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PEDAGOGICAL TREKKING AS a TOOL for SUSTAINABLE TOURISM in TILCARA, ARGENTINA by Maria Waked

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PEDAGOGICAL TREKKING AS a TOOL for SUSTAINABLE TOURISM in TILCARA, ARGENTINA by Maria Waked PEDAGOGICAL TREKKING AS A TOOL FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN TILCARA, ARGENTINA By Maria Waked 0 | Page A FIELD PRACTICUM REPORT PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PRACTICE, UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, APRIL 2019 Committee Members: Dr. Ana Puig (Chair) Dr. Andrew Noss (Member) 1 | Page © 2019 Maria Waked 2 | Page “In each season as it passes; breathe the air, drink the drink, taste the fruit and resign yourself to the influence of earth” (Henry David Thoreau) 3 | Page Acknowledgments Deep gratitude and many thanks to: MDP Program, Center for Latin American Studies, Tinker Foundation and College of Liberal Arts to financially support my field work in Argentina. My host Organization INECOA (Eco Andean Regions Institute), particularly to Marcos Vaira, Clarissa Otero, Vanessa Juarez and Carlos Ibarra. The Tourism Office , The Archeological and Antrhopological Museum Eduardo Casanova, The Elementary School Eduardo Casanova and the Local Guides Association of Tilcara, particularly to Horacio Galan. Professor Peter Feinsinger. My committee chair: Dr. Ana Puig My committee member: Dr. Andrew Noss My program director, Dr. Glenn Galloway My beloved husband and my future baby, mom and siblings. 4 | Page TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ 7 2. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 8 3 LOCAL CONTEXT ............................................................................................................................. 9 3.1 COUNTRY BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................ 9 3.2 REGIONAL BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................... 11 3.3 TILCARA BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................ 12 3.4 TOURISM BOOM IN TILCARA ................................................................................................ 14 3.4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS .......................................................................................... 16 3.4.2 SOCIAL FACTORS .......................................................................................................... 17 3.4.2 CULTURAL FACTORS ....................................................................................................... 18 3.5 LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS ......................................................................................................... 21 3.5.1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL MUSEUM EDUARDO CASANOVA ...................................................................................................................................................... 21 3.5.2 INSTITUTE OF ECOANDEAN REGIONS (INECOA) ........................................................ 22 3.5.3 LOCAL GUIDES ASSOCIATION IN TILCARA ................................................................. 22 3.5.4 TOURISM OFFICE OF TILCARA ....................................................................................... 22 4. A SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MODEL FOR TILCARA .................................................................. 23 4.2 MINDFULNESS IN NATURE .................................................................................................... 23 4.3 EXCHANGE BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS................................................................. 25 4.4 ECOLOGY OF PLACE ............................................................................................................... 25 5. CONTEXTUAL CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................ 27 6. OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................... 28 7. CO-DESIGNING A NATURE WALK FOR THE TOUR LOCAL GUIDES: A PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH APPROACH ..................................................................................................... 29 7.1 INFORMAL CONVERSATIONS/MEETINGS ........................................................................... 29 7.2 DIRECT OBSERVATION........................................................................................................... 29 7.3 SECONDARY DATA ................................................................................................................. 31 7.4 INQUIRY CYCLE ....................................................................................................................... 32 7.5 GUIDED NATURE WALK ASSESSMENT ............................................................................... 33 7.6 WORKSHOP ............................................................................................................................... 34 5 | Page 8. RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................ 36 8.1 DIRECT OBSERVATION........................................................................................................... 37 9. DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................... 47 10. CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................. 50 11. RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................................. 52 13. APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................. 59 Figures Figure 1: Map of Argentina. ..................................................................................................................... 9 Figure 2: Map of the province of San Salvador de Jujuy. ........................................................................ 12 Figure 3: The town of Tilcara, in the Quebrada of Humahuaca. .............................................................. 13 Figure 4a A young women from the Kolla Community in traditional clothes. 4b Members of the Omaguaca community in their traditional clothes. .................................................................................. 14 Figure 5 Pucara de Tilcara common tourist destination. .......................................................................... 15 Figure 6: Throat of the devil common tourist destination. ....................................................................... 15 Figure 7: The Rio Grande just outside of Tilcara. .................................................................................. 16 Figure 8 Flooding in Tilcara, December 2016. ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 9: Current ethnic groups in Argentina. ........................................................................................ 19 Figure 10: Celebration of the feast of the Pachamama (mother earth) in Tilcara in August 2016. ............ 20 Figure 11: Celebration of the feast of the Pachamama (mother earth) in Tilcara in August 2014………. 21 Figure 12: Field Practicum Contextual/Conceptual Framework .............................................................. 27 Figure 13a) Guided tour given by Horacio Silva, b) and Moises Chorolque ............................................ 30 Figure 14: Inquiry Cycle (Basic inquiry). ............................................................................................... 32 Figure 15: Inquiry Cycle adapted for the nature walk in Tilcara. ............................................................ 33 Figure 16: Workshop session about the pedagogical hiking design ........... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 17: Workshop session about rural tourism lead by a INECOA member ....................................... 35 Figure 18: Pilot guided walk route with indicated stopping points mentioned in Appendix 5. ................. 38 Figure 19: Important references by local residents .................................................................................. 39 Figure 20: Script for guides. ................................................................................................................... 40 Figure 21: Photography of the local guide facilitating the sensory activity described above. ........... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 22 Common comments from the attendees about rural tourism during the workshop ................... 46 Tables Table 1: Field Practicum Objectives ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 2: Revisions to draft script from local guide and INECOA representative. .................................... 41 Table 3: Oral evaluation applied to a group of primary students from the Eduardo Casanova School in Tilcara. .................................................................................................................................................. 45 6 | Page 1. ABSTRACT Over the summer of 2018, the Andean Ecoregions Institute (INECOA) hosted me to explore ways to improve local outreach in the Quebrada de Humahuaca region. The primary mission of INECOA is to support
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