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Effects of Some Biological Properties of the Stripped

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Effects of Some Biological Properties of the Stripped ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ( ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻛﺸﺎورزي) ، ﺟﻠﺪ 33 ﺷﻤﺎره 2 ، اﺳﻔﻨﺪ ﻣﺎه 89 49 ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺳﻦ ﻧﻮاري ﭼﺘﺮﻳﺎن، (.Graphosoma lineatum (L (Hem., Scutelleridae) روي ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ آﻧﺰﻳﻢ آﻟﻔﺎ - آﻣﻴﻼز ﺑﺰاﻗﻲ آن ٭ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻳﺰداﻧﻴﺎن1 ، رﺿﺎ ﻓﺮﺷﺒﺎف ﭘﻮرآﺑﺎد2 ، ﻣﺤﻤﺪ رﺿﺎ رﺷﻴﺪي3 ، ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻲ وﻟﻲ زاده4 و ﻧﺎدره رﺷﺘﭽﻲ زاده 5 5 ٭ -1 ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺆ ول: اﺳ ﺘﺎدﻳﺎر ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ي ﻋﻠﻮم زراﻋﻲ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋ ﻠﻮم ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﮔﺮﮔﺎن ([email protected] ) -2 داﻧﺸﻴﺎر ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ -3 داﻧﺸﻴﺎرﮔﺮوه ﺷﻴﻤﻲ داروﻳﻲ، د اﻧﺸﻜﺪه داروﺳﺎزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ -4 اﺳﺘﺎد ﮔﺮوه زراﻋﺖ و اﺻﻼح ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎت، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ -5 اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر ، آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ دارو و ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ، ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي داروﻳﻲ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ: 6/8/ 88 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش: 8/20/ 89 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﻧﻮع آﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻮارﺷﻲ ﺣﺸﺮات ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮع رژﻳﻢ ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ آن ﻫﺎ ارﺗﺒﺎط دار دو ﺣﺪاﻗ ﻞ، ﺣﻀﻮر ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻳﻚ آﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ رژﻳﻢ ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ ﺣﺸﺮه ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺴﺘﺮهي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ آن آﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻣ ﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ آﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻮارﺷـﻲ ﺣـﺸﺮات ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻓﺮدي و ﻧﺸﻮ و ﻧﻤﺎﻳ ﻲ آن ﻫﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ را ﻧﺸﺎ ن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ .ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺣﺎﺿـﺮ ﻧـﺸﺎن داد ﻛـﻪ در ﺳﻦ (.Graphosoma lineatum (L اﺛﺮ ﻧﻮع ﻣﺎده ي ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ (داﻧ ﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﺗﻴـﺮ ه يﭼﺘﺮﻳـﺎ ن ) روي ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ آﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻌﻨ ﻲدار ﺑﻮ د . ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ در ﺻﻮرت ﻳﻜﺴﺎن ﻧﺒﻮدن ﺷـﺮاﻳﻂ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳـﻚ و ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮژﻳـ ﻚﺣـﺸﺮات ﻣـﻮر د اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺎ، ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ آﻧﺰﻳﻢ در ﻧﺮﻫﺎ و ﻣﺎده ﻫﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺗﺎ 4/5 و 5/3 ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ، ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ آﻧﺰﻳﻢ در ﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺎده ﺑﻴﺶ ﺗﺮاز ﻧﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻮ د . ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ آﻟﻔﺎ - آﻣﻴﻼزﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ دﻣﺎ ي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﭘﺮورش (از 4 ﺗﺎ 30 درﺟﻪ ي ﺳﺎﻧﺘ ﻲ ﮔﺮاد ) ﻗﺮار ﻧﮕﺮﻓ ﺖ . ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮﺳﻨﮕﻲ دادن ﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪ تﺻﻔ ﺮ ﺗ ﺎ 48ﺳﺎﻋ ﺖ، ﺑﻴﺶ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ آﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﭘﺲ ا ز 24ﺳﺎﻋ ﺖ (32/ 12واﺣﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﻠ ﻲ ﮔﺮم ﭘـﺮوﺗﺌﻴ ﻦ) و 36ﺳـﺎﻋ ﺖ (13/ 14واﺣـﺪ ﺑـﺮ ﻣﻴﻠـ ﻲﮔـﺮم ﭘـﺮوﺗﺌﻴ ﻦ ) ) ﮔﺮﺳﻨﮕﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ اﺧﺘﻼف ﻣﻌﻨ ﻲداري ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻨ ﺪ . ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ آﻧﺰﻳﻢ در ﺑﻴ ﻦ ﻫـﺮ دو ﻏـﺪ ه ي ﺑﺰاﻗـﻲ ﻳـﻚ ﻓـﺮ د ﻳﻜﺴﺎن ﺑﻮ دﻛ ﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣ ﻲدﻫﺪ ﻫﺮ دو ﻏﺪ ه ي ﺑﺰاﻗﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮدﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺨﻠﻴ ﻪ ي آﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﻧـﺴﺒﺘﺎ ﻫﻤﺰﻣـﺎﻧﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺤﺮك ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﻲ دﻫﻨﺪ . ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﺑﻮدن ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ آﻧﺰﻳﻢ در ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﺒﺎﻧﻪ روز ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺴﺎن ﻧﺒﻮدن ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ و ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮژﻳ ﻚ ﺣﺸﺮات ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﺴﺒﺖ داده ﺷـ ﺪ . ﻴـﻓﻌﺎﻟ ﺖ آﻟﻔـ ﺎ - آﻣـﻴﻼ ز در ﺣـﺸﺮات ﻣـﻮرد اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺴﻞﻫﺎي دﻫﻢ ﺗﺎ ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻢ ﻳﻜﺴﺎ ن ( ﺣﺪود 4/7 واﺣﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﮔﺮم ﭘﺮوﺗﺌﻴﻦ) و ﻓﺎﻗﺪ اﺧﺘﻼف ﻣﻌﻨﻲ دار ﺑﻮد . ﻋﻠﻲ رﻏـﻢ ﺷـﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن، ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪه ي اﻳﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ رﺳﻴﺪن ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﻛﻠﻲ ر دﻣﻮرد وﻳﮋﮔ ﻲ ﻫﺎي آﻧﺰﻳ ﻢ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻮارﺷﻲ ﺣﺸﺮات ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ و آﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﻃـﻮر ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧـﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳـﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﻛﻠﻴﺪ واژ هﻫﺎ: ﺳﻦ Graphosoma lineatum، وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺘﻲ، آﻟﻔﺎ - آﻣﻴﻼز ﺑﺰاﻗﻲ، ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣ ﻘﺪﻣﻪ آﻟﻔــﺎ - آﻣﻴﻼزﻫــﺎ1 د ر ﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧــﺪهي ﺧــﺎﻧﻮاده اي از glucan را در ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت ﻧﺸﺎﺳﺘ ﻪ اي، ﮔﻠﻴﻜﻮژن و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ آﻧﺪوآﻣﻴﻼزﻫﺎ 2ﻫـﺴﺘﻨ ﺪﻛـﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﻧـ ﺪﻫﺎي -α-(1,4)-D ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪراتﻫﺎي واﺑـﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﻴـﺪروﻟﻴ ﺰﻣـ ﻲﻛﻨﻨ ـﺪ (16و 17). اﻳﻦ آﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻫﺎدر ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴـﺴﻢ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴـﺪرا تﻫـﺎ در α-amylases -1 ﺟﺎﻧﻮران، ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن و ﻣﻴﻜﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴ ﻢﻫﺎ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﺤـﻮري 2- Endoamylases 50 ﻳﺰداﻧﻴﺎن و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران: ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺳﻦ ﻧﻮاري... دارﻧــﺪ (23،17، 24 و 25). اﻳــﻦ آﻧــﺰﻳﻢﻫــﺎ ﻳﻜــﻲ از ﻣﻬﺎرﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻫﺎي آﻧﺰﻳﻢﻫـ ﺎﻣـ ﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨـﺪ در راﻫﺒﺮدﻫـﺎ ي ﺑﺰرگﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاد ه ﻫﺎي آﻧﺰﻳﻤـﻲ ﮔـﺮوه ﮔﻼﻳﻜﻮزﻳـﻞ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺣﺸﺮات ﻧﻘﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﻤﻲ را اﻳﻔﺎ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد ﻫﻴــﺪروﻻزﻫﺎ1 ﻫــﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛــﻪ ﺑــﺮ ﻣﺒﻨــﺎي ﺗــﻮاﻟﻲﺷــﺎن اﻳــﻦ، ﻻزم اﺳــﺖ ﺗــﺎ ﭘــﻴﺶ از اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده از آن ﻫــﺎ ﻳــﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺷـﺪ ه اﻧـﺪ (9 و 12). ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﺎﻃﺮ ﮔـﺴﺘﺮش ﺗﻮﺳــﻌﻪ ي ﮔﻴﺎﻫــﺎن ﺗــﺮاژن ﺑــﺮاي ﻛﻨﺘــﺮل آﻓــﺎت، از وﺳــﻴﻊ آﻟﻔــﺎ- آﻣﻴﻼزﻫــﺎ در ﺗﻤــﺎﻣﻲ اﺷــﻜﺎل ﺣﻴــﺎت ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ آﻧﺰﻳﻢﻫـ ﺎي ﮔﻮارﺷـﻲ درك ﻛـﺎ ﻣﻠﻲ داﺷـﺘﻪ ( ﻫﺎ ﭘﺮوﻛﺎرﻳﻮت و ﻳﻮﻛﺎرﻳﻮ ت ﻫﺎ2،) ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ اﺳﻴ ﺪ آﻣﻴﻨـ ﻪ اي ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ (9، 17 و 20).وﻳﮋﮔ ﻲ ﻫﺎي آﻧﺰﻳ ﻢ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻮارﺷﻲ آن ﻫﺎﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣـ ﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ (9). آﻟﻔـ ﺎ- آﻣﻴﻼزﻫـﺎ در ﺣﺸﺮات ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ، رژﻳ ﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻏـﺬاﻳﻲ و ﺷـﺮاﻳﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ ،ﻓﻨﺎوري ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋ هدر ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻏـﺬاﻳﻲ و ﻓـ ﺮاوري زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ و ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ، ﺗﻔـﺎو ت ﻫـﺎي زﻳـﺎدي را ﻧﺸﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜـﻲ از ارزﺷـﻤﻨﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦ آﻧـﺰﻳ ﻢﻫـ ﺎ ﺗﺒـﺪﻳﻞ ﻧــﺸﺎن ﻣــ ﻲدﻫﻨــﺪ و اﺛــﺮات ﻓﻌــﺎ ل ﻛﻨﻨــﺪهﻫــﺎ و ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ. ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﺣﺸﺮات، ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه آن ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻃﻲ ﻣﻬﺎرﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻫﺎي آﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺑـﻪ ﻫﻤـﻴﻦ دﻟﻴـﻞ، روي ﻣﺮﺣﻠــﻪي ﻻروي و ﻳــﺎ ﺣــﺸﺮهي ﻛﺎﻣــﻞ ﺧــﻮد روي آﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻮارﺷﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﻣ ﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ (13). ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴـﻞ ﻓﺮاورده ﻫﺎي ﻏﻠ ﻪ اي زﻧـﺪﮔﻲ ﻣـ ﻲ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪ، ﺑـﺮاي زﻧـﺪه ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﻔﺎو ت ﻫﺎ، وﻳﮋﮔ ﻲ ﻫـﺎي آﻧـﺰﻳ ﻢ ﻫـﺎي ﮔﻮارﺷـﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪن ﺑـﻪ آﻣﻴﻼزﻫﺎﻳـﺸﺎن واﺑـﺴﺘﻪ ﻫ ـﺴﺘﻨﺪ (6، 10 و ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﮔﻮﻧ ﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺸﺮات ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ 22). آﻟﻔﺎ- آﻣﻴﻼزﻫﺎي ﺣﺸﺮات و ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻧﺪاران در ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘ ﻪ اﻧﺪ و در ﻣﻮرد ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ، وﻳﮋﮔـ ﻲ ﻫـﺎ ي آن ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن يﻫﺎ ﻧﻮع اول و ﺳـﻮم ﺧـﻮد ﺷـﺒﺎﻫ ﺖﻫـﺎي آﻧﺰﻳﻢﻫﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺴﻴﺎر زﻳﺎدي را ﻧـﺸﺎن ﻣـ ﻲ دﻫﻨـﺪ (23). ﺗﻨﻬـﺎ آﻟﻔـ ﺎ- ﺳﻦ ﻧﻮاري ﭼﺘﺮﻳﺎن، Graphosoma lineatum آﻣﻴﻼز ﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﺳﻪ ﺑﻌﺪي آن ﻣـﺸﺨﺺ ، (.L)در دﻧﻴﺎ از ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎ يﺣﻮ زه ي درﻳﺎي ﻣﺪﻳﺘﺮاﻧ ـﻪ، ﺷـﺪه اﺳـ ،ﺖ ﻣﺮﺑـﻮط ﺑـﻪ ﻛـﺮم زرد آرد Tenebrio ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ي ﻗﻔﻘﺎز، اﻳـﺮان، ﺗﺮﻛﻤﻨـﺴﺘﺎن (19) و ﺳـﻮاﺣﻞ .molitor L (ﻛــﺮم زرد آرد) ﻣــﻲ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ (10، 22 و ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻴﻚ واﻗﻊ در ﺟﻨـﻮب ﺷـﺮﻗﻲ ﺳـﻮﺋﺪ (18) ﮔـﺰارش 24). آﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻣﻨﻮﻣﺮﻳ ﻚ3 ﺑﻪ اﺑﻌﺎد ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒـ ﺎ 40× 46 × 75 ﺷﺪه اﺳ ﺖ. در اﻳﺮان ﻧﻴـﺰ در اﺳـ ﺘﺎن ﻫـ ﺎي آذرﺑﺎﻳﺠـﺎن آﻧﮕﺴﺘﺮوم و داراي ﺳﻪ داﻣ ﻨﻪ يﻣﺸﺨﺺ اﺳ ﺖ. ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷــﺮﻗﻲ، ﺗﻬــﺮان، ﺧﺮاﺳــﺎن (2 و 3) و ﻣﺎزﻧــﺪران و ﺳﻪ ﺑﻌﺪي اﻳﻦ آﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﺪ لﻫﺎي ار اﻳﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﮔﻠــﺴﺘﺎن (ﻣــﺸﺎﻫﺪات و ﺟﻤــﻊ آوريﻫــﺎي ﺷﺨــﺼﻲ آﻟﻔـ ﺎ- آﻣﻴﻼزﻫـﺎ ي ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑـﻲ، ﮔﻴـﺎﻫﻲ و ﭘـﺴﺘﺎﻧﺪاران ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪه ي او ل) دﻳﺪه ﺷﺪه اﺳـ ﺖ. ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎن ﻣﻴﺰﺑـﺎن و ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ (22 و 24). ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺣﺸﺮات داراي ﭼﻨﺪ آﻟﻔـ ﺎ- ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ آن ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﺗﻴ ﺮه يﭼﺘﺮﻳـﺎن ﻣـ ﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨ ﺪ. اﻳـﻦ آﻣﻴﻼز ﮔﻮارﺷﻲ ﻋﻤﺪه ﺑﺎ ﻧﻘﺎط اﻳﺰواﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳـﻚ ﻣﺘﻔـﺎوت ﺟﻨﺲ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ دﻳـﺎﭘﻮز اﺟﺒـﺎري اﺳـﺖ (1 و 2). در اﻳـﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ (26). ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ، ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺳﻦ ﻧﻮاري رﺷﺪ و ﻧﺸ ﻮ و ﻧﻤﺎي ﺣﺸﺮات ﺑﺮ اﺛـﺮ ﻣﻬـﺎر ﺷـﺪن ﭼﺘﺮﻳــﺎن (ﻧــﻮع ﻣــﺎدهي ﻏــﺬاﻳﻲ، اﺧﺘﻼﻓــﺎت ﻓــﺮدي، آﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻮارﺷﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪت ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮار ﻣ ﻲﮔﻴﺮد ﺟﻨــﺴﻴﺖ، دﻣــﺎي ﻣﺤــﻴﻂ ﭘــﺮورش، ﻃــﻮل دور هي و ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ دﻟﻴﻞ، ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎت ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ زﻳـﺎدي از ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﮔﺮﺳﻨﮕﻲ، ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺷﺒﺎﻧ ﻪ روزي و ﻧﺴ ﻞ) روي ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﺗﻨﻈﻴ ﻢ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻫﺎي رﺷﺪ ﺣـﺸﺮا ت 4ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮان آﻧﺰﻳﻢ آﻟﻔﺎ- آﻣﻴﻼز ﺑﺰاﻗﻲ آن ﺑـﺮاي اوﻟـﻴﻦ ﺑـﺎر ﻣـﻮرد ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎت ﺿـﺪﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ و ﻣﻬﺎرﻛﻨﻨـﺪ هﻫـﺎي آﻧـﺰﻳ ﻢﻫ ـﺎي ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﮔﻮارﺷــﻲ ﻣــﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳــﻲ ﻗــﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘــﻪاﻧــﺪ (7 و 16). ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ 1- Glycosyl hydrolases Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes -2 ﺣـــﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣـــﻞ ﺳـــﻦ ﻧـــﻮاري ﭼﺘﺮﻳـــﺎن ، G. lineatum 3- Monomeric enzyme، از روي ﮔﻴــﺎه ﺷــﻮﻳﺪ در اﺳــﺘﺎن 4- Insect growth regulators (IGRs) ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ (ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻛﺸﺎورزي)، ﺟﻠﺪ 33 ﺷﻤﺎره 2، اﺳﻔﻨﺪ ﻣﺎه 89 51 ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﺟﻤ ﻊ آوري ﺷـﺪﻧ ﺪ. ﺣـﺸﺮات ﺑـﻪ اﻧـﺴﻜﺘﺎرﻳﻮم اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﻳ ﺪ. ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻫﺎي آﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ ﺣﺎوي 10 ﺟﻔﺖ ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎ هﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، داﻧـﺸﻜﺪ هي ﻛـﺸﺎورزي داﻧـﺸﮕﺎه ﻏﺪه يﺑﺰاﻗﻲ ﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﺮ و ﻣﺎ ده ي 0 1 روزه (ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷ ﺪﻧﺪ و ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭘـﺮورش آن ﻫـ ﺎ اﻗـﺪام ﺻﻮرت ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧ ﻪ)ﺑﻪ ازاي ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻠ ﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻓﺮ ﻓـﺴﻔﺎت ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. ﭘﺮورش آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮه ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد (1 و 2)اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷ ﺪ. ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﺛﺮ اﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﻓﺮدي روي ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ آﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻧﺸﻮ و ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ در دﻣـﺎي 2± 28درﺟـ ﻪ ي ﺳـﺎﻧﺘ ﻲ ﮔـﺮا د، ﺣﺸﺮات ﺟﻤ ﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه از ﻛﻠﻨﻲ (ﺑﺪون ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑـﻪ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ 60 ﺗﺎ 70درﺻـ ﺪ و دوره ي ﻧـﻮر ي ﺑـﻪ ﺳﻦ آن ﻫﺎ) ﺑﻪ 10 ﮔﺮوه ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ (5 ﮔﺮوه ﺑـﺮاي ﺗﺎرﻳﻜﻲ 16:8 ﭘﺮورش داده ﺷﺪﻧ ﺪ. ﺣﺸﺮات ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﺪت ﻧﺮﻫﺎ و 5ﮔﺮوه ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺎد ه ﻫﺎ) ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﮔـﺮوه ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ 5 دهﻧﺴﻞ روي داﻧ ﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﻌﻔﺮي ﺧﺎﻟ ﺺ ﺳﺎزي ﺷ ﺪﻧﺪ و ﺣﺸﺮه يﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻮ د. ﻏﺪد ﺑﺰاﻗﻲ ﺣﺸﺮات ﻫﺮ ﮔـﺮوه در از ﻧﺴﻞ دﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ در آزﻣﺎﻳﺶﻫﺎ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗـﺮار 5/0ﻣﻴﻠ ﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻓﺮ ﻓﺴﻔﺎت (ﻣﻌﺎدل 10 ﺟﻔﺖ در ﻳـﻚ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ. ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻓ ﺮ) ﻫﻤﻮژﻧﻴﺰه و ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺮﻳﻔﻴﻮژ ﺷﺪﻧ ﺪ. ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ آﻣﺎده ﺳﺎزي ﻧﻤﻮﻧ ﻪ ﻫﺎي آﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ ﻏ ﺪه يﺑﺰاﻗـ ﻲ و آﻧﺰﻳﻢﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ ﮔـﺮوه ﻣـﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮدﻳـ ﺪ. در ﻧﻬﺎﻳـﺖ، ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ آﻟﻔﺎ- آﻣﻴﻼز اﻧﺤﺮاف اﺳﺘﺎﻧـﺪار د (s) و ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴــﺖ ﻣﺎﻛﺰﻳﻤﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ روش ﻳﺰداﻧﻴﺎن و ﻫﻤﻜـﺎران (5) ﻣﻴﻨﻴﻤﻢ ﻣﺮﺑـﻮط ﺑﻪ 5 ﮔﺮوه ﻧﺮﻫﺎ و 5ﮔـﺮوه ﻣـﺎد ه ﻫـ ﺎ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪﻧﺪ. ﻏﺪد ﺑﺰاﻗﻲ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪ (13). ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ آﻧـﺰﻳﻢ ﭘـﺲ ا زﺧـﺎرج ﺷـﺪن از ﻗﻔـ ﺲﺳـﻴﻨ ﻪ، اﺛﺮ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺖ روي ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ آﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ روش ﻧﺎﻣﺒﺮدﮔﺎن ﺑـﺮاي ﺗﻬﻴـ ﻪ ي ﻧﻤﻮﻧـ ﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ آﻧﺰﻳﻢ آﻟﻔﺎ- آﻣﻴﻼزدر ﻧﺮﻫﺎ و ﻣـﺎد ه ﻫـﺎ ﺑـﺎ آﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ و ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ آﻟﻔ ﺎ- آﻣﻴﻼز ﻣﻮرد اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ آزﻣﺎﻳ ﺶ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻘﺎﻳـﺴﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨ ﺪ .ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﭘﺮوﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻧﻤﻮﻧ ﻪ ﻫﺎي آﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﺑﻪ روش ﺑﻴﺴﻴﻨﻜﻮﻧﻴﻨﻴﻚ اﺳﻴﺪ1 و ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آﻟﺒﻮﻣﻴﻦ اﺛﺮ دﻣﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﭘﺮورش روي ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ آﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺳﺮم ﮔﺎوي2 ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ. در ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ، ﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣ ﻞ 10 روزه ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﻇﺮوف ﭘﺮورﺷﻲ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ آﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴ ﺐواﺣﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﻠ ﻲﮔـﺮم ﭘـﺮوﺗﺌﻴ ﻦ3 ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﻣـﺪت 24 ﺳـﺎﻋﺖ در داﺧـﻞ اﻧﻜﻮﺑـﺎﺗﻮر و در ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ (4). دﻣﺎﻫﺎي 4، 15، 20، 25، 27 و 30 درﺟ ـﻪ يﺳـﺎﻧﺘ ﻲ ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﮔﺮاد ﻗﺮار داده ﺷـﺪﻧ ﺪ.
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