Test Review #2 Chaise Lounge Design 20 Rubber webbing and animal skin/ leather Rocking and multiple positions Chairs Klismos Greek 5th & 4th century BCE Eero Saarinen Curving, splayed sabre-shaped legs Tulip chair Hand carved One leg - pedestal chair Fabric or animal skin on the seat. Reinforced-plastic shell Load-bearing capabilities of early plastic required aluminum stem.

Womb chair Covered fiberglass shell with: foam rubber padding and upholstery Michael Thonet Ray & Charles Eames Bentwood chairs, light and curvilinear. Architect & Furniture design, Developed a system of steam Function of chair more important than appearance. bent veneers. Charles & Ray Eames (husband & wife) and Seats of cane or plywood. Eero Saarinen developed (1940’s): Mass production, low prices New laminates & wood bending techniques, Cafe chair 1st produced 1859 & Fiberglass and plastics for furniture. still in production. Produced for Navy during the WWII: Wood leg splints, stretchers, & aircraft parts Marcel Breuer, architect Bauhaus Eames Wood Dining Room Chair Among first to use tubular steel Laminated Wood Some with metal legs Wassily Chair Some animal hide upholstery For painter Wassily Kandinsky’s home Tubular-steel & leather mechanical details visible

Cesca Chair Lounge Chair and Ottoman Most archetypal ex. of steel furniture Eames’ first design for luxury market Woven cane seat, cantilever Leather and wood “Cesca” after daughter Francesca. Not mass-produced, hand labor & craftsmanship

Mies Van Der Rohe Eames and Saarinen Cantilever Chair Plastic armchair With and without arms Fiberglass shell Tubular steel and leather Material developed for aircraft radar domes First fiberglass chair

Barcelona Chair (Mies) Arne Jacobsen, Danish architect First displayed International Ant Chair Jacobsen’s most Exposition 1929 successful design Chrome frame Still in production Leather upholstery & straps 1 piece molded plywood seat & back Cantilevered over x frame

Brno Chair Egg Chair For Tugendhat House in Brno, Czech Shell + molded polyurethane foam Cantilever Upholstered with fabric or leather steel and leather Can swivel & adjustable Tension depending on the user’s weight. Le Corbusier Star base is made of aluminum. Grand Comfort Armchair Furniture = machine for sitting Swan Chair Chrome plated tubular steel Similar to egg chair, with wings. frame. Leather cover Gerrit Rietveld Red and Blue Chair 1918 Regarded as first modernist chair. Lacquered wood Rietveld (cont.) (Frank Gehry, CONT.) Zig-Zag Hat Trick or Apple Basket series Wood, cantilever Inspired by wicker furniture & bushel baskets Response to Bauhaus steel chairs Collection named after ice hockey terms laminated hard white maple Alvar Aalto Finnish Architect Cantilever Philippe Starck, French Removed layers of veneer at areas of greatest curve Laminated birch, bent and rolled to provide support Defends plastics as only ecologically sound solution

60’s Chairs: Costes Chair Pop culture in / functionalism out Plywood on black lacquered steel base Explore the new materials and processes . leather and ebony trim Eros Verner Panton Martini glass shape. First single-piece plastic chair Plastic and chromed-steel base Borrowed shape of Rietveld’s Zig-Zag Dr. Glob Chair Front legs and seat polypropylene (red), HANS WEGNER, Danish rear legs; steel tubing Pe a c o c k Ch a i r solid ash and teak Industrial Products comfort was a goal Design for large-scale industry & mass distribution. Classic Chair (aka “The chair”) Significant style trends Industrial design solid teak, woven cane seat 1. MAYA Design harmony of craftsmanship & modern design Most advanced, yet acceptable handmade 2. Packaging Embellishment sculpture-like forms. Protective case for a product Careful study of human form 3. Streamlining -- bullet shapes & sleek lines Minimizes resistance through a fluid or air. Italian Chairs: 4. Accelerated obsolescence Sacco Esthetic design changes that tempt owners leather or vinyl bag to replace goods more frequently Filled with polystyrene beads Marilyn (After Marilyn Monroe) American Design examples: lips design reinterpretation of Dali’s Mae West Sofa Zeroll Ice Cream Scoop lightweight foam construction Defrosting fluid uses body heat Joe (After Joe DiMaggio) Zippo Lighter lifetime guarantee Inspired by Claes Oldenburg Lear Jet First mass manufactured business jet natural glove leather, expensive Slinky -- Originally to stabilize ship instruments Molded polyurethane foam Tupper Ware Original seals for WWII gas masks Blow (inflated) Tea Kettle Michael Graves pop material Segway Human Transporter-self-balancing scooter cheap and expendable Intel microprocessor. IBM used in its first PC Macintosh Classic Apple computer 70’s Chairs Growing concern over environment: Oil crisis of 1973 , earth’s dwindling resources. Raymond Loewy One of most successful American designers Frank Gehry Largest design firm in 1930’s Easy Edges Air Force One for President Kennedy laminated corrugated cardboard S-1 Locomotive, Silversides Greyhound bus Immediate success, withdrawn by Gehry Studebaker automobile, Sncase helicopter (Didn’t want to distract from reputation as Sears Coldspot refrigerator architect.) Lucky Strike pack, Shell & Exxon logos

Little Beaver Walter Dorwin Teague edges left as if an animal had been chewing Kodak cameras and Polaroid Cameras laminated corrugated cardboard Cash Register

page 2 (Teague CONT) Post Modern Architecture & Johnson Texaco Stations Late 20th-century architecture Blue Sled glass radio includes historical references Boeing 707 interior Classical elements reintroduced more playful than classical or classical revival Philippe Starck Architect furniture & industrial designer American Telephone and Telegraph N.Y. Designed interiors for French President Mitterand Top resembles Chippendale cabinet Hot Berta tea kettle. Water in thru handle Postmodern architectural landmark Juicy Salif lemon juicer cast aluminum Dr. Kiss toothbrush, Dr. Skud fly-swatter Pittsburgh Plate Glass -- Gothic post modern

Architects San Francisco Financial District: Eero Saarinen, Finnish 101 California International Style (Modern) & Expressionism sawtooth setbacks glass cylinder, open atrium General Motors Technical Center Mich. 40 foot piers cut through atrium reflected modern technology 580 California stainless steel faceless sculptures glass mansard roof CBS Headquarters - only skyscraper (NY) Michael Graves Dulles Airport, Virginia Portland Building For Federal Government. Post-Modern Icon Steel & concrete suspension structure. Energy efficient, low budget TWA Kennedy Airport Small square windows Free-flowing curves, concrete Deep colors—browns, blues, and rusty red bird-like symbolism Fully-designed environment Team Disney, Burbank Post-modern Disney Corporate Offices & studio lot. Gateway Arch St. Louis, Missouri Columns: 7 dwarfs stainless steel mural in dinning room by Graves graceful sweeping tapered curve Hyatt Regency Japan Copper clad columns, red sand stone base Philip Johnson Pyramid on dome, which illuminates lobby Modern & Post Modern architect. Director Architecture Department, MOMA (New York) Clos Pegase Winery, Napa Valley, post modern Intro. European modern architecture to America Coined term: International Style: Frank Gehry, Canadian Deconstructed architectural style Seagram’s Building. Exploded aesthetic. Collaborated with mentor, Mies on Adapted aerospace software to architecture. “Glass House,” Connecticut Gehry House Santa Monica Johnson’s own home Deconstruction Rectilinear structure Re-working conventional, bungalow Use of large glass panels as walls. “Cheap tech” off-the-shelf and ordinary Central brick cylinder containing a bathroom old house wrapped with metal slipcover Low walnut cabinets for kitchen equipment. Slanted lines and angled protrusions.

Crystal Cathedral. Garden Grove LA Norton House Venice, California Structure: 4-pointed star Post-Modern a gigantic chimney for cooling. Lifeguard shack, log tori bigger than Notre Dame Cathedral Maximize views & privacy on a tiny site Steel frame tent with glass panels

page 3 (Gehry CONT.) Clothing Chiat/Day Office Venice, California. Functions (not universal or constant) White building nautical look 1. Warmth and Protection Copper clad columns: forest 2. Supply Information about the wearer Binoculars (Claus Oldenburg) Age entry to the building Breeching Renaissance England -- boys first skylights in eye piece pants conference rooms Group Identification Military, Police, Religious Groups, Ceremonial Netherlands Group, Czech Republic Social Status “The “Wave” or Fred and Ginger Sumptuary Laws Steel, glass, precast concrete Designed to restrict excessive personal expenditures usually on social, religious or moral grounds. Guggenheim, Bilbao, Spain Examples: Limestone, titanium France, only kings used gold & silver embroidery China yellow fabric limited to Emperor. Guggenheim, New York (planned) Africa: Ashanti tribe, only Kings wore certain pat- To be located on 4 piers in Lower Manhattan terns. Glass and titanium 1900’s French Haute Couture (high sewing). Walt Disney Concert Hall, LA Prices so high only wealthy could purchase. Exterior titanium. Interiors douglas fir. Impractical fashions for wealthy women (husband or Arata Isozaki, Japanese father could afford to hire servants). MOCA Museum of Contemporary Art, L.A. Restrictive dress. Post-Modern Elizabethan layers of petticoats and skirts. Natural light pyramids skylights Hobble skirt early 1900s Red sandstone, granite, glass, copper sheathing Galleries are below ground level. 3. Enhance Sexual Appeal Erogenous zones shifted to emphasize various areas Team Disney Building, Florida of the body. Post-Modern Men: Corset, 16th Century Cod piece Creative offices Women: Bustle, Mini skirt Japanese rock garden. Corset Supports of: Sun dial in central cylinder. whale bone, cane or metal. Entry suggests gigantic Mickey Mouse ears. Bloomers -- Amelia Jenks Bloomer 1850’s (Woman’s rights advocate) Shakers American religious colony late 1700’s Political Influences: Act of prayer -- to make a thing well 16th century - Spanish dominance Ideals: communal living, pacifism, Males: leg-o-mutton sleeves equality of genders and celibacy ruff and doublet with skirt attached 19th century - Great Britain Shakers- Modern Design males: three-piece lounge suit no historic reference educated urban elites worldwide. no ornamentation 20th century - World War II modern material & techniques Men: Bomber jackets, fur lined to protect appearance follows function. pilots. Women’s work wear: Overalls and pants. Shaker Chair necessity -- women doing men’s jobs Sturdy light weight Patriotism -- to assist war effort Could be hung on walls Finials for handling and hanging hats etc. Glamorous fashion period after rationing of WWII. Free of European influences Stretchers not aligned

page 4 Coco Chanel 20’s Most influential 20th century fashion designer. Inspired by men’s wear & tailoring simple, easy, sporty and relaxed Pullover sweater for women. Little black dress

Christian Dior Extravagant “New Look” after WWII Controversial extravagance during European poverty Prime concern silhouette and form over color.

Yves Saint Laurent Art and fashion drawn together Mondrian inspired dress

Therez Fleetwood African American designer Kente cloth pattern Fabric from Senegal

Giorgio Armani, Italian Revolutionized men’s wear Removed traditional padding Using light weight luxury fabric for suits softer more relaxed style

Issey Miyake, Japanese Collections appear in museums Influenced by traditional Japanese folk wear

Celebrity Influence Katherine Hepburn 30’s pants Frank Sinatra 30’s bow ties Clark Gable undershirt James Dean Blue jeans and T-shirts 50’s Jackie Kennedy Criticized for wearing French designers Selected Oleg Cassini (American) Official White House designer. Trademark suit and pillbox hat.

Madonna 90’s bustier (often strapless top worn as bra or outer garment)