological Finds from the Area extracted from Environmental Impact Statement

The Topographical Files in the archives of the National Museum of Ireland identify artefacts that have been donated or otherwise acquired by the museum. They include both provenanced and unprovenanced chance finds, finds from private collections and objects uncovered during the course of archaeological excavation. No finds from the area covered by the proposed route were recorded.

additional information by CRDS Ltd. Edercloon Axe A hafted Stone Axe was recovered from peat cutting at Edercloon, and has been published and illustrated in a number of academic books (see Waddell, 1992, 44-46 for a good example). The landowners subsequently informed of a number of unreported objects that were uncovered over the years including a wooden handled vessel and leather objects (Glynn pers comm.).

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Appendix 4

Previous Archaeological Excavations from the Area extracted from Environmental Impact Statement

No excavations along the proposed route were recorded in the Excavations Bulletin and Excavations Database.

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Appendix 5

Site Archive

Site archive for excavations at Aghnahunshin

Item Number Notes

Notebooks 2 1 Directors Notebook and 1 Supervisors Notebook

Registers 6 Includes 1 Levels Book, 1 Samples Registers, Bagged Finds Register, Drawing Register, Photo Register, Feature Register,

Feature Sheets 88 1 Ring Binder containing all Feature Sheets

Other Documents 3 Safety Statement, Testing Report & N2 EIS

Digital Photographs 64 All photographs in colour and taken with a HP Digital Camera

Plans 29 29 plans and sections on 13 sheets of permatrace

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Appendix 6

Feature Register

Features recorded during the excavation of Aghnahunshin

F1 A031-023 Deposit 45.64 OD Modern L 10m, W 5.1m, D 0.12m Deposit of topsoil and burnt material directly below F2, it consisted of a topsoil and burnt material mix. It extended over the Description western part of the Mound I Interpretation Mix of topsoil and burnt mound material

Finds A031-023:7-unglazed red earthen ware

F2 A031-023 Deposit Modern D 0.1m

Description Topsoil deposit, a light brown sandy-clay that seals all the archaeology in mound I.

Interpretation Topsoil

Finds No associated finds

F3 A031-023 Deposit 45.629 OD Modern L 1.9m, W 2.3m, D 0.3m

Description A silty sand deposit which contained a heavy concentration of burnt materials covering the north-western edge of mound II.

Interpretation Hillwash

Finds No associated finds

F4 A031-023 Deposit Prehistoric L 6m, W 6m, D 0.2m A deposit composed of a mix of burnt mound material, hillwash and encroaching peat which was concentrated in the eastern half Description of mound I. It filled the pits F45, F46 and F51. Interpretation Burnt mound material that has been washed down slope A031-023:1-barbed and tanged arrowhead, A031-023:2-a piece of worked flint, A031-023:4- possible axe rough-out, A031-023:5- Finds a chert scraper F5 A031-023 Deposit 46.24 OD Prehistoric L 8m, W 5m, D 0.26m

Description Main deposit of burnt mound material in mound I, composed of heavy concentrations of burnt stone, very black in colour.

Interpretation Burnt mound material.

Finds No associated finds

F6 A031-023 Fill 45.985 OD Prehistoric L 1.2m, W 1.15m, D 0.2m

Description Primary fill of pit F50 in mound I. Light brown silty sand with occasional charcoal inclusions.

Interpretation Fill of F50

Finds No associated finds

F7 A031-023 Fill 46.455 OD Prehistoric L 0.45m, W 0.35m, D 0.0.24m

Description Fill of pit F33 in mound I, the fill was composed of a mix of black silty sand and burnt material.

Interpretation Fill of F33

Finds No associated finds

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F8 A031-023 Fill 45.755 OD Prehistoric L 3.24m, W 0.2m, D 0.04m

Description Primary fill of linear pit F47 in mound I, a silty-clay in composition with occasional burnt stone inclusions.

Interpretation Fill of F47

Finds No associated finds.

F9 A031-023 Deposit 45.55 OD Unknown L 1m, W 1.1m, D 0.1m

Description A clayey-silt deposit with occasional burnt stone inclusions beneath F5 on the slope of mound I.

Interpretation Hillwash

Finds No associated finds

F10 A031-023 Deposit 45.555 OD Unknown L 1.45m, D 0.09m

Description A deposit composed of dark clayey-peat encroaching from the bog in mound I. Seals stake holes F29, F30, F31, and F32.

Interpretation Encroaching peat

Finds No associated finds

F11 A031-023 Fill 45.525 OD Modern L 0.7m, W 0.7m, D 0.3m

Description Fill of modern stake hole F13 truncating mound I, its fill composed of a loose light brown peat.

Interpretation Fill of F33

Finds No associated finds

F12 A031-023 Deposit 45.42 OD Modern L, W , D

Description Of no archaeological significance.

Interpretation

Finds

F13 A031-023 Cut 45.34 OD Modern L 0.7m, W 0.7m, D 0.3m

Description Cut of modern stake hole truncating mound I, filled by F11, truncated F10.

Interpretation Cut of stake hole

Finds No associated finds

F14 A031-023 Fill 45.725 OD Prehistoric L 0.7m, W 0.65m, D 0.15m

Description Primary deposit of secondary trough F35 in mound II, a silty-sand containing frequent burnt stone and charcoal inclusions.

Interpretation Fill of F35

Finds No associated finds

F15 A031-023 Deposit 45.72 OD Modern L 5.4m, W 1m, D 0.11m

Description Combination of topsoil and burnt mound material over mound II.

Interpretation Mix of topsoil and burnt mound material

Finds No associated finds

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F16 A031-023 Fill 45.72 OD Modern L 8.66m, W 0.62m, D 0.12m

Description Fill of pit F17 in mound II; fill consisted of brown sandy clay with moderate compaction.

Interpretation Fill of pit

Finds No associated finds

F17 A031-023 Cut 45.67 OD Modern L 8.66m, W 0.62m, D 0.12m

Description Cut of irregular pit running east-west in mound II.

Interpretation Irregular pit, possibly an earlier plough furrow

Finds No associated finds

F18 A031-023 Deposit 45.73 OD Prehistoric L 0.5m, W 0.3m, D 0.1m

Description A deposit of grey-brown silty clay 1m north-west of trough F27 within mound II

Interpretation Possible cast up from Trough F27

Finds No associated finds

F19 A031-023 Deposit 45.61 OD Prehistoric L 4.5m, W 1.5m, D 0.14m A peaty deposit with charcoal and burnt stone inclusions in the northern quadrant of mound II. Fills and seals three possible water Description collectors F55, F56 and F57. Interpretation A deposit of hillwash and burnt mound material that has been influenced by the encroaching bog

Finds No associated finds

F20 A031-023 Deposit

Description Sub-soil consisted of grey-brown sandy clay.

Interpretation Natural

Finds No associated finds

F21 A031-023 Fill 45.525 OD Prehistoric L 2.6m, W 1m, D 0.5m Primary fill of trough F27 in mound II, it consisted of sandy clay with heavy concentrations of burnt stone on its south-eastern side Description and occasional charcoal flecks throughout. Interpretation Fill of trough F27

Finds No associated finds

F22 A031-023 Fill 45.925 OD Prehistoric L 2.2m, W 1.2m, D 0.5m

Description Fill of stepped feature F58 in mound II; it consisted of silty-clay with several medium to large stone inclusions.

Interpretation Fill of F58

Finds No associated finds

F23 A031-023 Deposit 45.975 OD Modern L5m, W 0.4m, D 0.1m

Description Fill of plough furrow F24 truncating mound II, it consisted of loose silty sand.

Interpretation Fill of plough furrow F24

Finds No associated finds

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F24 A031-023 Cut 46.18 OD Modern L 5m, W 0.4m, D 0.1m

Description Cut of plough furrow running northeast-southwest truncating mound II.

Interpretation Plough furrow

Finds No associated finds

F25 A031-023

Description Changed to F23

Interpretation

Finds

F26 A031-023

Description Changed to F24

Interpretation

Finds

F27 A031-023 Cut 45.81 OD Prehistoric L 2.75m, W 1.6m, D 0.27m

Description Cut of sub-circular trough situated in the north-eastern corner of mound II

Interpretation Cut of trough

Finds No associated finds

F28 A031-023 Deposit 45.965 OD Modern L 2.5m, W 1.3m, D 0.12m

Description A deposit of loose sandy-silt hillwash at the south-eastern edge of mound II

Interpretation Hillwash

Finds No associated finds

F29 A031-023 Cut 45.305 OD Unknown Diameter 0.08m, D 0.12m

Description Cut of stake hole located in the north-eastern area of mound I, part of a group of four

Interpretation Stake hole

Finds No associated finds

F30 A031-023 Cut 45.305 OD Unknown Diameter 0.09m, D 0.10m

Description Cut of stake hole located in the north-eastern area of mound I, part of a group of four

Interpretation Stake hole

Finds No associated finds

F31 A031-023 Cut 45.305 OD Unknown Diameter 0.12, D 0.13m

Description Cut of stake hole located in the north-eastern area of mound I, part of a group of four

Interpretation Stake hole

Finds No associated finds

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F32 A031-023 Cut 45.305 OD Unknown Diameter 0.07, D 0.12m

Description Cut of stake hole located in the north-eastern area of mound I, part of a group of four

Interpretation Stake hole

Finds No associated finds

F33 A031-023 Cut 46.46 OD Prehistoric L 0.45m, W 0.35m, D 0.24m

Description Cut of shallow pit in the south-western are of mound I, truncated by a modern drain F61.

Interpretation Cut of shallow pit

Finds No associated finds

F34 A031-023 Fill 45.875 OD Prehistoric L 0.89m, W 0.9m, D 0.15m

Description Topsoil-like secondary fill of secondary trough F35 in mound II.

Interpretation Fill of trough F35

Finds No associated finds

F35 A031-023 Cut 47.755 OD Prehistoric L 1.2m, W 1m, D 0.14m

Description Cut of secondary trough which is cutting F27 in mound II.

Interpretation Cut of trough

Finds No associated finds

F36 A031-023 Fill 45.925 OD Modern L 5m, W 0.29m, D 0.07m

Description Fill of plough furrow F37 in mound II which consisted of a light brown-grey silty-sand.

Interpretation Fill of plough furrow F37

Finds No associated finds

F37 A031-023 Cut 45.925 OD Modern L 5m, W 0.29m, D 0.07m

Description Cut of plough furrow orientated northeast-southwest and truncated F27 in mound II.

Interpretation Cut of plough furrow

Finds No associated finds

F38 A031-023 Fill 45.91 OD Prehistoric L 1.6m, W 1.3m, D 0.32m

Description Secondary fill of the trough F40 in mound I which consisted of heat-cracked stone with frequent charcoal inclusions.

Interpretation Fill of trough F40

Finds No associated finds

F39 A031-023 Fill 45.55 OD Prehistoric L 1m, W 0.78m, D 0.03m

Description Primary fill of trough F40 in mound I which consisted of a loose light brown silty-sand.

Interpretation Primary fill of f40

Finds No associated finds

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F40 A031-023 Cut 45.235 OD Prehistoric L 1.6m, W 1.3m, D 0.36m

Description Cut of sub-circular trough in mound I, filled by F38 and F39

Interpretation Trough cut

Finds No associated finds

F41 A031-023 Fill 45.82 OD Prehistoric L 0.19m, W 0.17m, D 0.12m

Description Fill of pit F42 in mound I, consisted of grey sandy clay with no inclusions.

Interpretation Fill of pit F42

Finds No associated finds

F42 A031-023 Cut 46.3 OD Prehistoric L 0.19m, W 0.17m, D 0.12m

Description Cut of shallow ‘basket’ pit in Mound I. Filled by F41.

Interpretation Cut of pit

Finds No associated finds

F43 A031-023 Fill Prehistoric L 2.05m, W 1.2m, D 0.5m

Description Fill of pit F45 in mound I consisted of a dark brown peaty soil.

Interpretation Fill of F45

Finds No associated finds

F44 A031-023 Natural

Description Root cavities in mound II.

Interpretation Not of archaeological significance

Finds No associated finds

F45 A031-023 Cut 45.3 OD Prehistoric L 2.05m, W 1.2m, D 0.5m

Description Cut of pit in mound I, filled by F43.

Interpretation Possible water collector

Finds No associated finds

F46 A031-023 Cut 45.6 OD Prehistoric L 5.2m, W 2m, D 0.5m

Description Cut of channel in mound I with a general orientation of east-west, filled by F4.

Interpretation Cut of channel for water management

Finds No associated finds

F47 A031-023 Cut 45.775 OD Prehistoric L 4m, W 1.1m, D 0.3m

Description Cut of a curvilinear pit or channel in mound I generally orientated northeast-southwest, filled by F8 and F5.

Interpretation Cut of channel or pit for water management

Finds No associated finds

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F48 A031-023

Description Double number, same as F42.

Interpretation

Finds

F49 A031-023 Cut 46.045 OD Prehistoric L 1m, W 0.8m, D 0.1m

Description Cut of irregular shaped ‘basket’ pit in mound I, filled byF5.

Interpretation Cut of pit

Finds No associated finds

F50 A031-023 Cut 46.04 OD Prehistoric L2m, W 1.5m, D 0.22m

Description Cut of ‘basket’ pit in mound I, filled by F8 and F5.

Interpretation Cut of pit

Finds No associated finds

F51 A031-023 Cut 45.415 OD Prehistoric L 1.6m, W 1.2m, D 0.4m

Description Cut of pit filled by F52 in mound I

Interpretation Cut of pit possible for water collecting.

Finds No associated finds

F52 A031-023 Fill 45.45 OD Prehistoric L 1.6m, W 1.2m, D 0.4m

Description Fill of pit F51in mound I, consisted of dark brown peaty clay.

Interpretation Fill of water collecting pit F51

Finds No associated finds

F53 A031-023 Cut 45.92 OD Modern L 5m, W 0.5m, D 0.1m

Description Cut of plough furrows truncating mound I

Interpretation Plough furrows

Finds No associated finds

F54 A031-023 Cut 45.19 OD Prehistoric L 0.5m, W 0.5m, D 0.35m

Description Possible cut of pit but probable stone socket.

Interpretation Stone socket

Finds No associated finds

F55 A031-023 Cut 45.075 OD Prehistoric L 2.5m, W 1.1. m, D 0.3m

Description Cut of oblong pit on the slope beneath mound II, filled by F19.

Interpretation Cut of possible water collector

Finds No associated finds

______May 2009 50 Final Report CRDS Ltd A31-023 N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme

F56 A031-023 Cut 45.39 OD Prehistoric L 2.2m, W 0.9 m, D 0.3m

Description Cut of oblong pit on the slope beneath mound II, filled by F19.

Interpretation Cut of possible water collector

Finds No associated finds

F57 A031-023 Cut 45.44 OD Prehistoric L 2.1m, W 0.7m, D 0.35m

Description Cut of oblong pit on the slope beneath mound II filled by F19.

Interpretation Cut of possible water collector

Finds No associated finds

F58 A031-023 Cut 45.845 OD Prehistoric L 1.2m, W 0.7m, D 0.5m

Description Cut of possible stepped feature on north side of F27, filled by F22.

Interpretation Cut of stepped feature

Finds No associated finds

F59 A031-023 Fill Modern L 5m, W 0.25m, D 0.1m

Description Fill of plough furrows F53, consisted of brown sandy clay, truncates mound I

Interpretation Fill of plough furrows F53

Finds No associated finds

F60 A031-023 Cut Modern L 30m, W 0.25m, D 0.2m

Description Cut of modern drain truncating F53 and F33 in mound I

Interpretation Modern drain

Finds No associated finds

F61 A031-023 Deposit Bronze Age L10.5 m, W 9 m, D 0.14 m

Description Burnt stone deposit underlying F69

Interpretation Burnt mound material

Finds No associated finds

F62 A031-023 Cut Modern L 12 m, W 0.45 m, D0.15 m

Description Linear running NW-SE across the field, it had an irregular base and edges.

Interpretation Field boundary in the form of a hedge row.

Finds No associated finds

F63 A031-023 Cut Modern L 14 m, W 2.1 m, D 0.52 m

Description Cut of linear ditch running NE-SW across the field.

Interpretation Field boundary

Finds No associated finds

______May 2009 51 Final Report CRDS Ltd A31-023 N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme

F64 A031-023 Fill Modern L 14m, W 2.1 m, D 0.52 m

Description Fill of ditch F63, greyish brown silty clay.

Interpretation Fill of ditch F63

Finds No associated finds

F65 A031-023 Fill Modern L 12 m, W 0.45 m, D 0.15 m

Description Fill of boundary F62, grey-brown silty sand

Interpretation Fill of F62

Finds No associated finds

F66 A031-023 Deposit Unknown L 1.5 m, W 0.65 m, D 0.1 m

Description Heavily scorched patch of peat

Interpretation Non-archaeological

Finds No associated finds

F67 A031-023 Deposit Natural L m, W m, D m

Description Yellow-brown silty boulder clay.

Interpretation Subsoil Area A

Finds No associated finds

F68 A031-023 Deposit Natural L 0.70 m, W 0.50m, D 0.1 m

Description Small patch of burnt stone.

Interpretation Non-archaeological

Finds No associated finds

F69 A031-023 Deposit Modern L 7.4 m, W 6.5 m, D 0.1 m

Description Mix of burnt stone an peaty soil overlying F61

Interpretation Mix of burnt mound material and topsoil

Finds No associated finds

F70 A031-023 Cut Modern L 10 m, W 0.3m, D 0.2 m

Description Regular linear drain running NW-SE across the field, stone filled

Interpretation Stone filled modern drain

Finds No associated finds

F71 A031-023 Cut Bronze Age L 2.m, W 1.92 m, D 0.7 m

Description Cut of circular trough, truncated by F84

Interpretation Cut of trough

Finds No associated finds

______May 2009 52 Final Report CRDS Ltd A31-023 N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme

F72 A031-023 Fill Bronze Age L 2 m, W 1.9 m, D 0.12m

Description Fill of secondary trough F84, consisted of a grey silty sand with some burnt stone inclusions.

Interpretation Fill of F84

Finds No associated finds

F73 A031-023 Fill Bronze Age L 1.5m, W 1.9m, D 0.12m

Description Fill of secondary trough F84, consisted of a clayey silty mix with occasional burnt stone and sand inclusions.

Interpretation Fill of F84

Finds No associated finds

F74 A031-023 Fill Bronze Age L 1.98 m, W 1 m, D 0.32m

Description Fill of trough F71, fill consisted of silty sand and burnt stone.

Interpretation Fill of F71

Finds No associated finds

F75 A031-023 Fill Bronze Age L 3.50 m, W 1.5 m, D 0.18 m

Description Fill of secondary trough F84, a silty grey black layer with occasional burnt stone inclusions.

Interpretation Fill of F84

Finds No associated finds

F76 A031-023 Fill Bronze Age L 1.7m, W 0.94 m, D 0.12m

Description Fill of trough F71, consisted of yellow sandy silt with occasional burnt stone inclusions.

Interpretation Fill of F71

Finds No associated finds

F77 A031-023 Fill Bronze Age L 1.4m, W 0.94m, D 0.1m

Description Fill of F71 consisted of a grey-black sandy clay.

Interpretation Fill of F71

Finds No associated finds

F78 A031-023 Fill Bronze Age L 1.4m, W 0.94 m, D 0.1m

Description Primary fill of F71, consisted of yellow sandy clay with occasional charcoal and occasional burnt stone inclusions.

Interpretation Primary fill of F71

Finds No associated finds

F79 A031-023 Fill Bronze Age L 0.75m, W 0.5m, D 0.3m

Description Fill of F84, consisted of silty sand with burnt stone and charcoal inclusions.

Interpretation Fill of trough F84

Finds No associated finds

______May 2009 53 Final Report CRDS Ltd A31-023 N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme

F80 A031-023 Fill Bronze Age L 0.7m, W 0.4 m, D 0.18m

Description Fill of probable stone socket, consisted of a heavy dark grey clay with occasional stone inclusions.

Interpretation Fill of stone socket

Finds No associated finds

F81 A031-023 Cut Natural L 1.5m, W 1 m, D 0.2m

Description Originally thought to be a pit cutting F63 but on closer investigation was found to be a tree root.

Interpretation Non archaeological

Finds No associated finds

F82 A031-023 Fill Modern L 14m, W 1.62m, D 0.2m

Description Fill of re-cut ditch F87, redeposited natural.

Interpretation Fill of F63

Finds No associated finds

F83 A031-023 Fill Modern L14m, W 1m, D 0.18m

Description Fill of F63, consisted of a mix of silty clay and burnt mound material.

Interpretation Fill of ditch F64

Finds No associated finds

F84 A031-023 Cut Bronze Age L 4.52m, W 1.5m, D 0.32m

Description Cut of secondary trough truncating F71.

Interpretation Cut of trough

Finds No associated finds

F85 A031-023 Fill Modern L 0.32m, W 0.3m, D 0.35m

Description Burnt mound material truncated by F63, fill of F86.

Interpretation Fill of truncated pit F86

Finds No associated finds

F86 A031-023 Cut Bronze Age L 0.32m, W 0.3m, D 0.35m

Description Cut of pit truncated by ditch F63.

Interpretation Cut of pit

Finds No associated finds

F87 A031-023 Cut Modern L 9m, W 1.6m, D 0.22m

Description Re-cut of ditchF63, filled by F82.

Interpretation Re-cut

Finds No associated finds

______May 2009 54 Final Report CRDS Ltd A31-023 N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme

F88 A031-023 Deposit Modern L m, W m, D m

Description Silty sand deposit sealing area A

Interpretation Topsoil

Finds No associated finds

______May 2009 55 Final Report CRDS Ltd A31-023 N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme

Appendix 7

Finds Register

Archaeological Finds recovered from Aghnahunshin

Find No. Site Feature Date Classification Description Barbed and tanged flint arrowhead. A031-023:1 A031-023 4 28-05-06 Stone Orange and white in patination Struck flint, roughly triangular in shape. A031-023:2 A031-023 4 12-05-06 Stone Grey and rusty in colour A031-023:3 A031-023 3 19-05-06 Metal Corroded nail, possibly iron

A031-023:4 A031-023 4 23-05-06 Stone Chert concave scraper

A031-023:5 A031-023 14 22-05-06 Ceramic Rim sherd of post medieval slip ware

A031-023:6 A031-023 1 15-05-06 Ceramic Post medieval unglazed red earthen ware

______May 2009 56 Final Report CRDS Ltd A31-023 N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme

______May 2009 57 Final Report CRDS Ltd A31-023 N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme

Appendix 8

Samples Register

Archaeological Samples taken from Aghnahunshin

Sample Site Feature Date Classification Description

1 A031-023 1 18-05-06 Soil Environmental, contains charcoal

2 A031-023 5 18-05-06 Soil Environmental

3 A031-023 6 18-05-06 Soil Environmental

4 A031-023 5 18-05-06 Soil Dating

5 A031-023 8 18-05-06 Soil Environmental

6 A031-023 7 18-05-06 Soil Environmental

7 A031-023 36 18-05-06 Soil Environmental, fill of F37

8 A031-023 21 18-05-06 Soil Environmental, Mound II

9 A031-023 34 18-05-06 Soil Environmental, fill of F35

10 A031-023 14 18-05-06 Soil Environmental

11 A031-023 22 18-05-06 Soil Environmental

12 A031-023 38 22-05-06 Soil Environmental, from F40, fill of trough

13 A031-023 39 23-05-06 Soil Environmental, fromF40

14 A031-023 41 23-05-06 Soil Environmental, from F42

15 A031-023 43 23-05-06 Soil Environmental

16 A031-023 52 23-05-06 Soil Environmental

17 A031-023 61 03-05-06 Soil Environmental, burnt mound material

18 A031-023 77 09-05-06 Soil Dating, fill of trough

19 A031-023 61 09-05-06 Soil Environmental, burnt mound material

20 A031-023 72 09-05-06 Soil Environmental, fill of secondary trough F84

21 A031-023 74 09-05-06 Soil Environmental and dating, fill of F71

22 A031-023 75 09-05-06 Soil Environmental and dating, fill of F84

23 A031-023 78 09-05-06 Soil Dating, primary fill of F71

24 A031-023 79 09-05-06 Soil Environmental, fill of F84

25 A031-023 61 03-05-06 Soil Dating, burnt mound material

26 A031-023 73 09-05-06 Soil Environmental, fill of F84

27 A031-023 80 09-05-06 Soil Environmental, fill of F84

28 A031-023 76 09-05-06 Soil Environmental, fill of F71

______May 2009 58 Final Report CRDS Ltd A31-023 N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme

______May 2009 59 Final Report CRDS Ltd A31-023 N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme

Appendix 9

Levels Register

Levels taken from Aghnahunshin Site Date Dwg No. TBM BS HOI Feature Reading Level

A031-023 12-05-06 1 1 48.19 0.212 48.402 2.2 46.202

A031-023 12-05-06 1 2 48.19 0.212 48.402 2.106 46.296

A031-023 12-05-06 1 3 48.19 0.212 48.402 2.185 46.217

A031-023 12-05-06 1 4 48.19 0.212 48.402 2.333 46.069

A031-023 12-05-06 1 5 48.19 0.212 48.402 2.24 46.162

A031-023 12-05-06 1 6 48.19 0.212 48.402 2.595 45.807

A031-023 12-05-06 1 7 48.19 0.212 48.402 2.522 45.88

A031-023 12-05-06 1 8 48.19 0.212 48.402 2.558 45.844

A031-023 12-05-06 1 9 48.19 0.212 48.402 2.7 45.702

A031-023 12-05-06 1 10 48.19 0.212 48.402 2.672 45.73

A031-023 12-05-06 1 11 48.19 0.212 48.402 2.792 45.61

A031-023 12-05-06 1 12 48.19 0.212 48.402 3.098 45.304

A031-023 12-05-06 1 13 48.19 0.212 48.402 2.555 45.847

A031-023 12-05-06 1 14 48.19 0.212 48.402 2.554 45.848

A031-023 12-05-06 1 15 48.19 0.212 48.402 3.1 45.302

A031-023 12-05-06 1 16 48.19 0.212 48.402 3.012 45.39

A031-023 12-05-06 1 17 48.19 0.212 48.402 3.44 44.962

A031-023 12-05-06 1 18 48.19 0.212 48.402 2.4 46.002

A031-023 12-05-06 1 19 48.19 0.15 48.34 1.77 46.57

A031-023 12-05-06 1 20 48.19 0.15 48.34 1.81 46.53

A031-023 12-05-06 1 21 48.19 0.15 48.34 1.83 46.51

A031-023 12-05-06 1 22 48.19 0.15 48.34 1.84 46.5

A031-023 12-05-06 1 23 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.05 46.29

A031-023 12-05-06 1 24 48.19 0.15 48.34 1.98 46.36

A031-023 12-05-06 1 25 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.2 46.14

A031-023 12-05-06 1 26 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.42 45.92

A031-023 12-05-06 1 27 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.68 45.66

A031-023 12-05-06 1 28 48.19 0.15 48.34 3 45.34

A031-023 12-05-06 1 29 48.19 0.15 48.34 3.33 45.01

______May 2009 60 Final Report CRDS Ltd A31-023 N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme

Site Date Dwg No. TBM BS HOI Feature Reading Level

A031-023 12-05-06 1 30 48.19 0.15 48.34 3.56 44.78

A031-023 12-05-06 1 31 48.19 0.15 48.34 3.63 44.71

A031-023 17-05-06 2 1 48.19 0.02 48.21 1.18 47.03

A031-023 18-05-06 3 1 48.19 0.02 48.21 1.61 46.6

A031-023 18-05-06 4 1 48.19 0.08 48.27 2.01 46.26

A031-023 18-05-06 5 1 48.19 0.08 48.27 2 46.27

A031-023 18-05-06 6 1 48.19 0.08 48.27 2.2 46.07

A031-023 18-05-06 7 1 48.19 0.08 48.27 2.26 46.01

A031-023 18-05-06 8 1 48.19 0.08 48.27 1.84 46.43

A031-023 18-05-06 9 1 48.19 0.08 48.27 2.14 46.13

A031-023 18-05-06 14 1 48.19 0.16 48.35 1.75 46.6

A031-023 18-05-06 15 1 48.19 0.335 48.525 2.3 46.225

A031-023 18-05-06 16 1 48.19 0.23 1.99 46.43

A031-023 18-05-06 17 1 48.19 0.16 48.35 2.37 45.98

A031-023 25-05-06 18 1 48.19 0.11 48.3 1.99 46.31

A031-023 25-05-06 18 2 48.19 0.11 48.3 2.21 46.09

A031-023 25-05-06 18 3 48.19 0.11 48.3 2.25 46.05

A031-023 25-05-06 18 4 48.19 0.11 48.3 2.03 46.27

A031-023 25-05-06 18 5 48.19 0.11 48.3 2.15 46.15

A031-023 25-05-06 18 6 48.19 0.11 48.3 2.34 45.96

A031-023 25-05-06 18 7 48.19 0.11 48.3 2.26 46.04

A031-023 25-05-06 18 8 48.19 0.11 48.3 2.72 45.58

A031-023 25-05-06 18 9 48.19 0.11 48.3 2.54 45.76

A031-023 25-05-06 18 10 48.19 0.11 48.3 2.54 45.76

A031-023 25-05-06 18 11 48.19 0.11 48.3 2.19 46.11

A031-023 25-05-06 18 12 48.19 0.11 48.3 2.37 45.93

A031-023 25-05-06 18 13 48.19 0.11 48.3 2.28 46.02

A031-023 25-05-06 18 14 48.19 0.11 48.3 2.48 45.82

A031-023 25-05-06 18 15 48.19 0.11 48.3 2.65 45.65

A031-023 25-05-06 18 16 48.19 0.11 48.3 3.07 45.23

A031-023 25-05-06 18 17 48.19 0.11 48.3 2.93 45.37

A031-023 25-05-06 18 18 48.19 0.11 48.3 2.82 45.48

A031-023 25-05-06 18 19 48.19 0.11 48.3 3.01 45.29

______May 2009 61 Final Report CRDS Ltd A31-023 N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme

Site Date Dwg No. TBM BS HOI Feature Reading Level

A031-023 25-05-06 18 20 48.19 0.11 48.3 2.73 45.57

A031-023 25-05-06 18 21 48.19 0.11 48.3 2.78 45.52

A031-023 25-05-06 18 22 48.19 0.11 48.3 2.54 45.76

A031-023 25-05-06 18 23 48.19 0.11 48.3 2.86 45.44

A031-023 25-05-06 18 24 48.19 0.11 48.3 3.1 45.2

A031-023 25-05-06 18 25 48.19 0.11 48.3 3.34 44.96

A031-023 25-05-06 18 26 48.19 0.11 48.3 3.06 45.24

A031-023 25-05-06 18 27 48.19 0.11 48.3 2.89 45.41

A031-023 25-05-06 18 28 48.19 0.11 48.3 3.27 45.03

A031-023 25-05-06 18 29 48.19 0.11 48.3 3.19 45.11

A031-023 25-05-06 18 30 48.19 0.11 48.3 3.35 44.95

A031-023 25-05-06 18 31 48.19 0.11 48.3 3.05 45.25

A031-023 25-05-06 18 32 48.19 0.11 48.3 2.51 45.79

A031-023 25-05-06 18 33 48.19 0.11 48.3 2.84 45.46

A031-023 25-05-06 18 34 48.19 0.11 48.3 3.38 44.92

A031-023 25-05-06 18 35 48.19 0.11 48.3 2.6 45.7

A031-023 25-05-06 18 36 48.19 0.11 48.3 3.4 44.9

A031-023 25-05-06 18 37 48.19 0.11 48.3 3.28 45.02

A031-023 25-05-06 18 38 48.19 0.11 48.3 3.1 45.2

A031-023 25-05-06 18 39 48.19 0.11 48.3 2.33 45.97

A031-023 25-05-06 18 40 48.19 0.11 48.3 3.28 45.02

A031-023 25-05-06 18 41 48.19 0.11 48.3 2.54 45.76

A031-023 25-05-06 19 1 48.19 0.15 48.34 1.84 46.5

A031-023 25-05-06 19 2 48.19 0.15 48.34 1.75 46.59

A031-023 25-05-06 19 3 48.19 0.15 48.34 1.86 46.48

A031-023 25-05-06 19 4 48.19 0.15 48.34 2 46.34

A031-023 25-05-06 19 5 48.19 0.15 48.34 1.8 46.54

A031-023 25-05-06 19 6 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.28 46.06

A031-023 25-05-06 19 7 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.41 45.93

A031-023 25-05-06 19 8 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.11 46.23

A031-023 25-05-06 19 9 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.09 46.25

A031-023 25-05-06 19 10 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.08 46.26

A031-023 25-05-06 19 11 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.56 45.78

______May 2009 62 Final Report CRDS Ltd A31-023 N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme

Site Date Dwg No. TBM BS HOI Feature Reading Level

A031-023 25-05-06 19 12 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.65 45.69

A031-023 25-05-06 19 13 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.48 45.86

A031-023 25-05-06 19 14 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.58 45.76

A031-023 25-05-06 19 15 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.51 45.83

A031-023 25-05-06 19 16 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.99 45.35

A031-023 25-05-06 19 17 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.96 45.38

A031-023 25-05-06 19 18 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.93 45.41

A031-023 25-05-06 19 19 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.49 45.85

A031-023 25-05-06 19 20 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.8 45.54

A031-023 25-05-06 19 21 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.72 45.62

A031-023 25-05-06 19 22 48.19 0.15 48.34 3.1 45.24

A031-023 25-05-06 19 23 48.19 0.15 48.34 3.36 44.98

A031-023 25-05-06 19 24 48.19 0.15 48.34 3.24 45.1

A031-023 25-05-06 19 25 48.19 0.15 48.34 3.07 45.27

A031-023 25-05-06 19 26 48.19 0.15 48.34 3.23 45.11

A031-023 25-05-06 19 27 48.19 0.15 48.34 3.05 45.29

A031-023 25-05-06 19 28 48.19 0.15 48.34 3.08 45.26

A031-023 25-05-06 19 29 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.52 45.82

A031-023 25-05-06 19 30 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.22 46.12

A031-023 25-05-06 19 31 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.37 45.97

A031-023 25-05-06 19 32 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.22 46.12

A031-023 25-05-06 19 33 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.15 46.19

A031-023 25-05-06 19 34 48.19 0.15 48.34 1.93 46.41

A031-023 25-05-06 19 35 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.3 46.04

A031-023 25-05-06 19 36 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.46 45.88

A031-023 25-05-06 19 37 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.14 46.2

A031-023 25-05-06 19 38 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.2 46.14

A031-023 25-05-06 19 39 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.38 45.96

A031-023 25-05-06 19 40 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.32 46.02

A031-023 25-05-06 19 41 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.58 45.76

A031-023 25-05-06 19 42 48.19 0.15 48.34 3.14 45.2

A031-023 25-05-06 19 43 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.96 45.38

A031-023 25-05-06 19 44 48.19 0.15 48.34 3.11 45.23

______May 2009 63 Final Report CRDS Ltd A31-023 N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme

Site Date Dwg No. TBM BS HOI Feature Reading Level

A031-023 25-05-06 19 45 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.59 45.75

A031-023 25-05-06 19 46 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.97 45.37

A031-023 25-05-06 19 47 48.19 0.15 48.34 3.03 45.31

A031-023 26-05-06 20 1 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.61 45.73

A031-023 26-05-06 21 1 48.19 0.15 48.34 2.825 45.515

A031-023 26-05-06 22 1 48.19 0.15 48.34 1.99 46.35

______May 2009 64 Final Report CRDS Ltd A31-023 N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme

______May 2009 65 Final Report CRDS Ltd A31-023 N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme

Appendix 10

Photographic Register

Digital Photographs taken at Aghnahunshin

Photo No. Site Feature Date Direction Comments

A031-023 0300 A031-023 61 02-05-06 E Pre-ex of burnt mound

A031-023 0301 A031-023 61 02-05-06 E Pre-ex of burnt mound

A031-023 0302 A031-023 Non-archaeological 03-05-06 NW Non archaeological

A031-023 0303 A031-023 Non-archaeological 03-05-06 NW Non archaeological

A031-023 0304 A031-023 63 03-05-06 NE SW facing section of modern ditch F63

A031-023 0305 A031-023 61 03-05-06 W E facing section of F61

A031-023 0306 A031-023 61 03-05-06 W E facing section of F61

A031-023 0307 A031-023 63 03-05-06 W E facing section of F63

A031-023 0308 A031-023 71 05-05-06 S NW facing section of trough

A031-023 0309 A031-023 71 05-05-06 SE NW facing section of trough

A031-023 0310 A031-023 71 05-05-06 SE NW facing section of trough

A031-023 0311 A031-023 71 05-05-06 SE NW facing section of trough

A031-023 0312 A031-023 71 05-05-06 SE NW facing section of trough

A031-023 0313 A031-023 71 09-05-06 SE Post-ex of trough facing SE

A031-023 0314 A031-023 71 09-05-06 E Post-ex of trough facing E

A031-023 0315 A031-023 71 09-05-06 SE Post-ex of trough facing E

A031-023 0316 A031-023 1 11-05-06 SW Pre-ex facing SW

A031-023 0317 A031-023 1 11-05-06 NE Pre-ex facing NE

A031-023 0318 A031-023 3 12-05-06 W Pre-ex facing W

A031-023 0319 A031-023 3 12-05-06 NE Pre-ex facing NE

A031-023 0320 A031-023 1 16-05-06 S N facing section

A031-023 0321 A031-023 1 16-05-06 E W facing section

A031-023 0322 A031-023 1 16-05-06 SE Mid-ex, overview of first quadrant

A031-023 0323 A031-023 1 18-05-06 N S facing section

A031-023 0324 A031-023 1 18-05-06 N S facing section

A031-023 0325 A031-023 1 18-05-06 W E facing section

A031-023 0326 A031-023 1 18-05-06 W E facing section

A031-023 0327 A031-023 3 18-05-06 E W facing section

A031-023 0328 A031-023 3 18-05-06 S N facing section

______May 2009 66 Final Report CRDS Ltd A31-023 N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme

Photo No. Site Feature Date Direction Comments

A031-023 0329 A031-023 3 18-05-06 N S facing section

A031-023 0330 A031-023 3 18-05-06 S South facing section close up

A031-023 0331 A031-023 3 18-05-06 E East facing section

A031-023 0332 A031-023 3 18-05-06 E East facing section close up

A031-023 0333 A031-023 29,30,31,32 19-05-06 SE Post-ex facing southeast

A031-023 0334 A031-023 29,30,31,32 19-05-06 S Post-ex facing south

A031-023 0335 A031-023 29,30,31,32 19-05-06 N Post-ex facing north

A031-023 0336 A031-023 27 19-05-06 E East facing section

A031-023 0337 A031-023 27 19-05-06 E East facing section, close up

A031-023 0338 A031-023 32,40 22-05-06 E East facing section

A031-023 0339 A031-023 27 23-05-06 NE Post-ex facing northeast

A031-023 0340 A031-023 27 23-05-06 NE Post-ex facing northeast

A031-023 0341 A031-023 27 23-05-06 W Post-ex facing west

A031-023 0342 A031-023 27 23-05-06 W Post-ex facing west

A031-023 0343 A031-023 23-05-06 W Post-ex overview of Mound II facing west

A031-023 0344 A031-023 55 23-05-06 NW Post-ex facing northwest

A031-023 0345 A031-023 56 23-05-06 NW Post-ex facing northwest

A031-023 0346 A031-023 23-05-06 W Mid-ex possible stake holes-roots facing west

A031-023 0347 A031-023 23-05-06 W Mid-ex possible stake holes-roots facing west

A031-023 0348 A031-023 44 25-05-06 NW Pre-ex facing northewest

A031-023 0349 A031-023 44 25-05-06 NW Pre-ex facing northwest close up

A031-023 0350 A031-023 45,54 26-05-06 SW Post-ex facing southwest

A031-023 0351 A031-023 40 26-05-06 SW Post-ex facing southwest

A031-023 0352 A031-023 46 26-05-06 W Post-ex facing west

A031-023 0353 A031-023 46 26-05-06 S Post-ex facing south

A031-023 0354 A031-023 48 26-05-06 SW Post-ex facing southwest

A031-023 0355 A031-023 49 26-05-06 SE Post-ex facing southeast

A031-023 0356 A031-023 50 26-05-06 E Post-ex facing east

A031-023 0357 A031-023 51 26-05-06 W Post-ex facing west

A031-023 0358 A031-023 47 26-05-06 W Post-ex facing west

A031-023 0359 A031-023 26-05-06 W Post-ex overview of Mound I facing west

A031-023 0360 A031-023 26-05-06 SE Post-ex overview of Mound I

A031-023 0361 A031-023 26-05-06 NE Post-ex overview of Mound I

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Photo No. Site Feature Date Direction Comments

A031-023 0362 A031-023 26-05-06 NW Post-ex overview of Mound I

A031-023 0363 A031-023 26-05-06 NW Post-ex overview of Mound I

A031-023 0364 A031-023 26-05-06 NE Post-ex overview of Mound I

A031-023-365 A031-023 31.05.06 NW Post-ex overview of Mound 1

A031-023-366 A031-023 20.05.06 S Post ex overview of Mound 3

A031-023-367 A031-023 22.05.09 Arrowhead E3311.4.1

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Appendix 11

Drawing Register

Record drawings made during the excavation of Aghnahunshin

Site Dwg Scale Type Sheet Features Initials Date

A031-023 1 1:100 Plan 1 F1 F3 CC ALP 17-05-06

A031-023 2 1:20 Section 2 F1 ALP SW 17-05-06

A031-023 3 1:10 Section 3 F1 VC CZ 17-05-06

A031-023 4 1:20 Section 2 F1 XC XP 17-05-06

A031-023 5 1:20 Section 2 F1 XC XP 18-05-06

A031-023 6 1:10 Section 3 F3 SW ALP 18-05-06

A031-023 7 1:10 Section 4 F3 AM HL 18-05-06

A031-023 8 1:10 Section 3 F3 SW ALP 18-05-06

A031-023 9 1:20 Section 2 F3 ER MF 18-05-06

A031-023 10 1:10 Profile 9 Missing XP 18-05-06

A031-023 11 1:10 Profile 9 Missing XP 18-05-06

A031-023 12 1:10 Profile 9 Missing XP 18-05-06

A031-023 13 1:10 Profile 9 Missing XP 18-05-06

A031-023 14 1:10 Section 3 F7 F33 VC 20-05-06

A031-023 15 1:10 Section 6 F27 MF ER 20-05-06

A031-023 16 1:10 Section 6 F40 VC 20-05-06

A031-023 17 1:10 Section 6 F41 ALP 20-05-06

A031-023 18 1:50 Plan 5 Post-ex Mound II XC XP SW 21-05-06

A031-023 19 1:50 Plan 7 Post-ex Mound I XPRR 21-05-06

A031-023 20 1:10 Section 7 F51 XC 21-05-06

A031-023 21 1:10 Profile 8 F45 MZ 21-05-06

A031-023 22 1:10 Profile 8 F48 MZ 21-05-06

A031-023 23 1:50 Plan 10 F61 MS 26-04-06

A031-023 24 1:20 Section 11 F63 VC 03-05-06

A031-023 25 1:20 Section 11 F63 IZ 04-05-06

A031-023 26 1:20 Section 11 F71, F87 XC 08-05-06

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Site Dwg Scale Type Sheet Features Initials Date

A031-023 27 1:10 Section 12 F61, F69 XP 2-05-06

A031-023 28 1:20 Plan 12 F71, F84 XC 11-05-06

A031-023 29 1:50 Plan 13 F63, F85 RH 9-05-06

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Appendix 12

Select Bibliography

Aalen, F.H.A. & Whelan, Kevin 1997. Atlas of the Irish Rural Landscape. Dublin. Barry, T.B. 1994. The Archaeology of Medieval Ireland. London. Bourke, L. 2001. Crossing the Rubicon: Bronze Age metalwork from Irish Rivers. Dept. of Archaeology, NUI, Galway. Brady, O. 2000. Bawnboy Road (A Brief history), The Templeport Resource Centre at the Old Railway Station. The Templeport Resource Centre http://www.iol.ie/~bawnboy/ Butler, J. 1935. Our Coal and Iron Fields: the mineral resources of north-west Connacht, The Journal of Ardagh & Clonmacnoise Antiquarian Society Vol. I No. 4, 97-99 Byrne, Francis J. 2001. Irish Kings and High-Kings. Fourt Courts Press. Dublin. Byrne, Joseph 2004. Byrne’s dictionary of Irish Local History. Mercier Press. Cork. Byrne F.J. (eds.) A New History of Ireland, Vol. III, Early Modern Ireland 1534-1691, 336-353 Connolly, Anne 1994. Saddle Querns in Ireland. Ulster Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 57, 26-36 Cooney, G. and Grogan, E. 1994. Irish Prehistory: A Social Perspective. Wordwell: Dublin. Corish, Patrick J. 2003. “The Cromwellian Conquest, 1459-53” in Moody, T.W.; Martin, F.X. & Cullen, L.M. 2003. “Economic Trends 1660-1691” in Moody, T.W.; Martin, F.X. & Byrne F.J. (eds) Curtis, Edmund 1941. Calendar of Ormond Deeds. Vol V. The Stationery Office, Dublin. D’Alton, John 1855. King James’ Irish Army List. Dublin. Danaher, Kevin 1975. Ireland’s Vernacular Architecture. Cork Delany, R. 1987. By Shannon Shores: an exploration of the river. Gill & Macmillan, Dublin Earwood, Caroline 1993. Domestic Wooden Artefacts in Britain and Ireland from Neolithic to Viking Times. Exeter. Edwards, Nancy 1996. The Archaeology of Early Medieval Ireland. London. English Heritage 2002. Environmental Archaeology, a guide to the theory and practice of methods, from sampling and recovery to post-excavation. Eogan, G. 1965 A catalogue of Irish Bronze swords. Dublin. Eogan, G. 1983. Hoards of the Irish Later Bronze Age. Dublin. Eogan, G. 1994 The Accomplished Art, Gold and Gold working in Britain and Ireland during the Bronze Age (c. 2300 -650 BC). Oxbow Monograph 42, Oxford Gilbert, J.T. (Ed.) 1889.Register of the Abbey of St. Thomas. Dublin. Grant, Alison 1983. North Devon Pottery: The Seventeenth Century. University of Exeter. Gwynn, A. & Hadcock, R.N. 1970. Medieval Religious Houses: Ireland. Irish Academic Press, Dublin Harbison, P. 1968 Catalogue of Irish Early Bronze Age associated finds containing copper or bronze. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 67C, 35-91. Harbison, P. 1969a. The daggers and halberds of the Early Bronze Age in Ireland. Prahitorische Bronzefunde,Abteilung VI , Band 1. C.H Beck, Munich. Harbison, P. 1969b. The axes of the Early Bronze Age in Ireland. Prahitorische Bronzefunde, Abteilung IX , Band 1 . C.H. Beck, Munich. Herity, Michael (ed.) 2001. Ordnance Survey letters Meath: letters containing information relative to the antiquities of the county of Meath collected during the progress of the Ordnance Survey in 1836. Dublin. Four Masters Press. Keeley, V. J. 1999. Archaeological Assessment, Preliminary Area of Interest. Unpublished Report. Lewis, S. 1837. Topographical Dictionary of Ireland, 3 vols. Lewis & Co., London Mac an Ghallóglaigh, An t-Athair D. 1966. 1641 Rebellion in Leitrim, Breifne Vol II No. 8, 441-454 Mac an Ghallóglaigh, D. 1971. Leitrim 1600-1641, Breifne Vol IV No. 14, 225-254 Mac Cuarta, B. 2001. The plantation of Leitrim, 1620-41, Irish Historical Studies Vol XXXII No.

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127, 297-320. May-Cross, S, Murray, C, Ó’ Néill, J and Stevens, P. 2005 4. In Gowen, M, Ó’ Néill, J and Philips, M, Eds. ‘Chronology’ in The Lisheen Mine Project 1996-8, 55-77 Mills, James 1905-1914. Calendar of the Justiciary Rolls. The Stationery Office. Dublin Morrin, James 1861. Calendar of the Patent and Close Rolls of Chancery in Ireland of the reigns of Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth. Vol. I, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, Dublin. Moore, M.J. 2003. Archaeological Inventory of County Leitrim. The Stationery Office, Dublin O’Conor, Kieran Denis 1998. The Archaeology of Medieval Rural Settlement in Ireland. Discovery Series Programme Monograph 3. Royal Irish Academy. Dublin O’Flanagan, M. (ed) 1929. Letters containing information relative to the antiquities of the counties of Cavan and Leitrim (Breifny): collected during the progress of the Ordnance Survey in 1836. Unpublished. O’Flynn, T.M. 1937. History of Leitrim. C.J. Fallon, Dublin O’Keefe, Tadhg 2000. Medieval Ireland: An Archaeology. Gloucestershire. Ó Rúnaí, L. 1996. From Rosclogher to Roosky: the Leitrim Story. Cumann Seanchais Ros Inbhir O’ Donovan. 1835 Name Books, Co. Leitrim. Unpublished typescripts held in the National Library of Ireland. Ordnance Survey of Ireland. Name Books, Co. Leitrim. Unpublished typescripts held in the National Library of Ireland. Otway-Ruthven, A.J. 1980. A History of Medieval Ireland. New York. M’Parlan, J. 1802. Statistical survey of the county of Leitrim: with observations on the means of improvement; drawn up for the consideration, and by the order of the Dublin Society. Graisberry & Campbell, Dublin. Pender, S. (ed) 1939. A Census of Ireland c. 1659. The Stationery Office, Dublin Raftery, B., 1983. A catalogue of Irish Iron Age antiquities. Marburg. Shepherd, E. 1994. The Midland Great Western Railway of Ireland: an illustrated history. Earl Shilton, Midland. Simms, K. 1979. The O Reillys and the Kingdom of East Breifne, Breifne 5 (no. 19), 305-319 Stout, M. 1997(a). The Irish Ringfort. Dublin. Four Courts Press. Stout, M & Stout, G. 1997. Early Landscapes: from prehistory to plantation; recovering the hidden landscape. Aalen, Whelan & Stout (eds.) Atlas of the Rural Irish Landscape. Cork. Cork University Press. Taylor G. & Skinner A. 1783. Taylor & Skinner’s Maps of the Roads of Ireland. 2nd edition. Published for the authors, London. Vicars, Sir Arthur 1897. Index to the Prerogative Wills of Ireland, 1536-1810. Dublin. Brindley, A L. 1995 “Radiocarbon, Chronology and the Bronze Age” in Waddell, J and Shee Twohig, E, 4 -13 White, Newport B. 1943. Extents of Irish Monastic Possessions 1540-41. Dublin. The Stationery Office.

Irish Folklore School’s Commission Manuscripts. UCD Delargy Centre for Irish Folklore and the National Folklore Collection.

The Irish Stone Axe Project Database. Department of Archaeology: UCD. Sites and Monuments Record, National Monuments Division: Dúchas www.excavations.ie

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Appendix 13

Radiocarbon Dates from Aghnahunshin

Lab Code Context:Sample Context Sample Type Radiocarbon Age BP Callibrated date 2 Sigma Wk22722 A031/023/39/13 Primary fill of trough Alnus Sp. 3864+30BP 2470-2200 Cal BC F40 Mound 1 Wk22723 A031/023/5/4 Main Deposit of burnt Corylus Avellana 3803+30BP 2350-2130 Cal BC stone Mound 1 Wk22724 A031/023/21/8 Primary fill of trough Ulmus Sp. 1066+30BP 890-1030 Cal AD F27 Mound 2

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Appendix 14

Report on the Lithic Assemblage from Aghnahunshin, county Leitrim (E3311)

Dermot G. Moore

Abstract Three pieces of flint comprising a small barbed and tanged arrowhead, a flake and a flint fragment and an irregular chert scraper were recovered during the excavations at Aghnahunshin, county Leitrim (E3311) and represents prehistoric knapping activity and possible hunting practices during the Early – Middle Bronze Age.

Introduction The three pieces of flint and a single chert piece were recovered during the excavations at Aghnahunshin, county Leitrim (E3311). Three pieces was retrieved from context F4, while the flint fragment was recovered from a topsoil deposit.

Context F4 Three pieces were recovered from this deposit which comprised burnt mound material and peat.

Flint barbed and tanged arrowhead The most notable of the three pieces recovered was a very small example of a damaged barbed and tanged arrowhead (E3311:004:001), which measured 14mm x 15mm x 3.5mm, manufactured on of red-brown (translucent honey colour) - cream flint. The tip and the tang had been broken off. Both the dorsal and ventral faces exhibited complete invasive flaking of their surfaces. Flaking was also evident around the two barbs and the remainder of the tang. Both barbs were also curved inwards towards the tang. The dual colour of the original flake may have been deliberately selected for manufacture into a projectile (Plate 15).

As both the tip and the tang are broken, it is likely that this projectile was used possibly for hunting. This example of a barbed and tanged arrowhead is quite similar to Green’s Conygar Hill and Green Low types (Green 1980) and is a relatively common form.

Flint flake A single broken irregular flint flake (E3311:004:002) with dorsal flake scars and a planar platform was also recovered from F4.

Chert scraper The only piece of chert identified was a general purpose scraper (E3311:004:003). It comprised an irregular broken chert flake portion with small dorsal flake scars which measured 33mm x 22mm x 9mm. The secondary working took the form of fine but semi-steep flaking and nibbling along the left lateral dorsal edge (Fig. 00.00). This piece would likely have been a much larger piece as there is evidence of two distinct fractures.

Topsoil (F1) Flint Fragment A single small fine flint fragment, possible a micro-debitage fragment, was the only lithic material recovered from the topsoil deposit.

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Summary The four lithic pieces recovered from Aghnahunshin, county Leitrim (E3311) represents a very small range of implements indicative of human activity such as possibly hunting as shown by the small barbed and tanged arrowhead; knapping by the flint flake; and other domestic activities such as hide cleaning evidenced by the chert scraper. The occurrence of the barbed and tanged arrowhead in the F4 deposit may be a hunting loss or the deposition of an unusable implement. Such single finds of Early Bronze Age barbed and tanged arrowheads, interpreted as lost hunting points (Moore 1999), have been noted at sites such as at Linford in county Antrim (Moore and Williams in prep) and Ballyhenry Site 8a also in county Antrim (Moore 2003). However, the damaged condition of the arrowhead and its context may also indicate deliberate deposition of an unusable implement. Although the barbed and tanged arrowhead is a relatively common form in Ireland, its morphology based on the current classification, would indicate a date in the earlier part of the Earlier Bronze Age.

Unfortunately, the flint flake and the chert scraper from the same context can be assigned to either the Neolithic or Bronze Age periods as these implements, particularly the chert scraper are common to both the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age (Woodman and Scannell 1993; Woodman 1994; Moore 1999). The flint fragment recovered from the topsoil may be an accidental by-product of knapping activities not defined on the site. In conclusion, the small lithic assemblage recovered from Aghnahunshin, county Leitrim (E3311) would indicate activity on or near the site during the Early to Middle Bronze Age as defined in particular by the presence of the barbed and tanged arrowhead.

References Green, S. 1980. The Flint Arrowheads of the British Isles (Parts I and II) (Brit. Archaeol. Rep. Brit. Series 75) Oxford, BAR.

Moore, D. G. 1999. Analysis of the Lithic Assemblages from Early Prehistoric Sites along the South Antrim Coast. Unpublished MPhil Thesis (QUB).

Moore, D. G. and B. B. Williams (in prep), Excavations in Linford townland, Co. Antrim. Ulster Journal of Archaeology

Moore, D. G. 2003. Report on the Lithic Assemblages from a series of sites at Ballyhenry, County Antrim. (Archived Specialist Report For ADS (Belfast) Ltd).

Woodman, P. C. and Scannell, M. 1993. A Context for the Lough Gur Lithics. pp. 53-62 in Shee Twohig, E. and Ronayne, M. (eds.), Past Perceptions: The Prehistoric Archaeology of South-west Ireland. Cork: University Press.

Woodman, P. C. 1994. Towards a definition of Irish Early Neolithic Lithic Assemblages. pp. 213- 218 in Ashton, N. and David, A. (eds.), Stories in Stone: Proceedings of Anniversary Conference at St. Hilda’s College, Oxford. Lithics Studies Occasional Papers 4. London: Lithics Studies Society.

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Appendix 15

Report on the Plant Remains from Aghnahunshin, county Leitrim (E3311)

Susan Lyons MSc MIAI Environmental Archaeologist

Project Code: PR/035 Author: Susan Lyons MSc MIAI Client: CRDS Ltd Date: April 2008

N4 Dromod to Roosky Bypass: Plant remains assessment from Aghnahunshin A031/023

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1. INTRODUCTION This report discusses the plant remains assemblage recorded from the soil samples associated with the archaeological excavations at Aghnahunshin (A031/023), Co. Leitrim, located along the N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass.

2. BACKGROUND A course of archaeological testing and subsequent archaeological excavation was carried out at Aghnahunshin, Co. Leitrim by Cultural Resource Development Services (CRDS) Ltd on behalf of Leitrim County Council and the National Roads Authority as part of the archaeological mitigation program associated with the N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass under the Ministerial Direction Number A31-023. The site is located in Aghnahunshin townland in the parish of Mohill and barony of Mohill, Co. Leitrim (NGR 206074.291, 285975.627). The site at Aghnahunshin was excavated in two areas, Areas A and B. Area A consisted of a burnt mound (Mound 3) and associated trough along with several modern drains and field boundaries. Area B, located north of Area A, contained two burnt mounds (Mound 1 and 2), their troughs and associated features (Seaver, 2007).

3. SAMPLE STRATEGY An on-site soil sampling strategy was implemented and features and deposits deemed archaeologically significance were sampled. A total of 28 soil samples were taken on site as bulk soil samples and were processed by CRDS Ltd. The remains of four samples (Feature 5, Sample 2, Feature 21, Sample 8, Feature 38, Sample 12 and Feature 39, Sample 13) all from Area B were subsequently submitted to Susan Lyons in February 2008 to identify and analyse the plant material within. The primary objective of this project was to identify where possible any botanical remains present in order to help with interpreting the function of the site or the features themselves.

4. METHODOLOGY The samples were viewed under a low powered binocular microscope (magnification x0.8 to x5) and any carbonised or potentially waterlogged botanical materials were identified to genus/species level where applicable. The plant remains were recorded using an abundance key to highlight the concentrations/quantities of material identified from each sample; + = rare (1-5), ++ = occasional (6-10), +++ = common (11-50) and ++++ = abundant (>50).

5. RESULTS The results are summarised in Table 1.

Wood charcoal – Charcoal was recorded in low to high concentrations from F5 (burnt mound material), F21 (fill of trough F27: Mound 2), F38 (primary fill of trough F40: Mound 1) and F39 (secondary fill of trough F40: Mound 1). The material was very fragmented with average fragment size 3mm – 30mm in length.

Uncarbonised plant remains – Uncarbonised plant fibres and root material were recorded from all four samples with the highest concentrations recorded from F5 and F38. This material was very dried out and too fibrous to be identified to any species.

6. DISCUSSION All samples contained fragments of charcoal and were void of any other botanical remains associated with domestic or occupational activity. Charcoal is a common occurrence from burnt mound/fulachta fiadh sites and is related to the burning activities associated with these site types.

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Other plant remains such as cereals and wild taxa are extremely rare from fulacht fiadh sites (O’Neill, 2000), however when they are recovered from such sites they are recorded in very low numbers and usually interpreted as residual material redistributed across the site from another source.

The presence of uncarbonised plant fibres and root material within the samples may represent what were once waterlogged deposits, since the site was located close to a neighbouring bog (Seaver, 2007). However, whether these plant remains are contemporary to the charcoal material or the result of hillwash from the encroaching peat, as suggested (Seaver, 2007) is difficult to ascertain.

7. RECOMMENDATIONS 1. There is no further work required on these samples 2. A record of the methodology and results of this assessment should be included in any final report

8. REFERENCES

O’Neill, J 2000 ‘Just another fulacht fiadh story’, Archaeology Ireland Vol 14 No. 2

Seaver, 2007 N4 Dromod Roosky Bypass Road Scheme: Aghnahunshin A031/023 Preliminary Archaeological Report. CRDS Ltd unpublished report

Aghnahunshin A031/023

Feature Sample Flot Wood Uncarbonised Feature Description Comments number number volume charcoal plant fibres (ml) Sample may have been 005 002 150ml ++++ +++ Burnt mound material: Area B partially waterlogged Sample may have been 021 008 60ml ++ ++ Primary fill of trough F27 in mound II: Area B partially waterlogged Sample may have been 038 012 60ml +++ ++ Secondary fill of the trough F40 in mound I: Area B partially waterlogged 039 013 <10ml Primary fill of trough F40 in mound I: Area B +

Table 1. Composition of plant remains

Key: + = rare (1-5), ++ = occasional (6-10), +++ = common (11-50) and ++++ = abundant (>50)

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Plates

Plate 1: Burnt Mound 3, F69 Pre-Excavation (A031-023 301) Plate 2: Burnt Mound 3, Mid Excavation from southwest (A031-023 305) Plate 3: Burnt Mound 3, Section through trough F71, north-west facing (A031-023 308) Plate 4: Burnt Mound 3, Trough F71 (A031-023 315) Plate 5 Burnt Mounds 1 and 2 Pre-Excavation (A031-023 318) Plate 6 Burnt Mound 2, Pre Excavation from east (A031-023 319) Plate 7 Section through Burnt Mound 1 from (A031-023 321) Plate 8 Section through Burnt Mound 1 from (A031-023 332) Plate 9 Stakeholes/root fragments ((A031-023 346) Plate 10 Section through F27 facing west ((A031-023 342) Plate 11 Burnt Mound 2, Trough F27 Post Excavation ((A031-023 40) Plate 12 Burnt Mound 1, Hollow F40 post ex facing southwest (A031-023 351) Plate 13 Burnt Mound 2, Post Excavation from southwest (A031-023 365) Plate 14 Burnt Mound 3 showing relict field boundaries (A031-023 366) Plate 15 Arrowhead E3311.4.1 (A031-023-367)

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Plate 1: Burnt Mound 3, F69 Pre-Excavation (A031-023 301)

Plate 2: Burnt Mound 3, Mid Excavation from southwest (A031-023 305)

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Plate 3: Burnt Mound 3, Section through trough F71, northwest facing (A031-023 308)

Plate 4: Trough F71 (A031-023 315)

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Plate 5: Burnt Mounds 1 and 2 (A031-023 318)

Plate 6: Burnt Mound 2, Pre Excavation from the east (A031-023 319)

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Plate 7: Section through Burnt Mound 1 from the North (A031-023 321)

Plate 8: Section through Burnt Mound 1 from the West (A031-023 332)

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Plate 9: Burnt Mound 1, Stakeholes/root fragments (A031-023 346)

Plate 10: Burnt Mound 2, Section through F27 facing west (A031-023 342)

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Plate 11: Burnt Mound 2, Trough F27 Post Excavation (A031-023 340)

Plate 12: Burnt Mound 1, Hollow F40 post ex facing southwest (A031-023 351)

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Plate 13: Burnt Mound 1, Post Excavation from southwest (A031-023 365)

Plate 14: Burnt Mound 3 showing relict field boundaries (A031-023 366)

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Plate 15 Arrowhead E3311.4.1 (A031-023-367)

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Figures

Figure 1: Scheme Location Figure 2: Aghnahunshin Test Trench Location Plan Figure 3: Results of Test Trenching Figure 4: Aghnahunshin Site Location Figure 5: Overall Site Plan Figure 6: Pre-excavation Plan of Burnt Mound F69 Figure 8: Post-Excavation Plan of Burnt Mound F69 and trough F71 Figure 9: Pre-excavation Plan of Burnt Mound F1 and Burnt Mound F3 Figure 10: Burnt Mound F1, sections Figure 11: Post excavation Plan and Sections of Burnt Mound F1 and Burnt Mound F3 Figure 12: Plan and Sections of trough F40 and trough F27

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Unit 4a, Dundrum Business Park, Dublin 14. Tel: +353 1 2968190 Fax: +353 1 2968195 email: [email protected] Figure: 1 Client: Leitrim County Council Title: Location Drawn By: DOC Job: 742 Date: June 2007 0 2.5km

Figure 1: E3311 Scheme Location CD 38kv

CD

UND

FF

T FF FF Georgia 1 UND

Georgia 2

CD

GEORGIA or GORTEENORAN

10kv CD

CR CS CS UND

10kv

Aghamore 1

50.9

Aghamore House Bog Aghamore 2

52.1

FF UND UND

FF AGHNAHUNSHIN UND

51.4

Aghnahunshin

51.27

49.71 Unit 4a, Dundrum Business Park, Dublin 14. Tel: +353 1 2968190 Fax: +353 1 2968195 email: [email protected] Figure: 2 Client: Leitrim County Council 50.87 Title: Location Drawn By: DOC CD

Job: 742 Date: June 2007 UND 0 200m

Figure 2: E3311 Aghnahunshin Test Trench Location Plan Unit 4a, Dundrum Business Park, Dublin 14. Tel: +353 1 2968190 Fax: +353 1 2968195 email: [email protected] Figure: 3 Client: Leitrim County Council Title: Testing Drawn By: DOC Job: 742 Date: June 2007 0 25m

Figure 3: E3311 Results of Test Trenching CD 38kv

CD

UND

FF

T FF FF Georgia 1 UND

Georgia 2

CD

GEORGIA or GORTEENORAN

10kv CD

CR CS CS UND

10kv

Aghamore 1

50.9

Aghamore House Bog Aghamore 2

52.1

FF UND UND

FF AGHNAHUNSHIN UND

51.4

Aghnahunshin

51.27

49.71 Unit 4a, Dundrum Business Park, Dublin 14. Tel: +353 1 2968190 Fax: +353 1 2968195 email: [email protected] Figure: 4 Client: Leitrim County Council 50.87 Title: Location Drawn By: DOC CD

Job: 742 Date: June 2007 UND 0 200m

Figure 4: E3311 Aghnahunshin Site Location Burnt Mound 2 (F3)

0 E 125 N

Burnt Mound 1 (F1)

CPO Line Area A

0 E 25 E 50 E 75 N 75 N 75 N

Burnt Mound 3 (F69)

Area B

25 E 50 E 25 N 25 N

Unit 4a, Dundrum Business Park, Dublin 14. Tel: +353 1 2968190 Fax: +353 1 2968195 email: [email protected] Figure No: 5 Client: Leitrim Co. Co. Title: Aghanhunshin Drawn By: Gianmarco Cattari LIMIT OF EXCAVATION CPO LINE STONE # CHARCOAL WOOD Job No: 742 Date: May 2007 0 25m

Figure 5: E3311 Overall Site Plan 30 E 42 E 38 N 38 N

C C` OD 47.36 m

B

47.19 F64 F63 F68

Section through F63 and F64 0 1m 46.81

Burnt Mound F70

F69 47.11

47.18 A A` A`` OD 47.29 m

F82 F63 F82 F85 F83 F64 F64 F63 46.62 47.03 F87

F62 Section through F63 C` 46.92 B` 0 1m

A``

F64

A` A`

C

42 E F63 A 24 N

B` B OD 47.39m 30 E 22 N F69 F61 F61

Furrow cut

Unit 4a, Dundrum Business Park, Dublin 14. Section through F61 Tel: +353 1 2968190 Fax: +353 1 2968195 0 1m email: [email protected] Figure No: 6 Client: Leitrim Co. Co. Title: Aghnahunshin Drawn By: Gianmarco Cattari LIMIT OF EXCAVATION STONE # CHARCOAL WOOD Job No: 742 Date: May 2007 0 4m

Figure 6: E3311 Pre-excavation Plan of Burnt Mound F69 30 E 42 E 38 N 38 N

F62

Burnt Mound

Furrows

46.72

45.83

46.34

F62

F71

44.39 F63

46.48 F81

F64 46.29 44.39

42 E 24 N 46.50

30 E 22 N

Unit 4a, Dundrum Business Park, Dublin 14. Tel: +353 1 2968190 Fax: +353 1 2968195 email: [email protected] Figure No: 7 Client: Leitrim Co. Co. Title: Aghnahunshin Drawn By: Gianmarco Cattari LIMIT OF EXCAVATION STONE # CHARCOAL WOOD Job No: 742 Date: May 2007 0 4m

Figure 7: E3311 Mid-excavation Plan of Burnt Mound F69 30 E 42 E 38 N 38 N

46.79

A 34 E 37 E 34 N 34 N 46.69 F84 Burnt Mound F62

46.79

46.50 46.69 46.91 F84

46.67 Furrows 46.91

46.67 45.83 46.72 46.30

46.34

46.30

46.94 F62

F71

F71

A` 46.94 34 E 37 E 45.71 30 N 30 N F63

46.48 F81

Post-excavation of trough F71

0 1m F64 46.29 46.26

42 E F61

24 N A A` 46.50 OD 46.84 m F61 F72 F73 F74 F75 F75 F84 F80 F79 F76 F77 30 E F78 22 N F84

F71 Section through F71 and F84 0 1m Unit 4a, Dundrum Business Park, Dublin 14. Tel: +353 1 2968190 Fax: +353 1 2968195 email: [email protected] Figure No: 8 Client: Leitrim Co. Co. Title: Aghnahunshin Drawn By: Gianmarco Cattari LIMIT OF EXCAVATION STONE # CHARCOAL WOOD Job No: 742 Date: May 2007 0 4m

Figure 8: E3311 Post-excavation Plan of Burnt Mound F69 and Trough F71 C C` OD 46.07 m C F15 F16 F19

18 E 46.21 35 E F18 F17 125 N 125 N F3 F22 F14 West facing section through F14 0 1m D` D`` C``

C` Burnt Mound

C` C`` 46.20 OD 46.43 m

D

F15

F19

North facing section through F14 0 1m

A

D` D`` OD 46.01m

F14 # F15 F19 # # # Burnt Mound 46.36

F56 A`` A` B` B`` South facing section through F14 0 1m

F1 45.92

18 E 35 E 105 N 45.57 105 N

D D` OD 46.13 m

F14 F28 F22 F24 F23 F23 F21 F24 F27

B East facing section through F14 44.78 0 1m

Unit 4a, Dundrum Business Park, Dublin 14. Tel: +353 1 2968190 Fax: +353 1 2968195 email: [email protected] Figure No: 9 Client: Leitrim Co. Co. Title: Aghnahunshin Drawn By: Gianmarco Cattari LIMIT OF EXCAVATION STONE # CHARCOAL WOOD Job No: 742 Date: May 2007 0 6m

Figure 9: E3311 Pre-excavation Plan of Burnt Mound F1 & Burnt Mound F3 A A` OD 47.03m

F1 F5

West facing section through F1

A` A`` OD 46.6 m

# F1 # #

# # # # # # # # # F1 F1 # # F7 # F5 # F5 # F6 F50

North facing section through F1

B B` OD 46.26 m

F1 F5

F47 F8 East facing section through F1

B` OD 46.27 m B``

F1

F5

F11 F9 F10 F13 F12

Unit 4a, Dundrum Business Park, Dublin 14. South facing section through F1 Tel: +353 1 2968190 Fax: +353 1 2968195 email: [email protected] Figure No: 10 Client: Leitrim Co. Co. Title: Aghnahunshin Drawn By: Gianmarco Cattari LIMIT OF EXCAVATION STONE # CHARCOAL WOOD Job No: 742 Date: May 2007 0 1m

Figure 10: E3311 Burnt Mound F1, sections F57

46.02 45.23 F56 45.24 18 E 48.19 35 E 125 N 125 N Burnt Mound

F58 ST F27 44.39

45.58

46.15 45.11 Bedrock F44 45.25 46.31 F26

B B` A A` OD 46.6m F24 OD 45.73 m 46.05 F55 F7 Modern F52 drain F33

F51

0 1m Section through F51 Section through F33

A`

F51 45.26 45.31 F54 A F45 45.97 F53 C` 44.98 F49 44.39 45.85 45.62

C F48 F46 C C` F30 OD 45.51m D D` D` OD 46.35m 45.35 F31 D 46.41 F50 F29 F32 F48 F33 45.38 45.88 B F45 B`

45.83 F42 Profile through F45 Profile through F48 F40 46.06 0 1m 45.78 F47 18 E 46.54 35 E 105 N 105 N Burnt Mound

F53 46.02

F53

Unit 4a, Dundrum Business Park, Dublin 14. Tel: +353 1 2968190 Fax: +353 1 2968195 email: [email protected] Figure No: 11 Client: Leitrim Co. Co. Title: Aghnahunshin Drawn By: Gianmarco Cattari LIMIT OF EXCAVATION STONE # CHARCOAL WOOD FLINT ARROW HEAD Job No: 742 Date: May 2007 0 6m

Figure 11: E3311 Post-excavation Plan and Sections of Burnt Mound F1 and Burnt Mound F3 A2

ST

D`

22 E 24 E 26 E 28 E 107 N 107 N 124 N 124 N F58

A` F27 44.39

F40

46.06

45.58

22 E 24 E 26 E 28 E 105 N 105 N 122 N 122 N 46.54

D

A

Post-excavation plan of trough F40 Post-excavation plan of trough F27

D D` A A` OD 46.43m OD 46.22m

F35 F35 # # # F36 # # # # F22 # F38 # # # # F37 F58 # # F40 F27 F27 F39 F21 F34 F14

Section through F40 Section through F27 0 0.5m

Unit 4a, Dundrum Business Park, Dublin 14. Tel: +353 1 2968190 Fax: +353 1 2968195 email: [email protected] Figure No: 12 Client: Leitrim Co. Co. Title: Aghnahunshin Drawn By: Gianmarco Cattari LIMIT OF EXCAVATION STONE # CHARCOAL WOOD Job No: 742 Date: May 2007 0 1m

Figure 12: E3311 Plans and Sections of Trough F40 & Trough F27