UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Comparative genomics and genome mining insights into natural product rich marine cyanobacteria Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6qs2z3c3 Author Ferreira Leao, Tiago Publication Date 2019 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO Comparative Genomics and Genome Mining Insights into Natural Product Rich Marine Cyanobacteria A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Marine Biology by Tiago Ferreira Leao Committee in charge: William H. Gerwick, Chair Eric Allen, Co-chair Lena Gerwick, Co-chair Pieter Dorrestein Paul Jensen 2019 Copyright Tiago Ferreira Leao, 2019 All rights reserved SIGNATURE PAGE The dissertation of Tiago Ferreira Leao is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Co-chair Co-chair Chair University of California San Diego 2019 iii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my incredible parents, Jorge Leao and Maria de Nazaré Ferreira, my beloved sister Camila and my inspiring brother Gabriel. iv EPIGRAPH “Education never ends It is a series of lessons with the greatest for the last.” – Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, His Last Bow “We are all smart. Distinguish yourself by being kind.” – Charles Gordon v TABLE OF CONTENTS SIGNATURE PAGE .......................................................................................................................... iii DEDICATION .................................................................................................................................. iv EPIGRAPH ....................................................................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................................. viii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................. x LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................. xii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................. xiii VITA .............................................................................................................................................. xv ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERATION ................................................................................................. xvii CHAPTER 1: IntroduCtion ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. The importanCe of marine Cyanobacteria for ECoLogy and drug disCovery ....................................... 1 1.2. Overview of the genetiC diversity from Cyanobacteria ..................................................................... 4 1.3. Biosynthesis of CyanobaCtEriaL naturaL products .............................................................................. 6 1.4. TooL and strategies for analyzing biosynthesis of natural produCts ................................................ 11 1.5. Dissertation Contents ...................................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 2: A NovEL UnCuLturEd HeterotrophiC Bacterial AssoCiate of thE Cyanobacterium Moorea producens JHB ................................................................................................................ 16 2.1. Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 16 2.2. IntroduCtion ..................................................................................................................................... 16 2.3. Methods .......................................................................................................................................... 19 2.3.1. Cyanobacterial CuLtures ............................................................................................................ 19 2.3.2. DNA extraction and sequenCing ............................................................................................... 20 2.3.3. AssembLy and other bioinformatiCs ......................................................................................... 20 2.3.4. 16S rRNA gene LoCation and analysis ....................................................................................... 22 2.3.5. CuLturing attempts of the assoCiatEd baCtEriaL Community from Moorea producEns JHB ...... 23 2.3.6. ElECtron miCrosCopy ................................................................................................................. 25 2.3.7. Semi-quantitativE PCR of DNA from washed and unwashed fiLamEnts ................................... 25 2.3.8. Examination for the presenCe of Mor1 in other CuLtures ......................................................... 26 2.3.9. Co-cuLturing of thE JHB strain with other CyanobaCtEria ......................................................... 26 2.3.10. ACCession number .................................................................................................................. 27 2.4. ResuLts and disCussion ..................................................................................................................... 27 2.4.1. Genome assembLy and annotation .......................................................................................... 27 2.4.2. RELative abundanCe and estimated Consortium Composition .................................................. 30 2.4.3. Efforts to CuLture Mor1 frEe of M. producens JHB ................................................................... 31 2.4.4. IndiCatives that Mor1 exists mainLy on the exterior of the M. producens JHB shEath ............. 32 2.4.5. Examination of the spECifiCity of Mor1 on Moorea spp. .......................................................... 33 2.4.6. Genome Comparison between M. producens JHB and Mor1 .................................................. 35 2.5. ACknowLedgement ........................................................................................................................... 41 vi CHAPTER 3: ComparativE gEnomiCs unCovErs thE proLifiC and distinCtivE mEtaboLiC potential of thE Cyanobacterial gEnus Moorea ................................................................................................ 42 3.1. Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 42 3.2. IntroduCtion ..................................................................................................................................... 43 3.3. Methods .......................................................................................................................................... 44 3.3.1. SampLing, CuLturing, miCrosCopy and previous sequenCing efforts .......................................... 44 3.3.2. DNA extraction, PacBio sequenCing of M. producens PAL and de novo assembLy ................... 45 3.3.4. Comparative genomiCs ............................................................................................................. 47 3.3.5. PhyLogenomiCs ......................................................................................................................... 47 3.3.6. BiosynthetiC gene CLusters ........................................................................................................ 48 3.4. ResuLts and disCussion ..................................................................................................................... 49 3.4.1. GeographiCal, morphoLogiCal and ChemiCal features of four fiLamentous marine Cyanobacteria ............................................................................................................................................................ 49 3.4.2. The Use of Hybrid AssembLy and Long Reads ScaffoLding to Obtain the First CompLete GenomE of TropiCaL FiLamEntous CyanobaCtErium ............................................................................ 51 3.4.3. Genome Comparison Among Moorea Strains Reveals SignifiCant Synteny ............................. 53 3.4.4. The EvoLved Loss of Nitrogen Fixation in the Genus Moorea? ................................................. 55 3.4.5. UnCovering the MetaboLiC Potential of the Genus Moorea ..................................................... 57 3.5. ACknowLedgements ......................................................................................................................... 61 3.6. Appendix ......................................................................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 4: GEnomiC insights into an ExpandEd divErsity of fiLamEntous marinE Cyanobacteria rEvEals thE Extraordinary biosynthEtiC potential of Moorea and Okeania .................................. 65 4.1. Abstract ..........................................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Heterologous Expression of Cryptomaldamide in a Cyanobacterial Host 2 3 Arnaud Taton1, Andrew Ecker2, Brienna Diaz1, Nathan A
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.26.267179; this version posted August 26, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Heterologous expression of cryptomaldamide in a cyanobacterial host 2 3 Arnaud Taton1, Andrew Ecker2, Brienna Diaz1, Nathan A. Moss2, Brooke Anderson1, Raphael 4 Reher2, Tiago F. Leão2,3, Ryan Simkovsky1, Pieter C. Dorrestein3, Lena Gerwick2, William H. 5 Gerwick2,3, James W. Golden1 6 7 1Division of Biological Sciences, 2Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps 8 Institution of Oceanography, 3Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9 University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States 10 11 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.26.267179; this version posted August 26, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 ABSTRACT 2 Filamentous marine cyanobacteria make a variety of bioactive molecules that are produced 3 by polyketide synthases, non-ribosomal peptide synthetases, and hybrid pathways that are 4 encoded by large biosynthetic gene clusters. These cyanobacterial natural products represent 5 potential drugs leads; however, thorough pharmacological investigations have been impeded by 6 the limited quantity of compound that is typically available from the native organisms. 7 Additionally, investigations of the biosynthetic gene clusters and enzymatic pathways have been 8 difficult due to the inability to conduct genetic manipulations in the native producers.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyanobacterial Bioactive Compounds: Biosynthesis, Evolution, Structure and Bioactivity
    Cyanobacterial bioactive compounds: biosynthesis, evolution, structure and bioactivity Tânia Keiko Shishido Joutsen Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology Department of Food and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry University of Helsinki, Finland and Integrative Life Science Doctoral Program University of Helsinki, Finland ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented, with permission of the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry of the University of Helsinki, for public examination in auditorium B2 (A109), at Viikki B- Building, Latokartanonkaari 7, on May 22nd 2015, at 12 o’clock noon. Helsinki 2015 1 Supervisors Professor Kaarina Sivonen Department of Food and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki, Finland Docent David P. Fewer Department of Food and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki, Finland Docent Jouni Jokela Department of Food and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki, Finland Reviewers Professor Elke Dittmann Institute of Biochemistry and Biology University of Potsdam, Germany Professor Pia Vuorela Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Helsinki, Finland Thesis committee Professor Mirja Salkinoja-Salonen Department of Food and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki, Finland Docent Päivi Tammela Centre for drug research, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Helsinki, Finland Opponent Professor Vitor Vasconcelos Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research University of Porto, Portugal Custos Professor Kaarina Sivonen Department of Food and Environmental
    [Show full text]
  • First Insights Into the Impacts of Benthic Cyanobacterial Mats on Fish
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN First insights into the impacts of benthic cyanobacterial mats on fsh herbivory functions on a nearshore coral reef Amanda K. Ford 1,2*, Petra M. Visser 3, Maria J. van Herk3, Evelien Jongepier 4 & Victor Bonito5 Benthic cyanobacterial mats (BCMs) are becoming increasingly common on coral reefs. In Fiji, blooms generally occur in nearshore areas during warm months but some are starting to prevail through cold months. Many fundamental knowledge gaps about BCM proliferation remain, including their composition and how they infuence reef processes. This study examined a seasonal BCM bloom occurring in a 17-year-old no-take inshore reef area in Fiji. Surveys quantifed the coverage of various BCM-types and estimated the biomass of key herbivorous fsh functional groups. Using remote video observations, we compared fsh herbivory (bite rates) on substrate covered primarily by BCMs (> 50%) to substrate lacking BCMs (< 10%) and looked for indications of fsh (opportunistically) consuming BCMs. Samples of diferent BCM-types were analysed by microscopy and next-generation amplicon sequencing (16S rRNA). In total, BCMs covered 51 ± 4% (mean ± s.e.m) of the benthos. Herbivorous fsh biomass was relatively high (212 ± 36 kg/ha) with good representation across functional groups. Bite rates were signifcantly reduced on BCM-dominated substratum, and no fsh were unambiguously observed consuming BCMs. Seven diferent BCM-types were identifed, with most containing a complex consortium of cyanobacteria. These results provide insight into BCM composition and impacts on inshore Pacifc reefs. Tough scarcely mentioned in the literature a decade ago, benthic cyanobacterial mats (BCMs) are receiving increasing attention from researchers and managers as being a nuisance on tropical coral reefs worldwide1–4.
    [Show full text]
  • Tiny Microbes with a Big Impact: the Role of Cyanobacteria and Their Metabolites in Shaping Our Future
    marine drugs Review Tiny Microbes with a Big Impact: The Role of Cyanobacteria and Their Metabolites in Shaping Our Future Sophie Mazard 1, Anahit Penesyan 1, Martin Ostrowski 1, Ian T. Paulsen 1,* and Suhelen Egan 2 1 Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney NSW 2109, Australia; [email protected] (S.M.); [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (M.O.) 2 Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-2-9850-8152 Academic Editor: Paul Long Received: 3 March 2016; Accepted: 4 May 2016; Published: 17 May 2016 Abstract: Cyanobacteria are among the first microorganisms to have inhabited the Earth. Throughout the last few billion years, they have played a major role in shaping the Earth as the planet we live in, and they continue to play a significant role in our everyday lives. Besides being an essential source of atmospheric oxygen, marine cyanobacteria are prolific secondary metabolite producers, often despite the exceptionally small genomes. Secondary metabolites produced by these organisms are diverse and complex; these include compounds, such as pigments and fluorescent dyes, as well as biologically-active compounds with a particular interest for the pharmaceutical industry. Cyanobacteria are currently regarded as an important source of nutrients and biofuels and form an integral part of novel innovative energy-efficient designs. Being autotrophic organisms, cyanobacteria are well suited for large-scale biotechnological applications due to the low requirements for organic nutrients.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Diversity of Filamentous Cyanobacteria from Shore Regions of Okinawa
    Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol. 21, Suppl., pp. 175-180 (2013) 175 DOI: 10.6119/JMST-013-1220-7 GENETIC DIVERSITY OF FILAMENTOUS CYANOBACTERIA FROM SHORE REGIONS OF OKINAWA Shoichiro Suda1, Rui Moriya1, Shinpei Sumimoto2, Osamu Ohno3, 3 and Kiyotake Suenaga Key words: biological active substances, genetic diversity, marine filamentous cyanobacteria, molecular phylogeny. ABSTRACT Benthic marine cyanobacteria are ubiquitous oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria and they form major components of various communities, including epiphytic, epilithic and mi- crobial mats, in coral reef environments. Filamentous groups may form almost monospecific macroscopic colonies, and sometimes make potentially harmful algal blooms (HABs). HABs bring serious problems for marine tourism but marine filamentous cyanobacteria are good resource for drug dis- covery. However, cultivation and identification of such fila- Fig. 1. Potentially harmful algal bloom in Kuba coast, Nakagusuku, mentous cyanobacteria are difficult and there are taxonomic Okinawa in June to July, 2010. The coast was covered by the filamentous cyanobacterium. confusions. In this study, we investigate 17 samples from coral reef area of 10 localities in Okinawa. Macroscopic mats or cushions of filamentous cyanobacteria were collected. The biodiversity of marine benthic filamentous cyanobacteria in samples were divided into three parts: (1) for morphological Okinawa that may become seeds of HABs as well as providing observation, (2) for molecular work, and (3) cultivation for promising resources for drug discovery. further study. Dominant cyanobacteira of each sample iden- tified morphologically as Anabaena, Hydrocoleum, Lyngbya, Oscillatoria, Phormidium, Schizothrix and Symploca. Mo- I. INTRODUCTION lecular results of partial 16S rDNA sequences revealed six The intensive human activities increase runoff of nutrients groups that composed of heterocystous group, Leptolyngbya into coastal areas, encouraging harmful algal bloom in group, Symploca group, Moorea group, Oscillatoria group and worldwide [3].
    [Show full text]
  • Applying a Chemogeographic Strategy for Natural Product Discovery from the Marine Cyanobacterium Moorena Bouillonii
    marine drugs Article Applying a Chemogeographic Strategy for Natural Product Discovery from the Marine Cyanobacterium Moorena bouillonii Christopher A. Leber 1, C. Benjamin Naman 1,2 , Lena Keller 1,3 , Jehad Almaliti 1,4, Eduardo J. E. Caro-Diaz 1,5, Evgenia Glukhov 1, Valsamma Joseph 1,6, T. P. Sajeevan 1,6 , Andres Joshua Reyes 7, Jason S. Biggs 7, Te Li 2, Ye Yuan 2, Shan He 2 , Xiaojun Yan 2 and William H. Gerwick 1,8,* 1 Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; [email protected] (C.A.L.); [email protected] (C.B.N.); [email protected] (L.K.); [email protected] (J.A.); [email protected] (E.J.E.C.-D.); [email protected] (E.G.); [email protected] (V.J.); [email protected] (T.P.S.) 2 Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China; [email protected] (T.L.); [email protected] (Y.Y.); [email protected] (S.H.); [email protected] (X.Y.) 3 Department Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany 4 School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan 5 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico—Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00921, USA 6 National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Cyanobacteria and Their Metabolites in Shaping Our Future
    marine drugs Review Tiny Microbes with a Big Impact: The Role of Cyanobacteria and Their Metabolites in Shaping Our Future Sophie Mazard 1, Anahit Penesyan 1, Martin Ostrowski 1, Ian T. Paulsen 1,* and Suhelen Egan 2 1 Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney NSW 2109, Australia; [email protected] (S.M.); [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (M.O.) 2 Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-2-9850-8152 Academic Editor: Paul Long Received: 3 March 2016; Accepted: 4 May 2016; Published: 17 May 2016 Abstract: Cyanobacteria are among the first microorganisms to have inhabited the Earth. Throughout the last few billion years, they have played a major role in shaping the Earth as the planet we live in, and they continue to play a significant role in our everyday lives. Besides being an essential source of atmospheric oxygen, marine cyanobacteria are prolific secondary metabolite producers, often despite the exceptionally small genomes. Secondary metabolites produced by these organisms are diverse and complex; these include compounds, such as pigments and fluorescent dyes, as well as biologically-active compounds with a particular interest for the pharmaceutical industry. Cyanobacteria are currently regarded as an important source of nutrients and biofuels and form an integral part of novel innovative energy-efficient designs. Being autotrophic organisms, cyanobacteria are well suited for large-scale biotechnological applications due to the low requirements for organic nutrients.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water; a Guide to Their Public Health
    Chapter 3 Introduction to cyanobacteria Leticia Vidal, Andreas Ballot, Sandra M. F. O. Azevedo, Judit Padisák and Martin Welker CONTENTS Introduction 163 3.1 Cell types and cell characteristics 164 3.2 Morphology of multicellular forms 168 3.3 Cyanobacterial pigments and colours 170 3.4 Secondary metabolites and cyanotoxins 171 3.5 Taxonomy of cyanobacteria 172 3.6 Major cyanobacterial groups 178 3.7 Description of common toxigenic and bloom-forming cyanobacterial taxa 179 3.7.1 Filamentous forms with heterocytes 190 3.7.2 Filamentous forms without heterocytes and akinetes 195 3.7.3 Colonial forms 200 Picture credits 203 References 204 INTRODUCTION Cyanobacteria are a very diverse group of prokaryotic organisms that thrive in almost every ecosystem on earth. In contrast to other prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea), they perform oxygenic photosynthesis and possess chlorophyll-a. Their closest relatives are purple bacteria (Woese et al., 1990; Cavalier-Smith, 2002) – and chloroplasts in higher plants (Moore et al., 2019). Photosynthetic activity of cyanobacteria is assumed to have changed the earth’s atmosphere in the Proterozoic Era some 2.4 billion years ago during the so-called Great Oxygenation Event (Hamilton et al., 2016; Garcia-Pichel et al., 2019). Historically, cyanobacteria were considered as plants or plant-like organ- isms and were termed “Schizophyceae”, “Cyanophyta”, “Cyanophyceae” or “blue-green algae”. Since their prokaryotic nature has unambiguously been proven, the term “cyanobacteria” (or occasionally “cyanoprokary- otes”) has been adopted in the scientific literature. A metagenomic study by Soo et al. (2017) revealed that cyanobacteria also comprise groups of 163 164 Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water nonphotosynthetic bacteria and the taxon Oxyphotobacteria is proposed for cyanobacteria in a strict sense.
    [Show full text]
  • Maria João Xavier Ribeiro Cianobactérias Marinhas
    Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Química Ano 2011/2012 Maria João Cianobactérias marinhas: avaliação do Xavier Ribeiro potencial anticancerígeno Marine cyanobacteria: evaluation of the anticancer potential Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Química Ano 2011/2012 Maria João Cianobactérias marinhas: avaliação do Xavier Ribeiro potencial anticancerígeno Marine cyanobacteria: evaluation of the anticancer potential Dissertação apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Biotecnologia Molecular, realizada sob a orientação da Professora Doutora Maria do Rosário Fidalgo Martins, e co- orientada pelo Professor Doutor Manuel António da Silva Santos. Apoio financeiro da FCT e do FSE no âmbito do III Quadro Comunitário de Apoio. o júri presidente Professor Doutor António Carlos Matias Correia Professor catedrático do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro Professora Doutora Maria do Rosário Martins Professora adjunta da Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto do Instituto Politécnico do Porto Professor Doutor Manuel António da Silva Santos Professor associado do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro Professor Doutor João Miguel da Costa Rodrigues Professor auxiliar convidado da Faculdade de Medicina Dentária da Universidade do Porto agradecimentos Em primeiro lugar gostaria de agradecer à minha orientadora Maria do Rosário Martins, não só por permitir que eu desenvolvesse este trabalho, como também por todo o apoio, motivação e disponibilidade que me dedicou. A todas as pessoas do Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Genómica e Evolução (LEGE) pelo extraordinário ambiente e pela constante disponibilidade em ajudar. Gostaria ainda de agradecer particularmente: À Margarida e à Sofia por toda a ajuda, paciência e compreensão, e também pela amizade e pelos óptimos momentos partilhados.
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey of the Taxonomy of the Cyanobacteria from Northeast
    UNF Digital Commons UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations Student Scholarship 2013 A Survey of the Taxonomy of the Cyanobacteria from Northeast Florida, Descriptions of Novel Taxa, and an Investigation into the Factors Which Influence the Epibenthic Cyanobacterial Community Holly Stephanie Stocks University of North Florida Suggested Citation Stocks, Holly Stephanie, "A Survey of the Taxonomy of the Cyanobacteria from Northeast Florida, Descriptions of Novel Taxa, and an Investigation into the Factors Which Influence the Epibenthic Cyanobacterial Community" (2013). UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 480. https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/480 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at UNF Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UNF Digital Commons. For more information, please contact Digital Projects. © 2013 All Rights Reserved A SURVEY OF THE TAXONOMY OF THE CYANOBACTERIA FROM NORTHEAST FLORIDA, DESCRIPTIONS OF NOVEL TAXA, AND AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE THE EPIBENTHIC CYANOBACTERIAL COMMUNITY By Holly Stephanie Stocks A thesis submitted to the Department of Biology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biology UNIVERSITY OF NORTH FLORIDA COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES October, 2013 Unpublished Work © Holly Stephanie Stocks TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures and Tables iv Abstract v Introduction 1-14 Chapter 1 A survey of freshwater cyanobacteria from Northeast Florida 15-25 Introduction Methods and Materials Results and Discussion Chapter 2 Reptodigitus chapmanii (Stigonematales, Cyanobacteria) gen. nov.: 26-42 a unique Stigeonematalean (Cyanobacteria) genus based on a polyphasic approach.
    [Show full text]
  • Harmful Algal Bloom Management Plan
    PHOTO COURTESY OF PARKS AND TOURISM HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOM MANAGEMENT PLAN ARKANSAS STATE WATERS Arkansas Harmful Algal Bloom Workgroup PREFACE In July 2014, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers closed swim beaches on Nimrod Lake due to high levels of cyanobacteria. At the time, Arkansas did not have a protocol in place to respond to cyanobacterial events, assign action values or analyze samples for the presence of toxins. Although cyanobacterial cell counts were elevated (<100,000 cells/mL), toxins never rose above 5 µg/l. After this event, water resource professionals across the state gathered to form the Arkansas Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) Workgroup. Goals of the Arkansas HAB Workgroup include: 1. Forming a plan for state wide assessment of risks to public health from cyanotoxins. 2. Developing sampling, testing, and protocols for cyanoHABs. 3. Developing strategies to reduce nutrient pollution in watersheds across Arkansas to prevent future cyanoHABs. This cyanotoxin management plan is intended to assist relevant organizations, agencies, and the general public in responding to potentially toxic harmful algal blooms. The plan includes steps for monitoring, treatment, and communication during a suspected cyanoHAB event. Here, we provide guidance for responding to most cyanoHAB events, but individual events may require strategies that have not been outlined in this document. As the population grows and temperatures continue to rise, cyanoHABs are expected to become a more prevalent problem throughout Arkansas. There is still much to be learned regarding when and why these blooms occur and what conditions cause toxin production. As research progresses and states, including Arkansas, gain experience with cyanoHAB events, response protocols may be altered.
    [Show full text]
  • Antimalarial Peptide and Polyketide Natural Products from the Fijian Marine Cyanobacterium Moorea Producens
    marine drugs Article Antimalarial Peptide and Polyketide Natural Products from the Fijian Marine Cyanobacterium Moorea producens Anne Marie Sweeney-Jones 1 , Kerstin Gagaring 2, Jenya Antonova-Koch 2, Hongyi Zhou 3, Nazia Mojib 3, Katy Soapi 4, Jeffrey Skolnick 3,5, Case W. McNamara 2 and Julia Kubanek 1,3,5,6,* 1 School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; [email protected] 2 Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; [email protected] (K.G.); [email protected] (J.A.-K.); [email protected] (C.W.M.) 3 School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; [email protected] (H.Z.); [email protected] (N.M); [email protected] (J.S.) 4 Institute of Applied Sciences, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji; [email protected] 5 Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA 6 Center for Microbial Dynamics and Infection, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-404-894-8424 Received: 20 February 2020; Accepted: 16 March 2020; Published: 18 March 2020 Abstract: A new cyclic peptide, kakeromamide B (1), and previously described cytotoxic cyanobacterial natural products ulongamide A (2), lyngbyabellin A (3), 18E-lyngbyaloside C (4), and lyngbyaloside (5) were identified from an antimalarial extract of the Fijian marine cyanobacterium Moorea producens. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited moderate activity against Plasmodium falciparum blood-stages with EC50 values of 0.89 and 0.99 µM, respectively, whereas 3 was more potent with an EC50 value of 0.15 nM.
    [Show full text]