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Palygorskite from Padasjoki, Southern Finland

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Palygorskite from Padasjoki, Southern Finland PALYGORSKITE FROM PADASJOKI, SOUTHERN FINLAND KRISTIAN LINDQVIST and ILKKA LAITAKARI LINDQVIST, K. and LAITAKARI, I. (1981) Palygorskite from Padas- joki, southern Finland, Bull. Geol. Soc. Finland 53—2, 91—95. Monoclinic palygorskite with the unit cell a0 = 12.689 Å, b0 = 17.845 A, c0 = 5.119 A and ß = 91.22° has been found at Padasjoki, southern Finland. The mineral is thought to be of hydrothermal origin. Monoclinic symmetry is connected with an ordered Mg-Al substitution, although owing to the low Adiai-i2l value observed a low degree of ordering is suggested. Kristian Lindqvist and Ilkka Laitakari: Geological Survey of Finland, SF-02150 Espoo 15, Finland. Introduction diffraction studies proved the mountain leather to be palygorskite. The granitic host The first reliable find of palygorskite, rock is partly altered and yellowish green (Mg,Al)2Si4Oi0(OH) • 4ILO, in Finland has due to epidotization. been made at Padasjoki, southern Finland. Although Kazakov (1911) reported that palygorskite had been found in a museum sample from Stansvik, Finland, later inves- tigations of the Stansvik quarry (Aurola 1956) indicated the existence of only sepiolite. Within the scope of the present study the Stansvik mountain leather and asbestos minerals were re-investigated, but no paly- gorskite could be found. Uusinoka (1975, p. 82) reported that no sepiolite-palygorskite was encountered in his study of rock-gouge in fractures of Finnish bedrock. White mountain leather occurs as thin (about 1 mm) sheets (Fig. 1) in opened fissures in a road cut north of the lake Mäkientaus- tanjärvi at Padasjoki (map sheet 214307; Fig. 1. Palygorskite as thin sheets on granitic host coordinates x = 6801.62, y = 561.08). X-ray in an opened fissure. 92 Kristian Lindqvist and Ilkka Laitakari Fig. 2. Slickensides in the fault zone at Padasjoki. Geological setting montite-leonhardite-, calcite- and montmoril- lonite-bearing veins are met with in the fault The bedrock of the area is part of the deep- zone. eroded base of the Svecokarelides. WSW from Padasjoki there is a fault zone striking N 65° E. Several outcrops show mylonitiza- Texture and chemical composition tion, quartz-epidote dykes and slickensides (Fig. 2). According to Laitakari (1971), the Scanning electron microscopy showed that the palygorskite occurs as interwoven fibres zone can be traced for 'several kilometres (Fig. 3), the same texture as is exhibited by along the contact between porphyritic the mineral in other parts of the world, for granodiorite and biotite gneiss. Some small example in the Puente Hills in U.S.A. (Hen- granite areas have also been met with in the derson et al. 1973), at Stjernoy in Norway region. Morphologically the fault zone mani- (Salter and Appleyard 1974) and at Fergana fests itself as the straight valley- and water- in U.S.S.R. (Mironenko 1970). This texture course nearby (Rautajärvi-Pintalammi-Särs- is responsible for the leathery character of järvi). In a road cut close to the lake Pinta- the sample. The observed indices of refrac- lammi a diabase dyke was found that is tion are a' = 1.520 ± 0.005 and ? = 1.545 ± thought to belong to the roughly 1600-Ma-old 0.005. olivine diabase dyke swarm of Häme (cf. Lai- Table 1 gives the chemical composition takari 1969). Small quantities of palygorskite determined by XRF methods (water by the were also identified in fissures of this dyke. Penfield method). The low total is believed Quartz-epidote dykes in the diabase indicate to be due to a deficiency of water, because that movements took place in the fault zone rechecking of the composition by OES after the emplacement of the diabase. Lau- methods did not show any further elements. Palygorskite from Padasjoki, southern Finland 93 There are eight tetrahedral and five octahe- dral sites in the palygorskite structure. Of the octahedral sites 4—4.25 are filled. Aluminium occupies 28—59 °/o and magne- sium 29—76 °/o of the occupied sites (Zelazny and Calhoun 1977). The structural formula for the palygorskite from Padasjoki, calcu- lated in accordance with Tien (1973) on the basis of 21 oxygens of dehydrated material is 3 Si7.J7Alo.53(Al,.,«Fe +ü.18Mg1.36Ti0.04Mnl).ül)0L,1- Ca(U5Na0ifiK(l30P0 05. According to Church and Velde (1979), some of the zeolitic Ca, and possibly Na and K, Table 1. Chemical composition of palygorskite from Padasjoki (analyst V. Hoffrén). SiO 52.95 °/o TiOo 0.33 » AI2Ö3 15.38 » Fe»03 * 1.72 » MnO 0.08 » Fig. 3. Interwoven fibres of palygorskite. Scan- MgO 6.46 » ning electron micrograph by R. Törnroos. CaO 1.00 » NaoO 0.59 » K:'Ö 1.66 » P2O5 0.44 » H20tot. 15.80 » substitute for Mg in the octahedral position. COa 0.33 » This very likely applies to the palygorskite Gaa03 0.004 » SC2O3 0.008 » from Padasjoki, because octahedral Al seems Ce02 0.25 » La203 0.12 » high (about 56 °/o of the occupied sites) with- Nb>05 0.007 » out these elements substituting for Mg. 97.129 °/o Number of main ions calculated on the basis of 21 X-ray diffraction studies oxygens of dehydrated material Si 7.47 The studies were conducted with a Philips Ti 0.04 Al 2.56 wide-angle goniometer and Ni-filtered Cu 3 Fe + 0.18 radiation. Several sample preparation tech- Mn 0.01 Mg 1.36 niques, including a Lakeside resin prepara- Ca 0.15 tion used by Salter and Appleyard (1974), Na 0.16 K 0.30 were tested, but the best results were ob- P 0.05 tained by backloading pure mineral powder in an aluminium specimen holder. For cor- * Total Fe as Fe2C>3 94 Kristian Lindqvist and Ilkka Laitakari Table 2. X-ray data on palygorskite from Padas- at about 9 A. Van der Wei (1972) has re- joki. ported disappearance of the 10.365 A peak on hkl d (obs.) d (calc.) I/Io heating at 400°C but no new peak at 9 A. According to VanScoyoc et al. (1979), the 110 10.365 10.340 100 occurrence of the new 9 A peak is due to 200 6.336 6.343 10 130 5.391 5.386 8 folding of the palygorskite structure on 040 4.465 4.461 17 dehydration. Thus the folded structure 300 4.244 4.229 7 represents the »anhydride» form (VanScoyoc 121 4.210 4.215 6 121 4.158 4.166 5 et al., op.cit.). On heating palygorskite at 201 4.033 4.025 2 550°C, Molloy and Kerr (1961) established 211 3.929 3.927 2 almost total collapse of the structure. 240 3.646 3.649 6 231 3.341 3.334 10 311 3.175 3.175 15 440 2.583 2.585 10 002 2.559 2.559 7 Discussion and conclusions 2.542 9 161 2.527 2.526 9 The palygorskite from Padasjoki is thought 302 2.168 2.169 2 2.128 3 to be of hydrothermal origin as a result of 600 2.113 2.114 3 direct precipitation from a hydrothermal 480 1.821 1.825 2 570 1.798 1.798 3 solution like the palygorskite from the Day 1,10,1 1.670 1.669 3 801 1.506 1.506 2 Book dunite (Furbish and Sando 1976). The 253 \ geology of the area shows several signs of 403 J 1.489 1.489 2 861 1.344 1.343 3 hydrothermal activity, one of the more notable being the epidotization of the granitic Lattice constants: rock on which the palygorskite is found. a0 = 12.689 A bo = 17.845 A Alteration and epidotization of palygorskite- c0 = 5.119 A bearing syenite on the Shetland Isles is ß = 91.22° regarded to be due to hydrothermal activity (Stephen 1954). At Stjernoy magnesium was reet peak positions, NaCl was used as internal leached from basaltic dykes during hydro- standard. X-ray data on the mineral studied thermal alteration (Salter and Appleyard are presented in Table 2. 1974). A similar mode of formation is Splitting of the 121 peak indicates a mono- suggested for Padasjoki. Thus the magne- clinic unit cell (Christ et al. 1969). The sium needed for the formation of palygorskite extinction for hkO reflections (h + k = originates from hydrothermal reactions in the 2n + 1) observed by Christ et al. (op.cit.) was diabase. considered in indexing the pattern. Two of According to Nathan et al. (1970), the the peaks (d = 2.542 A and d = 2.128 A) are hydrothermal palygorskites seem to be mono- possibly caused by illite impurities. Gly- clinic, but the sedimentary ones orthorhom- colation of the sample did not reveal an bic. The present study is consistent with this expanding component. theory. The cooling rate seems to be much When the sample had been heated at 200°C, more critical for the symmetry than the tem- 300°C and 400°C for one hour the 10.365 A perature of formation. Furthermore, Nathan peak became more and more faint and dif- et al. (op.cit.) suggest that palygorskites with fuse. At the same time a new peak appeared an ordered Mg-Al octahedral substitution Palygorskite from Padasjoki, southern Finland 95 have monoclinic symmetry whereas disor- ordering can be estimated from the splitting dered palygorskites have orthorhombic sym- of the 121 peak. A high Adl27_12l value, metry. Although Christ et al. (1969) pro- for example 0.232 (cf. Christ et al. 1969), posed that the structure reflects the chemical would reflect a high degree of ordering, composition, the present authors have not whereas a value of, say, 0.156 (cf.
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