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Crustacean Macrofoulers in the Veracruz Coral Reef System, SW Gulf of Mexico: Checklist, Spatial Distribution and Diversity

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Crustacean Macrofoulers in the Veracruz Coral Reef System, SW Gulf of Mexico: Checklist, Spatial Distribution and Diversity Cah. Biol. Mar. (2007) 48 : 287-295 Crustacean macrofoulers in the Veracruz coral reef system, SW Gulf of Mexico: checklist, spatial distribution and diversity Ignacio WINFIELD1*, Luís G. ABARCA-ARENAS2 and Sergio CHÁZARO-OLVERA1 (1) Laboratorio de Crustáceos, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, A. P. 314 Tlalnepantla, Estado de Mexico, Mexico. C.P. 54090, FAX: +52-55 56231147. Email: [email protected] . *: corresponding author (2) Centro de Ecología y Pesquerías, Universidad Veracruzana. Av. Hidalgo 617, Col. Río Jamapa, Boca del Río, Veracruz, Mexico. C. P. 94290 Abstract: Composition, spatial distribution, dominance, ecological diversity and evenness of crustacean macrofoulers were analyzed in the Veracruz coral reef system, southwestern Gulf of Mexico. Three test sites were established during May- June 2006 based on their distance from the shoreline and the influence of sewage discharged into the coral reef system. Artificial panels were submerged in Hornos, Pajaros and Blanca reefs for a month. The specimens collected represented 33 species, 27 families and 6 orders of crustaceans. One new record and nine geographic range extensions of amphipod species were documented. Barnacles, amphipods and isopods were the dominant foulers according to abundance and settlement strategies, with differences in species, genera and families among test sites. There were dominance, species richness and ecological diversity gradients of crustacean macrofoulers from Hornos to Blanca based on distance from the shoreline, sewage discharges and the influence of hotels and the Port of Veracruz with respect to the Veracruz coral reef system. The influx of sewage to the reef system has apparently caused a reduction in species richness and ecological diversity, an increase in the dominance of a few macrofoulers and morphological changes in gammarid amphipods. Résumé: Crustacés du fouling de l’écosystème corallien de Veracruz, partie sud-ouest du golfe du Mexique : inventaire spécifique, distribution spatiale et diversité. La composition, la dominance, la diversité écologique, l’équitabilité et la distribution spatiale des macrocrustacés colonisateurs (fouling) associés au système de récifs de Veracruz ont été analysées dans le sud-ouest du golfe du Mexique. Trois localités test ont été choisies en mai-juin 2006, tenant compte de la distance entre ceux-ci et la côte et des rejets d’eaux résiduelles dans le système. Des supports artificiels ont été submergés pour une durée d’un mois sur les récifs Hornos, Pájaros et Blanca. Les organismes récoltés représentent 33 espèces, 27 familles et 6 ordres de crustacés. Un nouveau signalement et neuf nouvelles distributions géographiques ont été enrégistrés chez les amphipodes. Les balanes, les amphipodes et les isopodes sont les organismes dominants en termr d’abondance et de stratégie de colonisation, malgré des différences entre les espèces, les genres et les familles suivant les sites de récolte. Des gradients de dominance, de richesse spécifique et de diversité écologique ont été observés en fonction de la distance à la côte, de la décharge d’eaux résiduelles et de l’influence des hotels et du port de Veracruz. Les effluents (d’eaux résiduelles) ont apparemment causé une réduction de la richesse en espèces et de la diversité écologique, une augmentation de la dominance de quelques macro-colonisateurs et ont modifié la morphologie de certains amphipodes. Keywords: Biofoulers l Panels l Taxocenosis l Diversity l Coral reef Reçu le 30 janvier 2007 ; accepté après révision le 8 août 2007. Received 30 January 2007; accepted in revised form 8 August 2007. 288 CRUSTACEANS ON ARTIFICIAL PANELS Introduction Material and methods Any submerged surface in the marine environment experiences a sequence of physical, chemical and Study area and location of artificial panels-test sites biological events (Brown, 2005). These processes begin The National Park “Veracruz Coral Reef System” (VCRS) with biofilm production (Allison, 2003) and the subsequent is located on the continental shelf of the state of Veracruz, colonization of organisms, termed biofouling (Marechal et in the northwestern region of the Bay of Campeche in the al., 2004). The unwanted settlement and growth of bio- polygon delimited by 19°00.0’ and 19°16.0’ N, and foulers have been documented in coastal waters (Perkol- 95°45.0’ and 96°12.0’ W (Fig. 1). The VCRS covers a Finkel et al., 2005) because they are a source of man-made surface area of 520 km2 and constitutes a complex reef structures and large-scale economic losses to offshore oil structure formed by more than 20 coralline shallows with and gas exploitation, shipping, and the mariculture different degrees of development and accretion (Vargas- industries (Bernstsson & Jonsson, 2003). Hernández et al., 1993). This National Park has suffered The marine fouling assemblages (MFA) include in severe impacts derived from human activities and the influx successive order: bacteria and diatoms, macroalgae, spores of the Papaloapan, Jamapa-Atoyac and La Antigua rivers and protozoa, and macrofouler larvae and adults, e.g., (Horta-Puga, 2007). There are two major sewage sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, annelids polychaeta, discharges into the VCRS located at Playa Norte, between mollusks, echinoderms and crustaceans (Richmond & Gallega and Punta Gorda reefs, and off Veracruz Aquarium, Seed, 1991; Abarzua & Jakubowski, 1995). Knowledge of in front of the Port of Veracruz; in addition, a number of the biodiversity and of the community characteristics of the hotels have been built on the beaches, near to Hornos reef. MFA (e.g. dominant foulers, spatial distribution, seasonali- The VCRS includes two large areas separated by a soft ty and diversity) in each coastal region is a fundamental bottom transition area formed by the inlet of the Jamapa River. The northern area, which lies off the Port of requirement for the construction and preservation of bio- Veracruz, represents almost a third of the National Park and fouling on submerged structures (Yan & Yan, 2003). includes 10 shallow reefs. The southern area, off Punta The Gulf of Mexico (GM) constitutes a large marine Anton Lizardo, is characterized by 12 shallows and a ecosystem (Sherman, 1999) with a highly developed oil greater area than its northern counterpart. During May and and gas industry established since the 1940s (Darnell & June the average values of water surface temperature and Defenbaugh, 1990), mainly in the northwest and northeast water surface salinity have been reported as 26.6°C and sectors (Cato & Adams, 1999). MFA research in the GM 35.98, respectively (Carrillo et al., 2007). has been mainly focused on the USA coastal ocean, due to public and private interests in the construction, mainte- Fouling panels and recording nance and control of oil platforms resistant to biofouling Three test sites were established in May 2006 in the VCRS (Pequegnat & Pequegnat, 1973; Gallaway & Lewbel, 1982; (Table 1) considering sewage discharges and the distance Beaver, 2002). Notwithstanding, knowledge on the macro- from the coast: Hornos and Pajaros reefs in the northern fouler crustacean species in the GM has been documented area, and Blanca reef in the southern area (Fig. 1). A in only three publications, Culpepper (1969), Pequegnat & structure was built and placed at each test site according to Pequegnat (1968) and Lewbel et al. (1987). the design of Mayer-Pinto & Junqueira (2003). Two 15 x 15 Despite the economic importance of biofouling in oil, cm artificial clay panels were fixed vertically on each tourist and ship industries in the southwest GM, very few structure at 13 m depth and 1.5 m from the bottom. Before publications exist on this issue. This study constitutes the submerging the panels, they were washed and pre-soaked in first part of an ongoing investigation that analyses the bio- water to remove displaced air and to extract water-soluble fouling fauna assemblages and their space-time variations components that could affect fouling abundance and in SW-GM coral reef systems. The purpose of this research diversity. The test panels were recovered manually, using was to identify the crustacean assemblage that develops on SCUBA, four weeks after immersion, and placed in artificial panels in the Veracruz coral reef system. To hermetically sealed plastic bags, underwater. After reaching account for the spatial distribution, three test sites were the shoreline, formalin was added to each sample for selected and compared in relation to distance from the transportation back to the laboratory at the Centro de shoreline and sewage discharge. Finally, dominance, Ecología y Pesquerías. Crustaceans were recovered from diversity and evenness variations were analysed. the panels manually and stored with 70% ethanol. I. WINFIELD, L. G. ABARCA-ARENAS, S. CHÁZARO-OLVERA 289 Figure 1. Location of the test sites in the Veracruz Coral Reef System, Southwestern Gulf of Mexico. Figure 1. Localisation des stations test sur le système de récifs de Veracruz, sud-ouest du golfe du Mexique. Table 1. Position of test sites in the Veracruz coral reef system, al. (2004) key was used for the tanaids. Decapods, SW Gulf of Mexico. stomatopods, and barnacles were identified with the criteria Tableau 1. Position des stations test sur le système de récifs de of Abele & Kim (1986), Hernández-Aguilera et al. (1996), Veracruz, sud-ouest du golfe du Mexique. and Newman & Ross (1976), respectively. Plates Latitude N Longitude W Depth m Fouling crustacean diversity Pajaros 19º11.63’ 96º05.80’ 13 Abundance was calculated as the mean number of the Hornos 19º 11.23’ 96º07.15’ 13 crustacean species between the two artificial panels for Blanca 19º05.17’ 96º00.17’ 13 each test site. Data were divided into taxonomic groups where all species were pooled into their family group. The Shannon Index for diversity, which combines information Fouling crustacean assemblages on the group members’ richness and how individuals are The amphipod species names were validated according to distributed among the groups, was calculated for each data Barnard & Karaman (1991), LeCroy (2000 & 2001), and set. The equation for diversity used was H’ = - Σpi log pi, Ortiz et al.
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