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Vandewauw2008-Soil-Landscape-Relationships.Pdf ARTICLE IN PRESS CATENA-01301; No of Pages 11 Catena xxx (2008) xxx-xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Catena journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/catena Soil–landscape relationships in the basalt-dominated highlands of Tigray, Ethiopia J. Van de Wauw a,⁎, G. Baert b, J. Moeyersons c, J. Nyssen d, K. De Geyndt e, Nurhussein Taha f, Amanuel Zenebe f,g, J. Poesen g, J. Deckers e a Laboratory of Soil Science, UGent, Krijgslaan 281/S8, B-9000 Gent, Belgium b BIOT Department, Hogeschool Gent, Voskenslaan 270, B-9000 Gent, Belgium c Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium d Geography Department, UGent, Krijgslaan 281/S8, B-9000 Gent, Belgium e Laboratory for Soil and Water, K.U.Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium f Department of Land Resource Management and Environmental Protection Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia g Physical and Regional Geography, K.U.Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Available online xxxx Though knowledge about the distribution and properties of soils is a key issue to support sustainable land management, existing knowledge of the soils in Tigray (Northern Ethiopian Highlands) is limited to either maps with a small scale or with a small scope. The goal of this study is to establish a model that explains the Keywords: spatial soil variability found in the May-Leiba catchment, and to open the scope for extrapolating this Soilscape information to the surrounding basalt-dominated uplands. A semi-detailed (scale: 1/40 000) soil survey was Ethiopia conducted in the catchment. Profile pits were described and subjected to physico-chemical analysis, and Soil map Landscape augerings were conducted. This information was combined with information from aerial photographs and Catena geological and geomorphologic observations. The main driving factors that define the variability in soil types Pedogeography found were: 1) geology, through soil parent material and the occurrence of harder layers, often acting as aquitards or aquicludes; 2) different types of mass movements that occupy large areas of the catchment; and 3) severe human-induced soil erosion and deposition. These factors lead to “red-black” Skeletic Cambisol– Pellic Vertisol catenas on basalt and Calcaric Regosol–Colluvic Calcaric Cambisols–Calcaric Vertisol catenas on limestone. The driving factors can be derived from aerial photographs. This creates the possibility to extrapolate information and predict the soil distribution in nearby regions with a comparable geology. A model was elaborated, which enables the user to predict soil types, using topography, geomorphology, geology and soil colours, all of which can be derived from aerial photographs. This derived model was later applied to other catchments and validated in the field. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction reference for the surrounding basalt-dominated uplands of the Geba catchment. Land degradation, including soil erosion and soil mining are The goal of this study is to establish a model and a soil map that serious problems in the Ethiopian Highlands. To reverse these trends, explains the spatial soil variability found in the May-Leiba catchment, many soil conservation programs have started in these regions. and to open the scope for extrapolating this information to the Adequate knowledge about the distribution and properties of soils is a surrounding basalt-dominated uplands. key issue to support sustainable land management, which, among To create the soil map, different approaches are possible: the others, includes erosion control, fertility management, crop choice, pedologic approach and the physiographic or geomorphologic risk of mass movements and possibilities for irrigation. However, approach (Wielemaker et al., 2001). The first method tries to create existing knowledge of the soils in Ethiopia's northernmost Tigray maps with taxonomic pure soil data or soil associations. The region is limited to either maps with a small scale (Virgo and Munro, geomorphologic approach uses soils as part of the landscape. We 1978; Nedeco, 1997; BoANR-LUPDR, 2000) or with a small scope have chosen for this geomorphologic approach because extrapolating (Assefa, 2005; Nyssen et al., 2008). the results of the soil map needs this geomorphologic information, Because intensive soil-surveys are very expensive, one smaller and we believe that for most uses of the soil map will be combined catchment, the May-Leiba catchment (1800 ha) was chosen as a with this geomorphologic information. Within this geomorphologic approach, digital soil mapping methods are used increasingly (e.g. ⁎ Corresponding author. Moore et al., 1993). For this study however, we have chosen the more E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Van de Wauw). classic approach by using aerial photographs, due to the high 0341-8162/$ – see front matter © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.catena.2008.04.006 Please cite this article as: Van de Wauw, J. et al., Soil–landscape relationships in the basalt-dominated highlands of Tigray, Ethiopia, Catena (2008), doi:10.1016/j.catena.2008.04.006 ARTICLE IN PRESS 2 J. Van de Wauw et al. / Catena xxx (2008) xxx-xxx of Dogua Tembien. The lower edge of the study area is the May-Leiba dam at 2290 m a.s.l. The study area is approximately 18 km2. This catchment was chosen as a reference for the surrounding basalt-dominated stepped uplands due to its diverse geology and the fact that other research is carried out in the catchment (De Wit, 2003). 2.2. Geology The May-Leiba catchment is a part of the Mekelle outlier which consists of sub horizontal alternating series of cliff-forming and non cliff-forming Antalo limestone of Jurassic age, overlain by Agula Shale (Jurassic age) in the SE corner of the study area (Fig. 2). The top of the table mountains consists mainly of Amba Aradam sandstone of Cretaceous age and by two series of Tertiary basalt flows (Nyssen et al., 2003). In between these basalt layers silicified lacustrine deposits (Garland, 1980) can be locally found. The Mesozoic succession of the Mekelle outlier is described by Bosellini et al. (1997). The formation of the rift valley tectonic uplifts of about 2500 m and differential erosion resulted in stepped sub horizontal landforms (Nyssen et al., 2003). The highest point of the catchment is located on a basalt ridge at 2835 m a.s.l. At the south-east of the study area a dolerite sill outcrops, inducing an extra uplift in the higher lying sandstone and basalt. Fig. 1. Location of the study area in the Northern Highlands of Ethiopia. 2.3. Geomorphology complexity of the landscape and the lack of detailed georeferenced Important in this area are different landslides. They occur within information at the mapping scale. the limestone area, but can also cause basaltic material to be deposited on downslope located limestone areas, which makes them very 2. The study area: May-Leiba catchment important for soil distribution. Research on these landslides has been done in nearby areas, including the southern fringe of the catchment 2.1. Location (Nyssen et al., 2003). Regarding soil development, two important types of mass move- The May-Leiba catchment (13°41'N 41′N–39°15′E, Fig. 1) is located ments can be distinguished (Moeyersons et al., 2008-this issue): at 45 km west of Mekelle, along the road from Mekelle to Abi-Adi, (a) large scale landslides which move basaltic parent material about 10 km east of Hagere Selam. It is part of the woreda (or district) downslope; and (b) flows of vertic clays, deposited at the foot of the Fig. 2. Geologic and Geomorphologic map of the May-Leiba catchment. Please cite this article as: Van de Wauw, J. et al., Soil–landscape relationships in the basalt-dominated highlands of Tigray, Ethiopia, Catena (2008), doi:10.1016/j.catena.2008.04.006 ARTICLE IN PRESS J. Van de Wauw et al. / Catena xxx (2008) xxx-xxx 3 sandstone cliff, or similar secondary flows at the foot of large scale and a small part (5%) is closed for grazing and cropping. The major landslides (Fig. 3). crops grown in the study area are barley (Hordeum vulgare), wheat (Triticum sp.), teff (Eragrostis tef) and grass pea (Lathyrus sativus). Soil 2.4. Hydrology erosion rates are high in the catchment. Soil loss is estimated to be on average around 9.9 t ha− 1 y− 1 for cropland and 13.5 t ha− 1 y− 1 for The Amba Aradam sandstone functions as an aquiclude or aquitard in rangeland (De Wit, 2003). On some places soil erosion is so severe that the area (Tesfaye and Gebretsadik, 1982). At different locations on the agricultural land is abandoned. sandstone cliff, Quaternary freshwater tufa deposits and ancient landslides are proof of ancient water tables, thicker and more extensive 3. Methodology than today. Few active springs were found on top of the Amba Aradam sandstone at the time of mapping. Also within the limestone exist layers 3.1. Fieldwork and layer combinations, functioning as aquitards. One hard layer, sealed at its base by thin shale deposits, can easily be traced back throughout After a reconnaissance study, ten representative profile pits were the catchment, and even outside the catchment at May Ba'ati (about described using the FAO guidelines for soil profile description (1990). 5 km SW of May-Leiba) where it is a very prominent part of the They approximately form a North–South transect through the May- landscape. In line with the geomorphologic map of Moeyersons et al. Leiba catchment (Fig. 2), and together they describe two catenas (2006) this layer combination is called “May Ba'ati aquitard”. Also on this (Fig. 4). The profiles were classified according to the World Reference layer remnants of tufa deposits can be found.
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