KEY WORDS: Introduction planning decisions need to consider the natural Urban ecosystem, National park, Buffer zones, Planning & design This study essentially investigates the urban ecosystem and socio-cultural setup while expansion around an ecological sensitive zone – aiming to sustain eco-tourism as well. Bannerghatta National Park (BNP) in Bangalore Urban Fringe Development around city, capital of the state of Karnataka in South In the following sections, first part gives an Bannerghatta National Park, Bangalore India. Understanding is sought in terms of introduction to the locational attributes of the factors of influence that define the relationship National park, objectives of the research and between the National Park and the city with its methodology adopted. Second section derives Dakshayini R Patil, Mamatha P Raj Tekton Volume 6, Issue 1, March 2019 people. The International Union for learnings from literature and case studies. The pp. 40 - 57 Conservation of Nature, which is an third section introduces context of the study international organization working towards area at three scales – macro, meso and minor, Dakshayini R. Patil is currently Mamatha P. Raj is currently conservation of natural resources, defines discussing the various layers involved, the Associate Professor at BMSCA, Director of BMSCA, Bangalore. Her Bangalore. Her B. Arch is from BVB Doctorate from Mysore University National parks as category II in the Indian concerning issues and proposals of possible Hubli (1999), M.Arch in Urban (2008) was on 'Metamorphosis of context, which is meant for ecosystem mitigation measures in terms of urban design from RVCE Bangalore CBD of Bangalore, as a response protection and recreation. Protected areas planning and design strategies. (2010) with Doctoral thesis on to challenges of Digital Era'. With provide many significant benefits to cities Pedestrian mobility of elderly over 30 years' teaching & citizens in residential professional experience, she ranging from education and healthy recreation Bannerghatta National Park neighborhoods. She has 15 years of currently guides five doctoral to biodiversity conservation & income from Bannerghatta was declared as a National Park professional experience in theses under VTU, Belagavi. She is tourism. As gateways to the conservation effort, under the forest department in the year 1974. Architecture & Urban design and 8 a distinguished Chairperson, years of teaching & research. She advisory & Member of various these green spaces can no longer be viewed as The total area of the National Park is 260 sq has worked with Sobha developers, Professional & Academic bodies. isolated entities. The fringes of National parks km. It comprises of 12 reserved forests lying RSP Pvt ltd and Hindu society of She has over 50 publications at when located within or near urban areas are contiguous to each other. BNP is about 22 km. Minnesota, Minneapolis. She has 15 National & International levels. Her publications in prominent National accolades include National awards zones of people-park conflict. Is man invading to the South of the city of Bangalore The & International refereed journals for teaching & research in the the animal territory? Question lingers on, but publications by Mr. B. M. T. Rajeev (2002) who and Conferences profession. interestingly there have been many tribal served as Deputy Conservator of Forests [email protected] [email protected] communities who have lived harmoniously in previously and was in-charge of BNP have lent cohesion with the forests. As urbanization and insights into the salient aspects of the National its side effects took over, many aspects Park and its ecosystem in this study. ABSTRACT changed. The local inhabitants whose livelihood depends on the forest are normally BNP is the largest available natural systems in The premise of this paper is to explore relationship between natural processes and development dynamics in an urban context based on Ian McHarg's ideology of 'Design with Nature'. It investigates the displaced as per the norms governing the Bangalore comprising of dry deciduous forests expansion of a city along the fringes of an ecological protected zone—a National Park and impact of 'protected area' status of the precinct (National and abundant variety of flora like Eucalyptus, urbanization on its ecosystem. Bannerghatta National Park (BNP) in Bangalore city (also Bengaluru), about 22 km to the South of the city is witnessing the stress of urban expansion in various ways. Parks are notified by State Governments and Neem, Sandal & Tamarind, which have Development around protected areas must be understood and managed in the context of its ecological protected by the Forest Departments under the immense medicinal and commercial value. It is and cultural landscapes. Aim of this study is to streamline such an urban expansion with a holistic planning approach. Analysis of the issues and impacting factors outline the reasons for conflicts between provisions of the Wildlife Protection Act of inhabited by the Asian Elephants, leopards, people-park and people-animals. Many factors dictate the fringe planning and design— ecology, 1972, Indian Forest Act of 1927 & Forest Sloth Bears, Chital, Sambar, Monitor Lizards, topography, hydrology, drainage & vegetation. Additionally culture, socio-economic status and circulation patterns impact the region as well. Results of the study of BNP and its fringe development indicate these Protection Act of 1980). There is a constant Pangolin, Vipers, Cobras, Macaques, multiple factors of influence and demand an integrated approach towards sustenance of the bio-diversity pressure of human encroachment over the Porcupines, Mongoose and rare bird species, while creating urban expansions that are intrinsically liveable in nature. natural habitat for various resources. To achieve reptiles, insects and fish. There are large a sensible fringe development pattern,

40 TEKTON: Volume 6, Issue 1, March 2019 TEKTON: Volume 6, Issue 1, March 2019 41 Dakshayini R Patil, Mamatha P Raj Urban Fringe Development around Bannerghatta National Park, Bangalore number of items of archaeological interest and conflicts of various degrees and measures and human-nature co-existence. absence of trees. Jurisdictional perspective geological formations as well. The main aim of fragmentation of the ecological corridor Writings of Ian McHarg and B M T Rajeev refers to transition between public and private starting the park by the government was bio- by land cover changes (Ashoka Trust for contributed largely to the understanding of the land or where parcel sizes start varying to conservation, bio-recreation and bio-education Research in Ecology and the premise in this study, while survey maps and larger lots. As structures start appearing on the facilities for students and researchers (Zoo Environment- ATREE, 2007). Comprehensive Development Plan documents landscape, the interface is a line drawn Authority of Karnataka, 2014 ). History shows - To deduce a strategic proposal plan for a guided towards creation of analytical maps. between built and unbuilt environments as a that during the16th century, there are traces rational urban expansion and development. developmental criterion. Finally, under the seen on the clearing of these forests by human A strong institutional framework is Theoretical Outlook physical & biological criteria, the line encroachment. needed for a well-coordinated zoning The term ecosystem refers to the combined distinguishes highly productive lands from along the National Park boundary and a physical and biological components of an lesser ones. In 2002 a portion of the park was designated a definitive approach to the character of environment. Prof McGlade says rethinking biological reserve now a popular tourist the built. urban design, architecture, transport planning destination with a zoo and a safari ride. The and urban landscapes could be turned into park is part of Elephant Reserve Number-7, Methodology 'urban ecosystems' at the forefront of climate containing the single largest population of The study largely needed to perceive two main change mitigation (better transport, clean Asian Elephants 'Elephas maximus' in Asia with aspects: Bannerghatta National Park with its energy) and adaptation (floating houses, vertical 8572 elephants in the 15338 Sq km forest area integral ecological system and the urban gardening). A report by UNESCO on the (Envis, 2016). The Asian Elephant is a flagship development around it. Natural ecosystems are research conducted under the 'Man and species for most of the countries in which it is part of larger systems and never isolated, biosphere program in 2003' described the found. occurrence at one edge of the National Park general principles of the different analytical may impact a much larger ecological process. approaches of urban ecosystems using a bio- Objectives of the Study The methodology of the study aims at based analysis (systems approach, biological Figure 1: Urban-Forest interface criteria - To explore the relationship between natural understanding the context at three levels: analysis, material flow analysis) in addition to (Bradley, 1984, pg 11-13) processes and development dynamics of the macro (Regional), meso (precinct) and micro spatial analysis and social analysis. Ian McHarg growth of a city on the fringes of an (local) scales in terms of the larger natural (1992), pioneer of ecological planning to Based on the above propositions, perceiving the ecological reserve zone. linkages, character of the land- vegetation, integrate and aid co-existence of people and National Park fringe zones w.r.t the natural Bangalore with an unprecedented hydrology, topography and settlements around. nature, worked with nature rather than trying setting, land character, bio-diversity and human population of 10 million is constantly The study is towards the Northern part of to conquer it and proposed a holistic theory in development criteria in order to achieve the under pressure to expand beyond its national park adjunct Bangalore city, now his book 'Design with nature'. Breaking down a right balance of growth seems pertinent. stipulated green belt into the forest called as Bannerghatta Biological Park (BBP). region into its appropriate functions opened zone. The urban development study encompassed new ideologies on nature sensitive design. Perspectives and Case Studies - To outline issues & conflicts pertaining to aspects of land uses and its impact on the Urban zones around Banff National Park unplanned urbanization near a protected ecosystem while also the various temporal Bradley (1984) described the various (Calgary, Canada), Nairobi National Park (Kenya, zone. urbanism aspects owing to the cultural perceptions of urban-forest interface using the Africa), Sanjay Gandhi National Park (Mumbai, BNP is seeing a spurt in land landscapes and resulting load on infrastructure. metaphor of a line under five main criteria (Fig. India) and Kalesar National Park (Haryana, 1). Economic criteria points at the line where India) have displayed different approaches by conversions for industrial, residential, Under each scale of study, understanding of the tourism and institutional development salient features of land leading to the critical the marginal value of land for urbanization is respective cities to address the concerns negating the natural rhythm of the issues and resolutions thereupon shall be approximately equal to the marginal value of specific to the context. Banff National Park, land. This has resulted in people-park outlined. Literature and case studies on similar the forest land. Aesthetic perspective is rather established 1885 with an area of 6000 sq km. is contextual scenarios shed light on mitigation fuzzy and mostly evident by the presence or a strong ecological link within the Rocky

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Mountains ecosystem in Canada. The main waste disposal to be monitored by the Study Area Analysis and Proposals Scale: Macro (Regional) Scale: motto of city development was ecological Forest department. The study was conducted at three scales- macro, BNP is a part of the link between the Eastern integrity while allowing development. Main meso and micro levels as there is a hierarchical and Western Ghats in South India and this link issues faced were related to fragmentation of In Nairobi National Park, Kenya, strategies cascading of issues from the regional level to is a part of a much larger natural ecological natural landscape, loss of habitats due to adopted by the Nairobi City Council Report, the National Park and its immediate edges. The system (Fig. 3A). It is a part of the migratory human development and expansion & increase 2008 to mitigate conflicts include: analysis aids in understanding & identifying the corridor for Asian elephants (Fig. 3B) from in human- wildlife conflicts. To resolve these, - Wildlife conservation lease program- Land issues at each scale which shall further lead to Kerala through the contiguous forests of Tamil the strategy plan adopted by the Banff city owners are given incentives to lease out land strategic proposals as derivatives to guide a Nadu, passing through BNP to go towards municipal (Parks Canada, 2008) suggested: and keep the land fence free suitable urban development around the Savanadurga and finally forests of Hassan in - Creation of unique Land use planning in - Regulations for the built massing and National Park (Fig. 2). Karnataka. This route is taken every year by the purview of the behavior of the land location of the built elephants. - Creating environmental sensitive sites - Socially and economically strengthening the towards reduction in impact of transport tribal communities by creating land use corridors. 'Bow corridor regional mobility that compliments the local talent and needs strategy' was evolved with the aim to move such as their handicrafts. people and animals with an integrated approach to transport planning. Sanjay Gandhi National Park, Mumbai is a Construction of underpasses and overpasses major National Park located within a highly for easing wildlife movement across dense and urbanized Metropolitan city of ecological corridors . Mumbai and experiences threats in the form of - Improved waste management and poaching, encroachment, major roads through reclamation of disturbed sites. the National Park and residential colonies right up to the National Park edge with poor fencing In Kalesar National Park in Haryana, mitigation resulting leopards entering the city and measures as proposed by Ministry of occurrence of forest fires. Mumbai Metropolitan Environment & Forest in lieu with the Region Development authority has outlined Figure 2: Three scales of study, analysis and proposals for Bannerghatta National Park Government Notification of 3rd June 2009 to specific zoning and development controls to reduce human- forest conflicts include: limit and mitigate further growth into the - Eco sensitive zone is identified up to 5kms National Park. Development is designated in from boundary which includes over 20 layers at certain radius from the National Park villages with limited conversion of land edge such as industries beyond 5 km radius. allowed for residential expansion of the settlements. It is observed that National Park fringe zones - No polluting industries in this zone, no have been mainly addressed with the habitat construction up to 500 m from the national concerns and the human settlements at varied park boundary, mining activity & crushing scales of urban interventions likewise

activity not allowed in the 500 m and 2 km substantiating the theoretical propositions. In Figure 3B: Asian Elephants respectively. the following section, issues are discussed

- Felling of trees, water extraction or under three scales and related strategies are Figure 3A : Link in the larger ecosystem and the Elephant migratory path from contamination, noise pollution and solid proposed. Kerala to Karnataka (Wayanad-Bandipur-Bannerghatta-Savandurga-Hassan; nearly 700 km)

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Issue at Macro Scale: Fragmentation of the comes in the 'Bannerghatta Planning District', Highway, NH 209 lined with Resorts, Gated Natural Habitat and Elephant Corridor Leading which could be spatially and geographically residential enclaves and institutional to Conflicts divided into three zones. developments. To the East there has been a Urban expansion has led to fragmentation, spurt in development from NH 7- Hosur road degradation and isolation of the natural 1) BNP consisting of a system of granite hills, with the booming Electronic city, habitats affecting the bio-diversity and forests and valleys Bommanahalli and Jigani Industrial areas. occurrence of Human-Elephant Conflict (HEC) 2) Western side of BNP with its forests and Anekal to the down East is a fast-developing along the fringes. Due to unplanned low-lying areas town into mini-city (Fig. 5). urbanization, land encroachments and 3) Eastern side of BNP with undulating roadways cutting across the forests at frequent topography, a micro system of valleys and intervals, elephants tend to get dis-oriented and lakes and several granite formations prone stray from their path. Frequent human- to quarrying. elephant conflicts at the fringes occur at weak points such as narrow strips of forest area, The BNP national park is managed by the Forest water bodies, waste disposal points and roads. Figure 4: Ecological corridor and Conflict points Department of Karnataka. The region from the Facilities at the fringes attracting elephants (Mapped based on Forest Department statistics on forest boundary at the North of national park include distilleries which dispose molasses or Human-Elephant conflicts, 2018) comes under Bangalore North and partly any other food sources & the farms around. Bangalore South, they are hence under (forest depletion) zones by afforestation This results in harm and loss to animals and Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) and measures by the Forest department. This shall humans as well. As per Elephant census, the Bangalore Metropolitan Regional Development need to be all along the habitat corridor as a population density of elephants within Authority (BMRDA) while the Eastern side is regional master plan. Secondly, designation of Figure 5: Zones of influence around BNP (By authors) Bannerghatta is considered relatively high at under Anekal Taluk and Western side is under buffer zones and regulations within the ambit 0.63 per square km (Ministry of Environment & Kanakapura Taluk, each with its Local Planning BNP fringes have many settlements within the of an appropriate land use regulations at the Forest, 2017). This density, combined with the Authority. Multiple regulatory bodies are defined zone of impact. Hundred and seventeen fringes by the planning authorities shall be narrow dimensions of the park and the close governing the National Park edge areas; each hamlets are found within the 5 km from the essential. In such instances, phased relocation proximity of 120 villages and farmland, has led body has its own set of policies and regulations edge of the national park and 5 hamlets within of communities by means of socio-economic to serious HEC problems on the margins of the leading to conflicting managements. A the national park with forest-dependent stabilization needs to be carried out along with park (Fig. 4). consensus amongst these bodies is much communities (Gopalkrishna et al., 2010). Jigani re-orientation/ disposition of infrastructure. required to intelligently resolve responsibilities town falls within 5 km zone which has many Siting activities such as breweries or such non- Proposal at Macro Scale: Habitat Extension and towards efficient management of the urban quarrying industries. Additionally, few major conducive uses that attract elephants need to Land Use Regulations growth. roads cut across the National Park with be avoided. The objective of the proposal is basically to increased traffic in recent times connecting to conserve the natural ecosystem for three Issue at Meso Scale: Impacts of Urbanization on Kanakapura town & Tamil Nadu state to the Scale: Meso (Precinct) Scale reasons- continuity of the natural habitat/ Topography & Hydrological System South and few local thoroughfares. Study at this scale aims at in-depth corridor, avoid human elephant conflict and Bannerghatta road which is the access spine understanding of the natural system in & rehabilitation of communities facing from Bangalore city, has witnessed rapid Topography: BNP and its surrounding terrain are around the national park and the concerning evacuation in the protected zones. urbanization in the past 10 years reaching undulating and sometimes steep and rocky as issues. BNP comes partly under Bangalore almost to the boundary of the national park. To mapped in the study (Fig. 6). There are a Urban & Rural districts and Anekal taluk. Hence firstly, the point of address shall be to the West is Kanakapura town with mainly number of hills; altitudes ranging from 700 m Jurisdictionally as per Bangalore CDP, BNP extend the forest habitats at the critical conflict agricultural lands and the fast-growing National to 1035 m above Mean Sea Level. At

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Bannerghatta circle (point of entry from city) is Hole (stream) and Rayathmala Hole and finally the large Suvarnamukhi hillock in the Kalkere joining the River Cauvery, one of the major State Forest. It is an important cultural, rivers in South India. mythological (existing since three yugas- Hindu eras) and historical landmark with the There is a distinct system of valleys and Champakadha- maswamy Temple, popular drainages around the national park (Fig. 6 & 7). pilgrim center built in Dravidian style over 800 A network of water sources both perennial and years ago. The Western side of the national semi-perennial streams, tanks and lakes are park has undulating topography and an evident seen. The important lakes in the valley are micro system of valleys & lakes. A major Mantapa, Amanibidarikere, Jigani and concern is that the landform reveals several Hennagara. They are all connected, semi- granite formations which are prone to perennial and never go entirely dry. But this is quarrying, mostly illegal in the designated eco- fast changing because of the lake beds and sensitive zones. (Deccan Herald- Bengaluru, drains been cut-off by construction activities Figure 8: Issues Mapping 2018) and land conversions.

Figure 6: BNP Topography map (Map by authors) Figure 7: Water network (Map by the Authors) Figure 9: Proposed BNP Zoning Plan with the Comprehensive Design Districts (By Authors) Hydrological system: Water sources, network and Additionally, this main network allows for a drainage form important criteria for the system of streams or 'hallas' (wells) which national park and its habitat to sustain. When caters to the wild animals and crucial to keep Department of Drinking Water Supply, Fluoride Proposals at Meso Scale: The BNP this system is disturbed by the unplanned them within the park premises. Recent bouts of levels in ground water in adjoining towns such Zoning Plan & Comprehensive Design Districts development and tampering of the drying up of these water sources had let the as Jigani, Chandapura was high over 5 mg/l, The aim of proposals here is to protect the wetlands/channels, there is a definite threat to animals into the park peripheries in search of while water safety limit is less than 1.0 mg/l natural ecosystem while tapping resources to water levels and existence of bio-diversity. water giving. There is a distinct contamination (Government of India, 2009). award the urban dweller with access to nature Study of the natural water system is necessary of water in the region because of uncontrolled and aid appropriate balanced development. to guide any form of holistic urban expansion. urban activity, usage of chemical fertilizers in Upon overlay of the observations at the above Hence, the Zoning plan (Fig. 9) is proposed in The water from the area of the national park farming and industrial waste being disposed two scales of study, the summary of issues is this research which encompasses concepts of drains into the river Arkavati through its into the lakes. As per a report by Integrated mapped as below (Fig. 8). ‘Comprehensive Design Districts’ (CDD) and the tributaries like Suvarnamukhi, Antharagange Management Information System for the ‘Green plan’. The objectives are:

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- Protecting and conserving the natural green institutional and commercial zones. To regulate to hills, forests and temple to be network and water system. urban expansion, use and density restrictions maintained by relevant height and massing - Maintaining the open land uses for farming are proposed where developers can gain higher restrictions. Regulatory mechanism to be or groves/woods suitably to continue the densities if their projects provide additional enforced for nature safeguard such as bio-diversity. benefits for the public. These benefits include eco-tourism (plastic free) and vehicle - Defining and enhancing the urban structure affordable housing, public facilities and control (Fig. 10A & 10B). A Gateway node is of the city as a whole. environmental protection initiatives. There is a designed to frame the approach to the - Demarcating green wedges mapped around need to encourage the optional and imaginative National Park from Bangalore city end and wetlands and greens penetrating the urban utilization of land contemplated by CDD in host tourism-based economy, land uses and tissue aiding as links to the countryside & order to improve the total environment and design controls are suggested in terms of natural reserve forests to the urban dweller. lessen the public costs associated with aesthetic specifications, tree-lined avenues, - Awarding 'Sense of place' to neighborhoods infrastructure development. CDD hence enhanced water bodies, green vistas, Figure 11A Existing Movement District by appropriate design of public open spaces. promotes economic development, protects the improved legibility, appropriate parking environment and streamlines the development and other amenities. The concept of Comprehensive Design Districts process. iii. Institutional Districts: Aims to elevate the (CDD) in the proposed plan will include strategy trend of locating educational institutions, for the zoning around the national park and I. Ecologically Sensitive Districts: These are environmental research labs, nature formulation of development guidelines for each basically to curtail the urban expansion as retreats etc. as large plotted developments delineated zone. The development has to they include forest habitat extension, with regulated built and aiding in happen in layers around the national park from buffer forests, elephant corridors and bio-diversity continuity in the region. low intensity to high intensity. Following are hydrological corridor. Eco-buffer zones iv. Movement Districts: Main movement largely the identified CDD's including four shall be addressed with a conservation corridors affecting the National Park are districts viz., approach, minimal building activity, redefined to alternate locations or time Figure 11B Proposed Movement District i) Ecologically-Sensitive District, introduction of nature trails, upliftment of -controlled management to mitigate ii) Culturally-Rich District, tribal communities, harnessing non any interference with the National Park profile to safeguard these systems from further iii) Institutional District, -timber forest products such as Bamboo, habitat. The connector from Muninagara to deterioration and form a continuous linkage iv) Movement Districts. fruits, nuts, palm, resins, honey, medicinal Shivanahalli and Anekal is proposed to be loop to sustain the system (Fig. 12). This aids in Emphasis shall be on community based plants & traditional items such as incense elevated as it cuts across the core forest. bio-diversity continuity while also providing activities, sufficient open spaces and livable etc. access to nature enhancing livability as ii. Culturally Rich District: Aims at tourism Bannerghatta Road across Kalkere reserve forest suggested by World Health Organization. These based economy shall be realigned around the forest to reach wedges are open green or water ways as farms employing local the National Park & pilgrim center. Also, or woods or parks. A suitable landscape strategy residents, local secondary connectors to be strengthened to on vegetation native to the region that helps in handicrafts /talents, improve accessibility to the various settlements water retention is ideally suggested. By this, materials and vernacular and removing pressure from main connectors. water bodies are kept intact within the habitat architectural styles to (Fig. 11 A & 11 B) zone, catering to animal needs and avoid harness the backdrop of straying into human realms. nature. Views and vistas The concept of Green Plan in the zoning plan included mapping precisely the existing green Figure 10B: Historical Temple in the district and Figure 10A: Culturally rich district with a Gateway node the entry point to BNP from the City side areas and water networks following the land

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- ‘Green Edge' is the elephant corridor linking a wholesome sustainable system of growth to Savandurga to the West. This has to be a around the BNP in compliance with the macro conserved and habitat expanded. & meso scale strategies, while protecting the integrity of the NP itself. - ‘Preservation Edge' is the Ragihalli side to the South of BNP which is facing higher degree Under the ambit of the CDD concept at meso of shrinkage and depletion. A strong scale, each district shall have modules of zones preservation approach to forest is implied. of typically smaller sizes with specific intent or point of relevance towards design and - ‘Soft Edge' towards Eastern side of BNP, development. Such a system of subjective which is seeing a spurt of growth around design modules shall be individually termed as Jigani and Bommasandra to Hosur road, 'Urban entities' within each district. The urban needs to moderate the degree of entities may be strewn or identified around the urbanization. NP in any given location but they shall Figure 12: 'The Green Plan'- Proposed Green wedges correspond to the edge conditions of the BNP as Micro (Local) Scale 'vision' for each corresponding edge precinct as - ‘Infra Edge’ in the direction of Electronic discussed above and shall be designed This scale refers to the immediate national park follows (Fig.13): City has potential for urban expansion with responding to the characteristics outlined for edges responding to the impact of prior two the aid of specific policies and regulations the edge. Hence, each urban entity shall have scales addressed above. The districts adjacent to - ‘City Edge' towards Bangalore city. This is a for the built and open spaces. Development guidelines subjective to the proposals at the the edges are unique in characteristics and hard edge and further encroachment into along the edge is permitted with strict preceding two scales and corresponding edge hence may be perceived specifically to address forest zone has to be controlled. restrictions on density and land uses. characteristics. Likewise, the principles of urban design for any given urban entity shall Hence, the principles of development that shall be guided largely by: guide the strategic proposals are corresponding to the edge characteristics: - Proposals at Macro and Meso scale 1. Sensitive areas need to be protected - Edge characteristics along the National and expanded at critical points by Park edges forest expansion or buffers zones 2. Development need to be aptly An urban entity may manifest as: a block, concentrated in suitable areas that street, node or an identified zone in the CDD can bear the expansion without with a specific point of interest. These urban adverse implications design proposals shall weave together and 3. Growth shall be directed to existing enable a wholesome addressal of growth settlements with balanced resource around the National Park. Figure 13: BNP Edge character classification in this study management. Demonstration of Design Guidelines for the Proposals for Micro Scale: 'Urban Entities- Urban Entity Pilgrim & Tourism Node identified Specific Design Guidelines' in the CDD Culturally Rich District Proposals at micro scale comprise of design One example of design is demonstrated at the interventions to complete the loop of achieving urban entity of Pilgrim and Tourism node at

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local crafts such as bamboo, cane & jute direct an amiable physical expansion that the handicrafts. This generates employment, land can hold needs to be identified with zone- boosts the disappearing crafts, introduces specific policies as proposed in this study. Built eco-tourism related retail and aptly forms can control the density of population, enhances the entrance node. the aesthetics and environmental impacts with - Bifurcation of vehicular and pedestrian the backdrop of nature. Better liveable places traffic. Creation of walkable precincts with may be created tied with walkable urban spaces efficient network of public transit nodes & with a 'Sense of Place', better community- connectivity to the area and National Park. cohesive structure and ecologically sensitive - Strengthening secondary connectors within development. & outside the district. - A network of open and green spaces: as Acknowledgement community spaces and cultural nodes with 'The Authors extend their appreciation to the facilities for exhibition, gathering, Bannerghatta National Park Officials for the celebration and trails amidst natural assistance in data collection & survey; and the setting. A plaza proposed at the entry to the Anekal Planning Authority for provision of the temple with amenities for visitors. area maps. The Libraries at Aranya Bhavan - Building design- mass, scale and height (Forest department Headquarters, Figure 14: Proposed 'Gateway district'- Pilgrim and tourism node at Bannerghatta circle (red, green, greys controls to upkeep the views and vistas to Malleshwaram) and Cemter for Ecological are proposed spaces in the design scheme along with the pedestrian loop) temple gopuram and the hills behind. Sciences (CES), Indian Institute of Science (IISc) - Defining the axis of approach street to the were extremely resourceful towards valuable Bannerghatta circle under the CDD of falls under 'city edge' and partly 'green edge'. temple and hills behind, envisioned as a secondary data collection.’ Culturally Rich Districts as broadly outlined in Accordingly, there is no further encroachment green vista avenue with guidelines for the Proposal for Meso Scale in the preceding of the hill and apt design for the urban building height restrictions and character References section. settlement around the junction and Temple. of the architecture. Bennett, G. & Mulongoy, K. J. (March 2006). - Defining the chariot path loop during the Review of Experience with Ecological Networks, One example of design is demonstrated at the The cultural and tourism district is one of the annual festival which is conducted every Corridors and Buffer Zones, CBD Technical Series No. 'Culturally Rich District- Pilgrim and Tourism main zones with local and floating population. summer in the temple and sees pilgrims 23. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Node at Bannerghatta Circle'. Each district shall There are different factors of influence - reserve from all around the state gathering to offer Diversity. have specific design guidelines subjective to the forest area, hilly areas, pilgrim center, tourist prayers. The chariot path is mainly on the proposals applied at all scales. destination, commercial and residential land uses. Development degree is high, which has to main temple path and along the main Bradley, G.A. (1984). Land use and forest resources streets in the zone. in a changing environment: the urban forest interface. The Bannerghatta junction is the main point of be defined and a 'sense of place' and 'identity to University of Washington Press entry from the city side with three deviations place' achieved by designing the precinct to Conclusion occurring to BNP on South, to Champakadhama cater to the community and cultural aura of the The analytical study at three levels of the City Council of Nairobi (2009). City of Nairobi temple on Suvarnamukhi hills on the West and place. Conservation and development have to National Park fringes has revealed that Environment Outlook. UN Environmental Program towards Jigani town on the East. A 'Gateway happen simultaneously. ecologically sensitive zones need a larger & UN Habitat. Retrieved from District' is proposed to define a befitting approach to the National Park on one side and The main design strategies include (Fig. 14): regional plan and land-specific design http://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/873 the pilgrim center on the other side. This node - Mixed land use- residential and commercial guidelines that will shape the development. As 8?show=full involving local community to encourage Urban planners and designers, interventions to

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ENVIS Centre on Wildlife & Protected Areas. Moughtin, C. (2005). Urban design: Green (2016). Elephant reserves. Ministry of dimensions (2nd ed.). London & NY: Routledge. Environment & Forest, Government of India. Parks Canada. (2008) Banff National Park of Gopalkrishna S.P., Somshekar R.K., Anand V. D., Canada: State of the Park Report. Retrieved from and Varma, S. (2010). Asian Elephant and http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2 Bannerghatta National Park in Eastern Ghats, 011/pc/R61-64-2008-eng.pdf. Southern India. Gajah .33. pp.47-52. Retrieved from http://www.asesg.org/PDFfiles/Gajah/33-47- Rajeev, B. M. T. (2003). Master plan for development Gopalakrishna.pdf. of Bannerghatta Biological Park. BBP.

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