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126613784.23.Pdf n SCS. SHS. Ill PUBLICATIONS OF THE SCOTTISH HISTORY SOCIETY THIRD SERIES VOLUME XXXI THE JACOBITE COURT AT ROME IN 1719 brruvry'ljJcdJwrJid, fJv sc ^ALucaruler, -£otQ SFotIcA of 0cUli^o jrvm. tke-jiLctun. ly^Al&cii @>clU atSFeUercairri'D-CcnM, THE JACOBITE COURT AT ROME IN 1719 FROM ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS AT FETTERCAIRN HOUSE AND AT WINDSOR CASTLE Edited by HENRIETTA TAYLER EDINBURGH Printed at the University Press by T. and A. Constable Ltd. for the Scottish History Society 1938 Printed in Great Britain PREFACE The material from which the present volume is compiled comes from two sources. Primarily, there is a Manu- script in the possession of Lord Clinton, preserved at Fettercairn House, Kincardineshire, and dealing entirely with the conditions in the Jacobite Court at Rome in 1719. Also in possession of Lord Clinton at Fettercairn House is the beautiful panel portrait of Lord Pitsligo reproduced here as frontispiece. The second source drawn upon for this Book is the marvellous collection of Jacobite Papers in the Royal Archives at Windsor, from which, by gracious permission of His Majesty, a number of letters are here printed, throwing light upon the characters and after- lives of the various actors in Pitsligo’s Narrative. Grateful thanks are due both to His Majesty and to Lord Clinton. HENRIETTA TAYLER. Duff House, Arundel. CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE v PART I INTRODUCTION 3 NARRATIVE OF LORD PITSLIGO ... 49 PART II INTRODUCTION Ill LETTERS 143 INDEX 235 PART I NARRATIVE OF LORD PITSLIGO FROM LORD CLINTON’S MANUSCRIPT AT FETTERCAIRN HOUSE INTRODUCTION TO PART I The Jacobite movement as a whole has always received a large share of attention from Scottish historians and others, but interest has been chiefly concentrated on the dramatic moments, that is on the periods around the battles of Killiecrankie, of Sheriffmuir, and of Culloden. Specialists have also dealt with the two lesser attempts to replace the banished Stuarts on the throne, viz. the French expedition of 1708, which never landed in Scotland at all, and the Spanish one of 1719, which ended so abruptly with the disaster at Glenshiel. But the long interval between 1715 and 1745, though barren of other spectacular events besides Glenshiel, is full of interest for all students of human nature as well as historians, and in the Stuart Papers belonging to the King and preserved in the Round Tower at Windsor may be found abundance of material revealing what went on in and around that shadow Court in Rome, where James Francis Stuart maintained his personal dignity and, incidentally, a large number of his attainted and banished followers as well. At the same time he focussed the eyes of all those English and Scots who were discontented with the Hanoverian rule, though nothing actual was done until his more romantic and vigorous son appeared on the scene and made death- less romance in his fifteen months in Scotland during 1745-46. The main source of the present study of ‘ the Jacobite Court in Rome ’ is a most interesting manuscript, preserved at Fettercairn House, Kincardineshire, and here printed by 4 JACOBITE COURT AT ROME the permission of Lord Clinton.1 It is a kind of Diary of the years 1719 and 1720, written by that high-minded Jaco- bite, Alexander, 4th and last Lord Pitsligo,2 and illustrated with full transcripts of his own letters and of those received by him. It gives a most pathetic picture of the life of all the Jacobite exiles in Rome and of the trivialities which then occupied the minds of those Highland chieftains and others. They should have been ruling their own estates at home or dealing with the politics of their country, and instead were living an aimless life, waiting for the oppor- tunity again to serve their King; while, in default of any other occupation, they were far too much occupied with mutual jealousies and petty misunderstandings. This manuscript deals with a very little known period of the history of James Stuart, the Jacobite King James III and VIII (who has never, indeed, been very well known at all), and a special interest attaches to it, in that the date of its commencement (the spring of 1719) follows so nearly on the months covered by the last published Stuart Papers from Windsor. Seven volumes of these have been issued by the Historical Manuscripts Commission, but the latest appeared in 1915 and brought the history down only to December 1718, while the vast mass of material subsequent to that date has not yet seen the light (though every facility is given for historical students to go to Windsor and consult the volumes for themselves). The present editor, when going through these papers for another purpose, was very much interested to find a number of letters bearing upon the trivial, somewhat comical, and in the main very sad, story of the quarrels of Pitsligo and James Murray. Gracious permission having been received from His Majesty, these are now 1 Lord Clinton is the direct heir of line of Lord Pitsligo’s sister, and now owns Pitsligo Castle and all the family papers and treasures. 2 The correct title was Lord Forbes of Pitsligo, see p. 37. INTRODUCTION TO PART I 5 incorporated with the above mentioned manuscript to form one volume, showing both sides of the picture.1 Interesting sidelights are here thrown upon many persons who had played their part in history and then been completely forgotten, as well as fresh facts regarding the better known or at least more familiar figures. The protagonists in this story include King James and Queen Clementina, the Duke of Mar, James Murray of Stormont, Lord Pitsligo, John Hay (afterwards Lord Inverness) and his wife, Lord Kilsyth, James Edgar, Charles Wogan and others. James Francis Edward Stuart, the ‘ Old Chevalier,’ de jure King of Great Britain and Ireland by the title of James III and VIII, was at this period 31 years of age, a melancholy, disillusioned man, who had struggled with ill-health and ill-fortune from his birth. His personal character was, and always had been, above suspicion, but he was not able to make his weight felt in European politics and was, internationally, chiefly of importance as a perpetual thorn in the side of the English government and, as such, cherished (and occasionally helped) by the French monarchy. As the son of the King who had ‘ lost 3 Kingdoms for a Mass,’ and himself a man of unaffected piety, he was dear to the hearts of successive Popes,2 who afforded him shelter in their dominions and pecuniary support, and to several of whom he affectionately alludes as ‘ my landlords ’ 3 ; he had also many personal friends among the Cardinals, since he had now been living 1 A few letters obtained from other sources are also added. These are2 indicated as used. Clement XI (Albani), d. 1721; Innocent XII (Conti), d. 1724; Benedict XIII (Orsini), godfather of the Cardinal York, d. 1730; Clement XII (Orsini), d. 1740; Benedict XIV (Lambertini), d. 1758; and Clement XIII3 (Rezzonico), d. 1769. John Hay wrote, 25 Nov. 1719 : ‘ We have had a present of a sett of grey horses from our landlord, but they are as old as himself ! ’ JACOBITE COURT AT ROME in Rome for some time. As claimant to the English throne and a possible Catholic ruler, it was most important that he should have children, and all Europe had long been anxiously wondering whom he would marry. Unlucky in love as in war, the one woman who ever touched his youthful heart, his cousin, Benedicta of Modena, ‘ who reminded him of his Mother,’ was denied him by the political prudence of the reigning Duke, even though her godfather, the Pope, favoured the match. After this dis- appointment, James seems to have left the matter in the hands of his lieutenants, who ranged Europe looking out for possible ‘ partis ’ (though they did not go so far as the agents of Louis XV a generation later, who drew up a list of all the eligible princesses in Europe and gradually eliminated the impossible or undesirables, one by one, till only Marie Leczynska was left).1 Before the date of the story told in Lord Pitsligo’s Manuscript, the suitable bride had at last been found. The Duke of Ormonde and Charles Wogan (an Irish survivor of the 1715, one of those who escaped from Newgate) had, early in 1718, made a journey to Russia with the view of inspecting the Czar’s daughter, whom, however, they rejected on account of a defect in her birth (which had taken place before her parents’ marriage). 1 James himself would fain have had a choice of brides among the Austrian Archduchesses. There were four of these, two sisters of the late Emperor Joseph and of the reigning Emperor Charles VI, and two daughters of the former. The elder girls, daughters of the Emperor Leopold I, were then of James’s own age, about 30 : towards the younger, Marie Magdalen, King James had a special leaning, but later he thought that one of the nieces would be more suitable.. These two were Marie Josephe, who later married Frederick Augustus, the King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, and Marie Amelia ; they were respectively 11 and 13 years younger than himself. Marie Josephe was at this time heiress to her childless uncle, and it was not considered within the bounds of possibility to marry her to one who might one day have a kingdom of his own, whereas the other was then 17 years old, two years older than Maria Clementina Sobieska, who was later to become his bride.
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