Aceites Esenciales De Las Lavandulas Ibericas Ensayo Ide La Quimiotaxonomia

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Aceites Esenciales De Las Lavandulas Ibericas Ensayo Ide La Quimiotaxonomia UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE BIOLOGíA DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGíA VEGETAL 1 * 5309570512* UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE ACEITES ESENCIALES DE LAS LAVANDULAS IBERICAS ENSAYO IDE LA QUIMIOTAXONOMIA TESIS DOCTORAL que para optar al Grado de Doctor en Ciencias Biológicas, presenta MARIA ISABEL GARCíA VALLEJO Licenciada en Ciencias Biológicas Directores Prof. Dr. A. Velasco—Negueruela Dra. M.C. García Vallejo Autora: V0 E0, Directores: Madrid, 1992 A MIS PADRES que, con su cari5o y comprensión, han hecho posible la realización de esta Memoria. ACEITES ESENCIALES DE LAS LAVÁNDULAS IBERICAS ENSAYO DE LA QUIMIOTAXONOMIA INDICE Pág. O. PROLOGO 1. ESTUDIO BIBLIOGRÁFICO PREVIO 1 1. INTRODt4CCION Y JUSTIFICACION 1 1.1. Objetivos 1 1.2. La clasificación botánica y los principios activos; quirniotlpos 5 1.3. La Qulmiotaxonomia y los metabolitos secundarios 7 1.4. Quimiotaxonornía subespecifica 12 1.5. Híbridos e hibridoides 14 1.5.1. Híbridos 14 1.5.2. Hibridoides 16 2. CARACTERES BOTANICOS DE LA FAMILIA LAMIACEAE LINDLEY Y DEL GENERO LAVANDULA L. 19 2.1. Caracteres de la Familia Lamiaceae Lindley 19 2.2. Subfamilia Lavanduloideae (Endí.) Briquet 21 2.3. Género Lavandula L. 24 2.3.1. Caracteres, en general 24 2.3.2. Corología ibérica 28 Sectores corológicos de la Península Ibérica 28 Corología del género 32 2.3.3. Clave dicotómica de Identificación de las especies del género Lavandula L. 41 2.3.4. Secciones del género Lavandula L. en la Península Ibérica: caracteres, clave y distribución geográfica 42 2.3.5. Lavandula spp., características de los sintáxones ibéricos. Corología y ecología de estos síntáxones 48 1 II. PARTE EXPERIMENTAL Y MONOGRÁFICA 57 3. GENERALIDADES SOBRE EL MATERIAL INVESTIGADO YLA METODICA EXPERIMENTAL 57 3. 1. Recolección, conservación y preparación de las muestras vegetales 57 3.2. Extracción de los aceites esenciales 59 Cohobación 59 Técnicas diversas de extracción de aceites esenciales 61 Hidrodestilación; hidrodifusión 61 Extracción con disolventes; con CO2; por enfloración 62 Otros productos volátiles industriales 64 3.3. Metódica analítica aplicada 65 3.3.1. Técnicas cromatográficas 65 3.3.1.1. Cromatografía de gas-líquido 65 3.3.1.2. Cromatografía en columna 68 3.3.1.3. Cromatografía en capa fina 69 3.3.2. Técnicas espectroscópicas 69 3.3.2.1. Espectroscopia en el infrarrojo 69 3.3.2.2. Espectroscopia de masas 70 3.3.2.3. Espectroscopias de resonancia magnética nuclear (HMN) de ‘H y 70 4. CARACTERES BOTANICOS Y COMPOSICION QUíMICA DE ACEITES ESENCIALES DE LOS TAXONES DEL GENERO LAVANDULA L. 71 4.1. SEd. LAVÁNDULA L. 71 4.1.0. Lavandula angustifolia Miller subsp. angustifolia 71 4.1.0.1. Caracteres, corologia, ecología y sintaxonomía 71 4.1.0.2. Composición química de las esencias de L. angustifolia Miller subsp. angustifolia 75 Diferenciación química de Lx angustifolia typus, dentro de esta sección 77 4. 1. 1. L. an~gustifoJia Miller subsp. pyrenaica (DC. ) Guinea CL. pyrenaica DC. 3 , 78 4.1.1.1. Caracteres, corología, ecología y sintaxonornia 78 II 4.1.1.2. Composición química de sus aceites esenciales 82 Constituyentes identificados en la sect. Lavandula L. 92 Estructuras núm. 1 a 46, de terpenoides y bencenoldes de la sect. Lavandula L. 94 4.1.2. Lavandula latifolia Medicus 103• 4.1.2.1. Caracteres, corología, ecología y sintaxonomia 103 4.1.2.2. Composición química de sus aceites esenciales 108 4.1.3. Lavandula lanata Boiss. 136 4.1.3.1. Caracteres, corologia, ecología y sintaxonomía 136 4.1.3.2. Composición química de sus aceites esenciales 140 4.1.4. Quimiotaxonomía de la sect. Lavanduia L.; justificación de la sect. Lavandula y sus táxones fundamentales 151 4.1.4.0. Quimiotipo deL. angustifolia Miller subsp. angustIfolia 151 4.1.4.1. Quimiotipos de L. angustifolia Miller subsp. pyrenaica (DC. 3 Guinea (L. pyrenaica DC. 3 151 4.1.4.2. Quimiotipos de L. latifoiia Medicus 154 4.1.4.3. Quimiotipos de L. lanata Boiss. 159 4.1.4.4. Justificación de los táxones específicos de la sect. Lavandula L., por sus caracteres químicos; rango de especie para Lavandula angustifolia subsp. pyrenaica (DC. 3 Guinea; variación cuantitativa de los terpenoides mayares significativos, en la Sección 163 4.1.5. Lavandula pyrenaica DC. CL. angustifolia Miller subsp. pyrenaica (DC.) Guinea),especie de origen hibridógeno. Híbridos de la sect. Lavandula L. 168 4.1.5.0. Lavandula pyrenaica DC., especie de origen hibridógeno 168 4.1.5.1. Lavandula x intermedia Emneric ex Loiseleur; Lavandas y Lavandines 172 4.1.5.2. Lavandula x ieptostachya Pau; otros híbridos III L. latifoiia Medicus x L. pyrenaica DC. 179 4.1.5.3. Lavandula x Iosae Riv.-God. ex Sánchez—Gómez, Alcaraz y M.I. García—Vallejo 189 4.2. SECT. STOECHAS GINGINS 197 Constituyentes de la sect. Stoechas; más estructuras moleculares 198 4.2.1. Lavandula stoechas L. 205 4.2.1.1. Caracteres, corología, ecología y sintaxonomía 205 4.2.1.2. Composición química de sus aceites esenciales 213 4.2.2. Lavandula pedunculata (Miller) Cay. 230 4.2.2.1. Caracteres, corología, ecología y sintaxonomia 230 4.2.2.2. Composición química de sus aceites esenciales 235 4.2.3. Lavandula sampaloana (Rozeira) Riv.—Mart., Diaz et Fernández—González 256 4.2.3.1. Caracteres, corologia, ecología y sintaxonomia 256 4.2.3.2. Composición..química de sus aceites esenciales 259 4.2.4. Lavandula sanipaioana (Rozeira) subsp. lusitanita (Chaytor) Riv. -Mart. • ¡Maz et Fernández—González 277 4.2.4.1. Caracteres, corología. ecología y sintaxonomía 277 4.2.4.2. Composición química de sus aceites esenciales 280 4.2.4.3. “Combinación” alternativa de subsp. lusitanica (ya con L. sampaloana, ya con L. stoecbas), a la luz de los caracteres químicos 287 4.2.5. Lavandula viridis L’Hér. 290 4.2.5.1. Caracteres, corología, ecología y sintaxonomía 290 4.2.5.2. Composición química de sus aceites esenciales 293 4.2.6. Lavandula Iuisieri (Rozeira) Riv.—Mart. 304 4.2.6.1. Caracteres, corología, ecología y sintaxonomia 304 4.2.6.2. Composición química de sus aceites esenciales 308 4.2.7. trans—«—Necrodol, un isómero de éste y sus acetatos, constituyentes específicos de L. luisieri (Rozeira) Riv.—Mart., nuevos monoterpenoides del reino vegetal 324 4.2.7.1. Iridoides de la subclase Asteridae Taktajam 324 IV 4.2.7.2. trans—a—Necrodol más su acetato, mayares, y un isómero de éste, menor, constituyentes característicos de L. luisierí, nuevos en el reino vegetal 325 4.2.7.3. Los trans-necrodoles « y g más lavandulol, biosintetizados por el coleóptero Necrodes surinamensis 325 4.2.7.4. Determinación de la estructura del «—necrodol y su identificación, la de su isómero y las de jos acetatos respectivos en la esencia de L. luisieri 327 4.2.8. Quimiotaxonornía de la sect. Stoechas: chemotypi 334 4.2.8.1. Quimiotipos de Lavandula stoechas L. 334 4.2.8.2. Quimiotipos de Lavarzduia pedunculata Cay. 340 4.2.8.3. Quimiotipos de Lavandula sampaioana (Rozeira) Riv.—Mart., ¡Maz et Fernández—González 347 4.2.8.4. Quimiotlpos de L. sampaloana (Rozeira) subsp. Iusitanica (Chaytor) Riv.-Mart., Díaz et Fernández—González 354 4.2.8.5. Quimiotipos de Lavandula viridis L’Hér. 357 4.2.8.6. Quimiotipos de Lavandula luisierí (Rozeira) Rlv. —Mart. 361 4.2.9. Subgrupos de la sect. Stoechas por mayor afinidad química 365 4.2.10. Los táxones de la sect. Stoechas: diferenciación y categorías por sus caracteres químicos 371 4.2.11. Híbridos de la sect. Stoechas Gingins 374 4.2.11. 1. Lavandula x pannosa Gand. 374 4.2.11.2. Lavandula x llame Rozelra 375 4.2.11.3. Lavandula x arenae, nothosp. nov. (prov.) 376 4.2.11.4. Híbridos de Lavandula iuisieri (Rozeira) Riv.—Mart. (L. x necrodolis, s.l.) 380 4.2.11.4.1. L. Iuisieri x L. pedunculata, y nothosp. nov. (prov. ) 381 4.2.11.4.2. L. luisieri xL. pedunculata subsp. sampaloana, nothossp. nov. (prov. ) 382 4.2.11.4.3. L. iuisieri xL. pedunculata var. .lusitanica, nothovar. nov. (prov.) 384 4.2.11.5. Hibridación probable de Lavandula stoechas L. ir Lavandula luisieri (Rozeira) Riv. —Mart. 390 4. 3. SECT. DENTATA SUARE2-CERVERA ET SEOANE-CAMBA 391 4.3.1. Lavandula dentata L. 391 4.3.1.1. Caracteres, corología. ecología y sintaxonoiriía 391 4.3.1.2. Composición química de sus aceites esenciales 396 4.3.1.3.. Quimiotipos de L. dentata L. 404 4.3.1.4. Híbridos de L. dentata L. 408 4.4. SECT. PTEROSTOECRAS’GINGINS 414 4.4.1. Lavandula multifida L. 414 4.4.1.1. Caracteres, corologia, ecología y sintaxonomía 414 4.4.1.2. Composición química de sus aceites esenciales; quimiotipos 419 III. CONCLUSIONES 443 5. CONCLUSIONES SOBRE LA QUIMIOTAXONOMIA DEL GENERO LAVÁNDULA L. EN LA PENíNSULA IBERICA 443 5.1. Quimiotaxonomia de la sect. Lavandula L.; subdivisión de secciones, especies y quimiotipos; híbridos 445 5.1.1. Especie typus de sect. Lavandula L. 5.1.1.1. L. angustifolia (typus); caracteres químicos 445 5.1.2. Subgrupo Latifolia (hispánico) 5.1.2.1. Quimiotipos deL. pyrenaica DC. 446 5.1.2.2. Quirriiotipos de L. latifoliaMedicus 446 5.1.2.3. Quimiotipos de L. lanata Boiss. 447 5.1.2.4. Conclusiones sobre subgrupo Latifolia 447 5. 1.2.5. L. ir leptostachya Pau 449 5.1.2.6. L. ir losae Riv.-God. ex Sánchez—Gómez, Alcaraz et García—Vallejo 450 VI 5.2. Quimiotaxonomia de la sect. Stoecbas~ subgrupos químicos. especies, subespecie, variedad y quimiotipos; híbridos 452 5.2.1. Subgrupo Stoechas, de máxima afinidad química (typus) 452 5.2.1.1.
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