Chrosomus Erythrogaster Andc. Eos (Osteichthyes: Cyprinidae) Taxonomy, Distribution) Ecology a Thesis Submitted to the Faculty O
CHROSOMUS ERYTHROGASTER AND C. EOS (OSTEICHTHYES: CYPRINIDAE) TAXONOMY, DISTRIBUTION) ECOLOGY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA By Gary Lee Phillips IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Pegree Granted June, 1968 FRONTISPIECE. Male Chrosomus erythrogaster in breeding color, headwaters of the Zumbro River, Dodge County, Minnesota, 4 June 1966. Photograph by Professor David J. Merrell of the University of Minnesota. 47?-a•4 V gir irck 4r4.4- 1,1! IL .1, 74ko2,4,944,40tgrAt skr#9 4.e4 riff4eotilired‘ ik tit "ital.:A-To 4-v.w.r*:ez••01.%. '.or 44# 14 46#41bie. "v1441t..4frw.P1)4iiriiitalAttt.44- Aiihr4titeec --N. 1 4r40•4-v,400..orioggit kf)f 4y 4:11 to_ r •ArPV .1 1 "11(4% tk eat'n'ik\Nthl haf ilif -7b111,6 10t 11*4 * A Aver44, wr. • 4‘4041:Nr 0141 -at 1,10,71mr--,• 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS SYNONYMY AND NOMENCLATURE METHODS AND MATERIALS DISTRIBUTION 23 Geographical Distribution ................... 23 Ecological Distribution ......,....•.....,.. 24 Distribution in Minnesota ............. 27 VARIATION 38 Reliability of Measurements •.*****••••••** 4 • * 38 Sexual Variation •.. 53 Ontogenetic Variation •••• • • • • • •••• 61 Geographical Variation .................. ft ft. 72 Interpopulation Mean Character Differences • • * 77 Anomalies 83 REPRODUCTION 86 Schooling BehaviOr, ....................- 86 , 000,. W.4,41 , 87 .Spawning ,Behavior. , ,10041.4100 .......„......... 00 90 Breeding Color .. Breeding Tubercle ......................,. 93 Sex Ratios ... ............... ..,. 97 Sexual cycles ' , .-•,................ ... 99 ft 99 Fecundity ... ft ft ft ft 0 ft S OlkOodt*40o,OWOOsoo•O*00-Ito , 41,* 111: Hybridization 40. 0.41400**************0.0 DIET 1.28 The Digestive Tract .....................
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